Tree Squirrels
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Species Assessment for the Humboldt Marten (Martes Americana Humboldtensis)
Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office Species Assessment for the Humboldt Marten (Martes americana humboldtensis) R. Hamlin, L. Roberts, G. Schmidt, K. Brubaker and R. Bosch Photo credit: Six Rivers National Forest Endangered Species Program U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office 1655 Heindon Road Arcata, California 95521 (707) 822-7201 www.fws.gov/arcata September 2010 i The suggested citation for this report is: Hamlin, R., L. Roberts, G. Schmidt, K. Brubaker and R. Bosch 2010. Species assessment for the Humboldt marten (Martes americana humboldtensis). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arcata Fish and Wildlife Office, Arcata, California. 34 + iv pp. ii Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION .......................................................................................... 1 Species Description ................................................................................................... 1 Taxonomy.................................................................................................................. 1 Life History ............................................................................................................... 4 Reproduction .................................................................................................. 5 Diet ................................................................................................................ 5 Home Range -
Squirrels and Allies (Sciuridae Spp.)
Squirrels and Allies (Sciuridae Spp.) There are about 275 species of tree, ground, and flying squirrels throughout the world, ranging from the five-inch pygmy squirrel (Myosciurus pumilio) of Africa to the nearly three-foot giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) of Asia. Currently, there are five species of squirrel found in Rhode Island: The Eastern gray squirrel, the Southern flying squirrel, the red squirrel, the chipmunk, and the woodchuck. Tree squirrels are those species that nest in trees, while ground squirrels nest in underground burrows. This publication is intended to provide information on the above species found in Rhode Island. Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Gray squirrels are the most common species of squirrel in Rhode Island. They are a tree squirrel, however they spend much of their time on the ground, and have adapted well to human-altered environments. They are commonly found in urban and suburban habitats. Gray squirrels can be grayish-brown, gray or black, with a white or light brown underside. Adults range in size from 15 to 20 inches, and between 1 to 1 ½ pounds. Their bushy tail accounts for almost half of their length. Gray squirrels may live between four and eight years in the wild, but they have been known to live up to ten years in captivity. They are active mainly during the day and do not hibernate. In the winter they spend days at a time in their nests, leaving only to gather food. Their habitat is mainly any wooded area with mast producing trees, where they live in tree cavities or leaf nests. -
Behavioral Aspects of Western Gray Squirrel Ecology
Behavioral aspects of western gray squirrel ecology Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Cross, Stephen P. Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 11/10/2021 06:42:38 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565181 BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF WESTERN GRAY SQUIRREL ECOLOGY by Stephen Paul Cross A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of. the DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY WITH A MAJOR IN ZOOLOGY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1 9 6 9 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE I hereby recommend that this dissertation prepared under my direction by St e p h e n Paul Cross_______________________________ entitled B E H A V I O R A L A S P E C T S OF W E S T E R N G RAY__________ S Q U I R R E L E C O LOGY___________________________________ be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement of the degree of D O C T O R OF P H I L O S O P H Y_____________________________ Dissertation Director Date After inspection of the final copy of the dissertation, the following members of the Final Examination Committee concur in its approval and recommend its acceptance:* This approval and acceptance is contingent on the candidate's adequate performance and defense of this dissertation at the final oral examination. -
The Beaver's Phylogenetic Lineage Illuminated by Retroposon Reads
