Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar Campus, Ring Road (Charsadda Link), Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KPK: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS

FARYAL RAHEEM Registration No.AUP-12FL-Ph.D (MGT) - 4476

Research Thesis Submitted to the Department of Management Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar, in the Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILASOPHY Faculty of Management and Social Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar Campus, Ring Road (Charsadda Link), Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

January 2019

ABSTRACT

The study aims to explore the factors that affect women entrepreneurs of Pakistan and to measure the relationship and effect of women entrepreneurial factors on women entrepreneur business performance in Pakistan. The study was descriptive and co-relational in nature. The universe of the study was registered women entrepreneurs of Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry Peshawar, Women Business Development Center Peshawar and non-registered entrepreneurs working at diverse cities of KP, Pakistan. Data collection instrument was questionnaire (5-point Scale). Total 540 questionnaires were distributed among registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KP, Pakistan. After data collection from respondents, data was analyzed by using SPSS, AMOS and Liseral software’s. Researcher analyzed the data via descriptive statistics; factor analysis, structure equation model and multiple linear regression model. Findings of the study reveals that there exists significant positive relationship amid women entrepreneurial factors i.e. social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors and entrepreneur performance. Factor analysis reveals the exceptionality of the constructs and the questionnaire was found valid for data collection. The collected data was tabulated and found normal, with no multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity and auto-correlation in it. Social factor, economic factor, individual factor, political factor was found a significant constructive predictors of women entrepreneurs performance. There exists an insignificant difference between the responses of women entrepreneur performance about the registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. Study recommended that government should focus on the creation and promotion of women entrepreneurship culture b) removal of socio-cultural obstacles prevailing in the society, c) nurturing entrepreneurial culture and environment, d) provision for the women entrepreneurial education opportunities, e) developing friendly and supportive environment infrastructure for women entrepreneurs, and f) forming women entrepreneurs associates. Implication of the study is for the development and promotion of women entrepreneurial culture in Pakistan. Women entrepreneurs become more aware of the importance of social, economic, individual and political factors and its influence on women entrepreneurs performance.

Keywords: Women Entrepreneurs, Performance, SEM

Acknowledgement

First of all I bow my head with thanks and submission before Allah Almighty, the Most

Merciful and Beneficent, who enabled me to complete my research thesis. I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to my supervisor Dr. Qadar Bakhsh Baloch, a person with an amicable and positive disposition, whose valuable guidance, scholarly inputs, consistent persuasion and encouragement I received throughout my PhD program. His guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. I could not have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for my Ph.D. study.

Dr Syed Umar Farooq, Vice Chancellor of Abasyn University, deserves a special mention of my sincere gratitude for his continuous support, motivation, immense knowledge, facilitating attitude and helping mindset. His guidance and advice on my research and career has always been valuable. No research is possible without the Library, the centre of learning resources. I take this time to express my gratitude to the Management of Abasyn University for maintaining enriched library network, and all the library and supporting staff for their services in updating the latest publications. Dr. Shahid Jan, Dr Fawad Latif were always available to do their bit, whenever I required some help.

I am very much indebted to my family, my parents, my husband and Jordan and my mother- in-law, father in law who supported me in every possible way to see the completion of this work.

Words cannot express how grateful I am to my parents and brothers (Mr.Fawad Ahmad &

Mr.Zuhaib Ahmad) for all of the sacrifices that they have made. At the end I would like to re- express my appreciation for my beloved husband Atif Raza who encouraged me a lot and was always my support in the moments when there was no one to answer my queries.

Author’s Declaration

I Faryal Raheem hereby state that my PhD thesis titled “Factors affecting the performance of

Women Entrepreneurship in KPK: An Empirical Analysis” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from Abasyn University Peshawar or anywhere else in the country/world.

At any time in my statement is found to be incorrect even after I Graduate, the University has the right to withdraw my PhD degree.

Student Signature: ______

Name: FARYAL RAHEEM

iii

Plagiarism Undertaking

I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “Factors affecting the performance of Women Entrepreneurship in KPK: An Empirical Analysis” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me.

I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and Abasyn University, Peshawar towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an author of the above titled thesis declare that no potion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited.

I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of PhD degree, the University reserve the rights to withdraw/revoke my PhD and that HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on the HEC/University website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis.

Student Signature: ______

Name: FARYAL RAHEEM

DEDICATION

This Small Initiative is dedicated to My Loving Parents and My teachers who have been the guiding lights of my life and to whom I owe whatever little I have been able to achieve.

Faryal Raheem

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

WBDC Women Business Development Centre

WCCB Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry

KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Table of Contents Abstract ...... I Acknowledgement ...... II Auther’s Declaration ...... III Plagiarism Undertaking ...... IV Dedication ...... V List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... VI Table of Contents ...... VII List of Tables ...... XI List of Figures ...... XIII CHAPTER 1 ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2 Research GAP ...... 5 1.3 Statement of Research Problem ...... 6 1.4 Research Questions ...... 6 1.5 Objectives of the study...... 7 1.6 Significance of the Research ...... 7 1.7 Scope of the study ...... 8 1.8 Limitation ...... 8 1.9 Sequence of Thesis ...... 8 CHAPTER 2 ...... 10 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...... 10 2.1 Entrepreneurship ...... 10 2.2 Entrepreneur Definitions ...... 10 2.3 Concepts and Needs of Entrepreneurship ...... 12 2.4 Types of Entrepreneurs ...... 13 2.5 Features of successful Entrepreneurship ...... 14 2.6 Entrepreneurial Process ...... 15 2.7 Significances of Entrepreneurship in the socio-economic progress ...... 16 2.8 The Benefits of Entrepreneurship ...... 17 2.9 Women Entrepreneurship ...... 19 2.10 Islamic perspective about women Entrepreneurship ...... 22

VII

2.11 Women Vs Men Entrepreneurs ...... 25 2.12 Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan ...... 26 2.13 Women entrepreneurs in Small Medium sized Enterprise (SMEs) ...... 30 2.14 Benefits of women entrepreneurs in SMEs ...... 31 2.15 Qualities of Successful Entrepreneurs ...... 32 2.16 Factors affecting women Entrepreneurs’ performance ...... 35 2.17 Social Entrepreneurial Factors and Business Performance ...... 48 2.18 Economic Factors and Business Performance ...... 51 2.19 Individual Factors and Business Performance ...... 54 2.20 Political Factors and Business Performance ...... 56 2.21 Socio-Cultural Theories of Entrepreneurial Emergence ...... 57 2.22 Family orientation theory ...... 59 2.23 Educational incubation theory ...... 59 2.24 Social Learning Theory ...... 59 2.25 Theoretical framework ...... 61 CHAPTER 3 ...... 63 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...... 63 3.1 Quantitative Research Methodology...... 64 3.2 Research Type / Nature ...... 65 3.3 Population of the Study ...... 66 3.4 Research Population...... 68 3.5 Sample Size Determination...... 68 3.6 Sampling ...... 71 3.7 Measurement Instrument ...... 72 3.8 Data Collection Method ...... 73 3.9 Data Analysis ...... 73 3.10 Reliability Analysis Of Data ...... 73 3.11 Data Source ...... 74 ANALYSIS OF REGISTERED WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AT WBDC, PESHAWAR, KPK, PAKISTAN ...... 75 CHAPTER 4 ...... 76 DATA ANALYSIS ...... 76 4.1 Demographic Variables of Women Entrepreneurs ...... 76 4.2 Chi-Square Test ...... 79

VIII

4.3 One Sample T test ...... 85 4.4 Validity and Confirmatory Factor Analysis ...... 87 4.5 Structural Analysis for Social, Economic, Individual and Political Factors and Performance of Entrepreneurs ...... 90 4.6 Correlation ...... 92 4.7 Regression Analysis ...... 94 4.8 Normality of Data ...... 94 4.9 Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity of Data ...... 96 4.10 Durbin Watson test ...... 98 4.11 Multicollinearity ...... 99 4.12 Multiple Regression Model...... 99 ANALYSIS OF UNREGISTERED WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AT DIVERSE LOCATION OF KPK, PAKISTAN ...... 103 4.1 Demographic Variables of Women Entrepreneurs ...... 104 4.2 Chi-Square Test ...... 107 4.3 One Sample T test ...... 113 4.4 Regression Analysis of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs ...... 115 4.5 Normality of Data ...... 115 4.6 Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity of Data ...... 117 4.7 Durbin Watson test ...... 119 4.8 Multicollinearity ...... 120 4.9 Multiple Regression Model...... 121 4.10 Discriminant Analysis ...... 123 4.11 Group Statistics ...... 123 4.12 Eigen Value ...... 124 4.13 Wilks Lambda ...... 125 4.14 Canonical Structure Matrix ...... 126 4.15 Independent Sample T-Test ...... 127 4.16 Mean Difference ...... 127 CHAPTER 5 ...... 132 Discussion and Research Findings...... 132 5.1 Findings...... 132 5.2 Discussion ...... 134 5.3 Recommendations ...... 144

5.4 Theoretical contributions and Practical Implications ...... 147 5.5 Conclusion ...... 147 5.6 Limitations of the study ...... 149 5.7 Futures Areas for Researches...... 149 CHAPTER6 ...... 150 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 150 6.1 Summary ...... 150 6.2 Recommendations ...... 152 6.3 Theoretical contributions and Practical Implications ...... 157 6.4 Recommendations for Future Research ...... 157 References ...... 158 Annexure (Questionnaire) ...... 173 Appendix-P ...... 180 Appendix-Q...... 205

List of Tables

Table 2.1 Definition of Entrepreneur ...... 12 Table 2.2 Variables Table ...... 48 Table 3.10.1 Reliability...... 74 Chapter 4 Section I (Analysis of Registered Women Entrepreneurs) Table 4.1.1 Gender of Participants ...... 76 Table 4.1.2 Ages of Participants ...... 77 Table 4.1.3 Qualification of Participants ...... 77 Table 4.1.4 Type of Business ...... 778 Table 4.1.5 Cities of Respondents ...... 778 Table 4.1.6 Business Finance...... 79 Table 4.2.1 Chi Square amid Respondents Ages and Qualification ...... 800 Table 4.2.2 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Types ...... 80 Table 4.2.3 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and City ...... 81 Table 4.2.4 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Equity ...... 81 Table 4.2.5 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Types ...... 82 Table 4.2.6 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and City ...... 82 Table 4.2.7 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Equity ...... 83 Table 4.2.8 Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Cities ...... 83 Table 4.2.9 Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Business Equity ...... 84 Table 4.2.10 Chi Square Amid Cities and Business Equity ...... 84 Table 4.3 One Sample T-Test ...... 86 Table 4.13 Goodness of fit for overall Models ...... 91 Table 4.6.1 Matrix Correlation ...... 93 Table 4.8 Tests of Normality ...... 96 Table 4.9.1 Leven Statistics ...... 97 Table 4.10 Durbin-Watson Statistics ...... 98 Table 4.11 Collinearity Statistics ...... 99 Table 4.12 Coefficients ...... 10101 Chapter 4 Section II (Analysis of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs) Table 4.1.1 Gender ...... 10404 Table 4.1.2 Age ...... 10404 Table 4.1.3 Qualification ...... 10505

Table 4.1.4 Type of Business ...... 10606 Table 4.1.5 Cities of Respondents ...... 106 Table 4.1.6 Business Finance...... 107 Table 4.2.1 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Qualification ...... 108 Table 4.2.2Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Types ...... 10808 Table 4.2.3 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Cities ...... 10909 Table 4.2.4 Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Equity ...... 10909 Table 4.2.5 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Types ...... 11010 Table 4.2.6 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and City ...... 11010 Table 4.2.7 Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Equity ...... 11111 Table 4.2.8 Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Cities ...... 11111 Table 4.2.9 Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Business Equity ...... 11212 Table 4.2.10 Chi Square Amid Cities and Business Equity ...... 114 Table 4.3.One Sample T-Test ...... 114 Table 4.5.3 Tests of Normality ...... 11717 Table 4.6.1 Leven Statistics ...... 118 Table 4.7.1 Durbin-Watson Statistics ...... 119 Table 4.8.1 Collinearity Statistics ...... 120 Table 4.9.1 Coefficients ...... 122 Table 4.11 Group Statistics ...... 124 Table 4.12 Eigen Value...... 125 Table 4.13 Wilks Lambda ...... 126 Table 4.14.1 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.26 Table 4.15 Independent Sample T-Test ...... 127 Table 4.16.1 Paired Samples Statistics for Registered and Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan ...... 12828 Table 5.1 Summary of the Hypotheses ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

XII

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Entrepreneurial Process ...... 16 Figure 4.1 Measurement Model ...... 88 Figure 4.2 Measurement Model Analysis for Entrepreneurial Factors and Performance ..... 889 Figure 4.5.1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 1 ...... 900 Figure 4.5.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 2 ...... 900 Figure 4.5.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 3 ...... 900 Figure 4.5.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 4 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.1 Figure 4.5.5 CFA for Model 5 ...... 91

XIII

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Entrepreneurship or business enterprise is progressively perceived as an imperative element of socio-economic development, innovative efficiency, advancement and work

(Manzoor and Jalil, 2014). Entrepreneurship is broadly acknowledged as a main part of economic dynamism. It is generally accepted as a main part of financial dynamism. The decisive issue of entrepreneurship is the transformation of new ideas into economic opportunities. The history demonstrates that significance of economic growth has been possible because of the people who are down to earth. These pragmatic people are entrepreneurial and creative, and able to take opportunities and risks (Batool and Ullah, 2018; Hisrich, Peters and

Sheperd, 2005). Civilizational growth and development are outcomes of entrepreneurial creativities.

Even though sometimes the role of business enterprises and social improvement has been neglected but it has always been acknowledged that entrepreneurship contributes a lot to economic progress and development of a country. However, the thought and routine of women business enterprise is a late wonder. According to ILO (2006) a remarkable numbers of business enterprises were owned by men. History shows that businesses owned by women was not very common in developing countries especially in Pakistan. In other words, the practice of female entrepreneurship is a new idea. Before 1980’s the entire focus was on men because people were less familiar with the practice and research about women entrepreneurship. It determines that the scientific consultation about female entrepreneurship is the development of

1980s (ILO, 2006).

As globalization reshapes the worldwide monetary scene and innovative change makes more prominent instability on the planet economy (Neneh, 2017).The dynamism of business

1 enterprise is accepted to have the capacity to meet the new financial and social difficulties.It is normally consider by the government that business and development to be the foundations of an aggressive national economy. Most of the nation’s enterprise arrangements are in reality firmly associated with advancement approaches, with which they share numerous qualities and difficulties. Entrepreneurship is highly embraced in the contemporary competitive business world. Its input to the economy is acknowledged worldwide (Ghouse et al., 2017; Fielden,

2010).

The entrepreneurial business is mostly considered a male-dominate field generally in pakitsan and particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Hafizullah, Manzoor, Hussain, & Farooq

2012). With regard to the ownership of the business enterprises the gender discrimination is prevalent in Pakistan and women are highly disadvantaged particularly owing to their gender and social-cultural factors. Discrimination and prejudice against women are not only observed in the professional fields but also in the entrepreneurial sector (Bukhari, Awan and Ahmed,

2013). This prevailing rampart gender discrimination has virtually kept country’s 50% population out of the economic productivity, which is badly needed for this under developed part of world - facing menace of poverty, debt and unemployment. Women entrepreneurs, if any, in Pakistan suffer many challenges and there is no denying the fact that the economy of

Pakistan would have been much better if women were given the same opportunities as their male counterparts (Rani and Hashim, 2017; Haq and Safavian, 2013).

The personal experience and the glance over the record of Peshawar chamber of

Pakistan that self-employed women in the area are scarcely visible and rather greatly underrepresented than their male counterparts. However, Allen, Link and Rosenbaum (2007) and Parker (2009) determines that female contribution is comparatively improved in the consumer- oriented, retail and personal services sector. On the other hand men mostly have their own businesses in the manufacturing, financial and the construction sector. The same

2 pattern is commonly predominant in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the reasons behind these differences are factors for instance education, start-up capitaland job experience (Haq and

Safavian 2013). Because these factors can effect the decision of becoming an entrepreneurs.Multiple topics related to entrepreneurship, less women entrepreneurship, have already been acknowledged broadly (Audretsch, Grilo and Thurik, 2007; Van Praag and

Versloot, 2007; Fielden,2010).

Over the last few years, because of maximum participation of female, women entrepreneurship has become the interested topic. Roomi (2013) describes that“the growth rate of female entrepreneurs in the United States grew two times faster than that of total entrepreneurship.” A self employed woman is also getting more importance in Europe

(Cowling, 2000). However it is also fact that in comparsion of men, self employed women are still in the minitority stage. (De Bruin et al., 2006; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007). According to Allen et al., (2007), there are some exceptions for the fact that women are equally or less represented in entrepreneurship. The examples of these countries are Japan, Brazil, Peru and

Thailand.

There are four vital entrepreneurial factors exist (Langowitz and Minniti, 2007) which are firstly, Political factor (which is defined as an activity that influnces a business when there is any change in government policy (Allen et al., 2007). New legislation, training infrastructure, legal and regulatory environment are the examples of a political factor. According to (Robb and Coleman, 2009) it has impact the company's operations by either prohibiting or requiring it to act in a particular way.Secondly, Social entrepreneurship which is defined as the use of the techniques by commencement and other entrepreneurs to develop, fund and implement solutions to social, cultural, or environmental issues (Abu-Saifan, 2012). Education, workplace environment, social status, network factors, access to market, family issues associated with entrepreneurs are the examples of social entrepreneurs (Abu-Saifan, 2012). Thirdly, Economic

3 factors define as the current and expected future value of a business or investment portfolio.

For a business, key economic factors include access to capital, labor market, marketing issues, access to technology and raw material, excess of taxes and inflation (Abu-Saifan, 2012). Lastly, individual entrepreneurial factors which include personality, risk taking, confidence and motivation (Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).

The ongoing globalization drive across the world has affected not only the integration of market and production process rather it has also affected the pace of entrepreneurial activities and the pattern of business ownership as well by giving way to the female community. Resason for undersire entrepreneurial performance in Pakistan is political and economic unstability

(Abu-Saifan, 2012; Manzoor and Jalil, 2014). This innovative change in the business and their women ownership influenced the Pakistan’s businesses environment as well (Manzoor and

Jalil, 2014). Successive governments of Pakistan and the provinces have progressively consider women entrepreneurships as the grounds of an evolving national economy but the speed of this paradigm shift is very slow (Abu-Saifan, 2012). In order to seek promising results matching to the dictates of globalized economy the government and society are to brought at one page in identifying, addressing the challenges to the women entrepreneurships culture.

Pakistan’s overall competitiveness is quite low and its ranking on the global competitiveness index (GCI) fell from 83 in 2007 to 126 in 2016. The Global Competitiveness

Report for 2015/16 (prepared by the World Economic Forum for 144 countries) identifies 12

‘pillars’ that contribute to productivity and competitiveness. Four of these are directly linked to skills: primary education, higher education and training, business sophistication and innovation. The indirect pillars include technological readiness (which measures how a country implements existing technologies to improve productivity) in addition to labor market efficiency. The primary cause of Pakistan’s poor performance is poor performance against the basic requirements, which carry a weight of 60 percent in the evaluation. When it comes to

4 technological readiness or the capacity for innovation, Pakistan fares badly overall, being ranked the lowest among the Asian countries. Langowitz and Minniti (2007) identified four vital entrepreneurial factors i.e. political, economic, social and individual. For this there is dire need for a research study to identify the four vital entrepreneurial factors intervention towards success and failure of women entrepreneurship in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan.

1.2 Research GAP

Research studies conducted in South Africa on women entrepreneur firm performance highlighted the research gap that there is still a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms through which different types of factors that influence firm performance and studies are inconsistent in the context of firm performance (Neneh, 2017; Mari et al., 2016;

Welsh et al., 2014). Another research study conducted in Oman on identifying the barriers associated with women entrepreneurs and reported that literature on rural women entrepreneurs is very sparse in Asian countries ouse (Ghouse, McElwee, Meaaton and Durrah, 2017).

Research studies conducted in Malaysia regarding factor influencing women entrepreneurs’ success reported that there is still lack of research done on women entrepreneurial success and performance even though the entrepreneurial studies are continually conducted (Rabi and

Hashim, 2017; Akhalwaya and Havenga, 2012). In the context of Pakistan research studies highlighted the research gap that none of the study so far in Pakistan comprehensively and systematically explores the factors that affect women entrepreneurs’ performance in Pakistan and measure the relationship amid entrepreneurial factors that affect women entrepreneur business performance (Batool and Ullah, 2018; Rehman and Roomi, 2012). To fill the literature gap this study explore the factors that affect women entrepreneurs in Pakistan and to measure the relationship amid entrepreneurial factors and women entrepreneur business performance in the context of Pakistan.

1.3 Statement of Research Problem

According to Manzoor and Jalil (2014) the concept of women entrepreneurs is unnoticed in Pakistan. In addition to that research studies reported that the studies in the context of social, political, economic and individual entrepreneurial factors in Pakistan are very limited

(Abu-Saifan, 2012; Manzoor and Jalil, 2014). The entrepreneurship inventory, in Pakistan in general and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in particular, reflects a grave degree of underrepresentation’s of females entrepreneurs which is tantamount to excluding half of the country’s population out of the economic development process. This dismal picture of the female entrepreneurships is direct or indirect outcome of the many factors that are negatively affecting the female entrepreneurships. These factors are multi-faceted and fall under the array of multi-dimensional spectrum such as, socio-cultural, economic, political, and personality. The success and growth of female entrepreneurships is predominantly dependent upon taking cognizance of the challenges emerging out of these factors and responding with the appropriate measures jointly by the society and the government at their earliest. The research aims to investigate female entrepreneurship environment of Khyber Pakhtunkhaw, and determine thefactors that affects the performance of female entrepreneurs in Pakistan with a view to identify challenges and constraints; and suggest measures for improvement.

1.4 Research Questions

The research study consists on the following questions.

1. What are the factors that affect women entrepreneurs of Pakistan?

2. What’s the relationship amid entreprenurial factors and women entrepreneur business

performance?

3. What is the effect of women entrepreneur factors on entrepreneurial Performance?

4. What is the difference between the mean score of registered and un-registered

entrepreneurs?

1.5 Objectives of the study

Objectives of the study are the following.

1. To explore the factors that affect women entrepreneurs of Pakistan.

2. To measure the relationship amid entreprenurial factors and women entrepreneur

business performance.

3. To find out the effect of women entrepreneur factors on entrepreneurial Performance

4. To comparatively analyze the difference between the mean score of registered and un-

registered entrepreneurs.

5. To suggest measures to overcome the challenges being faced by the female

entrepreneurs of Pakistan.

1.6 Significance of the Research

The economy of country is the aggregate outcome of the nation’s contributions/ input without any discrimination of gender, religion, socio-cultural or ethnic ground. Women are almost half of the national population and getting them excluded from the national economic input and socio-economic development affect the economy of any country negatively. And the situation becomes most aggravated in the country like Pakistan whose economy is not able to sustain every day increasing unemployment, alleviate poverty and minimize the debt to GDP ratio. This result of this research study is important and beneficial for Pakistan’s socio- economic development as it is likely to help grow females’ entrepreneurships and inculcate supportive culture in this regard. The research is unique and very contributing for business and social sector having multi-dimensional significance as follow

The research study would provide guidelines for the potential and present female entrepreneurs to improve the performance of their entrepreneurship.The research study creates awareness amongst society and business world about theproblems and constraints being faced by the female entrepreneurs.The research, being the unique in its kind, holds lots of academic

7 significance by adding a new source of knowledge.Improvement of female entrepreneurship performance would directly impact Pakistan’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and generates employment opportunities and tax contributions.

1.7 Scope of the study

The scope of the study is for the women entreprneurs of Pakistan in terms of, a) identifiying the key factors that affect the business performance of women entreprnreurs, b) to encourage the female entrepreneurs by giving them the precise direction for improving business performance, c) giving suggestions to reduce the challenges being faced by women entrepreneurs in business processing and execution, d) women entrepreneurs become more aware of the importance of social, economic, individual and political factors and its influence on women entrepreneurs performance and e) women entrepreneurs should have to give high level of encouragement for the development of entrepreneurial culture in Pakistan.

1.8 Limitation

Owing to the time and resource constraints the study investigation is restricted to theWomen entrepreneurs of Khyber Pakhtunkwa registered at Women Business Development

Center Peshawar Women Chamber of Commerce & Industry Peshawar, SMEDA Peshawar, and Non-registered entrepreneurs, mainly from service sector, working at diverse areas of

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

1.9 Sequence of Thesis

This research study is composed of the following six chapters.

Chapter 1 Introduction of Study

This chapter consists on the background of the study, problem statement, research questions, research objectives, scope of study, and scheme of research.

Chapter 2 Literature Review

This chapter presents salient points from the related literature reviewed for the study, derives theoretical framework and develops hypotheses.

Chapter 3 Research Methodology

The chapter includesthe research methodology and research design of the research study which was adopted during the course of conduction of this research. The chapter explains the different components of the research design such as, working population of the research, sample size, sampling technique adopted to reach to the sample and rationale behind the determination of sample. The chapter also explains the efforts gone in development of scale and testing of scale’s reliability, validity etc. The chapter gives the details of the data analyses method and tools followed at the analyses stage.

Chapter 4 Data analysis and Findings

This chapter presents the data acquired and the data analyses exercise through tables, graphs, and matrix.

Chapter 5 Discussion and Research Findings

This chapter includes the findings and discussion.

Chapter 6 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

The chapter includes summary and conclusion of the thesis.It also provides recommendation for further studies.

Annexure/Appendices Including questionnaire, sample frame and other additional documents felt necessary to be attracted with the research report.

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the literature review related to the research titled as “factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurship in KPK: an empirical analysis”. In this chapter the search of related literure pertaining to women entrepreneurship in Pakistan is incorporated. So to present the whole well rounded picture, this literatur review combines recent research along with the previous work done on the related topic.

2.1 Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is defined as “a process of actions of an entrepreneur is a person who always looks for new ideas into profitable opportunities for accepting the risk and uncertainty with the company (Batool and Ullah, 2018; Neneh, 2017; Ghouse et al., 2017;

Rani and Hashim, 2017; Bukhari, 2013).” Moreover, Fielden (2010) defined entreprenurship as the activity of starting a business along with financial risks to get profit.

Entrepreneurship is the willingness and having capability to organize and manage a business enterprise by taking risk for the purpose of gaining profit. Along with any of its risk in order to make a profit. The example of entrepreneurship is to take a start of new businesses. The idea and the meaning of entrepreneurship were first evolved in the 1600s. The

"entrepreneur” is derived from the French word, enterprendre meaning "to carry". It identifies to those people who "accept" the risk of new companies. A person who creates a company is known as entrepreneur and the creation process is called as entrepreneurship.

2.2 Entrepreneur Definitions

The Oxford English Dictionary (1897) describes the word Entrepreneur as “the director or a manager of a public musical institution, one who gets-up entertainment arranged, especially musical performance.”According to Hisrich & Peters (1992) Richard Cantillon

(1725), is an Irishman who lived in France was an economist and the first one to use the

10 word“entrepreneur”.According to his opinion, “entrepreneur is a person who buys factors of production at a certain price and sell it at uncertain price by operating at risk (Hebert & Link,

1988).” Singh and Belawal (2008) described the term entrepreneur that is derived from the

French word ‘Entreprendre’ meaning “to undertake”. At the start of the 18th century the term

“entreprendre” wasinitially used in French.Literally it can be translated as “go-between” or

“between- taker” (Collins & Moore, 1964). Some scholars and authors have presented other definitons in respect of entrepreneur are as follows.

 A Study conducted by Say (1803) assessed that“an entrepreneur is one who shifts the

economic resources out of an area of lower productivity to an area of higher

productivity and greater yield.”

 According to Kirzner (1997) “an entrepreneur is a decision maker in a specific cultural

context.One who commands a variety of behaviors that exploit these opportunities”.

 Wennekers & Thurik (1999) described that“an entrepreneur is an individual who

exercises his ability and willingness to recognize new competence and introduces

particular methods of seizing opportunites to the market in the situation of uncertainty”.

 An Entrepreneur is an innovator who undertakes a commercial business firm (Gartner,

1990; Gartner et al, 2004). Singh and Belwal (2008), further examines that entrepreneur

is a person who come up with an idea and ambition, motivate people, bring financial

resources and techniques together to hundle the firm in a effective and innovative way.

By summarizing different defintions by different scholars it can be concluded that,

Entrepreneur has capacity to takerisks, bring innovative ideas, strategies, methodology and manage different factors of productions to generate a maximum profit, in business from time to time.

Table 2.1

Definition of Entrepreneur Period Connotations and meanings

Early 16th century It was referred to the persons engaged in

military expeditions.

17th century It was refereed to the persons engaged in

engineering activities such as fortifications

and constructions.

Beginning of 18th century It refered to persons engaged in economic

aspects of human activities.

Adopted from Deshpande & Sethi, (2009)

2.3 Concepts and Needs of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is considered as a main element for the economic growth of a country, and is considered as a key tool for economic dynamism worldwide. Over the year it has gained popularity among business students as well as among management scholars and researchers.Many governments around the world, believe that entrepreneurship is the key to economic development.

