Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin) for Injection, for Intravenous Hypersensitivity to MYLOTARG Or Any of Its Components (4)
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Antibody–Drug Conjugates
Published OnlineFirst April 12, 2019; DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-0272 Review Clinical Cancer Research Antibody–Drug Conjugates: Future Directions in Clinical and Translational Strategies to Improve the Therapeutic Index Steven Coats1, Marna Williams1, Benjamin Kebble1, Rakesh Dixit1, Leo Tseng1, Nai-Shun Yao1, David A. Tice1, and Jean-Charles Soria1,2 Abstract Since the first approval of gemtuzumab ozogamicin nism of activity of the cytotoxic warhead. However, the (Mylotarg; Pfizer; CD33 targeted), two additional antibody– enthusiasm to develop ADCs has not been dampened; drug conjugates (ADC), brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris; Seat- approximately 80 ADCs are in clinical development in tle Genetics, Inc.; CD30 targeted) and inotuzumab ozogami- nearly 600 clinical trials, and 2 to 3 novel ADCs are likely cin (Besponsa; Pfizer; CD22 targeted), have been approved for to be approved within the next few years. While the hematologic cancers and 1 ADC, trastuzumab emtansine promise of a more targeted chemotherapy with less tox- (Kadcyla; Genentech; HER2 targeted), has been approved to icity has not yet been realized with ADCs, improvements treat breast cancer. Despite a clear clinical benefit being dem- in technology combined with a wealth of clinical data are onstrated for all 4 approved ADCs, the toxicity profiles are helping to shape the future development of ADCs. In this comparable with those of standard-of-care chemotherapeu- review, we discuss the clinical and translational strategies tics, with dose-limiting toxicities associated with the mecha- associated with improving the therapeutic index for ADCs. Introduction in antibody, linker, and warhead technologies in significant depth (2, 3, 8, 9). Antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) were initially designed to leverage the exquisite specificity of antibodies to deliver targeted potent chemotherapeutic agents with the intention of improving Overview of ADCs in Clinical Development the therapeutic index (the ratio between the toxic dose and the Four ADCs have been approved over the last 20 years (Fig. -
Whither Radioimmunotherapy: to Be Or Not to Be? Damian J
Published OnlineFirst April 20, 2017; DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-2523 Cancer Perspective Research Whither Radioimmunotherapy: To Be or Not To Be? Damian J. Green1,2 and Oliver W. Press1,2,3 Abstract Therapy of cancer with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies employing multistep "pretargeting" methods, particularly those has produced impressive results in preclinical experiments and in utilizing bispecific antibodies, have greatly enhanced the thera- clinical trials conducted in radiosensitive malignancies, particu- peutic efficacy of radioimmunotherapy and diminished its toxi- larly B-cell lymphomas. Two "first-generation," directly radiola- cities. The dramatically improved therapeutic index of bispecific beled anti-CD20 antibodies, 131iodine-tositumomab and 90yttri- antibody pretargeting appears to be sufficiently compelling to um-ibritumomab tiuxetan, were FDA-approved more than a justify human clinical trials and reinvigorate enthusiasm for decade ago but have been little utilized because of a variety of radioimmunotherapy in the treatment of malignancies, particu- medical, financial, and logistic obstacles. Newer technologies larly lymphomas. Cancer Res; 77(9); 1–6. Ó2017 AACR. "To be, or not to be, that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1), which are not directly cytotoxic mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or to take for cancer cells but "release the brakes" on the immune system, arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them." Hamlet. allowing cytotoxic T cells to be more effective at recognizing –William Shakespeare. and killing cancer cells. Outstanding results have already been demonstrated with checkpoint inhibiting antibodies even in far Introduction advanced refractory solid tumors including melanoma, lung cancer, Hodgkin lymphoma and are under study for a multi- Impact of monoclonal antibodies on the field of clinical tude of other malignancies (4–6). -
Monoclonal Antibodies