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The Beaver’s Phylogenetic Lineage Illuminated by Retroposon Reads Liliya Doronina1,*, Andreas Matzke1,*, Gennady Churakov1,2, Monika Stoll3, Andreas Huge3 & Jürgen Schmitz1 Received: 13 October 2016 Solving problematic phylogenetic relationships often requires high quality genome data. However, Accepted: 25 January 2017 for many organisms such data are still not available. Among rodents, the phylogenetic position of the Published: 03 March 2017 beaver has always attracted special interest. The arrangement of the beaver’s masseter (jaw-closer) muscle once suggested a strong affinity to some sciurid rodents (e.g., squirrels), placing them in the Sciuromorpha suborder. Modern molecular data, however, suggested a closer relationship of beaver to the representatives of the mouse-related clade, but significant data from virtually homoplasy- free markers (for example retroposon insertions) for the exact position of the beaver have not been available. We derived a gross genome assembly from deposited genomic Illumina paired-end reads and extracted thousands of potential phylogenetically informative retroposon markers using the new bioinformatics coordinate extractor fastCOEX, enabling us to evaluate different hypotheses for the phylogenetic position of the beaver. Comparative results provided significant support for a clear relationship between beavers (Castoridae) and kangaroo rat-related species (Geomyoidea) (p < 0.0015, six markers, no conflicting data) within a significantly supported mouse-related clade (including Myodonta, Anomaluromorpha, and Castorimorpha) (p < 0.0015, six markers, no conflicting data). Most of an organism’s phylogenetic history is fossilized in their heritable genomic material. Using data from genome sequencing projects, particularly informative regions of this material can be extracted in sufficient num- bers to resolve the deepest history of speciation. -
Symposium on the Gray Squirrel
SYMPOSIUM ON THE GRAY SQUIRREL INTRODUCTION This symposium is an innovation in the regional meetings of professional game and fish personnel. When I was asked to serve as chairman of the Technical Game Sessions of the 13th Annual Conference of the Southeastern Association of Game and Fish Commissioners this seemed to be an excellent opportunity to collect most of the people who have done some research on the gray squirrel to exchange information and ideas and to summarize some of this work for the benefit of game managers and other biologists. Many of these people were not from the southeast and surprisingly not one of the panel mem bers is presenting a general resume of one aspect of squirrel biology with which he is most familiar. The gray squirrel is also important in Great Britain but because it causes extensive damage to forests. Much work has been done over there by Monica Shorten (Mrs. Vizoso) and a symposium on the gray squirrel would not be complete without her presence. A grant from the National Science Foundation through the American Institute of Biological Sciences made it possible to bring Mrs. Vizoso here. It is hoped that this symposium will set a precedent for other symposia at future wildlife conferences. VAGN FLYGER. THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GRAY SQUIRREL, SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS, TO ITS NEAREST RELATIVES By DR. ]. C. MOORE INTRODUCTION It seems at least slightly more probable at this point in our knowledge of the living Sciuridae, that the northeastern American gray squirrel's oldest known ancestors came from the Old \Vorld rather than evolved in the New. -
Ground Squirrels Live in Burrows That Are Litter Size: Five to Seven
L-1909 6/13 Controlling GROUND SQUIRRELDamage round squirrels are small, burrowing rodents earthen dikes with their burrows. Their burrow- found throughout the state, with the excep- ing and gnawing behavior also can cause damage G tion of extreme East Texas. There are five in irrigated areas. different species in Texas. These are the thirteen- lined ground squirrel, Mexican ground squirrel, spotted ground squirrel, rock squirrel, and the Texas antelope ground squirrel. Most ground Biology and Reproduction squirrels prefer grassy areas such as pastures, Rock squirrels golf courses, cemeteries and parks. Rock squir- Adult weight: 1½ to 1¾ pounds. rels are nearly always found in rocky cliffs, Total length: 18 to 21 inches. boulders, and canyon walls. The rock squirrel Color: Varies from dark gray to black. and thirteen-lined ground squirrel are the two species that most commonly cause damage by Tail: 7 to 10 inches, somewhat bushy. their burrowing and gnawing. Gestation period: Approximately 30 days. Ground squirrels live in burrows that are Litter size: Five to seven. usually 2 to 3 inches in diameter and 15 to 20 Number of litters: Possibly two per year, feet long. The burrow system usually has two usually born from April to August. entrances. Dirt piles around the entry holes are seldom evident. Rock squirrels and thirteen- Life span: 4 to 5 years. lined ground squirrels may hibernate during the Thirteen-lined ground squirrels coldest periods of winter. Adult weight: 5 to 9 ounces. Damage Total length: 7 to 12 inches. Ground squirrels normally do not cause Color: Light to dark brown with 13 stripes extensive damage in urban areas. -
