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Sobre La Situación Espiritual De La Jurisprudencia Costarricense En Relación Con El Concurso De Delitos: La Necesidad De Una Luz Frente a Un Tema Mal Interpretado

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Sobre La Situación Espiritual De La Jurisprudencia Costarricense En Relación Con El Concurso De Delitos: La Necesidad De Una Luz Frente a Un Tema Mal Interpretado Sobre la situación espiritual de la jurisprudencia costarricense en relación con el concurso de delitos: La necesidad de una luz frente a un tema mal interpretado UNIVERSIDAD DE COSTA RICA Facultad de Derecho Sobre la situación espiritual de la jurisprudencia costarricense en relación con el concurso de delitos: La necesidad de una luz frente a un tema mal interpretado Tesis para optar por el grado de Licenciatura en Derecho Autora: Laura Chinchilla Rojas San José, Costa Rica Octubre, 2010 i Sobre la situación espiritual de la jurisprudencia costarricense en relación con el concurso de delitos: La necesidad de una luz frente a un tema mal interpretado DEDICATORIA La ofrenda más agradable a Dios es la que proviene de un corazón justo y agradecido. Por eso, dedico estas líneas a ese ser omnipotente que me dio la vida a través de mis padres, Néstor y Patricia, a quienes debo todo lo que soy pues, gracias a su esfuerzo y sacrificio, he salido adelante. Merecen toda mi honra y admiración. A mi hermana, Carolina, por hacer más amenas y entretenidas las tardes de trabajo y estudio. A mi tía, Rosaura, por ser un apoyo incondicional en mi vida, el mejor ejemplo a seguir, como mujer y como profesional. A todos mis seres queridos: mis abuelas, tíos, tías, primos, primas, amigos y amigas, quienes siempre estuvieron a mi lado para motivarme y acompañarme en este largo recorrido. ii Sobre la situación espiritual de la jurisprudencia costarricense en relación con el concurso de delitos: La necesidad de una luz frente a un tema mal interpretado AGRADECIMIENTOS Quiero extender un especial agradecimiento a mi director de tesis, el Doctor Alfredo Chirino Sánchez, quien desde el inicio mostró total disponibilidad y anuencia para hacer de este trabajo final de graduación un verdadero aporte. Todo su conocimiento y experiencia en la docencia hicieron que, desde los cursos básicos de Derecho Penal, desarrollara el interés tan grande que hoy muestro por esta rama del saber jurídico. A la Máster y Doctoranda Rosaura Chinchilla Calderón, agradezco todo el tiempo invertido en la revisión de esta tesis (incluidos días y horas inhábiles), la paciencia, la motivación y el alto grado de exigencia así como la facilitación de fuentes bibliográficas para su desarrollo. También al Doctor Erick Gatgens Gómez, por haber colaborado tan amablemente con la lectura de esta memoria, pues sus observaciones y anotaciones fueron de suma importancia para lograr este resultado final. A la Licenciada Olga Martha Mena Pacheco y al Doctor Manuel Rojas Salas, miembros del tribunal examinador que, junto con el comité asesor, conforman un grupo destacado de especialistas y críticos en la materia quienes, a través de su escucha y opinión, han abierto la puerta a estas incipientes ideas. A todos ellos, infinitas gracias. Laura Chinchilla Rojas iii Sobre la situación espiritual de la jurisprudencia costarricense en relación con el concurso de delitos: La necesidad de una luz frente a un tema mal interpretado ÍNDICE Contenido DEDICATORIA…………………………………………………………………………..i AGRADECIMIENTOS………………………………………………………………….ii RESUMEN……………………………………………………………………………...vii FICHA BIBLIOGRÁFICA……………………………………………………………..ix INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………………….1 CAPÍTULO I: EVOLUCIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LA ACCIÓN JURÍDICAMENTE RELEVANTE .................................................................................................................... 7 1. Evolución histórica del concepto de acción ............................................................................ 7 a. Primer antecedente: la doctrina hegeliana ................................................................................. 8 b. Teoría naturalista ....................................................................................................................... 9 i. Unidad de acción por conexión de medio a fin ......................................................................... 10 ii. Unidad o pluralidad de resultados e inseparabilidad de las lesiones jurídicas.......................... 11 iii. Unidad de acción a través de la unidad de intención o de voluntad .......................................... 12 c. El neokantismo causalista ........................................................................................................ 13 d. Teoría finalista ......................................................................................................................... 14 e. Conceptos sociales ................................................................................................................... 16 f. Concepto negativo .................................................................................................................... 17 g. Concepto funcionalista ............................................................................................................. 18 h. Concepto personal .................................................................................................................... 19 2. Criterios históricos aplicables a la materia concursal en la actualidad ............................... 21 3. El tratamiento histórico del tema concursal en la legislación costarricense y sus críticas . 23 a. Código general de Carrillo....................................................................................................... 23 b. Código penal de 1880 ............................................................................................................... 31 c. Código penal de 1919 ............................................................................................................... 36 d. Código penal de 1924 ............................................................................................................... 39 iv Sobre la situación espiritual de la jurisprudencia costarricense en relación con el concurso de delitos: La necesidad de una luz frente a un tema mal interpretado e. Código penal de 1941 ............................................................................................................... 42 f. Código penal de 1970 ............................................................................................................... 47 g. Proyecto de código penal ......................................................................................................... 61 CAPÍTULO II: UNIDAD DE ACCIÓN CON UNIDAD DE INFRACCIÓN JURÍDICA ....................................................................................................................... 67 1. Concepto jurídico-penal (superación de la tesis positivista)................................................. 67 2. Finalismo, teoría social de la acción y funcionalismo: doctrinas aceptadas para el estudio concursal .................................................................................................................................... 71 3. Criterios orientadores para establecer la unidad de acción ................................................. 76 a. Unidad fisiológica de acción .................................................................................................... 78 b. Número de resultados ............................................................................................................... 79 c. Número de tipos penales lesionados ......................................................................................... 81 d. Unidad natural de acción (criterio espacio-temporal) .............................................................. 82 e. Criterio normativo .................................................................................................................... 84 f. Criterio mixto ........................................................................................................................... 85 4. Unidad y pluralidad de omisiones ......................................................................................... 86 5. Examen de criterios jurisprudenciales ................................................................................. 88 • Violación (pluralidad de penetraciones) ................................................................................... 94 • Otros posibles casos ............................................................................................................... 101 CAPÍTULO III: LA UNIDAD DE ACCIÓN CON PLURALIDAD DE INFRACCIONES JURÍDICAS QUE SE EXCLUYEN ENTRE SÍ ......................... 103 1. Concepto .............................................................................................................................. 103 2. Principios reguladores del concurso aparente en la legislación vigente............................ 111 a. Principio de especialidad ....................................................................................................... 113 b. Principio de consunción ......................................................................................................... 116 c. Principio de subsidiariedad .................................................................................................... 121 3. Examen de criterios jurisprudenciales ............................................................................... 124 • ¿Administración fraudulenta o autorización de actos indebidos? ........................................... 128 v Sobre la situación espiritual de la jurisprudencia costarricense en relación con el concurso de delitos: La necesidad de una luz frente a un tema mal interpretado • ¿Falsificación de documentos, peculado o
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