Since 1980 (Ahl, 2006; Carter, 2000) female entrepreneurship has been a topic of interest for the researchers. Women entrepreneurship is considered as a significant and emergent way of economic progress and growth,generation of employment and creation and transactions of wealth in all economies of the world (Brush and Brush, 2006; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).There is a higher uncertainty in the global economy due to revamping of international economy and technological changes, but it is believed that the dynamics of entrepreneurship can assist in meeting these higher challenges (e.g Economic, social and environmental).

For competing local and national economiesEntrepreneurship and Innovation are the two main pillars. In fact, most of the countries have common entrepreneurship and innovation policies as both these pillars have many attributes and challenges. The innovative procedures of conceiving and developing new businesses are imperative for any economy as these procedures either introduce or improve existing products, processes and organizational structures. However, each country may have different definition of entrepreneurships depending on their business objectives and policies. Though the study and development of entrepreneurship has never supported gender discrimination. The focus on female entrepreneurship has been very limited in the history.

2.4 Types of Entrepreneurs

Followings are the different types of entrepreneurs,

2.4.1 Innovative Entrepreneurs

These business visionaries can consider new thoughts, better and less expensive for the association and business administration. They are business pioneers for financial improvement of a nation (Bukhari, 2013). Followings are the examples of innovative entrepreneurs.

‘A small car introduced by Ratan Tata named “Nano’

‘Retailing organized by Kishore Biyani,’

‘Making cell phones available for the common good by May Anil Ambani (Fielden,

2010).

2.4.2 Employers Imitating

These kinds of entrepreneurs are the followers of innovative entrepreneurs (Singh and Belawal, 2008). The fact is that the environment in which they work doesn't permit them to be imaginative (Fielden, 2010). In Pakistan many entrepreneurs are employers imitating.

A large number of these people are in all fields of business. They are trying to satisfy their

13 requirement for accomplishment by imitating the thoughts presented by innovative entrepreneurs (Bukhari, 2013). Examples of employers can be the imitating development of small shopping malls and small automakers (Bukhari, 2013).

2.4.3 Fabian Entrepreneurs

Fabian means a man who finds “victory for the delay rather than a decisive battle”.

They are the people who don't indicate activity in representation and use of new thoughts and advancements. Examples of Fabian entrepreneurs can be young people seeking employment (Gartner et al., 2004).

2.4.4 Drone Entrepreneurs

The meaning of the drone is a ‘man who loves to lives in the work of others’. These kinds of Entrepreneurs are quite satisfied with their current business speed. They show no interest in getting market leadership. At the end of the day, business visionaries with drone are severe and even eager to endure loss of business moderates (Singh and Belwal, 2008).

2.4.5 Social Entrepreneur

A person who starts business with the aim of solving social problems in the society is known as social entrepreneur. Social business visionaries drive social advancement and change in different fields, for example, training, wellbeing, human rights, work rights, nature and business improvement (Ahl, 2006). The purpose of poverty reduction combined with the zeal of an entrepreneur, business practices and to overcome traditional practices and innovation. Dr. Mohammed Yunus of Bangladesh started Gramin Bank is an instance of social business visionaries (Singh and Belwal, 2008).

2.5 Features of successful Entrepreneurship

2.5.1 Dynamic Economic Activity

Business enterprise is an economic activity which consists of the creation and operation of an organization to make wealth, guaranteeing ideal utilization of rare assets

(Carter, 2000). Since this quality creation movement is performed consistently indifferent business environments, thus, enterprise is viewed as a dynamic power (Carter, 2000).

2.5.2 Related to Innovation

Entrepreneurship is a constant search for new thoughts. Enterprise requires persistent assessment of existing methods of business operations to develop and embrace productive and successful frameworks so enterprise is a continuous exertion of authority

(execution improvement) with in organization (Brush and Brush, 2006).

2.5.3 Profit Potential

Potential increase is the possible level of compensation to any employer to take the risk of turning new ideas into a real business. If there is no profit potential then an entrepreneurs efforts become just a leisure activity based on abstract or theory (Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).

2.5.4 Bearing Risk

Entrepreneurship is all about getting new ideas and implementing them which may give rise to high risk by implementing new ideas. If an entrepreneur is not willing to take risk it is not possible for them to be successful. Patience is an important element which all entrepreneurs must possess in order to see their efforts bear fruit (Drayton, 2004).

2.6 Entrepreneurial Process

Entrepreneurship is a process, a journey, not the destination a means, not an end. All successful business for example, Bill Gates (Microsoft), Warren Buffet (Hathaway), Gordon

Moore (Intel), Steve Jobs (Apple Computers), Jack Welch (GE), GD Birla, Jamshedji Tata and all others had gone through the same process (Hebert & Link, 1998).

The Establishment and implementation process of a company can be divided into three parts business work, promotion, and operation. Corporate work is divided into two steps, the

15 generation of an idea and preparation of feasibility report. This process have the following aspect (Hisrich et al., 2003).

Figure 2.1 Entrepreneurial Process

Source (principles of marketing management by Philip Kotler)

2.7 Significances of Entrepreneurship in the socio-economic progress

Presently business is an essential component for practical advancement made by individuals having business mind set, who start different projects some of them become successful while others of them get a chance to form mega ventures.Business is generally explained as advance self-esteem, to rehearse inventive opportunity, to have a general feeling of having control over their own lives (Mary, 2005).

2.7.1 Entrepreneurship is a key component in our economy

A huge number of employment is created by small organizations which were begun by business minded people, huge number of whom will make large organizations.

Individuals in enterprise regularly express that they have ample opportunities to practice innovation flexibility, visible self-regard and control over their own lives. Therefore, many people with having different experiences in divergent sectors believe that by building a good corporate culture in a country will help to maximize its individual and economic strength, which may be helpful in gaining success at global level. Keeping this National Standards for Business Education were created to prepare youngsters and grown-ups to succeed in an entrepreneurial economy (Batool and Ullah, 2018; Neneh, 2017; Ghouse et al., 2017; Rani and Hashim, 2017; Mary, 2005).

Entrepreneurship training is a deep rooted learning process, beginning from elementary school and advancing through all levels of instruction, including grown-up instruction. It is helpful for teachers to use standard indicators that help them to achieve their goals and objectives towards their target audience. Students should be allowed to create business opportunities and knowledge along with their studies. In this way, they would be able to take a new start of their business. Utilizing this structure, understudies will permit them to make business opportunities, and effectively begin and deal with their own particular organization to exploit these open-door experiences (Brush and Brush, 2006;

Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).

2.8 The Benefits of Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is vital for economic growth, employment and development of goods and services. Business activities have been perceived as a vital component in the economic development, wealth creation and performance of any country. According to Fox

(2001) Hisrich (2005) and the World Bank (2007) Entrepreneurship has the following advantages.

2.8.1 Development of management capacity

The significances of entrepreneurship depend on the fact that entrepreneurship improves power of decision making, administrative management abilities, and management of things with in limited resources, risk handling and dealing with any critical situations. An entrepreneur studies a problem, recognizes the options, and then select the best option

(Brush and Brush, 2006)

2.8.2 Creation of organizations

Because of entrepreneurship different business organizations are created. Different small new organizations, firm projects, outlets, resturants, hospitals, saloons etc started by the people having less resources. Where people can learn about how to use its available financial resources which contribute to society by offering it quality services as well as making facilities available to the community in a participation area along with the benefit of making money by profit organization (Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).

2.8.3 Improve the quality of life

Living standards of people can be improved by making productive companies as entrepreneurs because it provides different goods or services to society (Gartner et al,

2004).Due to efforts of entrepreneurs it becomes easy for people to possess luxury expensive items such as cars, mobile phones and promotes the growth of shopping malls which may help them to raise their living standards.Entrepreneurship improves quality of life at all levels by giving people job opportunities by offering services, goods, facilities and by development in general.

2.8.4. Means of Economic Development

Entrepreneurship is valuable tool to improve economic conditions of any country especially for a developing country like Pakistan. Small organiztions and mega projects both provide employment opportunities to youth. Forthmore they add a competition between

18 organizations to hire best people by offering them good packages (Ahl, 2006).

Entrepreneurship business visionaries are their own boss (Ahl, 2006). They are not subordinate so they are free of the worries of being terminated from the job,and comaprsion from being punctual and regular.If their business get successful and flourishes they can transfer the business to their next generation who can have the fruit of already established business. An entrepreneurmay have a new suggestion regarding a specific service or product. If an entrepreneur supposes that others would be keen on it, they can make business for themselves and earn profit, which is the cash left after clearing all the expenses (Batool and Ullah, 2018; Neneh, 2017; Ghouse et al., 2017; Rani and Hashim, 2017; Brush and

Brush, 2006; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).

2.9 Women Entrepreneurship

Women's profitable exercises, especially in industry, enable them financially and empower them to contribute more to general improvement. Whether they are included in little or medium scale generation exercises, or in the casual or formal divisions, women' entrepreneurial exercises are methods for monetary survival as well as have positive social repercussions for the women themselves and their social surroundings United Nations

Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO, 2001).

In numerous social orders women loath indistinguishable open doors from men. In numerous transitional economies advancement has been accomplished in opening ways to training and wellbeing assurance for women yet political and financial open doors for female business people have remained constrained. Coordinated endeavors are expected to empower female business visionaries to settle on better monetary decisions and to change their organizations into competitive enterprises, creating wage and work through enhanced generation (OECD, 1997). There is no consensus among specialists with respect to the distinctions in the attributes of male and female business people. A few gatherings of scientists

19 concur that there are no distinctions. Yet, some others state contrast. For instance, Green and

Cohen (1995) expressed, "A business person is a business visionary and it ought not to make any difference what estimate, shape, shading, or sex the business person may be. Provided that this is true, great research on business visionaries ought to create hypothesis material for all.

While inquire about shows likenesses in the individual demographics of men and women business visionaries, there are contrasts in business and industry decisions, financing techniques, development examples, and administration structures of female drove wonders”

(p.106) .

These distinctions give convincing motivations to study female business – taking a gander at women authors, their endeavors, and their entrepreneurial practices as a special subset of enterprise. Pretty much as we have found that clinical trials led on an all-male populace don't really give exact data about the determination or treatment of female patients, we see that academic research concentrated just on male entrepreneurial endeavors leaves numerous inquiries unanswered for their female partners. Some contend that it is imperative to take a gander at female business people who, however they impart numerous attributes to their male partners, are one of a kind in numerous angles. Perceptible contrasts in their endeavors reflect fundamental contrasts in their inspirations and objectives, arrangement, association, key introduction, and access to assets.

Birley (1987) pushed on the distinctions even in their experience and individual attributes. It was observed that the female business visionaries to be the primary conceived; from a center or high society family; the little girl of an independently employed father; instructed to degree level; wedded with kids; forty to forty-five at start-up; and with important experience.

In their yearning in beginning new organizations, analysts recognized various explanations behind women to wind up business people. South Africa Entrepreneurs Network (2005) as

20 sited in http//www.dti.gov.za/sawen/SAWENreport2.pdf called attention to that difficulties/attractions of enterprise; self-assurance/self-rule; family concerns – adjusting vocation and family; absence of professional success/segregation; and authoritative progression control/legislative issues are accounted for as primary initiators to end up business visionaries for women. The report likewise added the learning to make a social commitment and helping other people is considered as a key for gettimg women to be entrepreneurs.

There is no specific definition of gender. Authors found which appealed to them because of its emphasis on female entrepreneurship. “Women entrepreneurs are defined as those who use their knowledge and resources to develop or create new business opportunities that actively participate in the management of their businesses, and own at least 50 percent of business and have been in operation for over a year" (Moore and Buttner, 1997 Farr-Wharton and Brunetto, 2009, 2). Allen et al. (2007) said that “Entrepreneurs are often an untapped resource and undervalued with potential boost economic success”.

According to (Birley, 1989; Gray and Collins-Williams, 2006) “It has been postulated that when welfare of any disadvantaged group of the population is promoted, eventually the development of local communities and economies “Through entrepreneurship, it become possible to find a way to empower minorities and marginalized groups, creating upward mobility and restricts discrimination in the labor market. “Entrepreneurship then offers significant economic opportunities when other options are unavailable” (Fairlie, 2004;

Verdaguer and Vallas, 2008; Zhou, 2004). Female entrepreneurs are increasing day by day globally. It is evaluated that organizations are run and claimed by female entrepreneurs at somewhere around 25% and 33% of all organizations. Tominc and Rebernik (2003 781) said that females are also impacting how the media, business authorities and public officials see and respond to them. It is important to note that female entrepreneurs are not in a very large numbers of group. They are taken as a group with complex histories and situations. The

21 outcome is that the study of female and entrepreneurship is developing (McKay, 2001).

In Pakistan, sometimes it becomes difficult for women to participate in some types of activities. Our Religion and cultural values restricts her to have freedom in life. Because of the discrimination, females cannot enjoy the same opportunities as men do. According to (Roomi and Parrott, 2008), Support mechanisms also put restrictions on female entrepreneurs and complicate the matter more. Bari (1997) said that the economic potential of female entrepreneurs ar not fully realized as it is difficult for them to access capital. On the other hand, women are also discouraged by male family members if one wants to be an entrepreneur.

(Roomi, 2011; Shabbir, 1995).

In Pakistan, the ratio among females starting a new business is not very high GEM

(2010). Female entrepreneurs consist of only three percent of a total of 3.2 million enterprises

(FBS, 2005-2006). When speaking of the status and role of women in Pakistan, religious prescriptions, values and cultural traditions vary widely and are sometimes contradictory

(Roomi and Parrott, 2008). Gender is considered as one of the most important elements of

Pakistani society. Women have to face all social cultural barriers which in most cases negatively affect them, because these are inherent things in their cultures. Due to this problem, female entrepreneurs may not work properly even once they start a business. (Goheer, 2002;

Rajivan, 1997; ADB, 2000)

2.10 Islamic perspective about women Entrepreneurship

In Islam, the status of women is unique which does not resemble any other systems.

Islam believes in the equilibrium of women rights and status for preserving social balance.

Women are absolutely secured by Islam in all the spheres of life. Islam has given equal rights of spiritual development and religious independence to women as compared to men. Islam is not against of money making by engaging in business ventures. Islam realizes that every business should considered as ibadah to please the Almighty Allah. Kayed (2010) believes that

22 business activities strengthen the faith/ iman of a Muslim to remember Allah and attending to his duties of a religion. The Qura’n says

“By men whom neither traffic nor from regular prayer nor from the practice of regular charity” (Qura’n, Suarh An- Nur Ayat -37)

The Quran says; “and not whoever does righteous good deeds, male or female and is a (true) such will entre paradise and not the least injustice, even to the size of a speck on the back of date- stone, will be done to them” (Qura’n, Surah An- Nisa Ayat -124).

It is a misconception that Islam prohibits the concept of women entrepreneurship. The study of relevant Islamic Verses as well as Shariah provisions with respect to women entrepreneurship reveals that there are no religious barriers in Islam which restrict women to choose entrepreneurship. The teachings of Islam are taken into account in this regard which are based on the Quran (Allah’s revelation) and Hadith (sayings of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as they are the basic authentic sources attributed to Islam.

Islam does not deprive a Muslim woman to work within limits so as to protect her dignity and honor (Al- Sheha 1997). Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) encouraged women himself in different spheres of activities including trade and commerce. Our Prophet’s life itself indicates that there was a lack of commitment to a gender based division of labor. Islam gives privilege to Muslim women to earn money, to enter into legal contracts, to own property and to manage the assets that she possess. A Muslim woman can run and manage her own business and no one can claim on her earnings even her husband. Qura’n clearly states a positive correlation between women and earnings

“Men shall have a benefit from what they earn, and women shall have a benefit from what they earn.” (Qura’n, Surah An- Nisa Ayat 32).

Islamic history sheds light on Muslim women engaging and managing different kinds of businesses. It is advent by having a glance at Islamic history that many sahabiya (Women

23 companions) of our beloved Prophet (PBUH) were running and managing different business activities which is permitted in Islam.The Holy Qur’an and Sunnah invite people

(Men/Women) to work to earn lawful money i.e Women entrepreneurship was allowed.

Khadija Bint-I- Khuwailad (RA) the first wife of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) is the example of a prominent Muslim business woman. She was a well-known trader of Quraish and our

Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) would take her goods to Syria in his youth. Our Prophet married

Ayesha (RA) after the death of Khadija (RA) who was a distinguished religious leader.

According to Al-Bukhari, Ayesha (RA) told about Umm-al-Momineen Zainab Bint-I-Jahash that she would process leather and then sew things from it to sell out in the market. In this way, she would spend the money earned for giving alms. Advent of Islam gave a relief to womenfolk because Islam established equality of men and women; areas of business have also been devoid of a woman who is Muslim.

Islam gives permission to a Muslim woman to do the business within the framework of

Islamic principles and Shariya. Our beloved Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) once said to Sowda

“There is no doubt that you can go out of your home if necessity arises”. Allah also permits a

Muslim woman in Qur’an that “whenever they go out of their home they should fully cover their bodies with a long piece of cloth”. Islam protects a woman by prescribing her creation of a moral and supportive business environment. The various principles prescribed by Islamic law or Shariya is given below

 Qiwama specifies the patriarchal responsibility or being in charge and responsible for

support of family and wasta requires a manto help woman by allowing her entry to their

networks. A Muslim woman mostly relies on her family members for introducing to

potential business partners (Dechant & Lamky, 2005; Yetim, 2008)

Therefore; her family should be supportive to her for accessing business networks.

 Modesty requires a Muslim woman to wear a hijab or scarf that covers her hair. Hijab

protects a woman and give its wearer a respect as well.

The study reveals that Islam completely supports a Muslim woman to entre in to entrepreneurship from the very beginning of Islam. Furthermore, the participation of a Muslim woman is allowed in the economic activities. Entrepreneurship is a critical part of the Islamic religion. Islam is one of the religions that attempt to encourage human beings to be entrepreneurs. Islam encourages men to constantly look for bounties of Allah. Islam accords commercial enterprise and entrepreneurship a place of high esteem Entrepreneurship is a thing which could trade the economic problems of any state. It is also have interaction masses of people as worker or self-employed. Until a few years ago, most of the countries in the world were following different systems specifically socialist in place of the capitalist machine particularly since the fall of the Berlin Wall Entrepreneurship is part of Islamic subculture.

According to prophet Muhammad and his partners there are a lot of Muslims and successful entrepreneur in the global and Islam usually invite all Muslims to be progressive entrepreneur and active. Hazrat Khadija is the excellent instance of a female entrepreneur. For Muslim women there may be no extra position version than Hazrat Khadijah (RA) - Hazrat Khadijah

(RA) was no longer regarded as pious enterprise woman only, instead her position as a helping spouse and a real Muslim is also evident from her lifestyles.

2.11 Women Vs Men Entrepreneurs

While gender orientation was demonstrated not to influence new pursuit execution when inclinations, inspiration, and desires were controlled for, the distinctions among men and women business people were seen by various specialists. Among these Shane (1997) distinguished that men had more business experience preceding opening the business and higher desires; women business people had a bigger normal family unit measure; the instructive foundations of male and female business visionaries were comparative; women were more

25 improbable than men to buy their business; women will probably have constructive incomes; men will probably claim a business firm; female proprietors will probably incline towards okay/return organizations; men invested somewhat more energy in their new wanders than women; male proprietors will probably begin a business to profit, had higher desires for their business, and accomplished more research to recognize business openings; male business visionaries will probably discover innovatively escalated organizations, organizations that lose their upper hand more rapidly, and organizations that have a less topographically limited client base; male proprietors spent more exertion hunting down business openings and this held up when different variables were controlled for. Other than this, Malaya (2006) attempted to recognize male and female business people as for their prosperity pointers organized in a successive request from essential to slightest critical.

2.12 Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan

Social disapproval of the working women in Pakistan society results in the invisibility of the share of women in the labor force (Kamal, 1997). Moreover, involvement of women in their family and other affairs of household are considered as their prime responsibility a social duty. Women in Pakistan don’t take up entrepreneurship as first priority. Pakistan got 132nd position out of a total of 134 countries in terms of female economic activities and opportunities available to females (Nadgrodkiewicz, 2011). Furthermore, overall entrepreneurial activity in

Pakistan is pretty low and it’s even lower i.e. 3.43% when it comes to female entrepreneurship activity rate which is 4.1 times less than their males’ counterparts (GEM, 2010).

A new social structure around the world is facilitating the gradual movement of women from their homes to the public arenas but unfortunately in Pakistan, the following factors limit their movement

 Two important factors influencing the occupational roles of Muslim women are Pardah

and Izzat (Roomi & Parrott, 2008). Pardah (veil) is an instrument of sexual segregation

and seclusion where a woman confines herself at home. Papanek (1982) says that veil

is a portable boundary behind which women extramural activities are concealed. Izzat

is a notion that a woman is a repository of her family’s honor and her good reputation

is valuable and should be protected (Shaheed, 1990)

 Women are discouraged and protected from doing things on their own throughout life

(Roomi and Harrison, 2010)

 Social disapproval of the working women in Pakistan results in the invisibility of the

share of women in the labor force (Kamal, 1997). Moreover, involvement of a woman

in her family and other affairs of household are considered as social duty. A study by

USAID reveals that in Pakistani culture, females are discouraged in self employment

as it is a matter of “family reputation and honor” when a woman goes out to work

(Goheer and Penksa, 2007).

 The reproductive ability of a woman confines her to remain at home and curbs her

movement and bounds societal communication. (Ahmad & Naimat, 2011)

Apart from the above-mentioned reasons, women can’t come to the market because the war on terror, economic recession and floods (GEM, 2010) along with lack of access to finance, technological constraints, environmental/societal issues, insufficient supply of labor and tax policies are fueling an unfriendly environment in which female entrepreneurs are finding it difficult to succeed, despite having clear motivations and goals.

Firdouse (2005) reports that it is quite recent that women are coming into the job market and struggling for income oriented jobs to become independent and in order to get the social status as males. Roomi (2013) found that majority of the Pakistani women entrepreneurs are concentrated in low- growth oriented, handicrafts, service and textiles sector where their customers are women which is in line with women enterprises in other Islamic countries where

27 the initial cash outflow in the form of investment in the enterprise is relatively low (McElwee

& Al-Riyami, 2003; Roomi & Parrott, 2008).

A woman staying at home to take care of the family is no longer described as typical

Pakistani society especially in developed urban areas of Pakistan where both husband and wife work to meet their family needs.

By analyzing the above-mentioned situation in Pakistan, there is a dire need to give a voice to the faceless and voiceless females of Pakistan who can definitely play a crucial role to make themselves financially stable.

A national study led by the Pakistan Entrepreneurial Monitoring Unit demonstrates that women business people in Pakistan are not given satisfactory arrangement related and vital support from the national government, and that the advancement of dynamic SMEs ought to be a standout amongst the most essential need methodologies for engaging women, tending to contemptible neediness and unemployment in Pakistan.

Organizations and undertakings worked by women contribute for financial dynamism, broadening, profitability, rivalry, advancement and monetary strengthening of the poorest of poor people. Generally, there has been a settled convention of women being included in private ventures and undertakings. Notwithstanding, it is just as of late that women' business enterprise has picked up the consideration of financial organizers and approach producers especially in creating nations in Pakistan. In spite of the fact that the national government has come to recognize that supporting undertakings worked by women advances sexual orientation equity and financial strengthening, the larger part of ventures worked by women confront trouble as far as access to back, assets, business aptitudes and institutional support from the national government Pakistan Ministry of Trade and Industry of Pakistan (2003); National Bank of

Pakistan (2002); Negash and Kenea, (2003). The studies focused on that SMEs claimed or worked by women in Pakistan. While without a doubt the overwhelming picture of the

"Pakistan lady business person" is one of poor women attempting to get by, there are different profiles. One is of the lady who has, as a result of advanced education and better access to financial and assets, possessed the capacity to develop her smaller scale undertaking into the little endeavor classification (Hadiya, 1998; ILO, 2003). As indicated by Hadiya, these women trust they are the most ignored class of women business visionaries since they don't have institutional credit or other bolster administrations accessible to them. These women have outgrown the smaller scale fund framework but then are not ready to acquire from banks. The other profile is of the lady who, as a result of her advanced education, past work experience, and better monetary conditions, has access to the money related assets expected to begin and develop bigger endeavors. Individuals from the Pakistan Women Exporters' Forum (EWEF) are illustrative of this gathering, albeit even individuals from the EWEF whine about lacking access to business bank credits to meet their working capital needs as a result of the inflexible necessity for insurance ensures (which they regularly can't meet). Investigations have demonstrated that it is possible for women to make the move from a miniaturized scale to a little venture under the right conditions. The ILO (2003) investigation of women in development endeavors found that 70 for every penny of the women business people at present occupied with little undertakings had begun them as miniaturized scale ventures and developed them after some time. Eshetu and Zeleke (2008), ILO (2003) additionally recognized that the accompanying are the primary difficulties that women business visionaries in Pakistan confront in a successive request from exceptionally Severe to slightest critical.

 Difficulty in getting advance from business banks

 failure of business/chapter 11

 Failure to change over benefit once again into venture

 Shortage of specialized abilities

 Poor administrative abilities

 Low level of instruction

Moreover, ILO (2003) found that absence of appropriate area or outlet; solid rivalry; low acquiring force of the neighborhood populace; absence of showcasing skill; occasional nature of the business; absence of market data ;deficient foundation ;lack of time (because of numerous assignments) ;lack of crude materials ;shortage of working capital are requirements of women business people in Pakistan. A study directed by ILO (2008) in Pakistan, reported that, women business visionaries don't have an indistinguishable access to systems from men; women business visionaries experience issues getting to premises due to, in addition to other things, an absence of property and legacy rights; women' absence of access to titled resources that can be offered as guarantee for advances unfavorably influences the development of their ventures; women business people need access to formal back and depend on credits from family and group; women business visionaries have a tendency to be gathered specifically divisions, especially nourishment preparing and materials; business improvement benefit suppliers don't give sufficient time or push to target women business people – they don't offer adaptable plans in regard of the planning and area of administration conveyance; women frequently encounter provocation in enrolling and working their undertakings.

2.13 Women entrepreneurs in Small Medium sized Enterprise (SMEs)

Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs are critical to all economies on the planet, yet particularly to those in creating nations and, inside that general classification, particularly to those with significant business and wage conveyance challenges. On what we may call the

"static" front, women business visionaries in MSEs add to yield and to the production of "better than average" occupations; on the dynamic front they are a nursery for the bigger firms without bounds, are the following (and critical) stride up for growing smaller scale ventures, they contribute straightforwardly and frequently fundamentally to total reserve funds and speculation, and they are included in the advancement of fitting innovation.

In an undeniably global commercial center, numerous organizations are finding that flourishing is best accomplished from specialization, rather than enhancement. While most of the world's biggest organizations keep on providing different administrations to various markets, they now buy numerous segments and merchandise from littler organizations that serve one specific specialty. As the worldwide commercial center keeps on creating, women business visionaries in MSEs give a compelling instrument to monetary development through support in worldwide supply chains (World Bank, 2005).

2.14 Benefits of women entrepreneurs in SMEs

With different definitions by different nations, once in a while it turns into a troublesome errand for a person to comprehend significance of women business visionaries in

SMEs. One may not know the imperative part those women business visionaries in SMEs plays in building up a specific area, economy of any nation, lightening neediness, expanding work, and, most importantly giving different things of day by day use at a moderate cost. Inside the most recent couple of years numerous created and creating nations have understood the significance of the division.

As per World Bank (2003) report Women business people in MSEs are the motor of development; crucial for a Competitive and productive Market; Critical for Poverty diminishment; and Play a Particularly Important Role in creating Countries Furthermore; as per UNECE as sited in http//www.unece.org/indust/sme/ece-sme.htm, women Entrepreneurs in MSEs are adding to work development at a higher rate than bigger firms. The private division and specifically women business people in MSEs shape the foundation of a market economy and for the move economies in the long haul may give a large portion of the work. Bolster for women business people in MSEs will help the rebuilding of substantial ventures by streamlining fabricating buildings as units with no immediate connection to the essential movement are sold off independently. Also, through this procedure the effectiveness of the rest

31 of the endeavor may be expanded too; they check the imposing business model of the substantial ventures and offer them correlative administrations and retain the vacillation of a present-day economy; through between big business participation, they raise the level of abilities with their adaptable and inventive nature. Hence women business people in MSEs can produce imperative advantages as far as making a talented modern base and enterprises, and building up a very much arranged administration part fit for adding to GDP.

UNIDO(2004) included that a normal for women business visionaries in MSEs is that they create overwhelmingly for the local market, attracting general on national assets; the auxiliary move from the previous extensive state-possessed endeavors to women business people in MSEs will build the quantity of proprietors, a gathering that speaks to more noteworthy duty and responsibility than in the previous halfway arranged economies; an expanded number of women business people in MSEs will convey more adaptability to society and the economy and might encourage mechanical advancement, and additionally give huge chances to the improvement of new thoughts and aptitudes; women business visionaries in

MSEs utilize and grow prevalently household advances and abilities; New business improvement is a key variable for the achievement of territorial reconversion where ordinary substantial enterprises will need to eliminated or be reproduced (particularly in the field of metallurgy, coalmining, overwhelming military hardware, and so forth.

