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South African Female Subjectivity (1868-1977): Life Writing, the Agentive “I” and Recovering Stories

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South African Female Subjectivity (1868-1977): Life Writing, the Agentive “I” and Recovering Stories South African Female Subjectivity (1868-1977): Life Writing, the Agentive “I” and Recovering Stories Lizelle Smit Dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences at Stellenbosch University Supervisors: Dr Mathilda Slabbert and Prof Louise Viljoen April 2019 The financial assistance of the National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences, in collaboration with the South African Humanities Deans Association towards Lizelle Smit’s research is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed and conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not necessarily to be attributed to the NIHSS and SAHUDA. Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this dissertation, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. October 2018 Signed: Lizelle Smit Copyright © 2019 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This dissertation investigates the formation of white female subjectivity in the life writing of three South African women, penned between 1868 and 1977. The subjects are: Betty Molteno (1852- 1927), Hettie Smit (1908-1973) and Joyce Waring (1914-2003). I consider subjectivity formation as contingent on geo-cultural, historical, ethnic and socio-political contexts, as well as cultural and political markers of identity such as race, gender and ethnicity. My analysis of Molteno’s journals, letters, autobiographical poetry and life writing about her, Smit’s letters and autobiographical fiction titled Sy kom met die Sekelmaan [She appears with the Sickle Moon] (1937), and Waring’s trilogy of autobiographical texts I’m no Lady (1956), Sticks and Stones (1969) and Hot Air (1977) indicate these three women’s subjectivities as embodied and formed relationally. However, differences in their respective constituted subjectivities and the discursive divergences noticeable in their life writing practices are also examined to argue the heterogeneous and multifaceted nature of female subjectivity in the delineated period. Concepts such as “embodiment” (Cahill Objectification viii; Anderson 90; Grosz ix-xi; Smith Subjectivity 14) and “relationality” (Coullie 7; Smith and Watson Reading 248; Kleinman and Fitz-Henry 53) are employed throughout my examination of the three selected women’s texts. The aim of the project is to examine unknown subjects’ or women’s life writing which has been neglected in literary scholarship to complement the existing body of work on South African women’s life writing. Archives house memories, forgotten texts have important stories to tell: I maintain throughout this dissertation that these unconventional, conflicted and controversial women employed diverse and arresting autobiographical forms to narrate their respective subjectivities; therefore, their materials are worth investigating. By analysing their life writing, I address lacunae in South African scholarship: Molteno’s materials engendered a discussion of nineteenth century lesbianism and the Mazdaznan religion. My analysis of Smit’s letters enabled me to categorise Sy kom met die Sekelmaan as the first published Afrikaans autobiographical fiction and to discuss her split subjectivity, or two “I”s, which she respectively named “Hettie” and “Hessie”. White middle-class feminism of the 1950- 1980s, of which little has been written, and white women’s endorsement of apartheid through their writing, which is rare, is made possible through my examination of Waring’s autobiographical texts. iii Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Opsomming Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die ontwikkeling van wit vroulike subjektiwiteit in die ego-tekste van drie Suid-Afrikaanse vroue gedurende die periode van 1868 tot 1977. Die drie skrywers is: Betty Molteno (1852-1927), Hettie Smit (1908-1973) en Joyce Waring (1914-2003). Ek gaan van die standpunt uit dat hierdie ontwikkeling in subjektiewe gewaarwording afhang van die geo- kulturele, historiese, etniese and sosio-politieke kontekste, sowel as dié van kulturele en politieke identiteitsmerkers soos ras, gender en etnisiteit. My analise van Molteno se joernale, briewe, outobiografiese gedigte sowel as ego-dokumente geskryf oor haar deur ander, Smit se briewe en outobiografiese fiksie, getiteld Sy kom met die Sekelmaan [She appears with the Sickle Moon] (1937), asook Waring se trilogie van outobiografiese tekste I’m no Lady (1956), Sticks and Stones (1969) en Hot Air (1977), toon duidelik dat die onderskeie vroue se subjektiewe bewussyn ontwikkel het in ’n parallelle verhouding tot bogenoemde kontekste. Die verskille in die daargestelde subjektiwiteit tussen die verskillende vroue word ook ondersoek. Hierbenewens word die afwykings in die