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES ALEMTUZUMAB ® (CAMPATH 1H ) I. MECHANISM OF ACTION Antibody-dependent lysis of leukemic cells following cell surface binding. Alemtuzumab is a recombinant DNA-derived humanized monoclonal antibody that is directed against surface glycoprotein CD52. CD52 is expressed on the surface of normal and malignant B and T lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, a subpopulation of granulocytes, and tissues of the male reproductive system (CD 52 is not expressed on erythrocytes or hematopoietic stem cells). The alemtuzumab antibody is an IgG1 kappa with human variable framework and constant regions, and complementarity-determining regions from a murine monoclonal antibody (campath 1G). II. PHARMACOKINETICS Cmax and AUC show dose proportionality over increasing dose ranges. The overall average half-life is 12 days. Peak and trough levels of Campath rise during the first weeks of Campath therapy, and approach steady state by week 6. The rise in serum Campath concentration corresponds with the reduction in malignant lymphocytes. III. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Campath can be administered intravenously or subcutaneously. Intravenous: Alemtuzumab therapy should be initiated at a dose of 3 mg administered as a 2-hour IV infusion daily. When the 3 mg dose is tolerated (i.e., ≤ Grade 2 infusion related side effects), the daily dose should be escalated to 10mg and continued until tolerated (i.e., ≤ Grade 2 infusion related side effects). When the 10 mg dose is tolerated, the maintenance dose of 30 mg may be initiated. The maintenance dose of alemtuzumab is 30 mg/day administered three times a week on alternate days (i.e. Monday, Wednesday, and Friday), for up to 12 weeks. -
F. Gherlinzoni CD33: Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin
1ST CUNEO CITY IMMUNOTHERAPY CONFERENCE 17-18 Maggio 2018 PASSIVE IMMUNOTHERAPY ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATES GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN Do#. Filippo Gherlinzoni Direore Unità Operava Complessa di Ematologia Ospedale “Ca’ Foncello” - Treviso IL RIECCOLO Blood Reviews 28 (2014) 143–153 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Blood Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/blre REVIEW The past and future of CD33 as therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia a a,b a,b,c, George144 S. Laszlo , Elihu H. Estey , Roland B. Walter ⁎G.S. Laszlo et al. / Blood Reviews 28 (2014) 143–153 a Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA b Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA c Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA as cytokine-induced cellular proliferation [14,33]. Engagement with CD33 antibodies has similarly been shown to affect cytokine and article info abstract chemokine secretion by monocytes, although both increases [34] or Keywords: CD33 is a myeloid differentiation antigen with endocytic properties.decreases It is broadly[33] expressedhave on been acute myeloidobserved in vitro. Acute myeloid leukemia leukemia (AML) blasts and, possibly, some leukemic stem cells and has therefore been exploited as target for Antibody therapeutic antibodies for many years. The improved survival seen in many patients when the antibody-drug Antibody-drug conjugate conjugate, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, is added to conventional chemotherapy validates this approach. However, fi 2.3. Endocytic properties of CD33 Bispeci c antibody many attempts with unconjugated or conjugated antibodies have been unsuccessful, highlighting the challenges BiTE of targeting CD33 in AML. -
Antibody–Drug Conjugates: the Last Decade
pharmaceuticals Review Antibody–Drug Conjugates: The Last Decade Nicolas Joubert 1,* , Alain Beck 2 , Charles Dumontet 3,4 and Caroline Denevault-Sabourin 1 1 GICC EA7501, Equipe IMT, Université de Tours, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, 31 Avenue Monge, 37200 Tours, France; [email protected] 2 Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, 5 Avenue Napoléon III, 74160 Saint Julien en Genevois, France; [email protected] 3 Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, 1052/CNRS 5286/UCBL, 69000 Lyon, France; [email protected] 4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69000 Lyon, France * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 17 August 2020; Accepted: 10 September 2020; Published: 14 September 2020 Abstract: An armed antibody (antibody–drug conjugate or ADC) is a vectorized chemotherapy, which results from the grafting of a cytotoxic agent onto a monoclonal