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A New Low Calorie Sweetener D-Tagatose from Lactose In Journal of Food Health & Technology Innovations June 2018, Vol.1, No.1 A New Low Calorie sucrose but it is poorly digested. It is non- Sweetener D-Tagatose cariogenic, reduces insulin demand and from Lactose in Cheese can be used as a reduced calorie food sweetening and bulking agent. D-tagatose Whey as a Nutraceutical is also useful as an intermediate chemical Value-Added Product for the synthesis of other optically active Osama Ibrahim compounds and as an additive in detergent, BioInnovation LLC, Chicago, IL, USA cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations. Abstract In this manuscript content, a new low calorie sweetener D-tagatose from lactose The disaccharide lactose in cheese in cheese whey has been described. These whey can be hydrolyzed by acid or by the research results are showing progress in improving enzymes bioconversion rate, enzyme lactase to prepare a mixture thermos ability in increasing the half-life comprising of D-galactose and D-glucose of the immobilized enzyme, shorting enzyme reaction time and improving both at the ratio of 1:1. D-galactose from bioconversion efficiency for the hydrolysis lactose hydrolysate is the substrate for the of lactose to lactose hydrolysate (D- glucose and D-galactose) and for production of D-tagatose and it can be isomerization of D-galactose to higher separated from D-glucose in lactose yield of D-tagatose. hydrolysate by column separation or by relatively converting D glucose in lactose 1. Introduction hydrolysate to ethanol by microbial An excess of lactose is currently fermentation and distillation. produced in North America dairy industry The separated D-galactose can be as a byproduct of cheese manufacture in isomerized into the low calorie sweetener the form of whey or whey permeate. These D-tagatose via chemical method or by by-products are potential source of food enzymatic method. Chemical method is for both human and animal consumption, based on using a metal hydroxide such as plus there are technologies for whey calcium hydroxide in the presence of an utilization that are being investigated. One inorganic salt catalyst to form an of these investigated methods is to convert intermediate metal hydroxide-D-tagatose the D-galactose in the disaccharide lactose complex. This intermediate complex is the in whey or whey permeate into the low then neutralized with acid to yield D- calorie sweetener D-tagatose via tagatose (Beadle et.al.,1990). Enzymatic isomerization. method is based on employing the D-tagatose is the keto sugar of D- microbial enzyme L-arabinose isomerase galactose. It has a sweetness equivalent to 11 Journal of Food Health & Technology Innovations June 2018, Vol.1, No.1 for isomerization of D-galactose into D- be used as a reduced calorie food tagatose (Ibrahim and Stradlin,2000). sweetening and baking agent. Also it is Currently D-tagatose is generally useful as intermediate chemical for the recognized as safe by North America, synthesis of other biologically active Europe, Australian and Asia and these two chemical compounds and it can be used as manufacturing methods of D-tagatose from additive in detergents, cosmetics and the substrate D-galactose have been pharmaceutical formulations (Levin evaluated by worldwide researches for et.al.,1995). future manufacturing D-tagatose on a Functional uses of D-tagatose as large scale. food additives are as sweetener, texturizer, Researcher’s activities are mainly stabilizer, humectant, formulation aid, and focusing on enzymatic method to improve provides several health benefits to L-arabinose isomerase properties, activity, consumers such as attenuate a glycemic and stability in order to improve response (Armstrong et.al.,2009) and manufacturing process for cost reduction. preventing tooth decay. Reducing D-tagatose production cost is the D-tagatose received a GRAS status key factor for marketing D-tagatose as and (Generally Recognized As Safe) in United an affordable low calorie sweetener for States, Australia, New Zealand, South applications in foods, cosmetics and Korea, Brazil, South Africa, the European pharmaceuticals industries. Union and other parts of the worlds (Lina and Kuper,2002) due to its history of use 2. D-Tagatose naturally in foods with no reported adverse D-tagatose is a keto hexose, an effects (Adachi,1958) and for Its naturally epimer of D-fructose (Bertelsen existing at a low concentration in human et.al.,1999) isomerized at the fourth milk, sterilized and powdered cow’s milk carbon. The chemical structure of D- (Levin et.al.,1995), fermented dairy tagatose differs from the chemical products such as yogurt (Hirst et.al.,1949) structure of D-fructose (Bueman and it is also, present as a component in et.al.,1998), only in the position of plants cell structure such as gum exudate hydroxyl group (OH) on the fourth carbon of the cacao tree (Sterculia setigera) (Elin (Figure 1). and Olarsdottir,2001) and one of sugars D-tagatose has approximately half component in the chemical structure of the the calorie of sucrose (1.5 kcal) and has a oligosaccharide in lichens of the Rocella sweetness equivalent to sucrose thus it can