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Religious Minorities Country Policy and Information Note Sri Lanka: Minority religious groups Version 1.0 March 2018 Preface This note provides country of origin information (COI) and policy guidance to Home Office decision makers on handling particular types of protection and human rights claims. This includes whether claims are likely to justify the granting of asylum, humanitarian protection or discretionary leave and whether – in the event of a claim being refused – it is likely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under s94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must consider claims on an individual basis, taking into account the case specific facts and all relevant evidence, including: the policy guidance contained with this note; the available COI; any applicable caselaw; and the Home Office casework guidance in relation to relevant policies. Country information COI in this note has been researched in accordance with principles set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI) and the European Asylum Support Office’s research guidelines, Country of Origin Information report methodology, namely taking into account its relevance, reliability, accuracy, objectivity, currency, transparency and traceability. All information is carefully selected from generally reliable, publicly accessible sources or is information that can be made publicly available. Full publication details of supporting documentation are provided in footnotes. Multiple sourcing is normally used to ensure that the information is accurate, balanced and corroborated, and that a comprehensive and up-to-date picture at the time of publication is provided. Information is compared and contrasted, whenever possible, to provide a range of views and opinions. The inclusion of a source is not an endorsement of it or any views expressed. Feedback Our goal is to continuously improve our material. Therefore, if you would like to comment on this note, please email the Country Policy and Information Team. Independent Advisory Group on Country Information The Independent Advisory Group on Country Information (IAGCI) was set up in March 2009 by the Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration to make recommendations to him about the content of the Home Office’s COI material. The IAGCI welcomes feedback on the Home Office’s COI material. It is not the function of the IAGCI to endorse any Home Office material, procedures or policy. IAGCI may be contacted at: Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration, 5th Floor, Globe House, 89 Eccleston Square, London, SW1V 1PN. Email: [email protected] Information about the IAGCI’s work and a list of the COI documents which have been reviewed by the IAGCI can be found on the Independent Chief Inspector’s website at http://icinspector.independent.gov.uk/country-information-reviews/ Page 2 of 29 Contents Policy guidance ........................................................................................................ 5 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Basis of claim ........................................................................................... 5 1.2 Points to note ........................................................................................... 5 2. Consideration of issues ................................................................................... 5 2.1 Credibility .................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Assessment of risk ................................................................................... 5 2.3 Protection ................................................................................................. 7 2.4 Internal relocation ..................................................................................... 7 2.5 Certification .............................................................................................. 7 Country information ................................................................................................. 8 3. Religious demography ..................................................................................... 8 4. Legal context ................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Constitution .............................................................................................. 9 4.2 Penal Code ............................................................................................. 10 4.3 Other legal rights .................................................................................... 11 4.4 Conversion ............................................................................................. 12 5. Overview of recent incidents against religious minorities ............................... 13 5.1 Incidents against Christians .................................................................... 13 5.2 Incidents against Muslims ...................................................................... 15 6. State treatment .............................................................................................. 17 6.1 Government position .............................................................................. 17 6.2 Religious minorities’ participation in political life ..................................... 18 6.3 Restrictions on freedom of belief ............................................................ 19 6.4 Intimidation and harassment .................................................................. 20 6.5 Discrimination ......................................................................................... 20 7. Non-state and societal treatment ................................................................... 21 7.1 Inter-religious relations ........................................................................... 21 7.2 Intimidation and harassment .................................................................. 21 7.3 Targeting of property .............................................................................. 23 7.4 Violence.................................................................................................. 24 7.5 Discrimination ......................................................................................... 26 8. Protection ...................................................................................................... 26 8.1 Police protection ..................................................................................... 26 8.2 Police and judicial inaction ..................................................................... 27 Page 3 of 29 Version control ....................................................................................................... 29 Page 4 of 29 Policy guidance Updated: 26th March 2018 1. Introduction 1.1 Basis of claim 1.1.1 Fear of serious harm or persecution by state and/or non-state actors because the person belongs to a minority religious group. 1.2 Points to note 1.2.1 For the purposes of this note, religious minority groups include Muslims, Christians and Hindus. 1.2.2 Almost all Hindus in Sri Lanka are Tamils (although a small number of Tamils practice other religions). The available information, where it is broken down by specific religious group, often does not refer specifically to ‘Hindus’ as it does to ‘Christians’ and ‘Muslims’. For claims by Tamils, decision makers must refer to the country policy and information note on Sri Lanka: Tamil separatism. Back to Contents 2. Consideration of issues 2.1 Credibility 2.1.1 For information on assessing credibility, see the Asylum Instruction on Assessing Credibility and Refugee Status. 2.1.2 Decision makers must also check if there has been a previous application for a UK visa or another form of leave. Asylum applications matched to visas should be investigated prior to the asylum interview (see the Asylum Instruction on Visa Matches, Asylum Claims from UK Visa Applicants). 2.1.3 Decision makers should also consider the need to conduct language analysis testing (see the Asylum Instruction on Language Analysis). Back to Contents 2.2 Assessment of risk 2.2.1 Sri Lanka is a majority-Buddhist country. Religious minorities, mainly Hindus, Muslims and Christians, account for a little over 30% of the population (about 7 million people). The largest religious minority group are Hindus (15% of the population), who are mainly Tamils and are strongly present in the Northern, Eastern, Central, Sabragamuwa and Uva provinces; Muslims (8% of the population) are mainly present in Ampara, Batticaloa and Trincomalee in the east, and Mannar and Puttalam in the west; and Christians (8% of the population) are mainly present in Eastern, Northern, North-western and Western provinces (see Religious demography). Page 5 of 29 a. State treatment 2.2.2 The Constitution and Penal Code guarantee various freedoms to religions. However, Article 9 of the Constitution affirms that Buddhism occupies the ‘foremost place’ in the country and that it is the duty of the State to protect the teaching of the Buddha. The Supreme Court ruled that the authorities are constitutionally required to protect Buddhism only (see Constitution and Penal Code). 2.2.3 There are some restrictions on freedom of belief and incidents of discrimination and harassment against religious minorities. However, religious minorities
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