Characteristics of American Marten Den Sites in Wyoming
This file was created by scanning the printed publication. Errors identified by the software have been corrected; however, some errors may remain. CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN MARTEN DEN SITES IN WYOMING LEONARD F. RUGGIERO,' U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 East Beckwith, Missoula, MT 59807, USA DEAN E. PEARSON, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 800 East Beckwith, Missoula, MT 59807, USA STEPHEN E. HENRY, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 222 South 22nd Street, Laramie, WY 82070, USA Abstract: We examined characteristics of den structures and den sites used by female American marten (Martes americana) for natal and maternal dens in the Sierra Madre Range, Wyoming. During 1988--95, we located 18 natal dens (parturition sites) and 97 maternal dens (sites where kits were present exclusive of parturition) used by 10 female marten. Important den structures included rock crevices (28%), snags (25%), red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) middens (19%), and logs (16%). Resource selection function (RSF) analysis showed that an individual selection model provided a significantly better fit than a null model or pooled selection model, indicating that the sample of marten selected maternal den sites that differed from random sites, and that individual animals did not select maternal den sites in the same manner. Six marten individually exhibited significant selection for maternal den sites within home ranges. Overall selection coefficients for maternal dens indicated the number of squirrel middens was the most important variable, followed by number of snags 20-40 em diameter at breast height (dbh), number of snags 2:41 em dbh, and number of hard logs 2:41 em in diameter. -
Nature Detectives: Thirteen-Lined Ground Squirrels
Spring 2019 Thirteen-lined Ground Squirrels Plus Arithmetic Add 6+7 and your answer is the number of light and dark stripes on ground squirrels with an odd name. The name truly is thirteen-lined ground squirrel. In addition to thirteen cute stripes, their fur has orderly little spots. The cream-colored spots are more squarish than round, and they march in a line up the middle of each dark stripe. The spotted dark stripes and thinner light stripes stand out against a furry tan background. What a fancy coat on a tiny mammal! Thirteen-lined ground squirrels spend most of their time underground, out of sight. In late summer or early fall, the critters enter their winter burrows and plug the entrance shut. The burrows are deep so the temperature in their winter quarters never drops below freezing, no matter how frigid it is above ground. The little squirrels snooze through the winter, barely breathing. Ground Squirrel Spring Once spring arrives, their internal clock signals it is time to wake up. At first, like some sleepy kids on a school morning, the squirrels barely stir. They might visit their toilet room, but they snuggle back to sleep. While school kids may snatch a few minutes extra sleep, ground squirrels may doze for a few more days. But as the spring air grows warmer, the squirrels finally get excited to be out doing their squirrel work. Pull Out and Save Pull Out and The male squirrels are the early risers. Their first spring job is getting their digestive system working. -
Relational Database Systems 1
Relational Database Systems 1 Wolf-Tilo Balke Jan-Christoph Kalo Institut für Informationssysteme Technische Universität Braunschweig www.ifis.cs.tu-bs.de Summary last week • Data models define the structural constrains and possible manipulations of data – Examples of Data Models: • Relational Model, Network Model, Object Model, etc. – Instances of data models are called schemas • Careful: Often, sloppy language is used where people call a schema also a model • We have three types of schemas: – Conceptual Schemas – Logical Schemas – Physical Schemas • We can use ER modeling for conceptual and logical schemas Relational Database Systems 1 – Wolf-Tilo Balke – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig 2 Summary last week • Entity Type Name • Weak Entity Type Name • Attribute name • Key Attribute name • name Multi-valued Attribute name name • Composite Attribute name • Derived Attribute name • Relationship Type name • Identifying Relationship Type name EN 3.5 Relational Database Systems 1 – Wolf-Tilo Balke – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig 3 Summary last week • Total participation of E2 in R E1 r E2 • Cardinality – an instance of E1 may relate to multiple instances of E2 (0,*) (1,1) E1 r E2 • Specific cardinality with min and max – an instance of E1 may relate to multiple instances of E2 (0,*) (0,1) E1 r E2 EN 3.5 Relational Database Systems 1 – Wolf-Tilo Balke – Institut für Informationssysteme – TU Braunschweig 4 3 Extended Data Modeling • Alternative ER Notations • Extended ER – Inheritance – Complex Relationships -
Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel Or Chipmunk? by Lynne Brosch