2.15 Qualities of Successful Entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurship is a complex process which can be influenced by the interaction of many factors. Followings are the most important factors.

2.15.1 Personality factors

Individual elements, having essential abilities of business entrepreneurs, including.

2.15.2 Initiative

Entrepreneurs should be an initiator in all things. They should be able to make all necessary things before it is being asked (Gartner et al, 2004).

2.15.3 Proactive

It is also one of the qualities to becoming a good entrepreneur. A person who has ability to identify opportunities and is able to exploit them (Fielden, 2010).

2.15.4 Perseverance

Entrepreneurs are the people who accept all chances and challenges to overcome all the problems. They are passionate about succeeding and never giving up (Carter, 2000).

2.15.5 Problem Solver

They always come up with new ideas and presenting solutions to different problems.

2.15.6 Persuasion

If a person has an ability to persuade customers and financiers to develop and maintain relationships towards its business, this is also considered as a good quality to be an entrepreneur (Hebert & Link, 1998).

2.15.7 Confident and Versatile

It is not enough to make and market the product, but having confidence is the key to be successful in life (Singh and Belwal, 2008). A person should have the ability to take a decisions quickly and also stick to his decision. Confident amidst troubles and disheartening circumstances (Mary, 2005).

2.15.8 Self-Criticism

To be a good entrepreneur one must have the ability to learn from their own mistakes.

They can get help from the experience of others (Drayton, 2004).

2.15.9 A planner

They are people who do all the things according to a plan. (Get information, make a plan, and monitor the performance) (Singh and Belwal, 2008).

2.15.10 Innovative skills

In a traditional sense an entrepreneur is not an inventor. They are people who are able to take a new start of any thing in the market which may often be invisible to others (Singh and

Belwal, 2008).

2.15.11 Oriented results

In order to be successful, unity is the thing that requires a lot. Successful entrepreneurs first set their goals and objectives. And they get pleasure once they achieved them (Fielden, 2010).

2.15.12 Risk taker

Successful entrepreneur has courage to take risks because of being a business minded person they know that high risk leads to high return. So, in the case of any risk he can move to another stage because each and every decision is illustrated (Gartner et al,

2004).

2.15.13 Dedicated and committed

The most important profile of entrepreneurs is that they are very energetic and passionate about their work which helps them to be successful (Hisrich et al., 2003)

2.15.12 Risk taker

These elements identify the conditions under which a business needs to work.

Environmental factors, for example, the political atmosphere, the legitimate framework, financial and social conditions, economic situations, and so forth contribute altogether to the development of business. For instance, political stability in a nation is completely important for smooth monetary action. There are some other obstacles to the growth and

34 development of entrepreneurship such as unfair trade practices and, fiscal policies (Brush and Brush, 2006; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).

2.15.15 Business Performance

Dess and Robinson (1984) concluded that performance is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that is difficult to operationalize without using a combination of objective and subjective measures. The present study is based on the following operational definition of Business Performance.

2.15.16 Operational definition

The Business Performance can be defined as how the company is doing financially, ability to achieve improvements in specified areas like competition, market growth and achievements and measure of how effectively each of these areas has been addressed. The concept of Business Performance was conceptualized using five dimensions proposed by

Hisrich and Brush (1982, 1985). These dimensions include the increase of revenue, increase of profit, ability to face competition, business expansion and business achievements. The dimensions of Business Performance were then measured with the use of five question items specially developed by the researcher for this purpose.

2.16 Factors affecting women Entrepreneurs’ performance

Female entrepreneurs face challenges that create barriers to refrain them from their prosperous entrepreneurial venture. These barriers may come from their immediate family, from personality, from their locality and the societal perceptions and expectations from the people in general and particular (Brush and Brush, 2006; Langowitz and Minniti, 2007).

The number of the businesswomen has grown worldwide in the last decade on one hand and business opportunities for women have increased and changed the rural economies in several parts of the world on the other hand (Brush and Brush, 2006; Langowitz and

Minniti, 2007). However, this does not mean that the problems for women entrepreneurs

35 have been resolved. According to the Center for Women's Business Research in 18 United

States in the UNECE (2004) and Mahbub (2000) women entrepreneurs face many hurdles in their professional life. In support of this, the problems faced by the women are given below

2.16.1 Social Factors

Social factors are things that affect lifestyle, such as religion, wealth or family (Mahbub,

2000). It is important for businesses to be aware of these factors as they change because it is a very important component in proper marketing. The social factor includes entrepreneurial

(education, workplace environment, social status, network factor, access to market, family issues and experience).

2.16.2 Education

The level of education of an entrepreneur has gained a significant research consideration. Research shows that entrepreneurs are more educated than general public

(Hirsch et al, 1987, p.7) and an entrepreneur having more years of schooling sharply raises his ability to start an enterprise with higher entrepreneurial orientation (Selz, 1995). It is the education which has conventionally been found as a key determinant of human capital of an entrepreneur positively affecting the success of an enterprise (Bruderl et al, 1992). Better educated CEOs are more likely to run an enterprise with higher motivation than uneducated ones (Wiklund, 1998). Several studies have found that educated entrepreneurs run the organizations successfully (Hisrich, 1990; Krueger, 1993).

The study conducted by Hurang et al (2012) in Community of Valencia concludes that level of education and managerial skills in Women Entrepreneurs influence the success of enterprise. The study by Djankov et al (2007) was conducted in 7 cities of Brazil where data was collected from 400 entrepreneurs and 550 non-entrepreneurs and it was found that the success of an entrepreneur is determined by the Individual’s smartness/ school achievement

(above 10 % in the last place of study) and higher education in the family. The study by Roomi

(2013) explored the variables contributing the growth on women entrepreneurship in Pakistan and it was found that educational qualification, work experience in the same sector effects the growth. Education and work experience are the crucial factors responsible for the growth of enterprises (Henry et al, 2005; Storey, 1994). Human capital is a factor that affects the profitability of women entrepreneurs in Malaysia in terms of education level, previous experience (Nordin, Hamid, & Woon, 2011). The study by Pfeifer (2001) asserts that entrepreneur having higher education level, business exposure; industrial and managerial experience has greater possibility of success than those who lack these attributes.

It is an important key component that becomes a source discouragement for women entrepreneurs. According to a study carried out in Nigeria, education is the main factor in limiting the success of women entrepreneur because lack of education is another name for lack of knowledge of information and financial resources, lack of awareness regarding different available opportunities and fear of failure (Halkias, et al, 2011).Even in countries like Australia, women are ignorant of the law and order to facilitate them (Farr-Wharton and Brunetto, 2007).

According to Itani et al., (2011) women entrepreneurs also lack administrative and managerial skills. Entrepreneurial women have lack of knowledge about market conditions. Additionally, they also lack basic training and knowledge to run a business plan (Roomi et al., 2009). In

Pakistan, the government and NGOs are making local and international efforts through seminars and workshops but women still face certain problems. The ILO (2003) also reported lack of knowledge as an important aspect in Pakistan that has limited the success of women entrepreneurs.

2.16.3 Workplace environment

The term work environment is used to describe the surrounding conditions in which an employee operates. The work environment can be composed of physical conditions, such

37 as office temperature, or equipment, such as personal computers. It can also be related to factors such as work processes or procedures (Itani et al., 2011).

2.16.4 Social Status

The social status of women entrepreneurs is a women entrepreneur standing or importance in relation to other people within a society (Mordi et al., 2007).

2.16.5 Network Factor

Network factor is an important factor in female entrepreneurs’ promotion. It is an issue for women in Islamic countries as they do not communicate freely with men. The network is weak because women feel it difficult to interact with man even for a minimal problem, they don’t trust a man and can’t have discussion in privacy (Farr-Wharton and

Brunetto, 2007; Itani et al, 2011). Even men don’t guide women honestly in particular matters.Women growth is limited because of lack in different skills such as business contacts, bargaining power and dealing with the government bureaucracy. Most of the women entrepreneurs start their business on a small scale, not being a member of any network; often find difficulties in accessing to information. Majority of the prevailing networks are men dominated and is less welcoming for women. In case a women venture into any network, it is difficult for them to run with it because of certain activities in the late working hours. There are hardly such networks where women can venture to gain confidence and progress. Lack of networking deprives women of exposure to innovative models and conscience (Mahbub, 2000).

2.16.6 Access to Markets

Access to markets demands knowledge, contacts and experience. Due to lack of access to women trainings and less experience on participating in the market which is a loss.

Furthermore, they also have less exposure to the international market and trend. Because of less contacts and business relationship, women entrepreneurs hesitate to start business in a

38 new city and county. Women may be limited to travel to networks because of fear of sexual harassment and prejudice (UNECE, 2004).

2.16.7 Family Issues

Women in Pakistan and particularly KPK are considered the honour and prestige of the family. Therefore, starting a job is considered as tantamount to tarnish the integrity of the family in the neighborhood. If she does so, her life becomes insecure and unsafe. In

Pakistan women is assigned the duty of caretaker while men with the duty of breadwinner.

A woman is considered to stay within the four walls. Therefore, a woman is hesitant to be financially independent either inside or outside the home. She fears and wishes not to bring dishonor to the family. There are business willing women who are housewives / home makers single but they cannot run a business due to certain limitations such as family responsibilities and children bringing up etc (Itani et al., 2011). Husbands can provide support to their wives if they want to but they don’t cooperate in general. According to a research study carried out in United Arab Emirates, husbands are not supportive in fulfilling household responsibilities and women avoiding children for business activities are unappreciated (Jamili, 2009).

The women entrepreneurs are discouraged and stopped at the very initial stage.

Women are considered to complete all the household activities without the help of men and this trend is especially common in rural areas. Joint family system and large family demand many responsibilities which can result in limitation of the women business activities, though this may not be the case all the time (Tanbunan, 2009). Unmarried women also encounter problems as their parents worry about their marriage prospects. A business woman becomes independent and dominant; therefore, she doesn’t get proposals as this society values a woman’s gentleness and shyness (Mordi et al, 2010).

2.16.8 Lack of Experience

Experience brings more success to an entrepreneur. In Pakistan, normally women lack experience of business which is considered as an obstacle for the entrepreneurship

(Mordi et al., 2010).

2.16.9 Economic Factors

A consideration regarding how a consumer's disposable income and other financial resources tend to impact their buying activities (ILO, 2003). The economic factor includes entrepreneurial (access to capital, labour market, marking issues, access to technology, taxes and inflation).

2.16.10 Access to Capital

Women do not have sufficient funds to develop their business because of unavailability of easy access to capital (ILO, 2003). In the developing world, women are generally discouraged to take leadership and management roles. According to their male counterparts they have to be subservient and submissive. (Dzisi, 2008). A women leader is always discouraged in such a male dominated society and she has to face lots of barriers to grow and move ahead. Lacking access to finance and funds by researchers is a major hurdle to women entrepreneurs (Jamali, 2009). The same situation is observed in the case of

Pakistani women entrepreneurs. Though USAID (USAID Web-blog) is very active in working for women in rural areas of Pakistan, finance remains one of the main hurdles faced by women entrepreneurs.

Access to finance helps out an enterprise to run its operations smoothly. The literature finds that access available to entrepreneurs to get finance for their enterprises leads to improved performance and success. Access to financial resources and other financial constraints have a strong affect on business (Carter & Allen, 1997). Women find it particularly difficult when it comes to access capital to start and sustain their businesses, it

40 poses problems for women to start and run their ventures. The dearth of entrepreneurial capital is one of the main reasons behind low women entrepreneurial activity and slow growth of their businesses (Brush et al, 2004; Shaw et al, 2008). Several studies believe that it is difficult for a woman to raise-up capital /finance for their business ownership and also she encounters credibility problems while dealing with the bankers (Schwartz, 1976;

HisrichandBrush, 1983; GoffeeandScase, 1985; vanderWeesandRomijn, 1987; Carr, 1990;

Brush, 1992; Carter andCannon, 1992; Orser andFoster, 1994; SaraandPeter, 1998).

Cartin and Marlow (2007) identified the following four areas of financing problems that have been noted as major threats for women Entrepreneurship

1. Women have disadvantaged to raise capital for the start-up phase (Schwartz,

1976;CarterandCannon,1992;Johnson and Storey, 1993; Koper, 1993;Van Auken et

al., 1993; Carterand Rosa, 1998)

2. The guarantees required for granting external finance may be beyond the capability of

most of the women’s personal assets and credit track record

(HisrichandBrush,1986;RidingandSwift,1990;MarlowandPatton,2005)

3. Due to a woman’s inability to penetrate informal financial networks, finance granted

for the female-owned firms may be less available than for male enterprises

(Olmetal.,1988;Aldrich,1989; Greene et al., 1999)

4. The relationships of female entrepreneurs withbankers maysufferbecause

ofsexualstereotypinganddiscrimination(Hisrich andBrush, 1986; Buttner and Rosen,

1988)

Different scholars present the views through their work that access to finance is crucial in the success of an enterprise. The study conducted by Yusuf (1995) investigated the critical success factors of South Pacific Entrepreneurs for small business. Using a sample of 220 entrepreneurs (180 males and 40 females), the study concludes that individual (good character

41 and possession of skills) and environmental factors (government support, traditional and political demands, the needs of balancing these demands with the business commitments) and access to financing are crucial in the success of small business. The study conducted in Kenya by Waruguru (2012) investigated the factors that affect performance of women entrepreneurs.

Access to finance, Record Keeping, Budgeting, working capital management, proper entrepreneurship training and education and access to appropriate training help to improve the performance of Women entrepreneurs. The study by Wube (2010) was conducted to assess the factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in Dessie Town on a sample of

203 women entrepreneurs engaged in 5 sectors. The study found that personal, legal, social and economic factors (lack of own premises (land), tough competition, financial access, inadequate access to technology and raw materials) are the factors that affect their performance. The research by Gundry & Welsch (2001) pointed out that access to wider range of financial resources, capitalization and earlier planning are the differentiating factors for better performance and growth of female owned enterprises. Kamunge, Njeru, & Tirimba

(2014) conducted a study to identify the factors affecting the performance (measured in terms of increase in profit, additional stock, additional employees) of SMEs in Kenya using a sample of 274 SMEs. The study concluded that socio- economic factors affecting the performance of

SMEs are access to finance (Sources of capital, accessibility to loans) and availability of managerial experience.

2.16.11 Labor Market

Labor market is also an important factor because normally skilled labor is not easily available at judicious remunerations (Roomi et al., 2009). According to the ILO (2003) study, in Pakistan the unavailability of the work is one of the most unsatisfying issues confronted by women entrepreneurs. These women put in a excessive determination to

42 improve their workforce, but if they are qualified, they find better chances resulting in a high turnover of employees for these small businesses.

2.16.12 Marketing Issues

Promotion and marketing of goods create more difficulties for women entrepreneurs who have no formal promotion and campaign plan available. In order to spread their message, they generally depend on word-of-mouth (Halkias, et al., 2011). Finding a target market, distributing products to these markets and customer acquisition can also be challenging for women entrepreneurs (ILO, 2003).

2.16.13 Access to technology and raw material

Generally, women entrepreneurs have less knowledge about usage of new gadgets and raw material which creates difficulties for them.

2.16.14 Excess of Taxes

Usually women are unaware about taxes which is a barrier for their business. There are less training services available regarding awareness about tax for women in KPK.

2.16.15 Inflation

Inflation is the increasing rate of prices in the economy. Inflation brings increase in business expenditures such as utilities, materials production cost, and rent. Rising costs means to force businesses to increase prices on services and products to maintain profits keep pace with inflation. Inflation can lessen the purchasing power of customers unless employers rise wages leveled of inflation.

2.16.16 Individual factors

The individual factors refer to environmental, organizational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics which influence behavior at work in a way which can affect health and safety. The individual factors includes entrepreneurial (personality, risk taking, training, confidence and motivation).

2.16.17 Personality

According to some recent studies an entrepreneurial personality is very effective in attaining business success. Normally, they cannot confidently take a decision which hinders them from starting a new business.

2.16.18 Risk Taking

According to Halkias (2011), psychological barrier is one of the factors that refrain female entrepreneurs from success. Actually, the fear of failure stops them from moving ahead. According to the 2nd International Conference on Business Management Pakistan, this factor is quite high among female entrepreneurs in Pakistan. In a research study carried out by GEM, fear of failure stops both male and female to take initiatives. Therefore, 27.7% of business activities are not taken in consideration in Pakistan. However, this is not the case with all female entrepreneurs; some of them like to take risks and challenges (Mordi et al., 2010).

2.16.19 Access to training

Women, in South Asia, get fewer opportunities to attend technical and vocational training. primary and lower secondary education is a foundation for developing technical and vocational skills but women have less access to education; therefore, they are left behind in skills development. South Asia is categorized for poor quality of education, high dropout rate and low enrollment of women in education. The table below shows the comparison of women and men literacy percentage as well as years of schooling of women and men. The figures testify clear gender discrimination in providing equal opportunities and developing the skills and abilities of women (UNECE, 2004). The study conducted in Kenya by Waruguru (2012) investigated the factors that affect performance of women entrepreneurs and it was found that proper entrepreneurship training, education and access to appropriate training help to improve the performance of Women entrepreneurs. Training, use of good communication skills and

44 technology by women entrepreneurs in Malaysia affect the profitability of an enterprise

(Nordin, Hamid, & Woon, 2011).

2.16.20 Lack of confidence

It is another factor women entrepreneur. Women are not respected if they adopt selling as a profession.

2.16.21 Motivation

An entrepreneur motivation is an important factor in starting a new business. Many reasons can lead women and men to create new business ideas, to attain personal achievement, to get power and wealth to become an employer. The motivation relies on the measures set for success of business. Research asserts that motivational factors provide effective results. A rising number of scholars are of the view that growth of a business is determined by the entrepreneur’s motivation (Shane Kolvereid, &Westhead, 1991; Brush & Hisrich, 1997). Choy

& Teoh (2007) are of the view that the five factors affect the performance of entrepreneurs and that are Individual characteristics, goals and motivations, entrepreneurial orientation,

Management practices, networking. The study conducted by Lerner, Brush & Hisrich (1997) showed that factors like motivation (achievement, independence, and economic necessity), network affiliation, human capital (previous experience in the industry) and environmental factors affect the performance of businesses. Also, the use of outside advisors generates revenue.

A number of researches affirm that motivation in women leads towards better performance and profitable business. According to Brush (1992) motivations of an individual and goals like revenues, profitability and sales growth are related to performance in women- owned businesses. As far as women are concerned, motivation can be an important explanatory factor to firm’s performance (Miner, 1990; Miner et al, 1992; Wiklund, 1998). Glancey, Greig

& Pettigrew (1998) found that women that are pulled to establish their enterprises have more

45 profitable business. Hisrich & Brush (1987) concluded that motivations of an individual and owner goals are related to performance in women owned businesses and as a result, motivation represents a strong association with performance (Lerner et al, 1997). According to Ali, &

Mahamud (2013) there is a moderate correlation among motivational factors and performance of women entrepreneurs in Somalia. A study conducted by Nordin (2005) in Malaysia reveals that psychological motives like the search for independence, self satisfaction and supportive environmental factors affect women entrepreneurs to exert themselves into business. Alam,

Jani, Omar (2011) conclude that important determinants that positively affect the success of women entrepreneurs in the small business are family support, social ties and internal motivation. Motivation can lead to a firm’s performance for women entrepreneurs (Miner,

1990; Miner, Smith& Bracker, 1992; Wiklund, 1998).

2.16.22 Political Factors

A political factor is an activity having to do with government policy and its administration that has the potential to change or influence a business. New legislation is one example of a political factor because it can impact the company's operations by either requiring or prohibiting it to act in a particular way (Wiklund, 1998). The political factors includes government support, legal and regulatory environment and training infrastructure).

2.16.23 The lack of government support

The lack of government support is one of the factors in creating hinders for women entrepreneurs. A research conducted in Ethiopia showed that women entrepreneurs can get benefit from government in shape of different pans and strategies however. There always exist gap between the declared policies and the implemented one (Singh and Belwal, 2008).

The study further identified corrupt officials, slow official procedures, bribery and high tax rates as additional concerns. Most of the countries, irrespective of their developing and developed status, have failed to announce promising plans and well thaught out strategies

46 for promotion and support of women entrepreneurs (Farr-Wharton and Brunetto 2007).

Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan also face these difficulties; registration of a company is itself a tough task in Business Women.

2.16.24 Legal and Regulatory Environment

The efforts by government agencies and educational institutions are very little to support women entrepreneurs particularly. It becomes easy to take initiative for business legal environment favors otherwise they face many barriers.

2.16.25 Training Infrastructure

In Pakistan, majority of the women have fewer chances to get vocational and technical skills. Another reason of barrier for women is less provision of the training infrastructure. An extensive documentation of the literature reviews has been made to show women entrepreneurs’ problems and prospects in Pakistan. Muhammad observed that the role of women entrepreneurs in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and Peshawar has always been limited due to various problems. These problems can be classified into the cultural, social, technical and business problems (Mohammed 2012). According to a study, Lahore and

Peshawar entrepreneurs’ cities experience serious personal and social problems, such as unfavorable market conditions, lack of knowledge and skills, lack of education and lack of community support (Rehman and Roomi 2012). On the contrary, Shahid proves that the main problems faced by women entrepreneurs in Pakistani cities are gender based prejudice, lack of sufficient time for managing their companies due to domestic responsibilities, and lack of family support (Shahid, 2010).

According to a study conducted in Karachi, increasingly lending services to support business is one of the biggest problems of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan (Mahmood

2011). Mahmood says that the best reliable sources for women entrepreneurs are support from family and personal savings. He further says that Islamabad is the most favourable city

47 for a woman to start a business. Other literatures argue that lack of sufficient knowledge on hiring employees to run business and marketing problems are common business issues confronted by women in Pakistan.

In a study Patel (2010) argues that technical problems are one of the biggest problems that affect the role of Pakistani women in business matters on a large scale. Some of these common technical problems that women entrepreneurs encounter in Karachi,

Lahore, Islamabad and Peshawar are the limited raw materials, unskilled work & shortage of working capital, lack of knowledge and skills relevant business.

According to Zahra (2013), there are several perspectives to improve and encourage female entrepreneurship in Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and Peshawar. She further proposes that the government needs to raise awareness in society to lessen gender bias, to access women to financial resources, and to provide ready markets for various commodities and products. The author thinks Pakistani government should support the above factors for the improvement of women entrepreneurs.

Table 2.2

Variables Independent variables Dependent variables

i. Social factors, Performance of female

ii. Economic Factors, entrepreneurs

iii. Individual Factors

iv. Political Factors

2.17 Social Entrepreneurial Factors and Business Performance

Understanding entrepreneurship as a social phenomenon allows us to draw on the well- developed more general literatures on social capital and social networks. The concept of social

48 capital is arguably one of the most successful ‘exports’ from sociology to the other social sciences (Portes, 2000). The origin of the term ‘social capital’ is credited to Jacobs (1962) and

Loury (1977) developed the individualistic and economic conception (Anderson and Jack,

2002; Anderson et al., 2007). Social capital is defined as the tangible and virtual resources that facilitate actors’ attainment of goals and that accrue to actors through social structure (Portes,

1999). Given the central proposition that networks of relationships constitute a valuable resource (Nahapiet and Ghoshal, 1998), many of the insights of social capital theory relative to entrepreneurial activity can be found in the social network literature (Casson and Della

Giusta, 2007).

In general terms, social networks are defined by a set of actors (individuals and organizations) and a set of linkages between those actors (Brass, 1992). Social networks are the relationships through which one receives opportunities to use financial and human capital relationships in which ownership is not solely the property of an individual, but is jointly held among the members of a network (Burt, 1992). Social networks are also a set of relationships that can define the perception of a community, whether a business community or a more general notion of community in society (Anderson and Jack, 2002). Thus, society, in the abstract sense, is a series of connected or ‘tied’ nodes (Narayan and Pritchett, 1999).

This broad conception of social networks and social capital implies that the dynamics of economic exchange are socially embedded (Granovetter, 1985; Portes and Sensenbrenner,

1993). As distinct from rational choice perspectives, the social embeddedness perspective emphasizes that, in embedded contexts, entrepreneurial agency, that is the ability to garner entrepreneurial ideas and the resources to develop them, is shaped by implicit norms and social mores. Thus, social capital is conceptualized as a set of resources embedded in relationships

(Burt, 1992). This idea raises interesting questions revolving around the entrepreneurial applications of social capital, in particular, in relation to some less desirable consequences. For

49 instance, the exploitation of social capital by any one person or entrepreneur, even within contextual rules, if any, implies both winners and losers (Anderson and Jack, 2002). Related to this idea, Portes and Landolt (2000) identified four negative consequences of social capital exclusion of outsiders, excess claims on group members, restriction on individual freedoms and downward levelling of norms. As an example, these authors point out that the same strong ties that enable group members to obtain privileged access to resources bar others from securing the same assets. In a similar vein, the particularistic preferences granted to members of a clan or circle of friends are commonly at the expense of the universalistic rights of others. This phenomenon of unequal rights to entrepreneurial resources often frame the differences among ethnic entrepreneurial groups, or among entrepreneurs in different regions or countries (e.g. developing countries). This view of social capital is closely associated with the emphasis placed by Coleman (1993) on community structures as a mechanism of social control, which, in turn, is also linked with the predominant culture in a specific society.

Within the field of entrepreneurship many studies have drawn on social network analysis to illustrate entrepreneurs’ access to resources that are not possessed internally (Bowey and Easton, 2007; Casson and Della Giusta, 2007; Ostgaard and Birley, 1994). The underlying idea is that, although entrepreneurs usually hold some of the resources necessary to create a business (e.g. ideas, knowledge and competence to run the business), generally they also need complementary resources which they obtain through their contacts (e.g. information, financial capital, labour) to produce and deliver their goods or services (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986;

Cooper et al., 1995; Greve and Salaff, 2003; Hansen, 1995; Ribeiro-Soriano and Urbano, 2009;

Teece, 1987). In the entrepreneurship network literature, three elements of network relations stand out as critical to theoretical and empirical research on the entrepreneurial process (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Johannisson, 1988, 1998) the nature of the content that is exchanged between actors(e.g. social capital and intangible resources, such as emotional support) (Bates,

1997; Light, 1984; Zimmer and Aldrich, 1987), the governance mechanisms in network relationships (e.g. trust between entrepreneurs and venturing partners) (Larson, 1992;

Lorenzoni and Lipparini, 1999), and the network structure created by the crosscutting relationships between actors (e.g. the ability to use cohesion and structural. According to

(Ribeiro-Soriano and Urbano, 2009) there exist significant positive relationship amid social entrepreneurial factors and business performance. Most of the studies reported that all the vital facets of social factors including entrepreneurial (education, workplace environment, social status, network, access to market, family issues and experience) are found the positive and significant predictors of business performance (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003; Johannisson, 1998,

Bates, 1997; Light, 1984; Zimmer and Aldrich, 1987).

2.18 Economic Factors and Business Performance

Economic factor is not a new concept it can be traced back to the late of three centuries before when the Friedrich Willelem Raiffeisen established the first cooperative lending banks to support farmers in rural Germany (1742). However, the modern concept of economic factor was found in 1970s when Muhammad Yunus established Grameen bank in Bangladesh (Ullah etal., 2012). The successful experience of Grameen Bank in combating the poverty and flourishing the economic wellbeing of poor has attracted many government and nongovernment organizations attention to the possibility of replicating this experience.

Economic factor has gained a universal consensus as an effective tool for alleviating poverty, wellbeing improvement and developing SME’s (Ebimobowei, Sophia, & Wisdom, 2012; Imai

& Azam, 2010). It is also seen as an approach to help the local economy (Johnson & Rogaly,

1997). The dynamic growth of Economic factor activities can lead to the achievement of a wide range of development objectives, including the fulfilment of self-employment, new firms formation, and income distribution (Bakhtiari, 2006; Khandker, 2005; Ledgerwood, 1999).

The role of Economic factor goes beyond the improvement of the economic wellbeing of households to business investment (Angioloni, Kudabaev, Ames, & Werzstein, 2013).

Economic factor also considers as an essential approach to empower businesswomen especially women entrepreneurs (Littlefield et al., 2003; Swaina & Wallentin, 2009). Economic factor enables them to make their decision independently, improve the quality of their life and dignity

(Ledgerwood, 1999; Narayan, 2002). Furthermore, some Economic factor institutions provide financial services such as loan, saving, insurance services. Therefore, the output of Economic factor performance is usually subject to several criteria which may vary from one study to another (Ledgerwood, 1999; Robinson, 2001).

