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Renewable Energy Deployment As Climate Change Mitigation in Nigeria Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: B Geography, Geo-Sciences, Environmental Science & Disaster Management Volume 16 Issue 4 Version 1.0 Year 2016 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA) Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Renewable Energy Deployment as Climate Change Mitigation in Nigeria By Olotu Yahaya & Oyati Edith Nwabuogo Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi Abstract- The scientific evidence of climate change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions which causes ozone layer depletion is becoming increasingly obvious and clear. Findings revealed that energy from the fossil fuel is the major source of greenhouse emission which destroys the environment and makes it unhealthy for living beings. In Nigeria, conventional energy (oil and gas) with gas flaring has the highest percentage of 52% and liquid fuel of 32% of carbon dioxide (CO2) respectively. This sector contributes revenue of over 70% to Nigeria’s economy and generates an average total 21.8% of greenhouse gas emission. In Nigeria, there is a much more potential for share renewables with 15.4% of total energy production and 8.6 % of energy consumption. In reality with global environmental concern, Nigeria’s carbon dioxide emissions have increased with energy production and consumption. The Integrated Renewable Energy Master Plan of 2008 projects a 26.7% renewable energy contribution to the Nigeria’s energy use and this is expected to reduce CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions at 38% by 2025. Keywords: greenhouse gas emission, mitigation, nigeria, climate change, renewable energy, resources, conventional energy, environment. GJHSS-B Classification : FOR Code: 090608 RenewableEnergyDeploymentasClimateChangeMitigationinNigeria Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2016. Olotu Yahaya & Oyati Edith Nwabuogo. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non- commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Renewable Energy Deployment as Climate Change Mitigation in Nigeria Olotu Yahaya α & Oyati Edith Nwabuogo σ Abstract- The scientific evidence of climate change as a result Nigeria’s population is increasing geometrically of greenhouse gas emissions which causes ozone layer and this further puts pressure on energy demand for depletion is becoming increasingly obvious and clear. socio-economic growth and development. If the growing Findings revealed that energy from the fossil fuel is the major population continues to depend on convectional energy; source of greenhouse emission which destroys the this will lead to overdependence on the non-renewable 2016 environment and makes it unhealthy for living beings. In and depleting energy source which will not meet the Nigeria, conventional energy (oil and gas) with gas flaring has ear the highest percentage of 52% and liquid fuel of 32% of demand and consequently increase the CO2 emission Y carbon dioxide (CO2) respectively. This sector contributes and makes the environment highly unhealthy [2]. The revenue of over 70% to Nigeria’s economy and generates an linkage of the concepts of climate change mitigation 19 average total 21.8% of greenhouse gas emission. In Nigeria, and matching energy demand-supply is very important there is a much more potential for share renewables with in addressing the well-being, economic growth and 15.4% of total energy production and 8.6 % of energy sustainability of any nation. Meeting growing energy consumption. In reality with global environmental concern, demand and provide sustainable future energy needs; Nigeria’s carbon dioxide emissions have increased with moving towards the deployment of renewable energy energy production and consumption. The Integrated Renewable Energy Master Plan of 2008 projects a 26.7% resource is a strong alternative mean to convection renewable energy contribution to the Nigeria’s energy use and energy. If the abundant renewable energy resources in this is expected to reduce CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions Nigeria are well harnessed; this will serve a strong at 38% by2025. Nigeria has not been playing significant role instrument to creating friendly environment by lowering by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. This paper Co2 emission and other associated greenhouse highlights Nigeria’s climate change situation and penetration gases [3]. requirements for various renewable energy deployments as Theoretical and technical potentials of mitigating instrument for climate change towards healthy and renewable energy resources (solar radiation, biogas, productive environment. ) wind, and hydropower energy) indicated that Nigeria B Keywords: greenhouse gas emission, mitigation, nigeria, ( has strong potential of meeting energy demand for Volume XVI Issue IV Version I climate change, renewable energy, resources, agricultural, domestic and industrial without relying on conventional energy, environment. fossil fuel [4]. An average daily solar radiation (Rs) and 2 2 I. Introduction wind energy of 12.MJ/m to 28.5 MJ/m , 3.3 m/s to 7.0 m/s in the coastal to the northern part of the country limate change is a serious global concern and could generate 427,000MW, hydropower, biogas and - widely acknowledged as a strong challenge wind energy were estimated to have energy potentials of C being faced by the twenty first century. The 11,000MW and 6.6 million (m3) of biogas daily[4]. impacts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions and Climate change mitigation generally involves the resulting climate change have serious impact on reductions in human (anthropogenic) emissions of global economy; therefore the need to control greenhouse gases (GHGs)[5]. One of the major atmospheric emission of greenhouse and other contributors to climate change mitigation is the associated gases will increasingly be based on adaptation of energy technologies. These include efficiency of energy production, transmission, distribu- renewable energy sources such as solar power, tidal, tion and consumption in any nation [1]. It has been ocean energy, geothermal power, and wind power; alarming that the global warming is increasing due to nuclear power, the use of carbon sinks, and carbon Global Journal of Human Social Science the burning of fossil fuel [2]. In Nigeria, convectional capture and storage [5]. Renewable energy is the key to energy (oil and gas) contributes more than 75% s of solving country’s energy-related inadequacy and also country’s economy and generates an average total of mitigating climate change effects. In Nigeria, it is 21.8% of greenhouse gas emission [2]. important to control carbon dioxide (CO2) emission and other associated greenhouse gases by moving towards to renewable energy development and application of Author α: Department of Agricultural & Bio-Environmental Engineering, energy efficiency mechanism. This paper provides a Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi. e-mail: [email protected] Author σ: Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Auchi holistic overview of the renewable energy development Polytechnic, Auchi. and application for climate change mitigation, energy ©2016 Global Journals Inc. (US) Renewable Energy Deployment as Climate Change Mitigation in Nigeria supply and sustainability for the growing population in III. Renewable Energy and Climate Nigeria. Change II. Global Energy Consumption Demand for energy and associated services, to Global energy consumption has doubled in the meet social and economic development and improve last three decades of the past century [6]. In 2004, human welfare and health, is increasing [12]. The quality about 77.8% of the primary energy consumption is from of energy is important to the development process [12; fossil fuels (32.8% oil, 21.1% natural gas, 24.1% coal), 14; 15]. Attaining sustainable development, delivery of 5.4% from nuclear fuels, 16.5% from renewable energy services with low environmental effects is very resources, of which the main one is hydroelectric, 5.5%, important. However, energy services must be provided whereas the remaining 11% consists of non-commercial with low environmental implication considering the biomasses, such as wood, hay, and other types of greenhouse gas emission. The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) 2016 fodder, that in rural-economies still constitute the main resource [7]. These 'rural' biomasses (mainly fodder) are reported that fossil fuels provided 85% of the total ear usually ignored by statistical reviews of energy primary energy in 2004 [16]. Recent data confirm that Y consumption of fossil fuels accounts for the majority of consumption proposed by oil companies, but for a 20 correct global perspective they ought to be considered, global anthropogenic GHG emissions [16]. Emissions because at least two thirds of human kind still lives in continue to grow and CO2 concentrations had increased rural and artisanship economies not too different from to over 390 ppm, or 39% above preindustrial levels, by the European Middle Age [7]. The fraction of energy the end of 2010. To maintain both a sustainable demand covered by fossil fuels in 2004 appears to be economy that is capable of providing essential goods 87.7%, a percentage often cited by various sources. and services to the citizens of both developed and Direct solar energy usage is about 11 Mtoe (millions, not developing countries, and to maintain a supportive
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