diskoers van die onderskeie ego-tekste ontleed om sodoende die heterogene en veelvlakkige aard van vroulike subjektiwiteit in die aangeduide periode aan te toon. Konsepte soos “vergestalting” (Cahill Objectification viii; Anderson 90; Grosz ix-xi; Smith Subjectivity 14) en “relasionaliteit” (Coullie 7; Smith and Watson Reading 248; Kleinman and Fitz-Henry 53) word deurgaans gebruik in my bespreking van die tekste van die drie gekose vroue. Die doel van die ondersoek is om onbekende vroulike ego-dokumente, wat tot dusver meerendeels verontagsaam was in die bestaande Suid-Afrikaanse literêre studies, aan te spreek, sowel as om die bestaande werk oor ego-tekste deur Suid-Afrikaanse vroue aan te vul. Herinneringe word in argiewe gehuisves. Vergete tekste omsluit belangrike verhale. Ek handhaaf die mening regdeur my verhandeling dat hierdie onkonvensionele, gefolterde, kontroversiële vroue verskillende, maar tegelykertyd boeiende, outobiografiese skryfstyle ingespan het om hul onderskeie vroulike bewussyn uit te beeld. Hierdie tekste verdien dus om ondersoek te word. Deur die onderskeie ego- tekste te ondersoek, spreek ek leemtes in die Suid-Afrikaanse kritiek aan. Molteno se werk het ’n gesprek oor lesbianisme in die neëntiende eeu vereis sowel as ’n ondersoek na Mazdanianisme. My analise van Smit se briewe het my tot die oortuiging gebring dat Sy kom met die Sekelmaan as die eerste gepubliseerde Afrikaanse outobiografiese fiksie beskou kan word. Ek kon verder ook haar gesplete self-bewussyn, of die twee ego’s, wat sy onderskeidelik “Hettie” en “Hessie” genoem iv Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za het, identifiseer. Die feminisme van die wit middelklas gedurende 1950-1980, ’n onderwerp wat grootliks geïgnoreer is, sowel as die onderskrywing van die beleid van apartheid deur blanke vrouens (waaroor daar inderdaad min navorsing beskikbaar is) word bevestig deur my bespreking van Waring se ego-dokumentasie. v Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Acknowledgements ’n Bedankingsbrief 10 Oktober 2018 Beste familie, vriende en ander betrokkenes Hierdie tesis word opgedra aan my ouers, Hennie en Elsabet Smit, my aardse hoeksteen: “[…] Maar dít sal een en enkeld bly, En aards en diep sy laafnis kry, Al staan dit winter, kaal in my, Die liefde in my, die liefde in my” - N.P. van wyk Louw - (Uittreksel uit “Die liefde in my”) Mulungu ndiye chikondi, Alemekezeke Mulungu, “ja, my erfenis is vir my mooi”. Dankie dat Mamma vir my kerse in geloof aangesteek het en op die katafalke van Europese katedrale neergesit het. Pappa, so onwrikbaar soos my geloof dat ek sukselvol ’n subtropiese woud aan die groei gaan kry in my tuin in die Boland, só onwrikbaar seker is ons kinders altyd van Pa se ondersteuning en, sonder uitsondering, wyse raad. My aanstaande, Thabo, jy het my gekoester en versorg te midde my goeie en slegte tye. Om Freek Robertson aan te haal: “Ek sal jou ’n woud in die binnestad vind, waar die wind ’n bevryding aan jou voete kan bind, en ons polse saam in ritme verbind, as jy kan, as jy sal, as jy saam wil met my”. Ek bemin jou, Botterbol. Ernst, Jaco, Nico, Jerusha, Hanneke en Charine, ek is so geseënd om broers en skoonsusters soos julle te hê wat boonop bereid was om te aanhou luister na my lang gestoei met die tesis-tannies. Julle is die beste! En o ja, Jaco, die Dertigers het toe wel neerslag gevind in hierdie tesis, want wee o wee, wie wil nou sonder die “sieraad” en “waan” ’n tesis skryf? Die grootste bedanking is vir my studieleiers, Mathilda Slabbert en Louise Viljoen. Sonder julle leiding en deurdagte kommentaar, was die skryf van hierdie projek onmoontlik. Ek het al sedert my voorgraadse studies gedink julle is inspirerend, het julle bewonder, en is só dankbaar dat ek ’n kans gekry het om saam met julle te werk. Ek kan julle nie genoeg bedank vir al julle moeite, voorstelle, terugvoer en ondersteuning nie ten spyte daarvan dat ek soms nie ’n sperdatum kon vi Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za haal nie. Dit was so ’n voorreg om saam met julle hierdie projek aan te pak en deur te voer. Ek sê: baie baie dankie! En dan wil ek graag Schalk van Vuuren bedank wat so baie inligting oor sy ma vir my gestuur het. Ons gesprekke per e-pos was vir my ‘n ongelooflike ervaring. Dankie dat jy my met al hierdie persoonlike inligting vertrou het (wat ek nie gebruik het nie) en so akkommoderend was. Ek was soms skoon oorweldig oor die mooi herinneringe wat jy met my gedeel het. Dit het hierdie projek vir my soveel meer spesiaal gemaak. And to Catherine Corder, without your help, I would not have been able to write about Betty Molteno the way I did. You shared your knowledge, gave me suggestions of what to read in the archive and where to locate the material. I am deeply indebted to you for your advice. Thank you. I can’t wait to read your biography. A shout out to the friendly staff at UCT’s Jagger Library. You were incredible and very helpful.
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