Anthoney Udel 0060D

INCLUSION WITHOUT MODERATION: POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION BY RELIGIOUS GROUPS by Cheryl Mariani Anthoney A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and International Relations Spring 2018 © 2018 Cheryl Anthoney All Rights Reserved INCLUSION WITHOUT MODERATION: POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND DEMOCRATIC PARTICIPATION BY RELIGIOUS GROUPS by Cheryl Mariani Anthoney Approved: __________________________________________________________ David P. Redlawsk, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Political Science and International Relations Approved: __________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ Ann L. Ardis, Ph.D. Senior Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Muqtedar Khan, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Stuart Kaufman, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Aaron Fichtelberg, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Benedetta Berti, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are several people who deserve recognition for providing support throughout this journey, both personally and professionally. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Muqtedar Khan, who has been my mentor throughout graduate school and imparted his sincere enthusiasm for research and scholarship. I would also like to thank the rest of my dissertation committee: Dr. Stuart Kaufman, Dr. Aaron Fichtelberg, and Dr. Benedetta Berti. Each committee member offered valuable insights and advice that greatly benefitted my project. I would like to extend my appreciation to other professors at the University of Delaware who also made themselves available to review and discuss my dissertation. This includes Dr. Neepa Archarya for her assistance in understanding Hindu nationalism, Dr. Kassra Oskooii for his methodology assistance, and Dr. Kai Draper for reviewing my dissertation chapters while I worked as his TA. I am also grateful to the experts who agreed to be interviewed for this dissertation. They each provided regional and scholarly insights that enriched this research. I could not have written this dissertation without the support of my family, friends, and colleagues. My parents have always encouraged me throughout my educational pursuits and provided the stable foundation I needed to explore my interests. The iv strong value they place in both academics and service to others makes them ideal role models. I would like to thank my fellow graduate students (especially my cohort) for lending their ears, shoulders, and words of encouragement these past five years. The community we created together is truly special. Finally, I would like to thank my husband Danny for his patience and support throughout this process. When times were difficult, he ensured that I had healthy food, a comfortable space, and lots of love. Thank you. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... ix ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... x Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION AND RESEARCH QUESTION ......................................... 1 Militancy as a Reaction to the Political Opportunity Structure .......................... 3 Religion-Based Militancy ................................................................................... 6 Defining Political Violence and Behavioral Moderation ................................... 8 Assessing Broader Movements ........................................................................ 10 Chapter Overview ............................................................................................. 13 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY ....................................... 16 Research Puzzle and Theoretical Solution ....................................................... 18 Moderation and Political Participation ............................................................. 21 Democratization ......................................................................................... 21 Nonlinear Transitions ................................................................................. 27 Inclusion-Moderation Hypothesis .............................................................. 31 Necessary Condition for Religious Militancy (Hypothesis 1) ................... 39 Political Violence ............................................................................................. 40 Terrorism .................................................................................................... 40 Structural Explanations and the Strategic Logic of Terrorism ............. 43 Adding Ideational and Agentic Explanations of Terrorism ................. 49 Assessment of Terrorism Literature ..................................................... 52 Social Movement ........................................................................................ 53 Internal Conflict / Ethnic Violence ............................................................. 59 Necessary Condition for Religious Militancy (Hypothesis 2) ................... 60 Religious Ideology as Motivation for Violence ............................................... 64 Are Certain Religious Ideologies More Violent? ....................................... 66 How Do Religious Ideologies Motivate Violence? .................................... 71 Necessary Condition for Religious Militancy (Hypothesis 3) ................... 76 Framing and Myth-Making .............................................................................. 77 vi Necessary Condition for Religious Militancy (Hypothesis 4) ................... 80 Research Design ............................................................................................... 82 Case Selection and Methodology ............................................................... 82 Mapping Relationships ............................................................................... 87 Resources .................................................................................................... 90 3 SHIA ISLAMISM IN LEBANON ................................................................... 91 Shias in Lebanon .............................................................................................. 92 The Lebanese Civil War and the Emergence of Hezbollah.............................. 99 Hypothesis 1 ................................................................................................... 107 Hezbollah Enters the Political System ..................................................... 108 Hezbollah’s Outcome Goals ..................................................................... 114 Hypothesis 2 ................................................................................................... 123 The Impact of Militancy on Hezbollah’s Resistance Goals ..................... 128 The Impact of Militancy on Hezbollah’s Public Support ......................... 135 The Impact of Militancy on Hezbollah’s Foreign Support ...................... 141 Hypothesis 3 ................................................................................................... 146 Is Hezbollah’s militant action obligatory according to its religious ideology? .................................................................................................. 155 Hypothesis 4 ................................................................................................... 164 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 179 4 HINDU NATIONALISM IN INDIA ............................................................. 182 Hypothesis 1 ................................................................................................... 198 Hindu Nationalist Objectives ................................................................... 198 Banning Cow Slaughter ............................................................................ 205 Pakistan ..................................................................................................... 218 Jammu and Kashmir ................................................................................. 230 Uniform Civil Code .................................................................................

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