The importance of access to finance can be interpreted from different angles. Research study revealed that access to finance empowers women through allowing them to improve their ability in decision making and gain money as well as enhance their household expenditures

(Haile, Bock & Folmer, 2012). Another research study depicts that access to finance allows poor to advance the quality of their life through enabling poor to generate income and acquire assets (Garikpati, 2008). Access to finance plays a significant role in the families’ wellbeing, gaining assets and generates income, improve children’s education as well as advance their health condition and harmony (Nader, 2008). One research study reported that access to finance has a positive impact on the women entrepreneurs in stimulating new businesses formation

(Ahmad, 2012; Burjorjee & Jennings, 2008). Moreover, the impact of access to finance in the clients’ micro and small enterprises lies on the size of the given loans (Mokhtar, 2011). In the same vein, Simeyo and Odondo (2011) assumed that extending the size of the given loan will lead to improve the performance of women entrepreneurs.

Research study stresses that Economic factor can attain a wide outreach sustainably through establishing self-sufficient commercial institutions that is outside the subsidized credit model

(Robinson, 2001). Christen and Drake (2002) used to define the concept of Economic factor

52 commercialization as “movement out of the heavily donor-dependent arena of subsidized operations into one in which institutions ‘manage on a business basis’ as part of the regulated financial system”.

Wisniwski (1998) indicated that the advantages of saving service can be read from the perspective of the clients as well as Economic factor. On one hand, saving services are a valuable mechanism to clients for liquidity management through accessibility to cash, rate of return, security and divisibility of savings (Manzoor & Jalil, 2014). On the other hand, savings are vital and attractive source to Economic factor for three reasons (a) important source for

Economic factor funds which can be easily obtained with lower cost, (b) withdrawals small amounts of money from saving account do not lead to liquidity risk compare to large savings,

Central Banks or donor funds (d) deposit-taking can create strong market-demand for

Economic factor institutions and improve their operations (Khursheed etal, 2012). Savings products are also important to women entrepreneurs that help them to reduce the financial cost of lending and secure a sustainable fund sources (Ledgerwood, 1999; Robinson, 2001). In addition to that Brannen (2010) confirmed that a savings service has the capacity to improve the clients’ livelihood and their families as well as empower them. The financial services are important sources for job creation, new businesses formation, and livelihoods improvement

(Manzoor & Jalil, 2014). However, financial services alone are not enough to continuously improving the livelihood of the clients and enhancing the sustainability of their micro and small businesses (Ullah etal, 2012). Research studies reported that the economic entrepreneurial factors including (access to capital, labor market, market issues, access to technology, taxes and inflation) all are the significant predictors of business performance (Ullah et al., 2012;

Manzoor and Jalil, 2014; Khursheed etal, 2012).

2.19 Individual Factors and Business Performance

The most comprehensive summary of personal or individual factors influencing performance was noted by Cooper and Gascon (1992), which examined such factors as personality, risk taking, confidence and motivation etc and entrepreneur’s goals. This summary, drawn from previous literature examining the performance (Stevenson and Jarillo,

1990; Vesper, 1980; Gartner, 1985; Cooper, 1989), concluded that successful ventures are more often started by men who are achievement motivated, manage risk, and engage in systematic planning. Although Cooper and Gascon (1992) cogently summarized the state of research on the topic to date, their discussion of independent variables is not organized according to particular theories or approaches. Studies of performance of women entrepreneurs are few (Brush, 1992), with the majority of research not being comparative among groups of women and men. However, individual level variables explaining performance in United States studies were frequently the same as those noted in male-owned businesses previous occupational experience, business skills, level of education, and personal factors such as motivations and having a mentor.

The largest comparative study in the United States was conducted by Kalleberg and

Leicht (1991) who examined the determinants of survival and success among small businesses headed by men and women, using longitudinal data. They found that women’s businesses were no more likely to fail and were just as successful as men’s, which was contrary to conventional wisdom regarding women’s inferiority in entrepreneurship. This research also found that the determinants of survival and success operated in much the same way for men and women

“suggesting that the processes underlying small business performance are similar irrespective of an entrepreneur’s gender” (Kalleberg and Leicht, 1991). These findings were supported in a comparative study conducted by Johnson and Storey (1994) in the United Kingdom, which found no significant differences in survival rates of male- and female-owned businesses,

54 although women-owned firms were typically smaller and more likely to employ women. Most recently, Chaganti and Parasuraman (1994) examined strategic approaches of male and female entrepreneurs as these related to performance, finding similarities across gender, with the exception that women tended to emphasize quality more than men.

Although these recent studies add to our understanding of performance similarities and differences, “performance” in entrepreneurial businesses was operationalized differently, making it difficult to compare across studies. Most frequently used operationalization of performance includes survival, growth in employees, and profitability (Srinivasan et al., 1994).

For instance, Kalleberg and Leicht (1991) and Johnson and Storey (1994) have examined survival, whereas Chaganti and Parasuraman (1994) examined financial performance and documented organizational factors as they related to performance. Cooper (1989) proposed experience and education were “antecedents” to the decisions to start a company and ultimately affected performance. Several studies showed that years of formal education of the entrepreneur before establishing a new firm were related to eventual performance of the firm

(Box et al., 1993; Brush and Hisrich, 1991). Box et al., (1993) also found a relationship between higher levels of education and increased performance among manufacturing firms in

Oklahoma.

Psychological motivations such as achievement, independence, and locus of control have been widely investigated with regard to their influence on business start-up (Brockhaus and Horwitz, 1986). Fewer studies examined their relationship to business performance.

Research has found that individual motivations and owner/founder goals are related to performance in women-owned businesses, where opportunity motivation was related to survival and independence was associated with “no growth” (Hisrich and Brush, 1987). Other studies indicate few significant performance differences related to male versus female achievement motivation or individual self-esteem. Women reported lower levels of self-

55 confidence than did males (Miskin and Rose, 1990). Research studies reported that the individual entrepreneurial factors are the significant positive predictors of business performance (Miskin and Rose, 1990; Box et al., 1993).

2.20 Political Factors and Business Performance

Evidences show that political affairs in the country also hinders business growth specially in Karachi where political parties heavily engage in shutter down strikes, transportation strikes due to hike in petrol and CNG prices, target killings. Day to day transactions of small businesses is impacted in high frequencies due to this disruptive political stability (poor law and order situations). Frequent power breakdowns affect small and medium businesses adversely; it costs additional charges for installing generators and maintenance costs. Along with additional costs, low levels of skills, training and education among workers and management raise the cost of firm growth, this is due to lack of education and training offered in Pakistan. High inflation also causes hike in the price of raw materials, labours salary, production costs. (Bari et al., 2005)

There is a challenge imposed on small businesses of confronting security threats create challenge to businesses and many business owners their managers employ various means to help in preventing or deterring criminals. Out of the total population surveyed in Kenya, 36

%of respondents ranked poor security as one of the top three challenges their businesses face.

Out of these, 37.5% make use of security firms or guards to safeguard their businesses and commuting. Nearly 22.2% of them close their daily transactions early to avoid theft and robbery while 6.9 % opted to carry their inventory to home while some sleep in their business premises as an apprehensive security measure. This implies higher cost of doing business as business owners respond to the security challenges as well. Other dynamics for internal environment evaluation to show the correlation between business performance and factors such as age,

56 gender, educational level, skills and training, length of time in the business. (Bowen et al.,

2009).

Women may not be aware of the legal issues that they need to address to start a business, and they can find it difficult to navigate the complex array of laws and regulations. According to Mc Cormic, there are three factors that make men’s mse’s perform better than women’s;

First, women entrepreneurs on average are less educated than their male counterparts and twice as likely as men to be illiterate. Marriage institutions and division of labour at homes discourage women’s investment. Secondly, women are segregated into lower paying jobs due to their low educational levels. As such, they have lower savings with which to start a business. Thirdly, women spend less time in their businesses than men because they are expected to carry out their domestic responsibilities, including house work, food preparation and childcare (Mc

Cormic, 2001). Thus, gender patterns of business operations are supported by five institutions; role of woman (wife) in the household, the division of labour within the household, the division of asset ownership including inheritance, the sharing of household expenditures and allocation of education opportunities. Mensah and Benedict (2010) argue that the entrepreneurship training has a potential to enhance the capacity of micro and small enterprises specifically women entrepreneurs for jobs creation and growth. Study further asserts that the entrepreneurial trainings will be more effective for business performance. Research studies reported that the political factors including (government support, legal rights and training infrastructure) are the significant positive predictors of business performance (Mensah and

Benedict, 2010; Mc Cormic, 2001).

2.21 Socio-Cultural Theories of Entrepreneurial Emergence

Over the years, a number of theories have been used to explain the impact of socio- cultural environment on entrepreneurial emergence. The theories tried to explain the social and cultural characteristics which cause people to be or not to be entrepreneurs. The earliest theory

57 on the influence of socio-cultural environment on entrepreneurship was that of Max Weber, a

German sociologist. In his theory, Weber explained that society plays a big role in developing entrepreneurs. This is because the individual draws his values from the social values, mores and institutional framework within which he lives (Van de Ven, 1993). He argues that culture has great impact on the attitude and behaviour of individuals and their disposition to life. And indeed, whether or not an individual would develop and become entrepreneur would depend on his disposition and value orientation. He cited religion as an element of culture which directly influence the behaviour of individuals towards being entrepreneurs. Such religious characteristics as hard work, thrift and an ascetic life of self denial are all prescription for entrepreneurship. Essentially, the point of Weber‟s theory is that the socio-cultural systems in which individuals live provide a set of values from which personal values and thinking pattern of people are based, and these in turn influence the decision by individuals positively or negatively towards entrepreneurship, i.e. whether or not to be entrepreneurs. Fundamentally, social systems and culture affect the development of entrepreneurial spirit and motivation by exhibiting values that either enhance or inhibit entrepreneurship behaviour and drive amongst people.

Since the theory of Max Weber, the analysis of entrepreneurial emergence has attracted a great deal of theorizing among scholars trying to identify and explain the foundation on which entrepreneurs emerge. The general opinion is that emergence of entrepreneurs is a function of a number of motivational factors or conditions. However, there is a divided thought among scholars regarding these factors. Before now, the literature was dominated by the view that individuals who emerge as entrepreneurs are frequently individuals of a poor background, mostly with low level of education, but with a „burning‟ desire for upward social mobility and recognition. Although this view seems outdated and incorrect but it makes a lot of meaning with regards to influence of social conditions in the making of an entrepreneur.

2.22 Family orientation theory

The theory posits that factors such as family background and orientation are sources for entrepreneurial characteristics and the emergence of entrepreneurs. The theory emphasized the role of the family in developing the entrepreneurial character. It is believed that the home atmosphere and values of an entrepreneurial family can provide a great deal of nurturing and support for development of entrepreneurial personality or character (Kuratko 1989). This is so because the family background of an individual is a strong influence on his values and character and therefore serves as a strong source of influence whether he would be an entrepreneur or not. “This reasoning promotes the belief that certain traits established and supported early in life will lead eventually to entrepreneurial emergence and success (Kuratko and Hodgetts,

1998).

2.23 Educational incubation theory

The educational incubation theory posits that educational development aids entrepreneurial emergence through creation of awareness and new orientation and knowledge.

It is contended that societies with high level of education tend to produce more entrepreneurs than societies with less educated people. The advanced countries are cited examples of such societies. And it is for this reason that educational development has attracted increase emphasis in many societies (Kuratko and Lafollette, 1986), (Kuratko, 1989) and (Block and Stumpf,

1992).

2.24 Social Learning Theory

The second theoretical approach emphasizes the role of entrepreneurial socialization, which is anchored in social learning theory (Bandura, 1977) as an explanation of entrepreneurial behavior and career development. Social learning can occur through the observation of behavior in others, often referred to as role models. The individual’s socialization process, which occurs in the family setting, transmits social norms, language,

59 educational aspirations, and shapes career preferences through observational learning and modeling (Bandura, 1977).

The utility of social learning theory to explain entrepreneurial career preferences was explored in several studies. The effects of observational learning through perceived parental entrepreneurial role model performance was explored by Scherer et al., (1989). These authors found that the presence of a parent in an entrepreneurial role was associated with increased education and training aspirations, task self-efficacy, and expectancy for an entrepreneurial career. The study also showed that individuals with a parent performing an entrepreneurial role were often high performers and significantly different from individuals without role models, who were low performers. Similarly, a Canadian study found that 33% of the women entrepreneurs in this sample reported their fathers were entrepreneurs (Belcourt et al., 1991).

2.25 Theoretical framework

Theoretical frame work summarized from the review.

A theoretical model is a representation of the way in which a particular framework

operates.Typically, a theoretical framework defines the kinds of variables (dependent

variables and independent variables) that one will want to look at

 Education H1 Workplace environment  Social status Social factors hHHHHHHH Network factor  Access to market hhhhh Family issues  Lack of experience H1

 Access to capital  Labor market

 Marketing issues Performance of  Access to technology and Economic factors Female raw material  H2 Entrepreneurs  Excess of taxes  Inflation (Net profit

margin Individual  Market Share  Personality factors  Growth  Risk Male taking dominat  confidence H3 Competitive  Motivation market,

( Customer satisfaction)  Lack of govt support  Legal and regulatory Political factors environment H4  Training infrastructure

Hypotheses

Theoretical Frame work developed through extensive review of the related literature following set of hypotheses differently for registered and un-registered female entrepreneurs operating across the province of Khyper Pakhtunkhwa

Registered & Un-Registered Female Entrepreneurs

H1 Social factors has significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance

H2 Economic factors has significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance

H3 Individual factors has significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance

H4 Political factors has significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance

Comparisons between the Registered and Un-Registered Female Entrepreneurs

H1 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of social factors

H2 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of economic

H3 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of individual factors

H4 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of political factors

H5 There is a significant difference between the registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of performance factors

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A glance over the plethora of service related research reveals that over the last many decades the service research has evolved in to a discipline of its own kind (Berry and Parasuraman, 1993). The research published since 1970s (Shostack, 1977) till today includes around hundreds thousands of articles written, dissertations submitted, conferences convened, courses offered, programs completed and business schools established have been dealing with service and service quality related aspects. Today, hundreds of management and marketing related text books are not considered complete unless these don’t integrate service dimensions, service quality contours and service research approaches in their contents. The literature reviewed in previous chapter reinforces the views of Bard et.al (2011) that:

“there exists very less discussion on ontological and epistemological

issues or the paradigmatic assumptions that shape the research field

and the service research has so far mainly focused on practical issues

with managerial relevance (e.g. measuring and managing service

quality, generating service scripts, blueprinting the service process,

designing new services, creating a service culture, developing service

recovery strategies)” (p.562)

The chapter presents the details of the research methodology adopted during the conduct of this research, which was focused on measuring the factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurship in Pakistan. Sekran (2003) termed such type of research as a “systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting that needs a solution” (p.5). The research process passes through a series of activities encompassing ontology of the issue, inquiry in to the problem, collection of information through unbiased

63 investigation, object analyses and examination of the data. The chapter briefly describes the epistemology and ontology of this research paradigm, unveil survey research design, and rationale behind the observation and sample plan. The chapter defines the population, sample frame, sample size & logic behind the sample and desired degree of precision and confidence interval that was targeted to achieve thereof; the sources of data, data collection method and instrument and construct of the instrument including the measures of reliability and validity of this research.

3.1 Quantitative Research Methodology

Research methodology is defined by Leedy & Ormrod (2001) as “the general approach the researcher takes in carrying out the research project” (p. 14). The quantitative research approach responds to research questions requiring numerical data whereas, the qualitative approach for research questions requiring textural data (Williams, 2007). According to Leedy and Ormrod (2001) quantitative research is specific in its surveying and experimentation, as it builds upon existing theories. The methodology of a quantitative research maintains the assumption of an empiricist paradigm (Creswell, 2003). Quantitative research begins with a problem statement and involves the formation of a hypothesis, a literature review, and a quantitative data analysis. According to Creswell (2003) states, quantitative research “employ strategies of inquiry such as experimental and surveys, and collect data on predetermined instruments that yield statistical data” (p. 18). The findings from quantitative research can be predictive, explanatory, and confirming (Williams, 2007).

Quantitative research involves the collection of data so that information can be quantified and subjected to statistical treatment in order to support or refute “alternate knowledge claims”

(Creswell, 2003, p. 153). Quantitative research also involves data collection that is typically numeric and the researcher tends to use mathematical models as the methodology of data

64 analysis. Additionally, the researcher uses the inquiry methods to ensure alignment with statistical data collection methodology.

During the experimental research, the researcher investigates the treatment of an intervention into the study group and then measures the outcomes of the treatment. There are three types of exploratory approaches pre-experimental, true experimental, and quasi- experimental (Leedy & Ormrod). The pre-experimental design involves an independent variable that does not vary or a control group that is not randomly selected. Campbell and

Stanley (1963) endorsed the true experimental design, which provides a higher degree of control in the experiment and produces a higher degree of validity. The true experimental designs result in a systemic approach to quantitative data collection involving mathematical models in the analyses whereas; quasi- experimental design involves nonrandom selection of study participants. Therefore, control is limited and true experimentation is not possible. Since the variable cannot be controlled, validity may be sacrificed.

3.2 Research Type / Nature

The aim of this research was to investigate the factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. According to Creswell (1994), quantitative research determines the relationship between variables (i.e. independent variable and dependent variable) and it is deductive in its nature as it is aimed to test some theory which has already been proven (Sekran,

2003). The types of question asked by the researcher ultimately determine the type of approach necessary to complete an accurate assessment of the topic in hand. This research was descriptive and co-relational in nature as it aimed to describe the factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. The research utilizes survey method of data collection as it constructed and administered questionnaire to collect the data from women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. According to Borg & Gall

(1989), descriptive studies are aimed at seeking answer of the following questions about the

65 phenomenon such as; “What? Where? When?” And for such type of research mostly observational and survey methods are frequently used to collect descriptive data primarily concerned with finding out "what is," might be applied to investigate the questions. However, the research approach may be termed as mixed approach as it investigates the behavioral related variables which fall under qualitative domain.

The underlying spirit of the research paradigm emerged from positivism and the outcome of this research could be termed as an appropriate mix of ontology, epistemology and methodology. “Ontology seeks answer of the question such as “does the objective reality exists and inquires in to the nature and type of reality that does exist and how does it look like? The researcher's view of reality establishes assumptions that effect his or her epistemological persuasion and influences the methodological approach chosen” Epistemology addresses how we perceive the world and raises questions about both how we understand it and how we communicate this knowledge to others” (Burrell and Morgan, 1985).

3.3 Population of the Study

The universe of the study was registered women entrepreneurs of Women Chamber of

Commerce & Industry Peshawar, Women Business Development Center Peshawar and non- registered entrepreneurs working at diverse areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

3.3.1 Brief Introduction of Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry

The Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established in 2010 to look after and safeguard the interests of the women entrepreneurs for the promotion of trade and Industry in the province or potential women entrepreneurs, the chamber aims to provide a one window facility. For established women entrepreneurs, the chamber provides a forum for debate and discussion, opportunity to interact with their local and international counterparts as well as facilities for research and development. The aim of chamber is to create an environment that is conducive to the development of women entrepreneurs and to help women entrepreneurs in

66 establishing and consequently expanding their business interests nationally as well as internationally.

3.3.2 Brief Introduction of Women Business Development Centre Peshawar

The major goal of Women Business Development Centre Peshawar (WBDC), Peshawar is to provide a secure and hassle-free business environment to women entrepreneurs in Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa and to help women to develop their business skills that will enable them to compete effectively in today's marketplace alongside Promoting the entrepreneurial culture amongst women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. According to a local survey the number of females graduating from Business Schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is approximately 950 per year and the figure is increasing. Most of the females do not get job opportunity due to a number of reasons. Nowadays there is an increasing trend of women entering Cottage industry in Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa and they are contributing to the earnings of the family. These women if provided an opportunity of establishing their own businesses can contribute significantly towards the economic prosperity of the country. Entrepreneurship opportunities are less among women due to non-existing opportunities, limited mobility and access to local and international market.

Though women are involved in domestic entrepreneurship but due to limited scale and role of middle man they are unable to fetch the reasonable price of their product. Recognizing that women in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are enterprising are interested in starting their own businesses and have a tendency staying in business is longer, Women Business Development Center is going to serve as a platform for developing business run by Women entrepreneurs. It will assist their businesses in terms of management, marketability etc. The Women Business

Development Center provides office space, product showcasing, exhibition, sale, and training i.e. capacity building of Women Entrepreneurs.

3.4 Research Population

The population of the study was consisted of registered women entrepreneurs of Women

Chamber of Commerce and Industry Peshawar and Women Business Development Center

(WBDC), Peshawar working under small and medium enterprise development (SMEDA),

Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. The population of the study was total 600 registered women entrepreneurs at Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry Peshawar and WBDC,

Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan who were associated with the three main business professions i.e. boutique, beauty-parlor and food. Moreover, 300 non-registered women entrepreneurs working at diverse location of KPK province of Pakistan including, Mardan, Charsadda, Nowshera,

Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan who are also associated with the business profession of boutique, beauty-parlor and food were the population of the study.

3.5 Sample Size Determination

Sample size determination is the act of choosing the number of observations or replicates to include in a statistical sample. The sample size is an important feature of any empirical study in which the goal is to make inferences about a population from a sample. In order to make the results of survey research reliable and valuable the research must ensure that its respondents are truly representative of that business which is under investigation. Therefore, for determination process of reliable and representative sample is based on the correct definition and estimate of population and sample size. The correct sample size is of paramount importance of any survey research. Using too large sample size is wastage of time and resources which are always scares and using too small size of sample creates doubt in the reliability of the research.

According to Israel (1992) there exists “three criteria usually will need to be specified to determine the appropriate sample size the level of precision, the level of confidence or risk, and the degree of variability in the attributes being measured (Miaoulis and Michener, 1976)”.

The research while ensuring reliability on one hand also endeavored to conserve the wasteful use of resources as well. The two measures which were kept in view to ensure the accurateness of the data were; to keep margin of error as low as operationally possible while maintaining confidence level to its maximum degree. Hence the research while calculating its sample kept margin of error / precision (confidence interval) 5% and confident level to + - 5%.

According to Israel (1992) the level of precision, sometimes called sampling error, is the range in which the true value of the population is estimated to be. This range is often expressed in percentage points (e.g., ±5 percent). The confidence or risk level is based on ideas encompassed under the Central Limit Theorem. In a normal distribution, approximately 95% of the sample values are within two standard deviations of the true population value (e.g., mean). The degree of variability in the attributes being measured refers to the distribution of attributes in the population. The more heterogeneous a population, the larger the sample size required to obtain a given level of precision and the less variable (more homogeneous) a population, the smaller the sample size.” In brief confidence level is measure of how positive you are that your sample precisely reflects the population within its given margin of error.

The sample size determination process is normally done by any one method out of the following

 Taking complete population as a sample which is known as census research.

Owing to cost and other resource heavy consideration the census is done for

small population only i.e. about 200 (Israel, 1992).

 Using the same sample size as those of studies similar to the research in hand.

According to (Yamane, 1967) when population is known and greater than two hundred than sample size must be determined by utilizing the formula which is recommended by (Yamane,

1967) which is as follows.

n = N/1+N*(e)2

Where

n = Sample size

N = Population

e = Chances of Error

3.5.1 Sample Size for Registered Women Entrepreneurs at Chamber of Commerce and Industry and WBDC, Peshawar KPK, Pakistan

Total strength of registered women entrepreneurs associated with the business profession of boutique, beauty-parlor and food in chamber of commerce and industry Peshawar was 340 and at Women Business Development Center (WBDC), Peshawar was 260. Total Population was

600 registered women entrepreneurs. Following is the calculation for sample size determination.

n = 600/1+600*(.05)2

n = 240

The final sample for registered women entrepreneurs at Chamber of Commerce and Industry and WBDC, Peshawar KPK, Pakistan were 240 women entrepreneurs.

3.5.2 Sample Size for Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs working at Diverse

Location of KPK, Pakistan

Total strength of un-registered women entrepreneur associated with the business profession of boutique, beauty-parlor and food located at diverse location of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were 300.

Following is the calculation for sample size determination.

n = 300/1+300*(.05)2

n = 171

The final sample for un-registered women entrepreneurs working at diverse location of

KPK, Pakistan were 171 women entrepreneurs.

3.6 Sampling

Sampling is a procedure to select adequate amount of elements from the whole population.

For understanding the characteristics or properties of the sample, the researchers simplify these characteristics to the entire population. For data gathering, both probability and non-probability sampling technique i.e. simple random sampling and snowball sampling was used. Following is the detail.

3.6.1 Sample Design for Registered Women Entrepreneurs at Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry Peshawar and WBDC, Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan

In fisrt stage for the data collection from registered women entrepreneurs at WBDC,

Peshawar KPK, Pakistan probability sampling technique i.e. simple random sampling was used. Simple random sample is a subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen. A simple random sample is meant to be an unbiased representation of a group. Total 240 questionnaires were distributed among registered women entrepreneurs of Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry and WBDC, Peshawar

KPK, Pakistan (120 in each) and 240 usable questionnaires were returned giving a responses rate of 100%. Respondents range in age from 18 to over 40, although the majorities were in their 18 and 28.

3.6.2 Sample Design for Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs at diverse location of KPK, Pakistan

In second stage for the data collection from un-registered women entrepreneurs of KPK,

Pakistan snowball sampling technique was used. In statistics research, snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances. At Mardan, Charsadda, Nowshera, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan total

300 women entrepreneurs (50 in each city) were selected via snowball sampling technique. All

71 women entrepreneurs in the study survey were associated with the profession of boutique, beauty-parlor and food business.

3.7 Measurement Instrument

For the data collection researcher used questionnaire. The questionnaire has two sections. Following is the detail.

3.7.1 First Section

The first section of the questionnaire consists of profile of women entrepreneur’s ages, gender, business etc

3.7.2 Second Section

The second section of the questionnaire is about the different factors that women entrepreneurs. Following is the detail.

3.7.2.1 Social Factors

The social factors of entrepreneurs were measured on 19 items based on Likert scale five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The social factors include questions regarding entrepreneurs (education, workplace environment, social status, network factors, and access to market, family issues and work experience).

3.7.2.2 Economic Factors

The economic factors of entrepreneurs were measured on 16 items based on Likert scale five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The economic factors include questions regarding entrepreneurs (access to capital, labor market, marketing issues, technology/raw material, taxes and inflation).

3.7.2.3 Individual Factors

The individual factors of entrepreneurs were measured on 7 items based on Likert scale five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The individual factors include questions regarding entrepreneurs (Personality, risk taking, confidence and motivation).

3.7.2.4 Political Factors

The political factors of entrepreneurs were measured on 6 items based on Likert scale five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). The political factors include questions regarding entrepreneurs (lack of govt support, legal and regulatory performance, training infrastructure).

3.7.2.5 Entrepreneur Performance

The financial and operating performance of entrepreneurs were measured on 15 items based on Likert scale five point i.e. (1= strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree).

3.8 Data Collection Method

Data collection methods comprise an integral part of any research design.

Therefore, use of appropriate method greatly enhances the validity of the research. To acquire more affluent information, a self-administrated close structured questionnaire was developed (attached as Annexure “A”). Survey method was used for data collection.

3.9 Data Analysis

After collected the requisite information form respondents, the received data was analyzed by using econometrics tools (appropriate test statistics). Latest SPSS and

Liseral software’s were used for the data analysis. The analysis contains descriptive statistic to convert the data in percentages, structure equation model and multiple linear regression were used for the data analysis.

3.10 Reliability Analysis of Data

Cronbach’s Alpha ()

Cronbach’s Alpha () determine up to what extent the scale score measures the true score. It indicates the reliability of the scale ranges from 0 to 1. Mathematically, it is defined as (Cronbach, 1951).

Nc   v( N  1)  c

Where, N shows the number of items c is the average inter-item covariance among the items and v indicates the average variance.

The reliability tests included the Cronbach’s Alpha test of the following with regard to women entrepreneurs responses on the questionnaire found satisfactory result because all the computed values are greater than .70 which indicates good reliability (Sekaran, 2003).

Table 3.10.1

Reliability Scale Information Number of items Results Remarks Social Factors 19 .93 Reliable Economic Factors 16 .92 Reliable Individual Factors 7 .87 Reliable Political Factors 6 .76 Reliable Entrepreneurs Performance 15 .91 Reliable

3.11 Data Source

The data source was primary. Researcher collected the first hand or primary data from registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of Pakistan with the help of questionnaire.

ANALYSIS OF REGISTERED WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AT WBDC, PESHAWAR, KPK, PAKISTAN

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

This chapter contains results obtained after analysis of the data it consists of the frequency distribution table, reliability of variables, comparison of the respondent’s responses by utilizing t-test and regression analysis was employed to investigate the cause of and effect of independent variables on dependent variables. The following sections show all the results.

4.1 Demographic Variables of Women Entrepreneurs

Table 4.1.1

Gender of Participants

Gender Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Female 240 100.0 100.0

Total 240 100.0

The above captioned table represents the cumulative percentage and exact number of respondents who actively take part in the study survey. Total strength of female respondents was 240 out of 240 members that represent 100% of the total sample. There exist no male respondents in the survey who took part in the survey.

Table 4.1.2

Age of Participants

Age Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

21-30 years 106 44.2 44.2

31-40 years 117 48.8 48.8

41 and above years 17 7.1 7.1

Total 240 100.0 100.0

The above table demonstrates the participant’s age and their frequency distribution.