antibody via a judiciously constructed spacer arm. ADCs have made considerable progress in 10 years. While in 2009 only gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®) was used clinically, in 2020, 9 Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved ADCs are available, and more than 80 others are in active clinical studies. This review will focus on FDA-approved and late-stage ADCs, their limitations including their toxicity and associated resistance mechanisms, as well as new emerging strategies to address these issues and attempt to widen their therapeutic window. Finally, we will discuss their combination with conventional chemotherapy or checkpoint inhibitors, and their design for applications beyond oncology, to make ADCs the magic bullet that Paul Ehrlich dreamed of. Keywords: antibody–drug conjugate; ADC; bioconjugation; linker; payload; cancer; resistance; combination therapies 1. -
Antibody-Drug Conjugates of Calicheamicin Derivative: Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin and Inotuzumab Ozogamicin
CCR FOCUS Antibody-Drug Conjugates of Calicheamicin Derivative: Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin and Inotuzumab Ozogamicin Alejandro D. Ricart Abstract Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are an attractive approach for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which in most cases, are inherently sensitive to cytotoxic agents. CD33 and CD22 are specific markers of myeloid leukemias and B-cell malignancies, respectively. These endocytic receptors are ideal for an ADC strategy because they can effectively carry the cytotoxic payload into the cell. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO, Mylotarg) and inotuzumab ozogamicin consist of a derivative of calichea- micin (a potent DNA-binding cytotoxic antibiotic) linked to a humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody directed against CD33 or CD22, respectively. Both of these ADCs have a target-mediated pharmacokinetic disposition. GO was the first drug to prove the ADC concept in the clinic, specifically in phase II studies that included substantial proportions of older patients with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia. In contrast, in phase III studies, it has thus far failed to show clinical benefit in first-line treatment in combination with standard chemotherapy. Inotuzumab ozogamicin has shown remarkable clinical activity in relapsed/refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and it has started phase III evaluation. The safety profile of these ADCs includes reversible myelosuppression (especially neutropenia and thrombocyto- penia), elevated hepatic transaminases, and hyperbilirubinemia. There have been postmarketing reports of hepatotoxicity, especially veno-occlusive disease, associated with GO. The incidence is 2%, but patients who undergo hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have an increased risk. As we steadily move toward the goal of personalized medicine, these kinds of agents will provide a unique opportunity to treat selected patient subpopulations based on the expression of their specific tumor targets. -
Systemic Therapy Update
Systemic Therapy Update Volume 24 Issue 2 February 2021 For Health Professionals Who Care for Cancer Patients Inside This Issue: Editor’s Choice Revised Protocols, PPPOs and Patient Handouts COVID-19 Vaccine Guidance | New Programs: Ribociclib BR: BRAJACT, BRAJACTG, BRAJACTT, BRAJACTTG, BRAJACTW, BRAJCAP, and Fulvestrant for Advanced Breast Cancer BRAJLHRHAI, BRAJLHRHT, BRAJTTW, BRAVCAP, BRAVCLOD, BRAVEVEX, (UBRAVRBFLV) | Bevacizumab, Cisplatin and Paclitaxel for BRAVGEMT, BRAVLCAP, BRAVLHRHA, BRAVLHRHT, UBRAVPALAI, BRAVPTRAT, Gynecologic Malignancies (GOCISPBEV) | Gemtuzumab UBRAVRIBAI, BRAVTAX, BRAVTCAP, BRAVTW, BRLACTWAC, BRLATACG, BRLATWAC | GI: GIAAVCT, GIAJCAP, GIAJCAPOX, GIAJFFOX, GIAJRALOX, Ozogamicin with Chemotherapy for AML (ULKGEMOZ) | GIAVCAP, GIAVCAPB, GIAVCRT, GIAVTZCAP, GICAPIRI, GICAPOX, GICART, Bortezomib, Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone for GICIRB, GICOXB, GICPART, GIEFFOXRT, GIENACTRT, GIFFIRB, GIFFOXB, Untreated Multiple Myeloma (UMYBLDF) | Paclitaxel for UGIFFOXPAN, GIFIRINOX, GIFOLFOX, GIGAJCOX, GIGAJCPRT, GIGAJFFOX, Metastatic Angiosarcoma (SAAVTW) | Cemiplimab for GIGAVCC, GIGAVCCT, GIGAVCFT, GIGAVCOX, GIGAVCOXT, GIGAVFFOX, Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (USMAVCEM) GIGAVFFOXT, GIGAVRAMT, GIGECC, GIGFLODOC, UGINETEV, GIPAJFIROX, GIPAJGCAP, GIPAVCAP, GIPNEVER, GIRAJCOX, GIRAJFFOX, GIRCAP, GIRCRT, Drug Update GIRINFRT | GO: GOCABR, GOCABRBEV, GOCISP, GOCXAJCAT, GOCXCAT, IV Famotidine to Replace IV Ranitidine GOCXCATB, GOCXCRT, GOENDCAT, GOOVBEVLD, GOOVBEVP, GOOVCATB, Medication Safety Corner GOOVCATM, GOOVCATR, -
The Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Management of Leukemia
Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3, 3258-3274; doi:10.3390/ph3103258 OPEN ACCESS pharmaceuticals ISSN 1424-8247 www.mdpi.com/journal/pharmaceuticals Review The Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in the Management of Leukemia Ali Al-Ameri 1, Mohamad Cherry 2, Aref Al-Kali 1 and Alessandra Ferrajoli 1,* 1 Department of Leukemia, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA 2 Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Oncology section, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, 700 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 74103, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-713-792-2063. Received: 20 September 2010 / Accepted: 18 October 2010 / Published: 18 October 2010 Abstract: This article will review the monoclonal antibodies more commonly used in leukemias. In the last three decades, scientists have made considerable progress understanding the structure and the functions of various surface antigens, such as CD20, CD33. The introduction of rituximab, an anti CD20 monoclonal antibody, had a great impact in the treatment of lymphoproliferative disorders. Gemtuzumab, an anti CD 33 conjugated monoclonal antibody has activity in acute mylegenous leukemia (AML). As this field is undergoing a rapid growth, the years will see an increasing use of monoclonal antibodies in hematological malignancies. Keywords: monoclonal Abs; leukemia; CLL; AML; ALL 1. Introduction In 1900, speaking of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), Paul Ehrlich proposed that “immunizations such as these which are of great theoretic interest may come to be available for clinical application attacking epithelium new formations, particularly carcinoma by means of specific anti-epithelial sera”[1]. Erlich’s dream came true with the first report of the manufacturing of MAb in 1975 by Kohler and Milstein [2,3]. -
Antibody Drug Conjugates for Cancer Treatment
JAMA ONCOLOGY PATIENT PAGE Antibody Drug Conjugates for Cancer Treatment Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are drugs designed to target specific cancer cells and release a toxic drug into the cancer cell. The Parts of an ADC and Their Importance Antibody drug conjugates work like a “smart bomb” directed against What Is an Antibody Drug Conjugate? An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) consists of chemotherapy drug cancer cells. These drugs are composed of 3 parts: an antibody drug molecules bound to an antibody by special proteins called linkers. that is specific for the type of cancer being targeted, a cytotoxic chemotherapy drug, and a linker protein to hold the 2 parts Antibody that can bind to a cancer cell together. The drug is administered, usually through a vein, and the antibody part of the drug targets the specific cancer cell protein Linker that it was made to find. When the antibody finds the protein on the proteins outside of the cancer cell, the cell pulls the drug inside. Once inside Chemotherapy the cell, the linker releases the toxic cancer drug directly inside the molecules ADC cancer cell. By targeting the cancer cells in this way, exposure of How does an ADC work? healthy cells to the toxic cancer drug is decreased. 1 ADCs bind to receptors that NORMAL Possible Adverse Effects are found on cancer cells but CELL The adverse effects of each drug are different based on the pro- not usually on normal cells. tein it is made to target and the cytotoxic drug it contains. The CANCER cytotoxic drugs that are used to make ADCs are usually too toxic CELL to be given by themselves. -
Dual Kinase Targeting in Leukemia
