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Elaboration D'un Plan Communal De Gestion Des UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES MENTION PHYSIQUE ET APPLICATIONS Parcours : Licence d’Ingénierie en Gestion des Catastrophes et Réduction des Risques (L.I.G.C.R.R) Mémoire de fin d‟étude en vue de l‟obtention du diplôme de Licence Intitulé : ELABORATION D’UN PLAN COMMUNAL DE GESTION DES RISQUES CYCLONIQUES : Cas de la Commune Urbaine d’Antananarivo Présenté et soutenu publiquement le 05 Mai 2017 par : RAKOTOARIMANANA Zy Misa Harivelo Devant les membres de jury composés de : Président : Mr RAKOTONIAINA Solofoarisoa Professeur Encadreur pédagogique : Mr RAZAFINDRAKOTO Boni Maitre de Conférences Encadreur professionnel : Colonel ANDRIANAIVO Jaona Responsable GRC Examinateur : Mr RAMANANTSOA Andry Chercheur Année académique 2015 - 2016 IIIème Promotion UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES MENTION PHYSIQUE ET APPLICATIONS Parcours : Licence d’Ingénierie en Gestion des Catastrophes et Réduction des Risques (L.I.G.C.R.R) Mémoire de fin d‟étude en vue de l‟obtention du diplôme de Licence Intitulé : ELABORATION D’UN PLAN COMMUNAL DE GESTION DES RISQUES CYCLONIQUES : Cas de la Commune Urbaine d’Antananarivo Présenté et soutenu publiquement le 05 Mai 2017 par : RAKOTOARIMANANA Zy Misa Harivelo Devant les membres de jury composés de : Président : Mr RAKOTONIAINA Solofoarisoa Professeur Encadreur pédagogique : Mr RAZAFINDRAKOTO Boni Maitre de Conférences Encadreur professionnel : Colonel ANDRIANAIVO Jaona Responsable GRC Examinateur : Mr RAMANANTSOA Andry Chercheur Année académique 2015 - 2016 IIIème Promotion REMERCIEMENTS Le présent mémoire n‟a pu être établi sans la collaboration, les soutiens financiers, les conseils et moraux de plusieurs personnes. Ainsi, tenons-nous à exprimer notre profonde reconnaissance. A DIEU tout puissant qui m‟a donné la force et le courage pour la réalisation de ce mémoire. À ma famille pour son soutien inconditionnel. Aux responsables de l‟Université d‟Antananarivo représentés respectivement par : - Monsieur Panja RAMANOELINA, Professeur Titulaire, Président de l‟Université, pour sa haute responsabilité ; - Monsieur Marson RAHERIMANDIMBY, Professeur Titulaire, Responsable du Domaine Sciences et Technologies ; - Monsieur Hery Tiana RAKOTONDRAMANANA, Maître de Conférences, Responsable de la Mention Physique et Applications ; - Monsieur Gérard RAMBOLAMANANA, Professeur Titulaire, Directeur de l‟Institut et Observatoire de Géophysique d‟Antananarivo pour avoir bien voulu collaborer à la tenue de la présente soutenance ; - Monsieur Solofoarisoa RAKOTONIAINA, Professeur, pour la spontanéité de son accord de présider la présente soutenance ; Mes encadreurs à savoir : - Monsieur RAZAFINDRAKOTO Boni Gauthier, Maitre de Conférences et enseignant dans la formation LIGCRR, pour l‟honneur d‟avoir pris en charge l‟encadrement pédagogique, de consacrer son précieux temps pour la suivi et l‟orientation dans l‟évolution de nos travaux ; - Colonel ANDRIANAIVO Jaona, Responsable de la GRC au sein de la CUA et Monsieur RASOLONDRAINIBE Josias, Responsable Prévention et Sécurité à la CUA qui nous ont acceptés comme stagiaire et nous ont encadré techniquement pour cette étude malgré leurs nombreuses responsabilités. A Monsieur RAMANANTSOA Andry, Chercheur au sein de l‟IOGA et enseignant dans la formation LIGCRR, pour l‟honneur qu‟il nous accorde à juger ce mémoire de fin d‟étude. Et aux enseignants de la formation LIGCRR, qui ont partagé leurs connaissances et expériences tout au long du cursus. A Monsieur RAKOTOARISOA Jean de Matha et Monsieur ANDRIANOMENJANAHARY Albert, personnels administratifs du PCO qui nous ont patiemment formé aux différentes fonctions de leurs postes, et qui nous ont aussi aidés à réunir les informations et les documents qui pouvaient nous servir dans cette étude. De tout Cœur, merci! i SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS LISTE DES SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS LISTE DES FIGURES LISTE DES TABLEAUX LISTE DES ANNEXES INTRODUCTION GENERALE Chapitre I : CADRES THEORIQUES ET CONCEPTUELS I.1 GENERALITES SUR LES RISQUES CYCLONIQUES I.2 GENERALITES SUR LA GESTION DES RISQUES CYCLONIQUES I.3 CADRE INSTITUTIONNEL DE LA GRC Chapitre II : METHODOLOGIE ET ETUDES DES PARAMETRES II.1 PRESENTATION GENERALE DE LA CUA II.2 POSTE DE COORDINATION OPERATIONNELLE (PCO) II.3 COLLECTE DES DONNEES Chapitre III : RESULTATS, ANALYSES ET DISCUSSIONS III.1 RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS III.2 SUGGESTIONS ET RECOMMANDATIONS CONCLUSION GENERALE REFERENCES WEBOGRAPHIQUES ET BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES TABLE DES MATIERES ANNEXES ii LISTE DES SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS APIPA : Autorité pour la Protection contre les Inondations de la Plaine d‟Antananarivo BNGRC : Bureau National de Gestion des Risques et Catastrophes CCGRC : Comité Communal