Who Is Your Pest? Golden-Mantled Ground Squirrel or Chipmunk? by Lynne Brosch Recently as I went around the lake doing talks on pest management, I had several complaints about chipmunks. People describe a lot of digging and eating of plants by these chipmunks. As I began thinking about putting out some information on how to handle the situation I thought about the golden-mantled ground squirrel, I watched eating garden plants voraciously on the Baldwin Estate grounds just yesterday. Perhaps gardeners need to know who they are dealing with. The golden-mantled ground squirrel looks a lot like a chipmunk. It has a large white stripe bordered by black on each side. The main difference between this squirrel and a chipmunk is that its stripes don’t go all the way to the face and it is a slightly larger animal. It lives along the west coast in coniferous forests and mountainous areas. It likes to eat plants, seeds, nuts, fruit and some insects. It lives in an underground burrow usually near trees or logs. Chipmunks have very similar burrows. Most common in the Tahoe basin is the Lodgepole chipmunk. Fencing can be used to protect plants from squirrels and chipmunks, but has challenges in effectiveness because of the excellent digging and climbing skills exhibited by these garden pests. Hardware cloth may be used to exclude animals from flower beds with seeds and bulbs covered by the hardware cloth and all covered with soil. This method of prevention may prove less costly and time consuming than trapping. The most successful method for control of ground squirrels and chipmunks is the use of traps. -
Thurston County Species List
Washington Gap Analysis Project 202 Species Predicted or Breeding in: Thurston County CODE COMMON NAME Amphibians RACAT Bullfrog RHCAS Cascade torrent salamander ENES Ensatina AMMA Long-toed salamander AMGR Northwestern salamander RAPR Oregon spotted frog DITE Pacific giant salamander PSRE Pacific treefrog (Chorus frog) RAAU Red-legged frog TAGR Roughskin newt ASTR Tailed frog PLVA Van Dyke's salamander PLVE Western redback salamander BUBO Western toad Birds BOLE American bittern FUAM American coot COBR American crow CIME American dipper CATR American goldfinch FASP American kestrel TUMI American robin HALE Bald eagle COFA Band-tailed pigeon HIRU Barn swallow STVA Barred owl CEAL Belted kingfisher THBE Bewick's wren PAAT Black-capped chickadee PHME Black-headed grosbeak ELLE Black-shouldered kite (White-tailed kite DENI Black-throated gray warbler DEOB Blue grouse ANDI Blue-winged teal EUCY Brewer's blackbird CEAM Brown creeper MOAT Brown-headed cowbird PSMI Bushtit CACAL California quail BRCA Canada goose VISO Cassin's vireo (Solitary vireo) BOCE Cedar waxwing PARU Chestnut-backed chickadee SPPA Chipping sparrow NatureMapping 2007 Washington Gap Analysis Project ANCY Cinnamon teal HIPY Cliff swallow TYAL Common barn-owl MERME Common merganser CHMI Common nighthawk COCOR Common raven GAGA Common snipe GETR Common yellowthroat ACCO Cooper's hawk JUHY Dark-eyed (Oregon) junco PIPU Downy woodpecker STVU European starling COVE Evening grosbeak PAIL Fox sparrow ANST Gadwall AQCH Golden eagle RESA Golden-crowned kinglet PECA Gray jay ARHE Great -
Acoustic Comunication of Red Squirrels (Tamiasciurus Hudsonicus): Field Observations and Plaiback Experiments
ACOUSTIC COMUNICATION OF RED SQUIRRELS (TAMIASCIURUS HUDSONICUS): FIELD OBSERVATIONS AND PLAIBACK EXPERIMENTS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA Stephen George Frost IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF EASTER OF SCIENCE IDEGREE GRANTED June 1978 i; TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Site Sound Level Measurements Playback Methods Laboratory Work RESULTS Vocalizations 11 Peep 11 Groan 13 Chuck 14 Trill 15 Scream 18 Chatter (air) 19 Whine 22 Multiple-Chuck 23 Growl 25 Chuckle 27 Buzz 28 Squeak 30 Non-vocal Acoustic Sounds 30 Drumming 30 Substrate Scratching and Rapid Ascent 31 Teeth Chattering 32 Tail Movements Accompanying Acoustical Communication 32 Vocal Behavior upon Release from Captivity 32 Sound Levels of Red Squirrel Sounds 33 Graded Nature of Red Squirrel Vocalizations 34 Playback Experiments 35 DISCUSSION 4o SUMMARY 57 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 58 LITERATURE CITED 59 APPENDIX A: FIGURES 61 APPENDIX B: TABLES 90 ii LIST OF FIGURES Page Fig. 1. Grid map of Itasca Biology Station study area. • • . 63 Fig. 2. Dye-marking number locations. • . • . • • • .. 65 Fig. 3. Sonograms of red squirrel vocalizations. .. 67 Fig. 4. Sonograms of red squirrel vocalizations. • . • • . 69 Fig. 5. Gradations of some red squirrel vocalizations. .. 71 Fig. 6. Gradations of some red squirrel vocalizations. .. 73 Fig. 7. Histograms of behavioral responses of the red squirrel to playbacks of a one minute alarm sequence of 127 Peep, twelve Chuck, and three Groan vocalizations. .. • • • • • • ... 75 Fig. 8. Histograms of behavioral responses of the red squirrel to playbacks of a Trill vocalization (preceded by five Peeps) three times during one minute.