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Northern Goshawk and Its Prey in the Black Hills: Habitat Assessment

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Northern Goshawk and Its Prey in the Black Hills: Habitat Assessment United States Department of Agriculture Northern Goshawk and Its Prey in the Black Hills: Habitat Assessment Russell T. Graham Shelley Bayard de Volo Richard T. Reynolds Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-339 August 2015 Graham, Russell T.; Bayard de Volo, Shelley; Reynolds, Richard T. 2015. Northern goshawk and its prey in the Black Hills: Habitat assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-339. Fort Collins, CO: U.S, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 177 p. Abstract The northern goshawk is classified as a Sensitive Species in all USDA Forest Service regions, including on the Black Hills National Forest in western South Dakota and north- eastern Wyoming. An assessment was conducted of the quality of northern goshawk nesting and foraging habitat, along with the habitat quality of 22 of the goshawk’s prey species. A Delphi (expert panel) evaluation of goshawk and prey habitat in 3,414 water- sheds averaging 449 acres (182 ha) in size was completed by wildlife biologists from the Black Hills National Forest. The quality of goshawk nesting and foraging habitat and of prey group habitats was reported individually, then combined for each watershed. The op- timum goshawk and prey habitat, totaling 67 watersheds or 34,427 acres (13,932 ha), was distributed throughout the nearly 1.5 million-acre (about 607,000-ha) Black Hills National Forest. Panel members found that the Bear Lodge Mountains, located in northeastern Wyoming, proportionally had the most optimum, high-, and medium-rated habitat. Wildfire, bark beetles, urban encroachment, and timber harvest can negatively affect northern gos- hawks and their prey’s habitat. However, increasing the amount and presence of quaking aspen forests within the Black Hills will most likely improve the habitat of the goshawk by improving the habitat for many of its prey. Using previously articulated conditions as a tem- plate in the Forest Vegetation Simulator, we designed an example 100-year silvicultural system to create and maintain forest conditions for the northern goshawk and its prey on the Black Hills Experimental Forest. Keywords: northern goshawk, Accipiter gentilis atricapillus, silviculture, forest structure, bark beetles, ponderosa pine, forest management. Authors Russell T. Graham is a research forester (silviculturist) with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow, Idaho. His research activities include the role that coarse woody debris plays in forests, large-scale ecosystem assessment and planning, describing northern goshawk habitat, and develop- ing forest management strategies (silvicultural systems) for a wide array of management objectives. Shelley Bayard de Volo is an environmental coordination specialist for the Larimer County Engineering Department in Fort Collins, Colorado. She studied wildlife for several decades in California, Arizona, Colorado, and South Dakota. During her 15-year tenure with the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Fort Collins, Colorado, she assisted in study- ing demographic and habitat relationships for northern goshawks on the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. She also determined genetic diversity for Kaibab goshawks and investigated genetic relationships for goshawk populations across North America. Richard T. Reynolds is a research wildlife biologist with the Rocky Mountain Research Station in Fort Collins, Colorado. He has investigated the relationship between the com- position and structure of habitats as well as the demographic performance of apex avian predators in forested ecosystems for more than 40 years. His recent research focuses on relationships between individual and population demographics of northern goshawks and the structure and composition of their habitats in ponderosa pine and dry mixed-conifer forests on the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona. Contents Introduction .............................................................................................1 Goshawks ..............................................................................................9 Goshawk Habitats............................................................................ 10 Goshawks in the Black Hills............................................................. 17 Characteristics of Occupied Habitats in the Black Hills ................... 18 Assessment Methods ........................................................................... 23 Expert Panels .................................................................................. 23 Analysis ........................................................................................... 27 Results: Goshawk Habitat .................................................................... 28 Foraging Habitat .............................................................................. 31 Results: Prey Habitat ...........................................................................31 Forest Generalists ........................................................................... 34 Hares and Rabbits ...........................................................................38 Tree Squirrels ................................................................................. 40 Ground Squirrels ............................................................................. 41 Woodpeckers ..................................................................................44 Woodrats ........................................................................................ 45 Combined Prey Habitat ................................................................... 45 Results: Goshawk and Prey Habitat .....................................................48 Goshawks and Their Prey in the Black Hills ........................................50 Factors Affecting Black Hills Goshawks .............................................. 53 Bark Beetles ................................................................................... 59 Wildfire Hazard ...............................................................................64 Predation, Competition, and Disease .............................................. 66 Silvicultural System Simulation for Creating and Maintaining Goshawk Habitat in the Black Hills ........................... 72 Discussion ........................................................................................... 80 Acknowledgments ................................................................................ 84 Literature Cited .....................................................................................85 Appendix: Natural History and Habitat for Selected Northern Goshawk Prey Species ............................................................... 122 American Robin ............................................................................. 122 American Three-Toed Woodpecker ............................................... 124 Black-backed Woodpecker ...........................................................128 Black-Headed Grosbeak................................................................ 131 i Bushy-Tailed Woodrat (Pack Rat) ..................................................133 Cottontails ......................................................................................134 Gray Jay ........................................................................................ 138 Hairy Woodpecker ......................................................................... 140 Least Chipmunk .............................................................................144 Lewis’s Woodpecker ......................................................................146 Mourning Dove .............................................................................. 149 Northern Flying Squirrel .................................................................154 Red-headed Woodpecker ..............................................................158 Red-naped Sapsucker ...................................................................160 Red Squirrel ...................................................................................163 Ruffed Grouse ............................................................................... 165 Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrel .................................................... 169 Western Tanager ........................................................................... 170 White-Tailed Jackrabbit.................................................................. 172 Merriam’s Wild Turkey ................................................................... 173 ii Introduction The years following World War II saw a dramatic increase in the need for lumber, and timber production became the dominant use on many national forest lands. In response to concerns of unequal emphasis on timber production, Congress passed the Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act of 1960 (MUSYA; P.L. 86-517), which authorized and directed that national forests be managed under principles of multiple use and to produce a sustained yield of products and services. However, commercial timber harvest continued to dominate Forest Service management; and in the Pacific Northwest, clearcutting was the harvest method of choice, often in old-growth forests, to the dismay of many environmental organizations (Wellock 2010). Additionally, the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 required interdisciplinary teams to develop environmental impact statements (EISs) for federal forest
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