Participants with the age of 21-30 years represent 106 out of 240 members that depict 44.2% of the total sample 240. From 31-40 years of age’s group members represents 117 out of 240 members that portray 48.8% of the total sample 240. From 41 and above years of age group members represents 17 out of 240 members that portray 7.1% of the total sample 240.

Table 4.1.3

Qualification of Participants

Qualification Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Primary 126 52.5 52.5

Secondary 81 33.8 86.3

Matriculation 10 4.2 90.4

Intermediate 17 7.1 97.5

Graduate 6 2.5 100.0

Total 240 100.0 52.5

Above table represents the qualification of the participants. Participants with the qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation, intermediate and graduate were found 126,

81, 10, 17 and 6 with the percentage of 52.5%, 33.8%, 4.2%, 7.1% and 2.5% respectively.

Table 4.1.4

Type of Business

Business Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Boutique 147 61.3 61.3

Beauty Parlor 65 27.1 88.3

Hotel and Food 28 11.7 100.0

Total 240 100.0 52.5

Above table represents the type of business of women entrepreneurs. Participants who owned the business of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel and food were found 147, 65 and 28 with the percentage of 61.3%, 27.1% and 11.7% respectively.

Table 4.1.5

Cities of Respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Peshawar 106 44.2 44.2 44.2

Mardan 117 48.8 48.8 92.9

Nowshera 17 7.1 7.1 100.0

Total 240 100.0 100.0

The above table demonstrates the registered women entrepreneurs at WBDC working at diverse location of KPK, Pakistan. The registered women entrepreneurs who took part in the survey were working in Peshawar, Mardan and Nowshera cities of KPK, Pakistan. In Peshawar,

Mardan and Nowshera there exists 106, 117 and 17 women entrepreneurs respectively that depicted 44.2%, 48.8% and 7.1% of the total sample 240.

Table 4.1.6

Business Finance

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cum Percent

Self-Finance 169 70.4 70.4 70.4

Bank Loan 62 25.8 25.8 96.3

Family Loan 9 3.8 3.8 100.0

Total 240 100.0 100.0

The above table demonstrates the business finance tools of the registered women entrepreneurs of WBDC, KPK, and Pakistan. The women entrepreneurs who used self-finance, bank loan and family loan were reported 169, 62 and 9 of the total sample 240 with the percentage of 70.4%, 25.8% and 3.8% respectively.

4.2 Chi-Square Test

The chi-squared test is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between the expected frequencies and the observed frequencies in one or more categories. The chi square test is used on nominal and ordinal data to measure the statistics of fit goodness. The chi square was calculated amid respondent’s age, qualification, cities and businesses.

Following is the test statistics of Chi-Square.

O = Frequencies of Observed

E = Frequencies of Expected

∑ = Summation

Table 4.2.1

Chi Square amid Respondents Ages and Qualification Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 31.077a 8 .000

Likelihood Ratio 37.488 8 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 2.917 1 .008

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 7 cells (46.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is

.43.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and qualification, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents ages and their qualification of the respondents.

Table 4.2.2

Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Types Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 40.305a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 43.091 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 13.046 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is

1.98.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and type of business, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents ages and their business types.

Table 4.2.3

Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and City Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 480.000a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 431.380 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 239.000 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 1 cells (11.1%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is

1.20.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and cities, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents ages and cities of the respondents.

Table 4.2.4

Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Equity Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 206.834a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 160.201 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 84.589 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is

.64.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and business equity types, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents ages and their business equity.

Table 4.2.5

Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Types Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 62.234a 8 .000

Likelihood Ratio 65.246 8 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 3.868 1 .049

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 7 cells (46.7%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .70.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents qualification and type of business, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents qualification and their business types.

Table 4.2.6

Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and City Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 31.077a 8 .000

Likelihood Ratio 37.488 8 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 2.917 1 .088

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 7 cells (46.7%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .70.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents qualification and city of the respondents, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents qualification and their city.

Table 4.2.7

Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Equity Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 25.450a 8 .001

Likelihood Ratio 29.270 8 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 5.939 1 .015

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 9 cells (60.0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .23.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents qualification and business equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents qualification and business equity.

Table 4.2.8

Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Cities Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 40.305a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 43.091 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 13.046 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 1.98.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents business and cities, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents business and cities.

Table 4.2.9

Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Business Equity

Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 6.099a 4 .192

Likelihood Ratio 7.333 4 .119

Linear-by-Linear Association 5.934 1 .015

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 1.05.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents’ business type and equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents business type and business equity.

Table 4.2.10

Chi Square Amid Cities and Business Equity Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 206.834a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 160.201 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 84.589 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 240

a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .64.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents cities and business equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents cities and business equity.

4.3 One Sample T test

A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test that can be used to determine if two sets of data are significantly different from each other. A t-test is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on the data, the test statistics (under certain conditions) follow a Student's t distribution. A one- sample test of whether the mean of a population has a value specified in a null hypothesis.

H0 There is no significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean.

H1 There is a significant difference between the sample means and the population mean.

x = Sample Mean

 = Population Mean

S Ẍ = Standard Error of the Mean

Table 4.3

One Sample T-Test 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

T Df Sig. (2-tail) Mean Diff Lower Upper

Social Factors 25.757 239 .000 2.93750 2.7128 3.1622

Economic Factors 27.288 239 .000 3.08333 2.8607 3.3059

Individual Factors 25.621 239 .000 2.92083 2.6963 3.1454

Political Factors 24.016 239 .000 2.77500 2.5474 3.0026

Entrepreneurial Performance 25.927 239 .000 3.00000 2.7721 3.2279

The one sample t test was performed amid all variables. The t value of social factor was found

25.757 with mean difference value 2.937 and was found significant at .000 which is less than

P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant difference between the sample means and

the population mean of social entrepreneurial factors.The t value of economic factor was found

27.288 with mean difference value 3.08 and was found significant at .000 which is less than

P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant difference between the sample means and

the population mean of economic entrepreneurial factors.

The t value of individual factor was found 25.62 with mean difference value 2.92 and was

found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant

difference between the sample means and the population mean of individual entrepreneurial

factors.

The t value of political factor was found 24.01 with mean difference value 2.77 and was

found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant

difference between the sample means and the population mean of political entrepreneurial

factors.

The t value of entrepreneurial performance of registered entrepreneurs was found 25.92 with mean difference value 3.00 and was found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant difference between the sample means and the population mean of entrepreneurial performance.

4.4 Validity and Confirmatory Factor Analysis

The content and face validity of measurement instrument i.e. (questionnaire) was checked by veteran research scholars. The scholars in this regard validated the questionnaire and gave the permission for data collection. For convergent/construct validity the particular model of the research study was examine through structural equation Model (SEM) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA is performed on the data because some of the questionnaire items were constructed. For constructed measurements items the CFA is performed (Usluel etal,

2008). For examining model fitness study used seven fit indices namely (X²/df, GFI, AGFI,

NNFI, CFI, RMSR, RMSEA). Following is the measurement model

Edu WE SS Social Factor NF ε1 AM FI LE X1

AC MSG NPM

LM MI Economic Factor ε AT 2 ET Inf X 2 Business

Per Performance RT Individual Factor Con ε Mot 3

X3 Y GS CS Political Factor CM LE TI

ε X 4 4

Figure 4.1 Measurement Model

Where Edu= education, WE = workplace environment, SS = social status, NF = network factor, AM = access to market, FI = family issue, LE = lack of experience, AC = access to capital, LM = labor market, MI = marketing issue, AT = access to technology, ET = excess taxation, Inf = Inflation, Per= Personality, RT = risk taking, Con = confidence, Mot = motivation, GS = government support, LE = legal environment, TI = training infrastructure, MSG = market share growth, NPM = net profit margin, CS = customer satisfaction, CM = competitive market, X = independent variables, Y = dependent variable, ε = error

.5 Edu

.6 .4 WE

.8 .4 .6 SS .3 Social Factor .4 .6 .7 SF .2

.4 MSG NPM .6 AM

.5 .3 .3 FI .5 .5

.2 LE Entrepreneur Performance .8 AC

.2 .3 LM .4 .6 .6 .3 .4

.7 MI .3 Economic Factor CS CM .6 .4 AT .4 .7 .4 .6 .6 ET .8

.5 Inf

.8 Political Factor .6 Per .2 .3

.3 RT .6 Individual Factor .6 .5 .2 .2 Con .4 GS LE TI .5 .4 Mot .4 .2 .6

Figure 4.2 Measurement Model Analysis for Entrepreneurial Factors and Performance

Measurement model result (Chi-Square=15.23, df =5, P-value=.018, RMSEA=0.064)

4.5 Structural Analysis for Social, Economic, Individual and Political Factors and Performance of Entrepreneurs

4.5.1 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 1

Result of 2 factor model i.e. social factors and performance of entrepreneurs is as follows.

Entrepreneurs .21 Social Factors .41 .27 Performance

.18 .13

Chi-Square=2.46, df =1, P-value=.00, RMSEA=0.07

4.5.2 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 2

Result of 2 factor model i.e. economic factors and entrepreneurs’ performance is as follows

Economic Entrepreneurs .31 .12 .11 Factors Performance

.48 .16

Chi-Square=2.1, df = 1, P-value=.006, RMSEA=0.06

4.5.3 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 3

Result of 2 factor model i.e. individual factor and entrepreneur performance is as follows

Entrepreneurs .24 Individual Factors .31 .29 Performance

.11 .29

Chi-Square= 2.8, df =1, P-value=.000, RMSEA=0.07

4.5.4 Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Model 4

Result of 2 factor model i.e. political factor and entrepreneur performance is as follows

Political Factors Entrepreneur .44 .24 .34 Performance

.21 .31

Chi-Square= 2.4, df =1, P-value=.000, RMSEA=0.06

4.5.5 CFA for Model 5

Result of 5 factor model i.e. social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors

and entrepreneurs performance is as follows

.21 Social Factors .12 Economic .31 Factors .28 Entrepreneur .35 Individual Performance .22 .27 Factors

.08 Political Factors .31

Chi-Square=15.23, df =6, P-value=.018, RMSEA=0.074

Table 4.13

Goodness of fit for overall Models Models NFI AGFI RMSEA GFI RMR CFI X2/df

Standard Value (Usluel etal., 2008) >.9 >.8 <.08 >.9 <.1 >.9 <.3

Mesurement Model .98 .87 .07 1.0 .03 .97 2.2

Model 1 .98 .96 .07 1.0 .04 .99 2.4

Model 2 1.0 1.0 .06 1.0 .01 1.0 2.1

Model 3 1.0 1.0 .07 1.0 .01 .99 2.8

Model 4 .96 .94 .07 .98 .01 .98 2.5

Model 5 (Full Factor Model) .92 .97 .07 .94 .01 .96 2.5

X2= chi-sqr, df = degree of freedom, GFI = goodness of fit index AGFI = RMR = root mean error of residuals

RMSEA = root means sqr error of approximation, CFI = comparative fit index, NFI = normed fit index

Seven fit aforementioned indices i.e. (X²/d.f, GFI, AGFI, NNFI, CFI, RMSR, RMSEA)

were used for checking the goodness of fit for all alternative models. The result of CFA’s

analysis exhibits the uniqueness of variables. The result of all the alternative models depicted

that all values have their own significant loadings and all alternative models are good fit

4.6 Correlation

4.6.1 Matrix Correlation

In statistics, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (sometimes referred to

as PCC or Pearson's r is a measure of the linear correlation(dependence) between two

variables X and Y, giving a value between +1 and −1 inclusive, where 1 is total positive

correlation, 0 is no correlation, and −1 is total negative correlation. It is widely used in the

sciences as a measure of the degree of linear dependence between variables (Manzoor et al.,

2012). Pearson's correlation coefficient when applied to a population is commonly represented

by the Greek letter ρ (rho) and may be referred to as the population correlation coefficient or

the population Pearson correlation coefficient. The formula for ρis as follows

Where

 is the covariance

 is the standard deviation of

The formula for ρ can be expressed in terms of mean and expectation. Since



Then the formula for ρ can also be written as

Where

 and are defined as above

 is the mean of

 is the expectation.

 The formula for ρ can be expressed in terms of uncentered moments. Since



Then the formula for ρ can also be written as

Following are the result of Pearson’s r for population.

Table 4.6.1

Matrix Correlation Expect Service 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 . Social Factor 1

2 . Economic Factors .759** 1

3 . Individual Factors .355** .322** 1

4 . Political Factors .848** .692** .413** 1

5 . Entrepreneur Performance .864** .736** .399** .798** 1

**P<.01, (two-tailed)

The Pearson Correlation was performed to check out the relationship amid predictors and response variables. The result of correlation amid entrepreneur’s social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors and entrepreneur performance reveals that

There exists significant positive relationship between independent variables and dependent variables at (r = .864, p<.01), (r = .736, p<.01), (r = .399, p<.01) and (r = .798, p<.01) respectively.

4.7 Regression Analysis

In statistics, regression is a measurable procedure for assessing the connections among variables. It incorporates numerous procedures for demonstrating and breaking down a few variables, when the attention is on the relationship between response variable and one or more independent variables (indicators').

4.7.1 Assumption for Multiple Regression Analysis

Multiple regression analysis makes several key assumptions

 The y series data should be normally distributed

 There exists no or little multicollinearity in the data

 There exists no auto-correlation in the data

 There exists homoscedasticity in the data (Al-Matari, Al-Swidi and BtFadzil, 2014)

Researcher used following analysis for checking the regression assumptions

4.8 Normality of Data

The normality of the data was calculated through Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS-test) and

Shapiro-Wilk test. Following are the hypotheses of KS and Shapiro-Wilk test.

H0 P > .05 (data is normally distributed)

H1 P < .05 (data is not normally distributed)

Following is the test statistics of KS and Shapiro Wilk test.

4.8.1 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Statistics

The empirical distribution function Fn for n id observations Xi is defined as

Where is the indicator function, equal to 1 if and equal to 0 otherwise.

The Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic for a given cumulative distribution function F(x) is

Where sup x is the supremum (the smallest quantity that is greater than or equal to each of a given set or subset of quantities) of the set of distances.

4.8.2 Shapiro-Wilk Test Statistics

The Shapiro–Wilk test utilizes the null hypothesis principle to check whether a sample x1, ..., xn came from a normally distributed population. The test statistic is

Where

 (with parentheses enclosing the subscript index i) is the ith order statistic, i.e.,

the ith-smallest number in the sample;

 is the sample mean;

 the constants are given by (Shapiro and Wilk, 1965)

Where

and are the expected values of the order statistics of independent and

identically distributed random variables sampled from the standard normal

distribution, and is the covariance matrix of those order statistics.

Table 4.8.

Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.

Entrepreneurial Performance .268 240 .224 .746 240 .367 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

For the normal data the significance value should be above than P>.05 (Fasano and

Franceschin, 1987). In above captioned table the computed value of entrepreneurial performance is above .05 which further indicated that the data is normally distributed. So, null hypothesis should be accepted that data is normally distributed.

4.9 Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity of Data

In statistics, Levene's test is an inferential statistic used to assess the equality of variances for a variable calculated for two or more groups. The equality of variance was checked by

Levene statistics. According to (Howard, 1960) if the P value of Levene statistics is greater than .05 this depicts population variance is equal or homoscedasticity and if the value of P is less than .05 this depicts population variance is unequal (heterogeneity). Following is the hypothesis of homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity of data.

H0 P > .05 (homoscedasticity of data)

H1 P < .05 (heteroscedasticity of data)

4.9.1 Levene Test Statistics

The test statistic, W, is defined as follows

Where

 is the result of the test,

 is the number of different groups to which the sampled cases belong,

 is the total number of cases in all groups,

 is the number of cases in the th group,

 is the value of the measured variable for the th case from the th group,



Table 4.9.1

Leven Statistics

Variables F Sig

Social Factors .030 .764

Economic Factors .759 .289

Individual Factors .731 .388

Political Factors 1.59 .274

In above captioned table the significance values of all computed variables are greater than

P>.05 respectively which further demonstrates there exists homoscedasticity in the data.

4.10 Durbin Watson test

In order to fulfill the third assumption of regression the autocorrelation was tested with the

Durbin-Watson test. The Durbin-Watson test values lie between 0 and 4, values around 2 and less that two indicates no autocorrelation (Montgomery, Peck and Vining, 2001; Bhargava,

Alok, Franzini and Narendranathan, 1982; Watson, 1951). As a rule of thumb values of 1.0 < d < 2.0 show that there is no auto-correlation in the data.

Following are the hypothesis of Durbin-Watson statistics

H0 µ > 2 (Auto-correlation in the data)

H1 µ ≤ 2 (No auto-correlation in the data)

Durbin-Watson test Statistics

Table 4.10

Durbin-Watson Statistics

Models Durbin-Watson

IV’s------Entrepreneurial Performance 1.905

The above table shows the Durbin-Watson statistics of regression model. The computed value is almost equal to 2. According to (Montgomery, Peck and Vining, 2001; Bhargava,

Alok, Franzini and Narendranathan, 1982; Watson, 1951) Durbin-Watson values around 2 and less that two indicates no autocorrelation. So, alternate hypothesis should be accepted that there exists no auto-correlation in the data.

4.11 Multicollinearity

Table 4.11

Collinearity Statistics Model Collinearity Statistics

Tolerance VIF

(Constant)

Social Factors .225 4.45

Economic Factors .414 2.41

Individual Factors .827 1.20

Political Factors .263 3.79

DV Entrepreneurial Performance

The above table involve on multicollinearity figures. According to (O'Brien and Robert,

2007) tolerance less than 0.20 indicate the multicollinearity problem. In the above table the value of tolerance of all the independent variables are above than .20 which evidence that the level of tolerance is completely good. The reciprocal of tolerance is recognized as variance inflation factor (VIF). According to O'Brien and Robert (2007) when the variance inflation factor is 10 or higher than it implies the multicollinearity issue. In the given table the value of

VIF of each independent variable are less than 10 which haven’t show any multicollinearity issues in the data.

4.12 Multiple Regression Model

Multiple regression analysis is used to establish the relationship among independent variables and the dependent variable and to identify the direction of the relationship. It reflects the level to which a set of variables is capable of predicting a specific outcome. It is also a multivariate statistical method that can be utilized to investigate the relationship between

independent variables and a single dependent variable (Al-Matari, Al-Swidi and BtFadzil,

2014). The researcher used multiple regression model in order toi analyze effect ofi independent variables i.e. entrepreneurial social factors, economic factors, individual factors and political factors on response variable i.e. entrepreneurial performance.

Regression Analysis between Social Factors, Economic Factors, Individual

Factors, Political Factors and Entrepreneurial Performance

Following is the multiple regression model

EP= β β + β + β + β + ε 0+ 1 (SF) 2 (EF) 3 (IF) 4 (PF) ……………… (1)

Where

EP = Entrepreneurial Performance (dependent variable)

SF = Social Factors (independent variable)

EF = Economic Factors (independent variable)

IF = Individual Factors (independent variable)

PF = Political Factors (independent variable)

ε = Error Term

100

Table 4.12

Coefficient

Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients Model Coefficients t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

(Constant) .097 .129 .751 .453

Social Factors .575 .066 .567 8.735 .000

Economic Factors .163 .049 .160 3.337 .001

Individual Factors .075 .034 .074 2.177 .030

Political Factors .177 .060 .177 2.945 .004

R = .882 R square=.778, F-value=205.48, With p value=0.000

DV Entrepreneurial Performance

Analysis was conducted to examine the cause and effect of social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors on entrepreneurial performance. The F value was found

205.48 which show the overall regression model was fit. The R-square value depicted t 77.8% variation in entrepreneurial performance is explained by social factors, economic factors, individual factors and political factors. The regression coefficient of β i.e. social factor is found 1 positive and concluding the results, a unit change in social factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .575. The t value is 8.73 this further implies that social factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.

The regression coefficient of β i.e. economic factor is found positive and concluding 2 the results, a unit change in economic factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .163. The t value is 3.33 this further implies that economic factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. 101

The regression coefficient of β i.e. individual factor is found positive and concluding 3 the results, a unit change in individual factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .075. The t value is 2.17 this further implies that individual factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.

The regression coefficient of β i.e. political factor is found positive and concluding the 4 results, a unit change in political factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .177. The t value is 2.94 this further implies that political factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.

102

ANALYSIS OF UNREGISTERED WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS AT DIVERSE LOCATION OF KPK, PAKISTAN

103

Data Analysis (Section II)

This chapter contains the analysis of un-registered women entrepreneurs of KPK,

Pakistan. Data consists of the frequency distribution table, reliability of variables, comparison of the respondent’s responses by utilizing t-test and regression analysis was employed to investigate the cause of and effect of independent variables on dependent variables. The following sections show all the results.

4.1 Demographic Variables of Women Entrepreneurs

Table 4.1.1

Gender

Gender Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Female 171 100.0 100.0

Total 171 100.0

The above captioned table represents the cumulative percentage and exact number of respondents who actively take part in the study survey. Total strength of female respondents was 171 out of 171 members that represent 100% of the total sample. There exist no male respondents in the survey who took part in the survey.

Table 4.1.2 Age

Age Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

21-30 years 72 42.1 42.1

31-40 years 87 50.9 50.9

41 and above years 12 7.0 7.0

Total 171 100.0 100.0

104

The above table demonstrates the participant’s age and their frequency distribution.

Participants with the ages of 21-30 years represent 72 out of 171 members that depict 42.1% of the total sample 171. From 31-40 years of age’s group members represents 87 out of 171 members that portray 50.9% of the total sample 171. From 41 and above years of ages group members represents 12 out of 171 members that portray 7% of the total sample 171.

Table 4.1.3

Qualification

Qualification Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Primary 85 49.7 49.7

Secondary 59 34.5 34.5

Matriculation 10 5.8 5.8

Intermediate 17 9.9 9.9

Total 171 100.0 100.0

Above table represents the qualification of the participants. Participants with the qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation and intermediate were found 85, 59, 10 and

17 with the percentage of 49.7%, 34.5%, 5.8% and 9.9% respectively.

105

Table 4.1.4 Type of Business

Business Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent

Boutique 88 51.5 51.5

Beauty Parlor 57 33.3 33.3

Hotel and Food 26 15.2 15.2

Total 171 100.0 100.0

Above table represents the type of business of women entrepreneurs. Participants who owned the business of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel and food were found 88, 57 and 26 with the percentage of 51.5%, 33.3% and 15.2% respectively.

Table 4.1.5

Cities of Respondents

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Mardan 61 35.7 35.7 35.7

Nowshera 11 6.4 6.4 42.1

Charsadda 21 12.3 12.3 54.4 Valid Kohat 38 22.2 22.2 76.6

Bannu 22 12.9 12.9 89.5

DI Khan 18 10.5 10.5 100.0

Total 171 100.0 100.0

The above table demonstrates the unregistered women entrepreneurs working at diverse location of KPK, Pakistan. The unregistered women entrepreneurs who took part in the survey were working in Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan cities of KPK, 106

Pakistan. In Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan there exists 61, 11, 21,

38, 22 and 18 women entrepreneurs respectively that depicted 35.7%, 6.4%, 12.3%, 22.2%,

12.9% and 10.5% of the total sample 171.

Table 4.1.6

Business Finance

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulat Percent

Self-Finance 135 78.9 78.9 78.9

Bank Loan 32 18.7 18.7 97.7

Family Loan 4 2.3 2.3 100.0

Total 171 100.0 100.0

The above table demonstrates the business finance tools of the unregistered women entrepreneurs KPK, Pakistan. The women entrepreneurs who used self-finance, bank loan and family loan were reported 135, 32 and 4 of the total sample 171 with the percentage of 78.9%,

18.7% and 2.3% respectively.

4.2 Chi-Square Test

Following is the test statistics of Chi-Square.

107

O = Frequencies of Observed

E = Frequencies of Expected

∑ = Summation

Table 4.2.1

Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Qualification

Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 26.958a 6 .000

Likelihood Ratio 32.914 6 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 6.783 1 .009

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 4 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count

is .70.

Table 4.2.2

Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Types Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 29.482a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 31.138 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 7.788 1 .005

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count

is 1.82.

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Table 4.2.3

Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Cities Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 342.000a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 305.903 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 170.000 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 1 cells (11.1%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count

is .84.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents ages and cities of e business, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents ages and cities of the respondents.

Table 4.2.4

Chi Square Amid Respondents Ages and Business Equity Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 90.894a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 71.397 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 33.933 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count

is .28.

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Table 4.2.5

Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Types Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 52.119a 6 .000

Likelihood Ratio 58.499 6 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 2.423 1 .120

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 3 cells (25.0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 1.52.

Table 4.2.6

Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and City Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 26.958a 6 .000

Likelihood Ratio 32.914 6 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 6.783 1 .009

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 4 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .70.

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The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents qualification and cities of the respondents, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents qualification and their city.

Table 4.2.7

Chi Square Amid Respondents Qualification and Business Equity Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 10.702a 6 .098

Likelihood Ratio 14.263 6 .027

Linear-by-Linear Association 6.820 1 .009

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 6 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .23.

Table 4.2.8

Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Cities Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 29.482a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 31.138 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 7.788 1 .005

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 2 cells (22.2%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is 1.82.

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Table 4.2.9

Chi Square Amid Type of Business and Business Equity Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 8.409a 4 .078

Likelihood Ratio 9.337 4 .053

Linear-by-Linear Association 7.507 1 .006

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .61.

The above table shows the statistical goodness of fit statistics amid respondents business type and business equity, the significance value is less than P<.05 which indicates that there is an association between respondents business type and business equity.

Table 4.2.10

Chi Square Amid Cities and Business Equity Value Df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square 90.894a 4 .000

Likelihood Ratio 71.397 4 .000

Linear-by-Linear Association 33.933 1 .000

N of Valid Cases 171

a. 4 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The

minimum expected count is .28

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4.3 One Sample T test

H0 There is no significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean.

H1 There is a significant difference between the sample means and the population mean.

x = Sample Mean

 = Population Mean

S Ẍ = Standard Error of the Mean

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Table 4.3

One Sample T-Test 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

T Df Sig. (2-tail) Mean Diff Lower Upper

Social Factors 21.577 170 .000 2.90058 2.6352 3.1659

Economic Factors 23.286 170 .000 3.11111 2.8474 3.3748

Individual Factors 21.635 170 .000 2.91813 2.6519 3.1844

Political Factors 19.615 170 .000 2.67251 2.4036 2.9415

Entrepreneurial Performance 21.765 170 .000 2.98830 2.7173 3.2593

The one sample t test was performed amid all variables. The t value of social factor

was found 21.57 with mean difference value 2.90 and was found significant at .000

which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant difference

between the sample mean and the population mean of social entrepreneurial factor.

The t value of economic factor was found 23.28 with mean difference value 3.11 and

was found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is

a significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean of economic

entrepreneurial factors.

The t value of individual factor was found 21.63 with mean difference value 2.91 and

was found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is

a significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean of individual

entrepreneurial factors.

The t value of political factor was found 19.61 with mean difference value 2.67 and

was found significant at .000 which is less than P<.05 this further depicted that there is

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a significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean of political

entrepreneurial factors.

The t value of entrepreneurial performance of registered entrepreneurs was found

21.76 with mean difference value 2.98 and was found significant at .000 which is less

than P<.05 this further depicted that there is a significant difference between the sample

mean and the population mean of entrepreneurial performance.

4.4 Regression Analysis of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs

Assumption for Multiple Regression Analysis

4.5 Normality of Data

The normality of the data was calculated through Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS-test) and

Shapiro-Wilk test. Following are the hypotheses of KS and Shapiro-Wilk test.

H0 P > .05 (data is normally distributed)

H1 P < .05 (data is not normally distributed)

Following is the test statistics of KS and Shapiro Wilk test.

4.5.1 Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Statistics

The empirical distribution function Fn for n id observations Xi is defined as

Where is the indicator function, equal to 1 if and equal to 0 otherwise.

The Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistic for a given cumulative distribution function F(x) is

Where sup x is the supremum (the smallest quantity that is greater than or equal to each of a given set or subset of quantities) of the set of distances.

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4.5.2 Shapiro-Wilk Test Statistics

The Shapiro–Wilk test utilizes the null hypothesis principle to check whether a sample x1,

..., xn came from a normally distributed population. The test statistic is

Where

 (with parentheses enclosing the subscript index i) is the ith order statistic, i.e.,

the ith-smallest number in the sample;

 is the sample mean;

 the constants are given by (Shapiro and Wilk, 1965)

Where

and are the expected values of the order statistics of independent and identically distributed random variables sampled from the standard normal distribution, and is the covariance matrix of those order statistics.

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Table 4.5.3

Tests of Normality Kolmogorov-Smirnov Shapiro-Wilk

Statistic Df Sig. Statistic Df Sig.