cancers Review Dual Kinase Targeting in Leukemia Luca Mologni 1, Giovanni Marzaro 2 , Sara Redaelli 1 and Alfonso Zambon 3,* 1 Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; [email protected] (L.M.); [email protected] (S.R.) 2 Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemistry and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-059-2058-640 Simple Summary: A new option to treat cancer is based on the use of so-called multi-targeting drugs. This strategy can replace the standard treatment based on the co-administration of several drugs. An increased and uncontrolled activity of kinases (enzymes devoted to the regulation of several cell pathways) is often seen in hematological malignancies. The development of multi-kinase inhibitors is having a great impact on the treatment of this kind of cancer. Here, we review the most recent findings on this novel class of drugs. Abstract: Pharmacological cancer therapy is often based on the concurrent inhibition of different survival pathways to improve treatment outcomes and to reduce the risk of relapses. While this strategy is traditionally pursued only through the co-administration of several drugs, the recent development of multi-targeting drugs (i.e., compounds intrinsically able to simultaneously target several macromolecules involved in cancer onset) has had a dramatic impact on cancer treatment. This review focuses on the most recent developments in dual-kinase inhibitors used in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and lymphoid tumors, giving details on preclinical studies as well as ongoing clinical trials. -
Antibody–Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy
molecules Review Antibody–Drug Conjugates for Cancer Therapy Umbreen Hafeez 1,2,3, Sagun Parakh 1,2,3 , Hui K. Gan 1,2,3,4 and Andrew M. Scott 1,3,4,5,* 1 Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia; [email protected] (U.H.); [email protected] (S.P.); [email protected] (H.K.G.) 2 Department of Medical Oncology, Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia 3 School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia 4 Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia 5 Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-39496-5000 Academic Editor: João Paulo C. Tomé Received: 14 August 2020; Accepted: 13 October 2020; Published: 16 October 2020 Abstract: Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel drugs that exploit the specificity of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to reach target antigens expressed on cancer cells for the delivery of a potent cytotoxic payload. ADCs provide a unique opportunity to deliver drugs to tumor cells while minimizing toxicity to normal tissue, achieving wider therapeutic windows and enhanced pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties. To date, nine ADCs have been approved by the FDA and more than 80 ADCs are under clinical development worldwide. In this paper, we provide an overview of the biology and chemistry of each component of ADC design. We briefly discuss the clinical experience with approved ADCs and the various pathways involved in ADC resistance. -
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Liu Biomarker Research (2019) 7:25 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40364-019-0178-7 EDITORIAL Open Access Cancer biomarkers for targeted therapy Delong Liu1,2 Abstract Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) or cancer biomarkers are major targets for cancer therapies. Antibody- based agents targeting the cancer biomarkers include monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), radiolabeled MoAbs, bispecific T cell engagers, and antibody-drug conjugates. Antibodies targeting CD19, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD38, CD79B and SLAMF7 are in clinical applications for hematological malignancies. CD123, CLL-1, B cell maturation antigen, and CD138 are targets for cancer immunotherapeutic agents, including the chimeric antigen receptor - engineered T cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 have led to the revolution of cancer immunotherapy. More ICIs targeting IDO, LAG3, TIM-3, TIGIT, SIGLECs, VISTA and CD47 are being explored. Small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) against tyrosine kinase oncoproteins such as BCR-ABL, JAK2, Bruton tyrosine kinase, FLT3, EGFR, ALK, HER2, VEGFR, FGFR, MEK, and MET have fundamentally changed the landscape of cancer therapy. SMIs against BCL-2, IDHs, BRAF, PI3 kinase, mTOR, PARP, and CDKs have become the mainstay in the treatment of a variety of cancer types. To reduce and avoid off-tumor toxicities, cancer-specific TAAs such as CD33 are being manufactured through systems biology approach. Search for novel biomarkers and new designs as well as delivery methods of targeted agents are fueling the next wave of advances in cancer therapy. Keywords: Biomarker, Tumor-associated antigen, BiTE, Antibody-drug conjugate, CAR-T Tumor-associated antigens (TAA) or cancer biomarkers including coltuximab ravtansine (SAR3419), denintuzu- are major targets for cancer therapies.