species (Marshall and Kooi,1957) 12 Journal of Food Health & Technology Innovations June 2018, Vol.1, No.1 cation exchanger. The purified D -tagatose 3. Methods of D-Tagatose fraction is crystallized (Ibrahim and Manufacturing: Spradlin,2000), separated by The substrate for the production of centrifugation, washed by spraying the keto sugar D-tagatose is the aldehyde distilled water and dried in drum dryer sugar D-galactose (Figure 2) (Ibrahim and Spradlin,2000; Beadle The conversion of D-galactose into et.al,1992) D-tagatose is known by the name isomerization and this conversion process 9.3.2. Enzymatic Method can be practice by chemical isomerization Enzymes are the catalysts of using calcium hydroxide at pH12, or by biological process that bring the reaction enzymatic isomerization using the enzyme catalyzed to its equilibrium with more L-arabinose isomerase. specific reaction in short time with less These two processes for manufacturing D- energy than the chemical method. tagatose can be summarized. Chemical method is nonspecific and require an extra steps for purification and 3.1. Chemical Isomerization decolonization to remove generated Method impurities and color (Ibrahim and The D-galactose at a concentration of 30% Spradlin,2000). is isomerized to D-tagatose under alkaline Converting an aldose or aldose conditions at pH 12 for 2-4 hours using derivatives to a ketose or ketose derivatives calcium hydroxide in the presence of an are well known. For example, the inorganic salt as catalyst to form an enzymatic conversion of D-glucose to D- intermediate “calcium hydroxide-D- fructose, using the enzyme xylose tagatose complex”. Treatment the isomerase (EC 5.3.1.5) is widely practiced precipitated intermediate calcium on a commercial scale for the production hydroxide- D-tagatose complex with of high fructose corn syrup (Nakamatu and sulfuric acid forming calcium sulfate and Yamanaka,1969). However, the enzymatic liberates D-tagatose solution. The filtered method for converting D-galactose to D- D-tagatose solution is demineralized in a tagatose, using the enzyme L-arabinose cation and anion exchanger. The isomerase (EC 5.3.1.4) (Ibrahim and demineralized D-tagatose solution is Spradlin,2000) was not been developed concentrated and purified by until the last fifteen years as described in chromatographic fractionation using a 13 Journal of Food Health & Technology Innovations June 2018, Vol.1, No.1 the granted patent for manufacturing of D- in the isomerization process depends on tagatose (Ibrahim and Spradlin,2000). the concentration of D-galactose as a Immobilized free enzyme of L- substrate. Isomerization end products are arabinose isomerase or cell producing a mixture of D-tagatose and D-galactose. intracellular L-arabinose isomerase can be Separation of D-tagatose from D-galactose operated in a continuous, semi continuous in the mixture can be performed by or batch operation, consistent with the chromatographic fractionation using a enzyme system employed the isomerization cation exchanger column separation of 20-60 % D-galactose at PH range of methods. Separated and purified D- 5.0.5-7.0 in the presence of metallic ion as tagatose can be crystallized, centrifuged, an activator such as manganese chloride washed and dried in drum dryer. The (5mM) and optimum enzyme temperature separated D-galactose fraction from D- range of 50-80 0C (Patrick and Lee,1975). tagatose / D-galactose mixture can be The optimum pH and temperature of the recycled for enzyme isomerization to D- enzyme depends on the microbial source of tagatose. the enzyme L- arabinose isomerase. L-arabinose 3.2.1. L-arabinose Isomerase isomerase from thermophilic L-arabinose isomerase (EC 5.3.1.4) microorganisms produce thermostable is inducible enzyme (Patrick and Lee, enzyme with higher optimum temperature 1975) by the pentose sugar L-arabinose (Sang-Jae et.al.,2005) comparing to L- and is produced as an intracellular arabinose isomerase produced from enzyme. The enzyme can be derived from mesophilic microorganisms. Thermostable various microorganisms (Sang-Jae L-arabinose isomerase has advantages et.al.,2005) include but not limited to over mesophilic L-arabinose isomerase in Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus shifting the isomerization equilibrium brevis, Lactobacillus pentoaceticus , toward the end product (D-tagatose) and Lactobacillus fermentum ( previously also, preventing the potential microbial known Lasctobacillus gayonii), Aerobacter contamination in the case of continuous aerogenes, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, immobilization system. Bacillus subtilis, Candida utilis, Isomerization of D-galactose into Clostredium acetobutlylicum Escherichia D-tagatose can be completed in 4-8 hours coli, Erwinniae cativosa , Pediococcus spp, depending on the enzyme activity and Arhthrobacter spp.,and Mycobacterium properties. Plus, high yield of D-tagatose smegmatis. Many of these microorganisms 14 Journal of Food Health & Technology Innovations June 2018, Vol.1, No.1 are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) encapsulated in its microbial, plant or and are suitable source of L-arabinose mammalian cells.
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