Entrepreneurial Performance .168 171 .124 .346 171 .167 a. Lilliefors Significance Correction

For the normal data the significance value should be above than P>.05 (Fasano and

4.6 Homoscedasticity and Heteroscedasticity of Data

In statistics, Levene's test is an inferential statistic used to assess the equality of variances for a variable calculated for two or more groups. The equality of variance was checked by

H0 P > .05 (homoscedasticity of data)

H1 P < .05 (heteroscedasticity of data)

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4.6.1 Levene Test Statistics

The test statistic, W, is defined as follows

Where

 is the result of the test,

 is the number of different groups to which the sampled cases belong,

 is the total number of cases in all groups,

 is the number of cases in the th group,

 is the value of the measured variable for the th case from the th group,



H0 P > .05 (homoscedasticity of data)

H1 P < .05 (heteroscedasticity of data)

Table 4.6.1

Leven Statistics Variables F Sig

Social Factors .039 .464

Economic Factors .659 .189

Individual Factors .531 .428

Political Factors 1.59 .174

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In above captioned table the significance values of all computed variables are greater than

P>.05 respectively which further demonstrates there exists homoscedasticity in the data.

4.7 Durbin Watson test

In order to fulfill the third assumption of regression the autocorrelation was tested with the

Durbin-Watson test. The Durbin-Watson test values lie between 0 and 4, values around 2 and less that two indicates noautocorrelation (Montgomery, Peck and Vining, 2001; Bhargava,

Alok, Franzini and Narendranathan, 1982; Watson, 1951). As a rule of thumb values of 1.0 < d < 2.0 show that there is no auto-correlation in the data.

Following are the hypothesis of Durbin-Watson statistics

H0 µ > 2 (Auto-correlation in the data)

H1 µ ≤ 2 (No auto-correlation in the data)

Table 4.7.1

Durbin-Watson Statistics Models Durbin-Watson

IV’s------Entrepreneurial Performance 1.927

The above table shows the Durbin-Watson statistics of regression model. The computed value is almost equal to 2. According to (Montgomery, Peck and Vining, 2001; Bhargava,

Alok, Franzini and Narendranathan, 1982; Watson, 1951) Durbin-Watson values around 2 and

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less that two indicates noautocorrelation. So, alternate hypothesis should be accepted that there exists no auto-correlation in the data.

4.8 Multicollinearity

Table 4.8.1

Collinearity Statistics Model Collinearity Statistics

Tolerance VIF

(Constant)

Social Factors .315 3.17

Economic Factors .544 1.83

Individual Factors .796 1.25

Political Factors .350 2.85

DV Entrepreneurial Performance

The above table involve on multicollinearity figures. According to (O'Brien and Robert,

VIF of each independent variable are less than 10 which haven’t show any multicollinearity issues in the data.

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4.9 Multiple Regression Model

Regression Analysis between Social Factors, Economic Factors, Individual

Factors, Political Factors and Entrepreneurial Performance

Following is the multiple regression model

EP= β β + β + β + β + ε 0+ 1 (SF) 2 (EF) 3 (IF) 4 (PF) ……………… (1)

Where

EP = Entrepreneurial Performance (dependent variable)

SF = Social Factors (independent variable)

EF = Economic Factors (independent variable)

IF = Individual Factors (independent variable)

PF = Political Factors (independent variable)

ε = Error Term

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Table 4.9.1

Coefficients Standardized Unstandardized Coefficients Model Coefficients t Sig.

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) .159 .183 .868 .387

Social Factors .566 .078 .554 7.250 .000

Economic Factors .144 .060 .140 2.412 .017

Individual Factors .111 .049 .109 2.259 .025

Political Factors .156 .073 .155 2.131 .035

R = .833 R square=.694, F-value= 94.29, With p value=0.000

DV Entrepreneurial Performance

Analysis was conducted to examine the cause and effect of social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors on entrepreneurial performance. The F value was found 94.29 which show the overall regression model was fit. The R-square value depicted t

69.4% variation in entrepreneurial performance is explained by social factors, economic factors, individual factors and political factors. The regression coefficient of β i.e. social factor 1 is found positive and concluding the results, a unit change in social factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .566. The t value is 7.25 this further implies that social factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.

The regression coefficient of β i.e. economic factor is found positive and concluding 2 the results, a unit change in economic factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .144. The t value is 2.41 this further implies that economic factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.

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The regression coefficient of β i.e. individual factor is found positive and concluding 3 the results, a unit change in individual factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .111. The t value is 2.25 this further implies that individual factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.

The regression coefficient of β i.e. political factor is found positive and concluding the results, 4 a unit change in political factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .156. The t value is 2.13 this further implies that political factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance.

4.10 Discriminant Analysis

Discriminant analysis is statistical analysis to predict a categorical dependent variable (called a grounding variable) by one or more continuous or binary independent variables (called predictor variables). Discriminant function analysis is useful in determining whether a set of variables is effective in predicting category membership (Cohen, 2003). In simple terms, discriminant function analysis is classification - the act of distributing things into groups, classes or categories of the same type.

4.11 Group Statistics

Following table shows the group wise statistics of entrepreneurial factors and performance of women entrepreneurs. The table shows the respondents answers on the basis of their mean and standard deviation.

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Table 4.11

Group Statistics Entrepreneurial Performance Mean Std. Deviation Valid N (listwise)

Unweighted Weighted

Soical Factors 1.3913 .97343 69 69.000

Economic Factors 2.0000 1.58114 69 69.000 SD Individual Factors 1.9855 1.64936 69 69.000

Political Factors 1.2609 .88537 69 69.000

Soical Factors 2.6471 .77391 34 34.000

Economic Factors 2.6471 1.04105 34 34.000 N Individual Factors 3.3529 1.34575 34 34.000

Political Factors 2.6471 1.04105 34 34.000

Soical Factors 4.5588 1.18928 68 68.000

Economic Factors 4.4706 1.19039 68 68.000 SA Individual Factors 3.6471 1.64602 68 68.000

Political Factors 4.1176 1.59785 68 68.000

Soical Factors 2.9006 1.75786 171 171.000

Economic Factors 3.1111 1.74708 171 171.000 Total Individual Factors 2.9181 1.76378 171 171.000

Political Factors 2.6725 1.78171 171 171.000

4.12 Eigen Value

The Eigen values are related to the canonical correlations and describe how best discriminating ability the functions possess. The Eigen value gives the proportion of variance explained. A larger Eigenvalue explains a strong function. The canonical relation is a correlation between the discriminant scores and the levels of these dependent variables. The higher the correlations value, the better the function that discriminates the values. 1 is considered as perfect. Here,

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statistics shows that the canonical correlation of 0.835 and .219 which show the strong function and significant power of the variables.

Table 4.12

Eigen Value Function Eigenvalue % of Variance Cumulative % Canonical Correlation

1 2.312a 97.9 97.9 .835

2 .050a 2.1 100.0 .219

a. First 2 canonical discriminant functions were used in the analysis.

4.13 Wilks Lambda

The Wilks Lambda is one of the multivariate statistics calculated by SPSS. Lower the value of

Wilks' Lambda, the better the statistical result. Wilks' Lambda test is to test which variable contribute significance in discriminant function. The closer Wilks' lambda is to 0, the more the variable contributes to the discriminant function. The table also provides a Chi-Square statistic to test the significance of Wilk's Lambda. If the p-value if less than 0.05, we can conclude that the corresponding function explain the group membership well. A Wilks Lambda of 1.00 is when the observed group means are equal, while a small Wilks Lambda is small when the within-groups variability is small compared to the total variability. This indicates that the group means appear to differ. Following are the hypothesis of the Wilks Lambda test for discriminating power in the variables. On the basis of following statistical significant value researcher accept the alternative hypothesis and reject the null hypothesis and concluding the result that all the variables show that there is a significant discriminating power in the variables.

H0 There is no significant discriminating power in the variables.

H1 There is a significant discriminating power in the variables.

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Table 4.13

Wilks Lambda Test of Function(s) Wilks' Lambda Chi-square df Sig.

1 through 2 .288 207.515 8 .000

2 .952 8.147 3 .043

4.14 Canonical Structure Matrix

The canonical structure matrix reveals the correlations between each variable in the model and the discriminant functions. It allows comparing correlations and seeing how closely a variable is related to each function. Generally, any variables with a correlation of 0.3 or more are considered to be important. The canonical structure matrix should be used to assign meaningful labels to the discriminant functions. The standardized discriminant function coefficients should be used to assess the importance of each independent variable's unique contribution to the discriminant function. Following table statistics shows that most of the variables are important.

4.14.1 Structure Matrix

Table 4.14.1

Function

1 2

Soical Factors .915* -.107

Political Factors .681* .286

Economic Factors .555* -.510

Individual Factors .303 .762*

Pooled within-groups correlations between

discriminating variables and standardized canonical

discriminant functions Variables ordered by absolute size

of correlation within function.

*. Largest absolute correlation between each variable and

any discriminant function

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4.15 Independent Sample T-Test

The Independent Samples T Test compares the mean scores of two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs on an entrepreneurial performance.

Ho The means of the two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs are not

significantly different on an entrepreneurial performance.

H1 The means of the two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs are significantly

different on an entrepreneurial performance.

Table 4.15

Independent Sample T-Test Entrepreneurs N Mean Std. Deviatin Std. Error Mean T Sig

Entrepreneurial Un-Registered Entrepreneurs 171 2.9883 1.79538 .13730 -.065 .948

Performance Registered Entrepreneurs 240 3.0000 1.79259 .11571

The aforementioned table shows the result of the independent Samples T Test which compares the mean scores of two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs on an entrepreneurial performance. The statistical result reveals that the means of the two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs are not significantly different on an entrepreneurial performance. So, the alternate hypothesis is rejected and null hypothesis is accepted i.e. the means of the two groups i.e. registered and un-registered entrepreneurs are not significantly different on an entrepreneurial performance.

4.16 Mean Difference

4.16.1 Paired Sample T-test

In statistics, a paired difference test is a type of test that is used when comparing two sets of measurements to assess whether their population means differ. The data was verified by consuming the (paired samples t-test) for mean difference. This investigation describes

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significance and instability of the variables, through molds that the circulation of the variable

is usual and that modification of variable is equal in mutually usual of people. The (test statistic)

is as follows.

d 푡 = (Chaudhry and Kamal, 2004)Where S푑 √푛

d is sample mean change.

n is numeral of sample variance and

Sd is the standard deviation of di

Formulations for d and Sd are as follows

d = ∑ d1/n

2 Sd = √∑ (d-d1) /n-1

Table 4.16.1

Paired Samples Statistics for Registered and Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan Pair Mean N Std. Deviation T Sig

Social Factors Registered Women Entrepreneurs - 2.90 171 1.757 .49 .623

Social Factors Unregistered Women Entrepreneurs 2.88 171 1.751

Economic Factors Registered Women 3.11 171 1.747 .18 .853

Entrepreneurs - Economic Factors Unregistered 3.11 171 1.707 Women Entrepreneurs

Individual Factors Registered Women 2.91 171 1.763 .68 .494

Entrepreneurs – Individual Factors Unregistered 2.94 171 1.720 Women Entrepreneurs

Political Factors Registered Women Entrepreneurs - 2.67 171 1.781 1.0 .287

Political Factors Unregistered Women 2.71 171 1.760 Entrepreneurs

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Registered Women Entrepreneurs Performance - 2.98 171 1.795 .86 .387

Unregistered Women Entrepreneurs Performance 3.02 171 1.796

The outcomes of Paired samples t-test used to comparatively analyze the difference between

registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan about the social,

economic, individual, and political and performance factors of entrepreneurs. The mean score

of social factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .290 and social factors of

unregistered women entrepreneurs are found 2.88. It demonstrates that social factors of

registered women entrepreneurs are greater than social factors of unregistered women

entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the social factors of registered

women entrepreneurs as compared to social factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The

t value is found .49 and insignificant which shows that considerable variation has not been

discovered in social factors of registered women entrepreneurs and social factors of

unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is concluded that there is insignificant difference

between the responses of social factors of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of

KPK, Pakistan.

The mean score of economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .311 and

economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found .311. It demonstrates that

economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs are equal to economic factors of

unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the

economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to economic factors of

unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .18 and insignificant which shows that

considerable variation has not been discovered in economic factors of registered women

entrepreneurs and economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is concluded

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that there is insignificant difference between the responses of economic factors of registered

and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan.

The mean score of individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .291 and

individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found .294. It demonstrates that

individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs are lesser than the individual factors of

unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the

individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to individual factors of

unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .68 and insignificant which shows that

considerable variation has not been discovered in individual factors of registered women

entrepreneurs and individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is concluded

that there is insignificant difference between the responses of individual factors of registered

and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan.

The mean score of political factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found 2.67 and political

factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found 2.71. It demonstrates that political

factors of registered women entrepreneurs are lesser than political factors of unregistered

women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the political factors of

registered women entrepreneurs as compared to political factors of unregistered women

entrepreneurs. The t value is found 1.0 and insignificant which shows that considerable

variation has not been discovered in political factors of registered women entrepreneurs and

political factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is concluded that there is

insignificant difference between the responses of political factors of registered and unregistered

women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan.

The mean score of entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs is found

2.98 and entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs is found 3.02. It

demonstrates that entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs are less than

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the entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .86 and insignificant which shows that considerable variation has not been discovered in entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it is concluded that there is insignificant difference between the responses of entrepreneurial performance of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan

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CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION AND RESEARCH FINDINGS

5.1 Findings

This research was to investigate the factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. Total 240 questionnaires were distributed among registered women entrepreneurs of KPK at Chamber of Commerce and

Industry and Women Business Development Center, Pakistan and 240 usable questionnaires were returned giving a responses rate of 100%. Respondents range in age from 18 to over 40, although the majorities were in their 18 and 28. For the data collection from un-registered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan snowball sampling technique was used. At Mardan,

Charsadda, Nowshera, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan total 300 women entrepreneurs (50 in each city) were selected via snowball sampling technique. For the data collection researcher used questionnaire. The reliability tests with regard to women entrepreneur’s responses on the questionnaire found satisfactory result because all the computed values are greater than .70 which indicates good reliability (Sekaran, 2003).

Total strength of female respondents was 240 out of 240 members that represent 100% of the total sample. There exist no male respondents in the survey who took part in the survey.

Participants with the age of 21-30 years represent 106 out of 240 members that depict 44.2% of the total sample 240. From 31-40 years of age’s group members represents 117 out of 240 members that portray 48.8% of the total sample 240. From 41 and above years of ages group members represents 17 out of 240 members that portray 7.1% of the total sample 240.

Participants with the qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation, intermediate and graduate were found 126, 81, 10, 17 and 6 with the percentage of 52.5%, 33.8%, 4.2%, 7.1% and 2.5% respectively. Participants who owned the business of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel and food were found 147, 65 and 28 with the percentage of 61.3%, 27.1% and 11.7% 132

respectively. The registered women entrepreneurs who took part in the survey were working in Peshawar, Mardan and Nowshera cities of KPK, Pakistan. In Peshawar, Mardan and

Nowshera there exists 106, 117 and 17 women entrepreneurs respectively that depicted 44.2%,

48.8% and 7.1% of the total sample 240. The women entrepreneurs who used self-finance, bank loan and family loan were reported 169, 62 and 9 of the total sample 240 with the percentage of 70.4%, 25.8% and 3.8% respectively. The women entrepreneurs with the qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation, intermediate and graduate with the age of

21-30 years were found 59, 35, 8, 0 and 4 respectively, with the ages of 31-40 years were found

63, 35, 2, 16 and 1 respectively and with the ages of 41-50 years were found 4, 11, 0, 1 and 1 respectively. The women entrepreneurs with ages of 21-30 years and the profession of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were found 87, 10 and 9 respectively. Women entrepreneurs with ages of 31-40 years and the profession of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were found 49, 50 and 18 respectively and women entrepreneurs with ages of 41 and 50 years and the profession of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were found 11, 5 and

1 respectively.

On the other hand, total strength of un-registered female entrepreneur’s respondents was

171 out of 171 members that represent 100% of the total sample. There exist no male respondents in the survey. Participants with the ages of 21-30 years represent 72 out of 171 members that depict 42.1% of the total sample 171. From 31-40 years of ages group members represents 87 out of 171 members that portray 50.9% of the total sample 171. From 41 and above years of ages group members represents 12 out of 171 members that portray 7% of the

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total sample 171. Participants with the qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation and intermediate were found 85, 59, 10 and 17 with the percentage of 49.7%, 34.5%, 5.8% and

9.9% respectively. Participants who owned the business of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel and food were found 88, 57 and 26 with the percentage of 51.5%, 33.3% and 15.2% respectively. The unregistered women entrepreneurs who took part in the survey were working in Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan cities of KPK, Pakistan. In

Mardan, Nowshera, Charsadda, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan there exists 61, 11, 21, 38, 22 and

18 women entrepreneurs respectively that depicted 35.7%, 6.4%, 12.3%, 22.2%, 12.9% and

10.5% of the total sample 171. The women entrepreneurs who used self-finance, bank loan and family loan were reported 135, 32 and 4 of the total sample 171 with the percentage of 78.9%,

18.7% and 2.3% respectively. The women entrepreneurs with the qualification of primary, secondary, matriculation, and intermediate with the age of 21-30 years were found 43, 21, 8 and 0 respectively, with the ages of 31-40 years were found 39, 30, 2 and 16 respectively and with the ages of 41-50 years were found 3, 8, 0 and 1 respectively. The women entrepreneurs with ages of 21-30 years and the profession of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were found 53, 10 and 9 respectively. Women entrepreneurs with ages of 31-40 years and the profession of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were found 28, 43 and 16 respectively and women entrepreneurs with ages of 41 and 50 years and the profession of boutique, beauty parlor and hotel/food were found 7, 4 and 1 respectively. The chi square was calculated amid respondent’s ages, qualification, cities and businesses and found there exist a significant association amid entrepreneur’s ages, qualification and business equities.

5.2 Discussion

This research was to investigate the factors affecting the performance of women entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. The research utilizes survey method of data collection as it constructed and administered questionnaire to collect the

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data from women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The population of the study was consisted of registered women entrepreneurs of Women Chamber of Commerce and Industry Peshawar and Women Business Development Center (WBDC), Peshawar working under small and medium enterprise development (SMEDA), Peshawar, KPK, Pakistan. Total 600 registered women entrepreneurs at Chamber of Commerce and Industry Peshawar and WBDC, Peshawar,

KPK, Pakistan were the population of the study. Moreover, 300 non registered women entrepreneurs working at diverse location of KPK province of Pakistan including, Mardan,

Charsadda, Nowshera, Kohat, Bannu and DI Khan were also the population of the study. Al- most all of the women entrepreneurs in the study survey were associated with the three main business professions i.e. boutique, beauty-parlor and food. For the data collection from registered women entrepreneurs at Chamber of Commerce and Industry and WBDC, Peshawar

KPK, Pakistan probability sampling technique i.e. simple random sampling was used. The sample size was determined by utilizing the formulae of Yamane (1967). The final sample for registered women entrepreneurs at WBDC, Peshawar KPK, Pakistan were 240 women entrepreneurs and non-registered women entrepreneurs were 171.

2008). For examining model fitness study used seven fit indices namely (X²/df, GFI, AGFI,

NNFI, CFI, RMSR, RMSEA). Seven fit aforementioned indices i.e. (X²/d.f, GFI, AGFI, NNFI,

CFI, RMSR, RMSEA) were used for checking the goodness of fit for all alternative models.

The result of CFA’s analysis exhibits the uniqueness of variables. The result of all the

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alternative models depicted that all values have their own significant loadings and all alternative models are good fit.

The multiple regression analysis was performed for measuring the impact of predictor’s variables on response variable. Initially the researcher was tested the several key assumptions of multiple regression analysis. Firstly, the normality of the data was calculated through

Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS-test) and Shapiro-Wilk test and result revealed that data is normally distributed. Secondly, the equality of variance was checked by Levene statistics. Result revealed that there exist homoscedasticity in the data.In order to fulfill the third assumption of regression the autocorrelation was tested with the Durbin-Watson test and test result reveals that there exists no auto-correlation in the data. Lastly, multicollinearity in the data was tested and test result reveals that it hasn’t show any multicollinearity issues in the data.

Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the cause and effect of social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors on entrepreneurial performance.

The F value of the model was found 205.48 which show the overall regression model was fit.

The R-square value depicted 77.8% variation in entrepreneurial performance is explained by social factors, economic factors, individual factors and political factors. The regression coefficient of β i.e. social factor was found positive and concluding the results, a unit change 1 in social factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .575.

The t value was 8.73 this further implies that social factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of

(Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).In Pakistan the social entrepreneurial factors and its facets including (education, workplace environment, social status, access to market, network factor, family issues and lack of experience) are very much important for the women entrepreneurs. The result of the study supported by thesocial learning theory and social learning can occur through the observation of behavior in others, often referred to as role models. The

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individual’s socialization process, which occurs in the family setting, transmits social norms, language, educational aspirations, and shapes career preferences through observational learning and modeling (Bandura, 1977). The effects of observational learning through perceived parental entrepreneurial role model performance was explored by Scherer et al.,

(1989). The author found that the presence of social factors in an entrepreneurial role was associated with increased education and training aspirations, task self-efficacy, and expectancy for an entrepreneurial career.

The regression coefficient of β i.e. economic factor was found positive and concluding the 2 results, a unit change in economic factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .163. The t value was found 3.33 this further implies that economic factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010; Singh and Belwal, 2008).The economic entrepreneurial factors including (access to capital, labor market, market issues, access to technology, excess taxation and inflation) are the vital facets for women entrepreneurs. The resuly of the study supported the theory of socio-culture in which Max Weber he explain the social and cultural characteristics which cause people to be or not to be entrepreneurs. In his theory, Weber explained that society plays a big role in developing entrepreneurs. This is because the individual draws his values from the social values, mores and institutional framework within which he lives (Van de Ven, 1993). He argues that culture has great impact on the attitude and 137ehavior of individuals and their disposition to life.

The regression coefficient of β i.e. individual factor was found positive and concluding the 3 results, a unit change in individual factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .075. The t value was found 2.17 this further implies that individual factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010; Pines, Lerner and Schwartz,

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2010).The individual entrepreneurial factors including (personality, risk taking behavior, confidence and motivation) are also the significant facets for women entrepreneurs in Pakistan.

The result of the study is supported by the theory of family orientation. The theory posits that factors such as family background and orientation are sources for entrepreneurial characteristics and the emergence of entrepreneurs. The theory emphasized the role of the family in developing the entrepreneurial character personality, motivation, confidence etc. It is believed that the home atmosphere and values of an entrepreneurial family can provide a great deal of nurturing and support for development of entrepreneurial personality or character

(Kuratko 1989). This is so because the family background of an individual is a strong influence on his values and character and therefore serves as a strong source of influence whether he would be an entrepreneur or not. “This reasoning promotes the belief that certain traits established and supported early in life will lead eventually to entrepreneurial emergence and success (Kuratko and Hodgetts, 1998).

The regression coefficient of β i.e. political factor was found positive and concluding the 4 results, a unit change in political factors will bring increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .177. The t value was found 2.94 this further implies that political factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010; Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).

The political entrepreneurial factors including (government support, legal rights, training infrastructure) are also the significant facets for women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. The result of the study is supported by the theory of Educational incubation. The educational incubation theory posits that educational development aids entrepreneurial emergence through creation of awareness and new orientation and knowledge. It is contended that societies with high level of education tend to produce more entrepreneurs than societies with less educated people. The advanced countries are cited examples of such societies. And it is for this reason that

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educational development has attracted increase emphasis in many societies (Kuratko and

Lafollette, 1986), (Kuratko, 1989) and (Block and Stumpf, 1992).

The multiple regression analysis of un-registered women entrepreneurs was conducted to examine the cause and effect of social factors, economic factors, individual factors, political factors on un-registered women entrepreneurs’ performance. The F value was found 94.29 which show the overall regression model was fit. The R-square value depicted 69.4% variation in entrepreneurial performance was explained by social factors, economic factors, individual factors and political factors. The regression coefficient of β i.e. social factor was found positive 1 and concluding the results, a unit change in social factors brings increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .566. The t value is 7.25 this further implies that social factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).

The regression coefficient of β i.e. economic factor was found positive and concluding 2 the results, a unit change in economic factors brings increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .144. The t value is 2.41 this further implies that economic factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010).

The regression coefficient of β i.e. individual factor was found positive and concluding 3 the results, a unit change in individual factors brings increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .111. The t value is 2.25 this further implies that individual factors has significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013).

The regression coefficient of β i.e. political factor was found positive and concluding 4 the results, a unit change in political factors brings increase in the entrepreneurial performance by an amount of .156. The t value was 2.13 this further implies that political factors has 139

significant positive effect on entrepreneurial performance. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).

The Paired sample t-test was used in this study to comparatively analyze the difference between registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan about the social, economic, individual, and political and performance factors of entrepreneurs. The mean score of social factors of registered women entrepreneurs was found .290 and social factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found 2.88. It demonstrates that social factors of registered women entrepreneurs are greater than social factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the social factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to social factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .49 and insignificant which shows that considerable variation has not been discovered in social factors of registered women entrepreneurs and social factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it was concluded that there is insignificant difference between the responses of social factors of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of

KPK, Pakistan. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013;

Rehman and Roomi, 2012).

The mean score of economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .311 and economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found .311. It demonstrates that economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs are equal to economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .18 and insignificant which shows that considerable variation has not been discovered in economic factors of registered women entrepreneurs and economic factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it was concluded that there is insignificant difference between the responses of economic factors of registered

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and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Shahid, 2010).

The mean score of individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found .291 and individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found .294. It demonstrates that individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs are lesser than the individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value is found .68 and insignificant which shows that considerable variation has not been discovered in individual factors of registered women entrepreneurs and individual factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it was concluded that there is insignificant difference between the responses of individual factors of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Ullah et al., 2012).

The mean score of political factors of registered women entrepreneurs is found 2.67 and political factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs are found 2.71. It demonstrates that political factors of registered women entrepreneurs are lesser than political factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD (Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the political factors of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to political factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value was found 1.0 and insignificant which shows that considerable variation has not been discovered in political factors of registered women entrepreneurs and political factors of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it was concluded that there is insignificant difference between the responses of political factors of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).

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The mean score of entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs is found 2.98 and entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs is found

3.02. It demonstrates that entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs are less than the entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The SD

(Standard deviation) is slightly greater in the entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs as compared to entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. The t value was found .86 and insignificant which shows that considerable variation has not been discovered in entrepreneurial performance of registered women entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial performance of unregistered women entrepreneurs. So, it was concluded that there is insignificant difference between the responses of entrepreneurial performance of registered and unregistered women entrepreneurs of KPK, Pakistan. The result of the study is consistent with the previous study of (Roomi, 2013; Rehman and Roomi, 2012).

Table 5.1 Summary of the Hypotheses

Regression Assumption

No. Hypothesis Accept/ Reject

1 H1 Data is not normally distributed Reject

2 H2 There is heteroskedasticity in data Reject

3 H3 No auto correlation in data Accept

Regression Analysis of Registered Women Entrepreneurs

No. Hypothesis Accept/ Reject

1 H1 Social factors has significant effect on women Accept

entrepreneurs performance

2 H2 Economic factors has significant effect on women -do-

entrepreneurs performance

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3 H3 Individual factors has significant effect on women -do-

entrepreneurs performance

4 H4 Political factors has significant effect on women -do-

entrepreneurs performance

Regression Analysis of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneurs

No. Hypothesis Accept/ Reject

1 H1 Social factors has significant effect on women Accept

entrepreneurs performance

2 H2 Economic factors has significant effect on women -do-

entrepreneurs performance

3 H3 Individual factors has significant effect on women -do-

entrepreneurs performance

4 H4 Political factors has significant effect on women -do-

entrepreneurs performance

Difference between Registered and Un-registered Women Entrepreneurs

No. Hypothesis Accept/ Reject

1 H1 There is a significant difference between the registered and Reject

un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of social

factors

2 H2 There is a significant difference between the registered and -do-

un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of

economic

3 H3 There is a significant difference between the registered and -do-

un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of

individual factors

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4 H4 There is a significant difference between the registered and Reject

un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of

political factors

5 H5 There is a significant difference between the registered and -do-

un-registered women entrepreneurs on the mean score of

performance factors

5.3 Recommendations

Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan face a range of challenges, including social and economic barriers, and networking and management constraints. Some of these challenges can be addressed through targeted government policies, including allocation of sufficient budget funds to support women entrepreneurs. In recent years, the Pakistan Chamber of Commerce and

Industry has been particularly active in promoting such policies to develop women’s entrepreneurship.

One good start has been the creation of dedicated desks for women entrepreneurs at almost all banks in Pakistan (state-owned and private), to ensure that women can get loans more easily, and on better terms. However, at the same time, it is impossible to find reliable data on the number of women entrepreneurs who visit these desks, and how frequently they do so. It is important that the government make an effort to gather such data to improve the operation of these desks.

As mentioned, another issue that should be covered in a national policy for women entrepreneurship is the expansion of training opportunities and capacity building for women seeking to enter business. A specialized unit within the Ministry of Industry to support women might develop a standardized approach for selecting and training potential and current women entrepreneurs, support organizations that offer such training, conduct research on the needs of

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women entrepreneurs, train those who can in turn train women in running businesses, and encourage the exchange of international experience on supporting women entrepreneurs, among other steps.