de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes COP : Conférences des Parties sur les changements climatiques CPGU : Cellule de Prévention et Gestion des Urgences CRGRC : Comité Régional de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes CSPA : Corps des Sapeurs-Pompiers d‟Antananarivo ELS : Equipe Locale de Secours ERP : Etablissements Recevant du Public GRC : Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes L.I.G.C.R.R : Licence d‟Ingénierie en Gestion des Catastrophes et Réduction des Risques ONG : Organisation Non Gouvernementale PCO : Poste de Coordination Opérationnelle RRC : Réduction des Risques et des Catastrophes SNGRC : Stratégie Nationale Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes TIC : Technologie d‟Information et de Communication UTC : Universal Time Coordinate (Temps Universel Coordonné) WASH : Water Sanitation and Hygiene iii LISTE DES FIGURES Figure 1 : Vue schématique des cyclones sur les enjeux ........................................................... 4 Figure 2 : Structure d‟un cyclone à maturité .............................................................................. 5 Figure 3 : Cycle de GRC ............................................................................................................ 8 Figure 4 : Carte de la CUA ....................................................................................................... 10 Figure 5 : Délimitation de la CUA ........................................................................................... 11 Figure 6 : Vue schématique de l‟hydrographie à Antananarivo ............................................... 12 Figure 7 : Cycle montrant la cellule du PCO ........................................................................... 14 Figure 8 : Réseau d‟annonce de crues d‟Antananarivo ............................................................ 19 Figure 9 : Evolution des cyclones passant à Madagascar du 2000 à 2017 ............................... 22 Figure 10 : Evolution des cyclones passant dans la CUA du 2000 à 2017 .............................. 23 Figure 11 : Pluviométrie en fonction de la force du vent ......................................................... 25 Figure 12 : Débit d‟eau sur les stations limnimétriques ........................................................... 26 Figure 13 : Hauteur d‟eau sur les stations limnimétriques ....................................................... 26 Figure 14 : Carte désignant les zones à risques d‟inondation et de glissement de terrain ....... 30 Figure 15 : Adaptation du terrain ............................................................................................. 34 Figure 16 : Exemple d‟une mode de construction en zone inondable ..................................... 35 iv LISTE DES TABLEAUX Tableau 1 : Echelle de Saffir-Simpson ....................................................................................... 6 Tableau 2 : Situation administrative de la zone d‟étude .......................................................... 11 Tableau 4 : Rôle de chaque cellule du PCO ............................................................................. 15 Tableau 5 : Cyclones passant à Madagascar entre 2000 à 2017 .............................................. 16 Tableau 6 : Liste des cyclones touchant la CUA entre 2000 et 2017 ....................................... 16 Tableau 7 : Pluviométrie journalière pendant le passage du cyclone....................................... 17 Tableau 8 : Hauteur et débit d‟eau sur les 03 stations limnimétriques pendant le cyclone ..... 18 Tableau 9 : Zones les plus vulnérables en cas de cyclone ou pluie abondante ........................ 21 Tableau 10 : Cyclones les plus intenses passant dans la CUA ................................................. 24 Tableau 11 : Risques cycloniques les plus marquants dans la ville d‟Antananarivo ............... 27 Tableau 12 : Mesures à entreprendre face aux risques cycloniques......................................... 32 v LISTE DES ANNEXES ANNEXE I : ARRETE MUNICIPAL N°812 CUA/CAB.16 .................................................. III ANNEXE II : Organigramme PCO ........................................................................................ V ANNEXE III : Trajectoire des cyclones les plus intenses passant dans la CUA ............... VI ANNEXE IV: PLANCHE PHOTOS ....................................................................................... IX vi GLOSSAIRE - Aléa : Evénement rare ou extrême à survenance rapide ou lente, naturelle ou créé par l‟Homme et qui affecte négativement la vie de la population. - Catastrophes : Rupture grave du fonctionnement d‟une communauté ou d‟une société impliquant d‟importants impacts et pertes humaines, matérielles, économiques ou environnementales que la communauté ou la société affectée ne peut surmonter avec ses seules ressources. - Enjeux :
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