Next, emerging sectors of the country’s economy, which are vital for Pakistan’s growth, should have more projects oriented toward women. This could include women-focused programs in the agriculture and industrial sectors, in rural development, transport, communications, oil and gas, education, and science and technology. Training programs for women should be established that focus on information technology (IT), as well as traditional focus such as garment manufacturing and handicrafts. To this end, more polytechnic and IT programs should be expanded to the village level.

Marketing and communications skills should be taught, and steps should be taken to ensure better access for women entrepreneurs to market the goods they produce. In addition, in our view, rather than targeting solely poor women, who have very little ability to launch a business venture,successful programs should look at how to expand economic participation among middle class women. This means expanding access to technology, financial resources, and utilities, as well as easing transport and communications constraints.

Funds should also be allocated locally, through the Ministry of Local Government, Rural

Development & Co-operatives, and directly to local governments to encourage the development of entrepreneurship among rural women. This might include the establishment of resource centers for women at the district level to provide research and data is necessary to identify problems faced by women entrepreneurs, to counseling and train women entrepreneurs, and engage in advocacy and awareness-raising on the role that women can play in the economy. Other steps that can be taken to encourage women’s entrepreneurship would include supporting women whose husbands are working as laborers outside the country.

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Government should implement such policies in which government should increase the ability of women to participate in the labour force by ensuring the availability of affordable child care and equal treatment in the work place. More generally, improving the position of women in society and promoting entrepreneurship generally will have benefits in terms of women’s entrepreneurship. Moreover, there must be a transparent mechanism in which government members listen to the voice of women entrepreneurs. The creation of government offices of women’s business ownership is one way to facilitate this. Such offices could have programme responsibilities such as providing women’s business centres, organizing information seminars and meetings and/or providing web-based information to women who are already entrepreneurs and who have important insights into the changes needed to improve women’s entrepreneurship.

Government incorporates a women’s entrepreneurial dimension in the formation of all

SME-related policies. This can be done by ensuring that the impact on women's entrepreneurship is taken into account at the design stage and promote the development of women entrepreneur networks. Co-operation and partnerships between national and international networks can facilitate entrepreneurial endeavors by women in a global economy.

Government periodically evaluate the impact of any SME-related policies on the success of women-owned businesses and the extent to which such businesses take advantage of them and improve the factual and analytical underpinnings of our understanding of the role of women entrepreneurs in the economy. This requires strengthening the statistical basis for carrying out gender-related cross-country comparative analyses and longitudinal studies of the impact of important developments and policies, especially over time. Government should promote societal attitudes toward entrepreneurship, and in particular, women’s engagement in entrepreneurship and assist women-run business start-ups by making opportunities and

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resources available. In addition to that, government must support women’s business growth with technical assistance and education.

5.4 Theoretical contributions and Practical Implications

The study makes two significant contributions towards entrepreneurship literature. Firstly, previous researches on entrepreneurship in Pakistan did not focus vividly on women entrepreneurs performance (Manzoor and Jalil, 2014; Ullah et al., 2012). So, this research study enhances the literature on women entrepreneurs’ performance in Asian countries especially in

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. Furthermore, the results of this study may also have direct implications on the development of women entrepreneurial culture in Asian countries. In addition, this study draws some important implications for the entrepreneurs.

Firstly, entrepreneurs become more aware of the importance of social, economic, individual and political factors and its influence on women entrepreneurs performance. Secondly, women entrepreneurs should have to give high level of encouragement for the development of entrepreneurial culture in Pakistan.

5.5 Conclusion

This paper provides a comprehensive review of the four critical factors i.e. (social, economic, individual and political) influencing the performance of women entrepreneurs in the

SMEs, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. There are three objectives of this study. The first objective was to identify the factors affecting the successful female entrepreneur’s business performance. The researcher found that there exists four main and vital factors of women entrepreneurs which are social, economic, individual and political factor. Result of the study revealed all four critical factors i.e. (social, economic, individual and political) has significant effect on the performance of registered and un-registered women entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), province of Pakistan. The second objective of the research study was to determine the problem areas and challenges being confronted by the

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female entrepreneurs in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The researcher found diverse problems which are associated with women entrepreners of KPK, Pakistan which include lack of experience, family issues, lack of government support, demotivation and fear factors etc. Women entrepreneurs in Pakistan face a range of challenges, including social and economic barriers, and networking and management constraints. The third objective of the study was to suggest measures to overcome the challenges being faced by the female entrepreneurs of KPK and researcher give recommendation that the a) Eradication of Socio-Cultural Barriers, b)

Nurturing Entrepreneurial Culture and Environment, c) Provision of Education Opportunities, d) Developing Women Friendly Support Infrastructure, e) Identifying Prevailing Opportunities and f) Forming of Entrepreneur Associates.

As per the findings of this study the study concluded that in societies where women perceive that they have the capabilities for entrepreneurship, they are more likely to believe that entrepreneurial opportunities exist. Moreover, compared to men, women are equally likely to see entrepreneurship as attractive, yet they lack positive attitudes about their own personal capacities or inclinations for starting businesses, and they have less personal contact with entrepreneurs. The overall, women are less likely to venture into entrepreneurship than men; this trend is magnified in particular economies.The women entrepreneurs in less-developed economies are more likely than men to be motivated by necessity, but the gap may be starting to close.In developed economies, necessity-based entrepreneurship may partially fill in employment gaps during economic downturns.A key challenge for women entrepreneurs in early development-stage economies is sustaining their businesses beyond the startup and early phases.Networks of women entrepreneurs and business owners are generally smaller and less diverse than those of their male counterparts, and women tend to draw more on their personal relationships, particularly family, than on other sources.Compared with their male peers, women entrepreneurs in wealthier economies tend to be older, as equally educated and as likely

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to create innovative products; nonetheless, their growth expectations are half those of men.

Lastly, the empirical evidence of the study reveals that the social, economic, individual and political factors have significant effect on women entrepreneurs’ performance in Pakistan in general.

5.6 Limitations of the study

There are certain limitations of this study. One imperfection originates from the quantitative methodological worldview of factual generalizability, is that, the most quantitative studies start with an obscure thought of an objective populace which is not very much characterized in a large portion of the exploration concentrates on and even they will probably have an unequivocal open populace (Kerlinger and Lee, 2000). Due to smaller sample size on cross sectional basis this study is limited in terms of factual generalizability and the result might be biased. Moreover, this study has also limitation pertaining to the issue of analytical generalizability because the researcher didn’t used confirmatory strategies in terms of checking all the assumptions of the implemented multiple regression tests. Another limitation of the study is that the sample size was only collected from only one province of Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan on cross-sectional basis.

5.7 Futures Areas for Researches

The areas for additional and furthers researches is an in-depths examination of women entrepreneurs on all around Pakistan to take hold of some of the others factors contributing towards the women entrepreneurs performance. In future, the present hypotheses should be studied with some moderating and mediating variables in numerous samples from all provinces of Pakistan on longitudinal basis.

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CHAPTER 6

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Summary

6.1 This chapter of the study aims to provide a set of practical and policy-worthy recommendations to promote the healthy growth of female owned entrepreneurial activities and enterprises. The study discovers that the women’s entrepreneurship in Pakistan in general and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) in particular is an untapped source of economic growth, which has remained negligible so far. The study finds that socio-cultural factors represent important barriers to women’s entrepreneurial activities, while combining work and family life is also a challenge for a majority of women entrepreneurs. According to the study, support for starting an enterprise came essentially from informal sources, with a very small proportion of women having sought help from Government schemes and programs. There is gradual realization and rising concerns amongst the populace and the policy makers regarding issues related to women's socio- economic empowerment. The inferences from the research results reflect a paradigm shift from encouraging women entrepreneurships on merely human welfare grounds to acknowledging women as core human resources of Pakistan.

The key findings derived from this research are summed up into following learning points related to the socio-cultural factors and other environmental factors as enablers or barriers to women entrepreneurship.

6.1.1. The women entrepreneurs in KPK (Pakistan) are traditionally being confronted with male dominated social mind set where females are considered socio-economically male dependent and weak gender in their life. Owing to the consequences of such mindset women are positioned at subordinate slots and executants of the male’s made decisions in family and outside. Despite having almost equal share of the population, very less share of the females in

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Pakistan owns government job or self employed and substantial majority is busy in agriculture, agro-based industries, handicrafts, handloom and or cottage-based industries.

6.1.2. Pakistan is multi- ethnic and multi culture country and KPK is culturally altogether different than its other provinces. The KPK socio-culture environments hold ethno-centric values, traditions and rituals defining specific roles of women in both home and work settings.

The prevalent socio-cultural mindset tends to suppress their outwardly aspirations and identities in the community. The ongoing drive of globalization through media invasion has contributed a lot in cultivating change in women aspirations for active participation in the society and especially in socio-economic settings of KPK. Resultantly, with the positive support of socio-political under currents, the Women’s entrepreneurship development has emerged women begun to start small enterprises at home.

6.1.3. Factors contributing to gender inequality in Pakistan include

Lack of education and higher degree of levels of illiteracy amongst women of KPK results in lack of knowledge about the prevailing opportunities, timely information about the availability of credit schemes and access to finance, managing working capital, and financial assistance and other related facilities and upcoming opportunities.

There are number of policies and micro credit schemes, for Women in Pakistan and KPK but the irony of the fact is that these credit and women support schemes don’t reach out to the needy women especially in rural areas.

Gender-insensitive support systems depicts discriminatory approach in the process of starting and managing new businesses. Furthermore, the micro-finance and other lending policies force women to take loans on the names of their husbands, fathers or brother who own some property etc and consequently by default involve them into their business.

KPK socialization process and socio-cultural settings are gender biased and promote to the domesticated role of women in society. Non participation in decision-making by women over

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their early marriages and child bearing thereby limiting the chances of women starting a career and becoming entrepreneurs.

Furthermore socio-cultural mindset prevalent over centuries in the areas with its special features such as; gender discrimination, inaccessibility to information, training opportunities, infrastructure are constant hurdles for women entrepreneurs. Whereas, Constitution of Pakistan and manifestoes of all of the political party including the ruling government cherish the rhetoric of gender equality for male and female, but in practice it’s in contrast and serves as a major barrier to women’s entry into business.

6.1.4. Social Capital and Entrepreneurial Networking Entrepreneurial networking denotes to the process of developing and employing a relationship in business with the aim of promoting business. This relationship may be intentional or un-intentional. The Research finds that

Pakistan in general and in KPK in particular, women face the problem of lack of networking due to socio-cultural context. The growth of their business is mostly independent of any networking rather merely on their personal efforts.

6.2 Recommendations

This part of the chapter concludes with a wide range of recommendations to promote a more enabling environment for women’s entrepreneurship in Pakistan in general and Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa in particular.

Over the period Pakistan has offered lot of potential opportunities to the women for socio- economic and political empowerment. The women’s increased participation in economic and political spectrum is national priority however, women entrepreneurs are yet to be widely supported and accepted. The efforts to develop women need to be substantiated and strengthened at government and social platforms by creating a supporting environment.

Government level policy initiatives facilitating women to aces to finance, access to technology, access to infrastructure and training would go long way to strengthen and promote culture of

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women entrepreneurship. Policies for women’s entrepreneurship should follow a comprehensive approach rather than be piecemeal including provision of infrastructure facilities and training, provision of rebate in income tax and other related amenities characterized by easy mobility and proximity to residential areas with regular bus service, child-care facilities, etc. Special incentives for women entering business as entrepreneurs should be offered.

Some of the key suggestions offered by this research are

The procedures and formalities should be simplified for registration of business, financial and legal assistance, subsidies, concessions, relief etc, from different government and nongovernmental departments. Efforts are to be made to supplement existing network to improve access of women and to reduce barriers to their entry into business.

On regular intervals, open workshops, seminars, forums, with maximum women participation, shall be widely organized by regulatory departments such as taxation and excise, license, registrar, and industrial schemes, and women chamber of commerce to disseminate related information among women entrepreneurs to create conducive environment. Such an awareness program must introduce financial schemes available to women and to formulate a strategy to avoid discrimination, especially in small centers.

6.2.1. Eradication of Socio-Cultural Barriers

The study recommends that the first step for the creation and promotion of women entrepreneurships culture is removal of the socio-cultural obstacles prevailing in the target area.

The Socio-Cultural environment conducive for the women entrepreneurship can be improved by creating socio-cultural values favorable to women empowerment through education, jobs, decision-making power and by avoiding narrow / prejudice interpretation of the religion Islam.

Rather, correct propagation of Islamic injunctions advocating women’s rights and women empowerment in all walks of life starting from boundary walls of the home to the society’s

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values. There is a need at socio- cultural settings to balance out male dominancy by providing equal opportunity to women in family decision-making process, ensure safe and secure work environment, elimination of health and education inequalities, encouraging women’s participation and, harmonizing role of women in the domestic setting by changing mind set and cultural taboos. Efforts are needed to identify factors reflecting and reinforcing the historical strangeness of women's concerns to their socio-economic empowerment process. Women shall be empowered to have their say in their married decisions and their future occupation / property ownership.

6.2.2. Nurturing Entrepreneurial Culture and Environment

To ensure a future supply of female entrepreneurs there is need of an entrepreneurial culture that encourages females from their early babyhood. The environment endowed with appropriate policies and well directed schemes of assistance must persuade and promote women entrepreneurship. The planned creation and development first generation of women entrepreneurs would change the status quo and set the stage for the entrepreneurial thinking in succeeding generation of families and new children will be nurtured on entrepreneurial lines.

The current approach of developing women entrepreneurs mostly refer to uneducated rural and urban women who are living in poverty. The time has come for an effort to inculcate a spirit of enterprise, self-dependence, creativity, and high goals among women equally of rural and urban areas of KPK. The change in the social fabric comes slowly with the constant and objective interventions and the first step in this regard is an educational policy promising equal opportunity without any gender discrimination.

6.2.3. Provision of Education Opportunities

There is no denying the fact that equality in education is mother of all other equalities talked about the women. Women education is essential to gender equality and women's empowerment. Key areas for the attention include life-long education and training, including

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elimination of stereotyped teaching and education materials, diversification of the educational and training opportunities available to women including developing their leadership skills. The higher education institution and technical education department shall be directed to provide training for their staff, update their curricula, and facilities in line with the times and to better meet pressing and evolving demands. Furthermore, there is need to realize the prevailing flaws in women entrepreneurship improvement struggles. Presently most of the focus from varying direction is either on provision of technical training or provision of micro finance credit to the women under poverty.

6.2.4. Developing Women Friendly Support Infrastructure

Banks and other micro-finance institutions shall focus on women friendly collateral free loan schemes and create culture of priority lending for women. These financial institutions should keep constant monitoring mechanism for women entrepreneurs’ loans and offer special incentives and guidance for their development and success. Government shall introduce special incentives and initiatives to give women entrepreneur in allocation of industrial plots, sheds and basic infrastructure/amenities. Infrastructure advantages to women entrepreneurs should be promoted by both public and private sector in form of “special women economic zones”.

It is suggested that a special organization for women entrepreneurship development is created that have a higher degree of dedication to this motion. Such an organization with special motto with unique culture is needed to encourage, stimulate and develop sustainable infrastructure for nurturing women entrepreneurship in Pakistan in general and KPK in particular. The organization and the band of specially trained trainers mobile to switch from division to division on scheduled training program would go a long way to nurture entrepreneurial culture and skills amongst women. These organizations besides, supply of competent trainers, inventory of project possibilities, and untapped potential of aspiring women entrepreneurs, may

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also carry counseling and evaluation of entrepreneurs on one hand and prepare training material in local languages on the other. The specialized organizations that provide women entrepreneurship development programs, therefore, shall have to be set up with adequate human and financial resources needed for the capacity-building support.

6.2.5. Identifying Prevailing Opportunities

The most important act for development of women entrepreneurship is timely identification of available opportunities irrespective of their size and nature. There exist a large variety of micro and small-scale project opportunities that the women entrepreneurs can take up even by the females of limited educational background, vision, and capabilities. The specialized support organization including government and private agencies, micro-finance providers can help potential entrepreneurs for timely identification of such opportunities and facilitate these entrepreneurs’ needs in terms of investment, technology, skills, resources, and markets.

The major focus at all levels should be to step up the number of micro and small enterprises to generate employment and experience opportunities for first generation women entrepreneurs from rural or urban areas. This would special be beneficial for rural women who in their given socio-economic constraints seek employment or self-employment. This trend needs further encouragement through appropriate changes in the institutional financial assistance schemes, which at present, are often not liberal enough to recognize a woman as a genuine self-dependent business owner.

6.2.6. Forming of Entrepreneur Associates

There is no denying the fact that entrepreneurship is not free of risks and most of the existing and potential entrepreneurs join it as a last resort. The existing competitive job market and desire of freedom, independence, flexibility motivates the potential entrepreneurs to start up their own business. However, there are lot numbers of visible and invisible bottlenecks

156

which are hard to negotiate by female entrepreneurs and necessitate the forming entrepreneurs associations by concerned government.

6.3 Theoretical contributions and Practical Implications

The study makes two significant contributions towards entrepreneurship literature.

Firstly, previous researches on entrepreneurship in Pakistan did not focus vividly on women entrepreneurs performance (Manzoor and Jalil, 2014; Ullah et al., 2012). So, this research study enhances the literature on women entrepreneurs’ performance in Asian countries especially in

6.4 Direction for Future Research

The research recommends following studies to be undertaken in future

• Similar study with area specific samples for Punjjab, Balochistan, Sinds, Gilgat Baltistan and azad Jammu and Kashmir

• Comparative studies of women entrepreneurs between the Divisions and districts of Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa Province.

• Similar study with women engaged in Social entrepreneurships and Social innovation.

• There is a need to conduct a research study to analysis the role of govt in developing entrepreneurs and entrepreneurs’ friendly environment in the province.

• It may also include to create legal environment friendly to female entrepreneurs in loan acquisition etc.

157

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Annexure

Research Questionnaire

Section A: General Information

Name------Age:______Gender Male [ ] Female [ ]

Education: ______Type of Employment

Self Employed

City: ______Employee

Business equity

self

Bank loans

Family loans

others

Section B: Please rate each statement in terms of the degree of agreement with each statement; encircle the appropriate response on the following scale.

SCALE: [1 = Strongly Disagree] [2 = Disagree] [3= Neutral] [4= Agree] [5= Strongly

Agree]

173

Q.No Question 1 2 3 4 5

Social Factors:

1 Females in KPK society are encouraged to attain higher

education.

2 There are minimal social/cultural barriers to female

education in KPK.

3 Education helps female entrepreneurs to gain success.

4 High Level of discrimination faced by women at work

place.

5 Women entrepreneurship is considered as respected

profession in our society.

6 There is equal opportunity for male and female

entrepreneurs.

7 There is no social restriction for females in choosing

carrier.

8 Workplaces are affected by socio cultural norms and

values.

9 There exists harassment at workplace.

10 State law actively protects women against harassment.

11 Women Entrepreneurship helps in elevating female

status in the society

12 Entrepreneurship can provide an opportunity for self-

employment.

174

13 Women entrepreneurship contributes towards the growth

of a society

14 There arebusiness networking facilities available to

female entrepreneurs in KPK.

15 Lack of networking facilities for women affects

acquiring new business

16 Female entrepreneurs face difficulty in traveling to

market their products/service

17 Family is very supportive to female entrepreneurs in

KPK.

18 Female entrepreneurs face difficulty to balance family

and business life.

19 Female entrepreneurs gain more success with

experience.

Economic Factors:

1 I’m satisfied with the financial access given by micro

finance and other credit institutions

2 Micro financial institutions provide priority access to

capital for women entrepreneurs

3 Banks and SME’S help women to start their business

4 Women entrepreneurs have adequate financial resources

and working capital for their business

175

5 Women entrepreneurs lack knowledge about raw

material. ®

6 Women entrepreneurs have proper bargaining skills for

buying and selling.

7 The local media positively support female businesses.

8 Women entrepreneurs are skilled to market their

product

9 Marketing of products create more problems for women

entrepreneurs in KPK.

10 Women entrepreneur have proper training facilities to

acquire technical knowledge

11 Women entrepreneurs are utilizing latest technologies to

grow their business.

12 Tax imposed on business are affordable.

13 There are minimal training facilities for females in KPK

to raise awareness about tax.

14 Inflation in the country affects the business performance.

15 Currency value affects the business sales in foreign

market.

16 Frequent changes in labour policy effect the business

operation.

Individual Factors:

1 The personality trait of entrepreneurship has direct effect

in achieving business success.

176

2 There is a fear of failure in potential female

entrepreneurs to start new business

3 Female entrepreneurs lack decision making skills.

4 There is a low level risk taking attitude among women

entrepreneurs

5 Female entrepreneurs are good at risk management

strategies

6 Women entrepreneurs suffer lack of proper guidance by

other female business leaders.

7 successful female entrepreneurs in the society are

motivating factor for starting a business

Political factors:

1 There exist government institutionsto help to encourage

women entrepreneurship.

2 The local government in KPK are supporting people to

start small businesses with in their communities

3 The overall legal environment of KPK is favorable for

starting new businesses

4 There exist regulatory laws which encourage women

empowerment.

5 The government provides trainings and seminars to help

female entrepreneurs in their business

6 The facilities in KPK for providing training/workshop

are of adequate standard.

177

Performance of female entrepreneurs:

1 Average percentage of net profit margin per annum

achieved during the last three year is increased

2 Our business is quick in tracking changes in market.

3 Our businesses are quick to response to customer

complaints.

4 Market share growth has been consistently increasing

over the year.

5 Business is sustaining continuous profit increases.

6 Customer complaints are negligible

7 Business outlets have been increased in the market.

8 Our business product mix is on increase with time.

9 Employees are increasing in our business.

10 We train our employees.

11 Our businesses are more productive today.

12 Most of our employees continue employment with our

business.

13 Women entrepreneurs are more vigilant in the

competitive market

14 Women entrepreneurs are more creative to competition

15 I will recommend other women to start their business in

KPK?

178

Q) List any four obstacles/problems you faced in your running business. (Give in priority of importance)

………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………...

……………………………………………………………………………..

Q) Any three suggestions to Govt to improve the performance of female entrepreneurship in

Pakistan

……………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………

179

Appendix-P LIST OF MEMBERS OF WOMEN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND

INDUSTRY PESHAWAR, KPK

Members List

Executive Committee:

Name Company Name Type of Business

S.N business address

1 Mrs. Fitrath Ilyas Bilour Industries Edible Oil and 19 Chinar road

Bilour Ghee Uni- town Pesh

President

2 Mrs Moon Way Saloon, Industry/ Moon way

.Nasira Lughman Traning Centre and Parlour beauty parlor

i Royal Chemicals women welfare

Senior Vice. complex phase 5

President near khyber park

hayatabad

Peshawar

3 Mrs. Iqbal Bano Rangoli enterprises Boutique H# 124, K4,

Vice. President (boutique ) Phase3, Street 3,

Hayatabad

Peshawar

4 Mrs. Faiza Babar Fazia Adil Boutique H# 2 Strt # 8

Rahatabad Pesh

180

5 Mrs. Shumaila Women Education NGO H/67, street no

Tabassum Development 1,sector f/7

phase 6.

Hayatabad

6 Mrs. Nadra Karachi Boutique Boutique DAD Warsak

Saboohi Army 3D flat

Defence Colony

Khyber road

Peshawar cantt

7 Mrs. Nuzhat Rauf Celest Café & Restaurant Restaurant Bhattani Plaza

University Town

Peshawar

8 Mrs Tasneem Sindbad Hotel Hotel IB street H#56

Zahir Shah defence colony

khayber road

pesh.

9 Mrs. Sadia Sadia Catering & baking Catering and 253, J/1, Strt4,

Aurangzeb cooking Phase 2

hayatabad

Peshawar

10 Mrs. Shabnum Libra Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutica 77, Industrial

Raiz l Industry Estate, Jamrud

Road, Peshawar

181

11 Ms. Afsheen Pritenia Benda Bands and H#505, Street

Sardar (friendship bands and bags 14, Sector E 4,

Bags) Phase 7

Hayatabad

Peshawar

12 Mrs. Laziza Laziza Boutique Boutique WBDC opp to

Arbab Islamia college

13 Mrs. Huma Fayaz Huma designer & Event Designer H # 14, Syed

Organizer lodges hassan

ghari shami road

Peshawar.

14 Ms. Asmat Ara Khattak Botique Khattak House

Khattak Collection (Boutique near Gov girls

) schools jhangi

Abbotabad

15 Mrs. Shehla Naz Rameen boutique Boutique krishen pura

h.no E/1828

near blind

school

16 Mrs. Zarmina Ali Baz CNG Station CNG Station Kohat Road

Near Kohat Bus

Stand ,

Peshawar

17 Ms. Aisha Shafiq Dear Industrial Boutique Gulberg # 1,

Shafiq Lag,

182

Nothiya Jadid

Peshawar Cantt

18 Mrs. Jamila Dear Industrial Boutique Dera industrial

Gallani home op to

jouhar

khatoon hospita

l shaibzada

Abdul quyum

university road

Peshawar

19 Mrs. Zil-e-Huma Saazil Boutique Handicrafts House#124,

Street# 5, Sector

J-5, PHASE 2

Hayatabad

Peshawar

20 Mrs. Banazir Zasha Collection Jewelry AL-hammad

Sheikh house wokala

colony near

Amin Colony,

kohat road

Peshawar

183

Women Entreprenures:

S.No Name Company names Business type Business address

21 Abida Jillani Fashion Gallery Al-Minhaj Tower

Near Peshawar

Model School

Boys 2 Warsak

Road.

22 Adeeba Nasir Blinks Arts and Craft Handi Crafts H# 104, STRT # 3

Block B gulbahar

# 2 peshawar

23 Afsheen Malik Karmi Oil Traders Oil Business Karmi Oil Traders,

City railway mall

godam road near

shell regional

office psh

24 Aisha Aisha Center House Vocational Daak Ismail Kheil,

Center Hospital Korana

25 Aisha Hassan Aisha Collection Boutique House#1, Street#

1, Faqir

Siraye Chowk

Near Khattak

General Store

26 Aisha Shafiq Aysh Collection Botique Gulberg # 1,

Shafiq Lag,

184

Nothiya Jadid

Peshawar Cantt

27 Aliha Wasim De Aliha Couture Boutique KPK Women

Entrepreneurship

Centre J.K Plaza

Abdara Road

Peshawar

28 Aliya Sangeen Sawan wedding hall Wedding hall Sports complex

Wali phase 2 hayatabad

29 Allah Rakhi Jugnu Enterprises Village Zaki Mina,

PO Akbar Pura,

Tehsil and District

Nowshehra

30 Alvina Mohudin Al-Hafiz Crysto Plast Pharmacutical Defence officers

PVT col: H# 108, strt

11, cantt Peshawar

31 Ambareen Farhan Reesdhad Designer wear Boutique village jhagra p/o

tarnab farm distt

Peshawar/ 32C

circular road uni

town pesh

32 Ambareen Wahab Guzel Fashion Boutique 46-Dold Jamrud

Road University

Town Peshawar

185

33 Ambreen Sohail Combine Company Hair Oil and Androon

Shampoo Hashtanagri

Mohallah

Hussania House#

1587 Peshawar

34 Ambreen zahid Paka Poshi Phrma:- Pharmacutical 43D old jamrud

road university

town pesh

35 Amina Faiz Aroma Catering Catering Shah Ji Bargin

near bandhan

shadi hall

tambwan mor

university road

Peshawar

36 Amtul Rafia NRA Collection Gulbahar No.5

Peshawar

37 Aniqa Ali Qaz Aniqa Ali Qazi Saloon Aniqa Kazi mohamad ali

garments safari 2 House

#127 behria Town

Rawalpindi

38 Anita Fayaz Marveellous beauty Beauty Sheikh mohammd

parlour Parlour hussain building

out side kohati

gate Peshawar

186

39 Arzu Banoori Asiya Designer Designer Mughal Building

Mohallah

Fakirabad# 2

Peshawar

40 Asiya Siraj Pak Auto Store Spare Parts 29 Nasir Bagh

Road Balahisar

Peshawar City

41 Asma Zulfiqar Pak Auto Store Spare Parts 29 Nasir Bagh

Road Balahisar

Peshawar City

42 Asmat Ara Khattak Collection Botique H#727 Kakool

Khattak road PMA

Abottabad

opposite PLI

Office.

43 Azra Perveen Shabnum beauty & Clinic Block E, H#23,

homeopathic clinic phase 2 Ali view

garden Lahore

cantt

44 Benazir sheikh Zasha, s Coollection Jewelry AL-hammad

house wokala

colony near Amin

Colony, kohat

road Peshawar

187

45 Beya Bangash Bangash Tailors Fabric Office room 21,

Industry civil aviation

building saps

cargo international

airport pesh:-

46 Braikhna Liaqa Swabi Floor and General Floor Mill Mastan Building,

Mills Pvt Ltd Sawabi bazar,

Tehsil and district

swabi

47 Bushra Aima The Silk route Garments 23b-II, Phase 5,

Hayatabd

Peshawar

48 Dilshad Tipu Dilshad Tipu Dairy Form House# C 2397

Tipu Manzil

Yakatoot Road

Qissa Khwani

Peshawar

49 Dr. Shahida Motivation and NGO

Shahee awareness program for

community

50 Eshrat Riaz Dua Collection Boutique Durrani Street,

Gulberg Town

Peshawar Saddar

188

51 Faiza Babar Faiza Adil Boutique H# 2 Strt # 8

Manufacturing Rahatabad Pesh

52 Faiza Javed Zainab Lounge Boutique KPK Women

Entrepreneurship

Centre J.K Plaza

Abdara Road

Peshawar

53 Fakhra Arif Hussain Concrete comp Mineral Water HUSSAIN ABAD

STRET 3A

HOUSE 98

PESHAWAR

54 Farazia Shaheen Shaheen pulkari Center Tehsil road ,near

dastakare center chowki police

majib Hari pur

55 Fareeda Arshad Hayas Beauty Saloon Saloon Al-Habib St: near

prime appartments

gulberg # 1, Pesh:

56 Farkhanda Jabeen Shahgul Khawaten Boutique Sheikabad road

Center near Hussain shah

tailor pesh: city

57 Farzana Nadeem Babu Jee Gold Laker Gold Laker Headoffice # 5,

Lab Hussain Tower,

Gulberg#2 Psh

Cantt

189

58 Farzana zakir ladies corner Ladies Ladies corner

undergarment siddiqi market

s meena bazar pesh

city

59 Fayiza Gul Rukh Fayiza Beauty Saloon Saloon H # 182, St # 5,

Sec: J 2 phase 2,

Hayatabad

Peshawar

60 Fehmida Aktar Al- Noor Creation Pulkari Centre House# 350/2,

Village Malikyar

Haripur

Rawalpindi

61 Fitrat Ilyas Bilour Bilours Industries Edible Oil 19 Chinar road

Uni- town Pesh.

62 Fouzia Inayat Fozia Stage Craft Boutique House # 126 E7

phase 7 hayatabad

Peshawa

63 Ghazala Khan King Abdul Aziz hospital Hospital C/O Dr. Sher Ali

Taif Saudi Arabia Khan King Abdul

Aziz hospital Taif

KSA

64 Hashmat Sultana Jilbab Boutique H#98, Strt# 4,

Sector L3 Phase 3

Hayatabad

Peshawar

190

65 Hossai Sharif Roshni Institute for Institute H# 8, Muhibullah

Special Children Sadiq Abad,

Arbab Road

University Town

Peshawar

66 Huma Fayaz Huma Designer Designer H # 14, Syed

lodges hassan

ghari shami road

Peshawar.

67 Huma Zareen Beauty palace/ khan Beauty Zalan plaza Ring

boutique Saloon/ Road Pattang

boutique chowk near the

Muhammad CNG

Peshawar

68 Humaira Bilour Sher Baz Enterprises Chamber House

G.t Road

Peshawar

69 Imtiyaz Begum Imtiyaz Designer Designer Ghafurabad Kotla

Mohsin Khan Dak

Khana

70 Jamila Bibi Jamila Handi crafts Handi Crafts Mujahaid Strt

mohallah hafiz

jamal D.I.Khan

71 Jamila Gillani Dera Industrial home Industry Dera industrial

home op to jouhar

191

khatoon hospital

shaibzada Abdul

quyum university

road Peshawar

72 Kalsoom Vivacious Wardrobe Boutique H#G7, Street 7/1,

Canal Town

Peshawar

73 Kiran Jabeen A.K Collection Botique FF454, Deans

Trade Center

Peshawar

74 Laziza Arbab Laziza Boutique Boutique WBDC opp to

Islamia college

75 Lubna Farooq Goodar Enterprises Mineral Water H# 18, St:- 1,

Sec:- E-1 H/Abad

Pesh.

76 Maria Dastagir Al-Hafiz Crystoplast Pharmacutical Defence officers

PVT col:- H# 108,

Peshawar cantt

77 Mehreena Perveen Meher Designs Botique H# 425, Malik

Pura Yakatoot,

Peshawar City

78 Munawar Sultana Rocks & Minerals Export Gem H # 405, New

stone defence Shami Rd

St# 17, Pesh

192

79 Nadia Faisal Nadia Designer Designer House# 9-A,

Mohallah Defence

Colony Khyber

Road Peshawar

80 Nadia Farah Libra Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutica Street Abuzar

l Ghaffari

Pakhaghulam

Dalazak Road

Peshawar

81 Nadia Shah Sam's Saloon & studio Saloon & Sams saloon and

Studio studio Opposite

GPO cantt

Peshawar

82 Nadira Saboohi Karachi Boutique Boutique DAD Warsak

Army 3D flat

Defence Colony

Khyber road

Peshawar cantt

83 Naeem Akhtar Maryam boutique centre Boutique and House#959- N/A

and handi craft handi crafts upper

Ramazani Haripur

KPK

84 Naheed Akhtar Lyba's Collection Boutique H # 691, St # 21,

Sec: E-6 Phase 7

H/abad

193

85 Nargis Bibi Pakistan Hoslamand Handi Craft District Peshawar

Khawatan Network Village Masma

near G.T Road

Nasirpur Peshawar

86 Naseem Akhtar Modern Farming & Inter: Vocational Haidri Coch

Cent Wadpaga dalazak

road Pesh

87 Naseem Babar Sadaf Beauty Parlor Saloon H # 211-212,

Shaheed Bazzar

bari lal kurti Pesh

Cantt

88 Naseem Riaz Naseem Handy Crafts Handy Crafts Jan Muhammad

cloth Merchant

Ramdaz Bazar

Pesh city

89 Naseera Shaheen Rehan Boutique Boutique Hakeemabad Dari

Katie Khel Post

office Nowshehra

90 Nasera Begum Setas Traders Designer Mohallah noorman

khel house #17

Parhoti mardan

91 Nasira Lughmani Royal chemical Ind. Industry/ moon way beauty

Moonway Beauty Parlor Parlour parlor women

welfare complex

phase 5 near

194

Khyber park

hayatabad

Peshawar

92 Nasra Akhtar Libra Beauty Saloon Saloon Main Gulberg # 1,

House # 1 younas

road Near Railway

Phatak cantt

Peshawar

93 Naveed Shabin NIDO Designe Botique Askari 3 House 18

Defence Colony,

Khyber Road

Peshawar

94 Nayyar Khattak Stage Craft Event H# 103, Strt 2,

management Sector H 2 Phase 2

company Hayatabad

Peshawar

95 Nazish Karim Mujhgan creation Boutique Saddiq flat no 1,

behind Rahat

bakers Abadara

Road Peshawar

96 Neelam Ali Minayels Exclusive Manufacturin C-4, Parachute

g Lines Mehfooz

road Defence Pesh

195

97 Neelofar Sami Honey Acadmy Vocational H# 3-Sector D5,

Hayyat Center main lalazar road

pahse 1 Pesh:

H/abad

98 Nighat Javaid Farmer Industries Farmers 4-Asmall

industrial Estate

hayatabad

Peshawar

99 Nighat Nawab Ahmad & Edu: Boutique 136-PMA road

Foundation Abbotabad

100 Nighat Yasmeen Nighat Designer Designer House#2,

Muneebullah Lane

Jamrud Road

Peshawar

196

S. No Name NIC NTN 1 Adeeba nasir 17301-3397998-2 4432970-9 2 Afsheen malik 17301-1208788-4 3410386-4 3 Afsheen sardar 17301-7888291-0 4177037-4 4 Altamas irum 17301-2580641-6 1142726-4 5 Allah rakhi 17201-5138606-0 2891993-9 6 Alveena mohudin 17301-4116999-2 3245779-7 7 Ambreen wahab 17301-6686422-6 4433235-1 8 Ambreen farhan 17301-1261002-0 3147526-4 9 Ambreen sohail 17301-5861689-3 4285668-0 10 Ameena faiz 17301-9677459-6 1399739-4 11 Aniqa ali qazi 13101-0646500-2 3235315-4 12 Anita fayaz 34201-0514840-0 2609029-5 13 Asma zulfiqar 17301-7777794-4 4035471-7 14 Asmat ara khattak 13101-0949252-0 3173585-1 15 Ayesha 17201-3280078-6 4432419-7 16 Ayesha shafique 17301-7200613-2 3147523-0 17 Amna jamshed 17301-6312274-4 4432458-8 18 Azra perveen 17301-7385386-4 4429573-1 19 Benazir sheikh 17301-9577768-4 4430626-1 20 Beya bangash 14301-3137939-4 3535215-9 21 Bushra adil 17301-1272803-2 4430685-7 22 Bushra aimal 17301-6460213-6 2583622-6 23 Dr.mussarat khalid 17301-1204033-4 1082644-7 24 Eshrat riaz 17301-6293366-2 4432428-6 25 Faiza gul rukh 17301-7587288-4 3147524-8 26 Fakhra arif 17301-9325560-2 3119564-4 27 Farazia shaheen 03302-0420190-8 3609969-4 28 Farida arshad 16101-4669252-4 3415558-9 29 Farkhanda jabeen 17301-1222002-0 3147519-1 30 Farzana adeel 17301-1430687-2 0713004-0 31 Farzana nadeem 17301-1290898-0 3264533-3 32 Farzana yousaf 17301-3449271-6 2477451-7 33 Farzana zakir 17301-1188137-4 1617630-8 34 Fehmida aktar 13302-0476031-6 3976428-1 35 Fouzia inayat 17301-1412413-2 2128380-0 36 Hashmat sultana 17301-1414545-6 4429450-6 37 Hayat begum 17301-1186576-8 1329641-8 38 Humaira bilour 17301-1415756-8 2195179-9 39 Iqbal bano 333101-6925636-2 4160482-2 40 Jamila bibi 12101-0919469-6 2807286-3 41 Jamila gillani 17301-9434428-2 2255510-2 42 Kiran jabeen 17301-9368009-0 4431258-0 43 Laziza arbab 17301-6531344-8 3415561-9 44 Lubna Farooq 17301-9882071-0 2212285-7 45 Mubarak begum 17301-1187192-0 3671794-7 46 Nadia niaz 17301-5462374-8 2965714-8 47 Naeema mushtaq 17301-3801686-4 4315268-6 197

48 Naghmana sadiq 17301-0230432-4 4332921-7 49 Naheed akhtar 17301-2572221-6 2172859-3 50 Naheed kausar 13101-6030254-2 4037191-3 51 Nair hayat khattak 17301-9817627-2 2735282-0 52 Naseem akhtar 17301-8358393-2 3147531-7 53 Naseem akhtar 13302-0343400-8 4243331-2 54 Naseem babar 17301-0399805-6 3165297-2 55 Naseem riaz 17301-4791959-6 4309812-6 56 Naseera begum 16101-6267065-6 2918772-9 57 Naseera shaheen 17201-2141124-6 3064165-9 58 Nasira akhtar 17301-1301839-8 3147520-5 59 Nasira lughmani 17301-14437300-4 2349692-4 60 Nazish karim 17301-0947081-6 4363424-9 61 Neelam ali 37405-6713315-4 3769764-1 62 Nighat nawab 13101-4014983-0 2892407-0 63 Noor ul huda 17301-2241836-8 4431745-0 64 Nuzhat rauf 17301-4296080-2 3091007-2 65 Ome amara siddiqi 17301-5722726-2 2184360-7 66 Parveen masood kazi 17301-4727460-6 2989113-2 67 Pervaiza hussain 17301-1284914-0 224858-6 68 Zermina Ali 35201-7308797-0 7231601-2 69 Rashida Bukhari 17301-3931190-0 3091023-4 70 Rehana hamid 14201-9457375-2 1422792-4 71 Rizwana hashmat 17301-1216743-6 1724927-9 72 Rohina mehmmod 37406-3582816-2 1458918-4 73 Roohi fawad 17301-1364022-0 1422631-6 74 Rubina Arshad 17301-5497031-2 4203982-7 75 Rubina shaheen 17301-4810533-2 0995419-8 76 Rukhsana Iqbal 17301-1395535-6 2990797-7 77 Rukhsana nadir 17301-1354059-0 3532540-2 78 Rukhsana rajput 17301-6252318-8 2853301-1 79 Rukhsana sohail 17301-1133076-2 1082647-5 80 Rabia naseer 17301-6830865-8 4431871-5 81 Saba gul 17301-0525048-0 0009631-8 82 Sabahat masror shah 61101-7178826-8 4430662-8 83 Sabiha jamil 35202-2607956-2 1753487-1 84 Sadia aurangzeb 17301-0153630-6 4174017-3 85 Sadia saleh 17301-8125460-8 3263229-7 86 Saeeda ahmad 17301-7317288-0 4432256-9 87 Saeeda ilyaas 17301-6912422-4 3058440-0 88 Safia bibi 17301-1091576-8 2170005-2 89 Safia khatoon 17301-2579008-4 3403858-2 90 Safoora Shahid 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3 91 Saima andleeb 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4 92 Saima umar 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8 93 Saira jabeen qureshi 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2 94 Sajida bano 17301-0896844-4 863377-7 95 Salma anwar shaikh 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6 198

96 Salma baser 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0 97 Salma bibi 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5 98 Salma qasim toru 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5 99 Sarwat israr 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8 100 Shabana sohail 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9 101 shabnam munir 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5 102 Shabnam riaz 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7 103 Shad begum 15302-6955317-0 3754661-9 104 Shafaq khan 172013-444659-6 3286950-9 105 Shagufta bashir 17301-5571005-0 3111317-6 106 Shagufta shuja 17301-1221931-6 4150959-5 107 Shaheen khan 15602-0352446-8 3533126-7 108 Shahida akhtar 17301-6009859-8 4121097-2 109 Shahida parveen 17301-3274186-2 2388340-5 110 Shahida shaheen 17301-8948693-4 2084387-9 111 Shahida tabasum 12101-0914960-0 3403859-7 112 Shahla naz 17301-4968500-0 3748118-5 113 Shaista bibi 13302-8603961-6 3197857-6 114 Shama asad 17301-2165326-2 3050952-1 115 Shamim akhtar 17301-1189560-8 3531869-4 116 Sadia haleema 17301-19655064 3628721-7 117 Shabana ehtisham 17301-53549744 3753342-8 118 Shamim shoukat 17301-5468296-4 318888-9 119 Shamsa noreen 17301-9279989-8 4433205-0 120 Shazia 17301-2141879-8 3651576-5 121 Shazia fazal hussain 16202-4879823-6 2602837-9 122 Sheeba 17301-7438430-0 4432896-6 123 Shehla perveen butt 17301-6346160-0 4312575-1 124 Shireen manan 17301-4576667-2 2631814-8 125 Shehnaz mazhar 37405-6825635-4 3410370-8 126 Shumila ijaz 11101-1405820-8 4432415-4 127 Shumila noreen 17301-7049374-4 4210989-2 128 Sommia azeem 17301-0546639-8 3410358-9 129 Sonia khan 17301-1383284-8 3272501-9 130 Sumaira hayat 17301-8099682-0 2866010-2 131 Sumbul mazhar 17301-7805622-6 4429461-1 132 Syeda begum 17301-1806749-0 7172632-1 133 Syeda parwana 17301-5974751-4 3810668-0 Syeda qurat-ul -ain 134 17301-1114792-8 3944730-8 kazmi 135 Syeda robina naz 14301-1937362-2 4297430-5 136 Sadia sher bahadar 17301-7172356-4 4432964-4 137 Syeda sehrish hassan 17301-1600123-6 3559118-8 138 Sylvia shahid arbab 17301-5958853-8 0910119-8 139 Tasneem zahir shah 17301-5444599-2 1066722-9 140 Tehmina khan 17301-2897471-0 4433208-4 141 Ummama ashfaq 17301-4296080-2 2981350-6 142 Wajiha lughmani 17301-9800788-8 4347724-7 199

143 Wajiha malik 17301-1902793-0 2781348-7 144 Yasmeen azam 14301-1802793-0 1724989-9 145 Yasmeen renfro 3520208-8-164620 4433225-4 146 Zaara imtiaz 16101-3544312-2 4170644-7 147 Zill e huma 54400-0400661-4 4433330-7 148 Zahida maqsood 17301-8043003-2 3976030-8 149 Zahida parveen 17301-6551517-2 3064151-9 150 Zain mukhtar 17301-0813419-2 3554313-2 151 Zareen sohail 17301-0794767-4 3064152-7 152 Zahida khalil 15401-4406142-4 4429518-9 153 Zarmina ali zulifqar 17301-6271570-2 2679255-9 154 SABA GUL 17301-0525048-0 0009631-8 155 Aliya Sangeen Wali 17101-2003521-6 4254310-0 156 Ambreen Zahid 17301-1255849-4 0862763-7 157 Azra Jamshaid 17301-0276575-3 2220006-1 158 Braikhna Liaqat 17301-7042658-0 2247113-8 159 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-1133078-2 2144936-8 160 Farhat Savul 17301-1289435-4 1413557-4 161 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-0771857-4 0009798-5 162 Huma Mohsin 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 163 Maria Dastagir 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 164 Mrs.Javeria Zaib 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 165 Naseem Akhtar 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 166 Nasira Lughmani 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 167 Roohi fawad 16301-4137300-4 5606 168 Shabnum Riaz 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 169 Shamama Tul Amber 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 170 Shazia imran 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 171 Shela Asad 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 172 Sofia Noor 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 173 Zubaida Mumtaz 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 174 Sajida Zulfiqar 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 175 Abeer 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 176 Aadab 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 177 Afaf 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 178 Afrah 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 179 Ahd 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 180 Aisha 16301-4137300-4 5606 181 Alia 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 182 Aamaal 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 183 Amani 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 184 Ameena 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 185 Anaan 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 186 Aneesa 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 187 Areebah 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 188 Aroob 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 189 Asiya 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 190 Asalah 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 200

191 Asma 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 192 Ayeh 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 193 Azeeza 16301-4137300-4 5606 194 Badriya 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 195 Bahiyaa 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 196 Banan 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 197 Baasima 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 198 Basheera 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 199 Batool 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 200 Buthayna 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 201 Faiza 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 202 Fadwa 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 203 Fareeda 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 204 Firyal 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 205 Faatin 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 206 Fawziya 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 207 Ghaada 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 208 Ghaydaa 16301-4137300-4 5606 209 Haadiya 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 210 Hameeda 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 211 Hanan 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 212 Haleema 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 213 Haniya 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 214 Hayaam 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 215 Haifa 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 216 Hind 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 217 Huma 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 218 Husn 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 219 Ikraam 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 220 Iman 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 221 Inaam 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 222 Inaya 16301-4137300-4 5606 223 Izdihaar 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 224 Jameela 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 225 Jumaana 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 226 Kameela 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 227 Kawkab 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 228 Khadeeja 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 229 Khawlah 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 230 Khulood 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 231 Kulthoom 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 232 Lamya 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 233 Leena 16301-4137300-4 5606 234 Lama 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 235 Maha 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 236 Majida 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 237 Makaarim 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 238 Manaar 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 201

239 Maryam 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 240 Mawiya 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 241 Maimoona 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 242 Maysoon 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 243 Mufeeda 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 244 Muna 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 245 Musheera 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 246 Nabeela 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 247 Nadia 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 248 Nadeeda 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 249 Nafeesa 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 250 Naeema 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 251 Najeeba 16301-4137300-4 5606 252 Najat 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 253 Najla 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 254 Nashida 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 255 Nasiha 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 256 Nawal 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 257 Nazaaha 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 258 Nasiha 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 259 Nawal 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 260 Nazaaha 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 261 Nazeeya 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 262 Nibaal 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 263 Nesayem 16301-4137300-4 5606 264 Nimaat 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 265 Nuha 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 266 Noor 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 267 Nusayba 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 268 Rabab 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 269 Radhiyaa 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 270 Raghd 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 271 Raja 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 272 Rafa 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 273 Raniya 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 274 Rasheeda 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 275 Raawiya 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 276 Reem 16301-4137300-4 5606 277 Rukan 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 278 Ruwayda 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 279 Safa 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 280 Sahar 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 281 Sakeena 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 282 Saleema 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 283 Salma 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 284 Samaah 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 285 Sameeha 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 286 Saamiya 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 202

287 Sawda 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 288 Shatha 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 289 Shareefa 16301-4137300-4 5606 290 Suha 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 291 Suhayma 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 292 Sumaiyaa 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 293 Taroob 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 294 Tharaa 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 295 Tamadhur 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 296 Wafeeqa 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 297 Wajeeha 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 298 Widad 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 299 Wisaal 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 300 Yasirah 16301-4137300-4 5606 301 Yakootah 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 302 Yumn 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 303 Zaafira 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 304 Zahraa 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 305 Zakiyaa 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 306 Zaina 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 307 Nasiha 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 308 Nawal 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 309 Nazaaha 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 310 Uzma 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 311 Nazzish 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 312 Kosar 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 313 Bushra 16301-4137300-4 5606 314 Aatika 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 315 Faryal 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 316 Huzaima 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 317 Fabiha 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 318 Suniya 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 319 Zahra Saeed 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 320 Aambreen 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 321 Nadia Shakil 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 322 Asifa Naheed 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 323 Salma 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 324 Sajida 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 325 Jameela Begam 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 326 Faiza Roman 16301-4137300-4 5606 327 Tasnim Qahar 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 328 Mariya 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 329 Aanila Batool 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 330 Naima Rashid 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 331 Tehreem Hammad 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 332 Zarnash Awan 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 333 Sahiba 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 334 Rukhsana 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 203

335 Nusrat Tehseen 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 336 Riffat Shoaib 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 337 Zubia Sajjad 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 338 Shaffaq Sajjad 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 339 Suniya Shoaib 16301-4137300-4 5606 340 Izza Ghazal 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 341 Fizza Imran 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 342 Naznin 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 343 Shabana 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 344 Mehwish 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 345 Sehrish 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 346 Aarsala 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 347 Fareeha Salman 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 348 Shomaila Ehsan 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 349 Mehreen Khalid 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 350 Nadia Mughal 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 351 Sulatana Jabeen 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 352 Mahveen 16301-4137300-4 5606 353 Mysha 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 354 Noreen 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 355 Samreen 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 356 Saheefa 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 357 Iraj Ayesha 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9

204

APPENDIX-Q

List of Registered Women at Women Business Development Center Peshawar

S. No Name CNIC NTN 1 Abida Jillani 17301-1284914-0 224858-6 2 Adeeba Nasir 35201-7308797-0 7231601-2 3 Afsheen Malik 17301-3931190-0 3091023-4 4 Aisha 14201-9457375-2 1422792-4 5 Aisha Hassan 17301-1216743-6 1724927-9 6 Aisha Shafiq 37406-3582816-2 1458918-4 7 Aliha Wasim 17301-1364022-0 1422631-6 8 Aliya Sangeen Wali 17301-5497031-2 4203982-7 9 Allah Rakhi 17301-4810533-2 0995419-8 10 Alvina Mohudin 17301-1395535-6 2990797-7 11 Ambareen Farhan 17301-1354059-0 3532540-2 12 Ambareen Wahab 17301-6252318-8 2853301-1 13 Ambreen Sohail 17301-1133076-2 1082647-5 14 Ambreen zahid 17301-6830865-8 4431871-5 15 Amina Faiz 17301-0525048-0 0009631-8 16 Amtul Rafia 61101-7178826-8 4430662-8 17 Aniqa Ali Qaz 17301-1244914-8 214858-6 18 Anita Fayaz 35202-2607956-2 1753487-1 19 Arzu Banoori 17301-0153630-6 4174017-3 20 Asiya Siraj 17301-8125460-8 3263229-7 21 Asma Zulfiqar 17301-7317288-0 4432256-9 22 Asmat Ara Khattak 17301-6912422-4 3058440-0 23 Azra Perveen 17301-1091576-8 2170005-2 24 Benazir sheikh 17301-2579008-4 3403858-2 25 Beya Bangash 17301-1284914-0 224858-6 26 Braikhna Liaqa 17101-1484914-0 224858-6 27 Bushra Aima 35201-7308797-0 7231601-2 28 Dilshad Tipu 17301-3931190-0 3091023-4 29 Dr. Shahida Shahee 14201-9457375-2 1422792-4 30 Eshrat Riaz 17301-1216743-6 1724927-9 31 Faiza Babar 37406-3582816-2 1458918-4 32 Faiza Javed 17301-1364022-0 1422631-6 33 Fakhra Arif 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3 34 Farazia Shaheen 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4 35 Fareeda Arshad 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8 36 Farkhanda Jabeen 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2 37 Farzana Nadeem 17301-0896844-4 863377-7 38 Farzana zakir 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6 39 Fayiza Gul Rukh 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0 40 Fehmida Aktar 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5 41 Fitrat Ilyas Bilour 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5 42 Fouzia Inayat 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8 43 Ghazala Khan 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9 205

44 Hashmat Sultana 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5 45 Hossai Sharif 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7 46 Huma Fayaz 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3 47 Huma Zareen 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4 48 Humaira Bilour 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8 49 Imtiyaz Begum 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2 50 Jamila Bibi 17301-0896844-4 863377-7 51 Jamila Gillani 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6 52 Kalsoom 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0 53 Kiran Jabeen 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5 54 Laziza Arbab 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5 55 Lubna Farooq 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8 56 Maria Dastagir 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9 57 Mehreena Perveen 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5 58 Munawar Sultana 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7 59 Nadia Faisal 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3 60 Nadia Farah 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4 61 Nadia Shah 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8 62 Nadira Saboohi 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2 63 Naeem Akhtar 17301-0896844-4 863377-7 64 Naheed Akhtar 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6 65 Nargis Bibi 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0 66 Naseem Akhtar 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5 67 Naseem Babar 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5 68 Naseem Riaz 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8 69 Naseera Shaheen 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9 70 Nasera Begum 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5 71 Nasira Lughmani 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7 72 Nasra Akhtar 17301-1356133-8 2085480-3 73 Naveed Shabin 17301-6681039-0 4022682-4 74 Nayyar Khattak 17301-6208829-8 4021237-8 75 Nazish Karim 17301-8868573-6 3029252-2 76 Neelam Ali 17301-0896844-4 863377-7 77 Neelofar Sami Hayyat 17301-1360161-4 2078275-6 78 Nighat Javaid 17301-1246345-8 0332883-0 79 Nighat Nawab 17301-2268968-0 3017351-5 80 Nighat Yasmeen 17301-5949424-4 2802281-5 81 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-1439821-2 3532517-8 82 Nasira Lughmani 17301-9226318-8 2503838-9 83 Iqbal Bano 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5 84 Faiza Babar 17301-9448296-4 0009766-7 85 Mrs. Shumaila Tabassum 17301-9148276-4 000966-7 86 Nadra Saboohi 15302-6955317-0 3754661-9 87 Nuzhat Rauf 172013-444659-6 3286950-9 88 Tasneem Zahir Shah 17301-5571005-0 3111317-6 89 Sadia Aurangzeb 17301-1221931-6 4150959-5 90 Shabnum Raiz 15602-0352446-8 3533126-7 91 Afsheen Sardar 17301-6009859-8 4121097-2 206

92 Laziza Arbab 17301-3274186-2 2388340-5 93 Huma Fayaz 17301-9248296-4 0008766-7 94 Asmat Ara Khattak 17301-8948693-4 2084387-9 95 Shehla Naz 12101-0914960-0 3403859-7 96 Zarmina Ali 17301-4968500-0 3748118-5 97 Aisha Shafiq 17301-1189560-8 3531869-4 98 Jamila Gallani 17301-19655064 3628721-7 99 Zil-e-Huma 17301-19355064 3128721-7 100 Banazir Sheikh 17301-53549744 3753342-8 101 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-5911295-0 2166977-5 102 Nasira Lughmani 17301-5468296-4 318888-9 103 Iqbal Bano 17301-9279989-8 4433205-0 104 Faiza Babar 17301-2141879-8 3651576-5 105 Shumaila Tabassum 16202-4879823-6 2602837-9 106 Tehmina khan 17301-2897471-0 4433208-4 107 Ummama ashfaq 17301-4296080-2 2981350-6 108 Wajiha lughmani 17301-9800788-8 4347724-7 109 Wajiha malik 17301-1902793-0 2781348-7 110 Yasmeen azam 14301-1802793-0 1724989-9 111 Yasmeen renfro 3520208-8-164620 4433225-4 112 Zaara imtiaz 16101-3544312-2 4170644-7 113 Zill e huma 54400-0400661-4 4433330-7 114 Zahida maqsood 17301-8043003-2 3976030-8 115 Zahida parveen 17301-6551517-2 3064151-9 116 Zain mukhtar 17301-0813419-2 3554313-2 117 Zareen sohail 17301-0794767-4 3064152-7 118 Zahida khalil 15401-4406142-4 4429518-9 119 Zarmina ali zulifqar 17301-6271570-2 2679255-9 120 SABA GUL 17301-0525048-0 0009631-8 121 Aliya Sangeen Wali 17101-2003521-6 4254310-0 122 Ambreen Zahid 17301-1255849-4 0862763-7 123 Azra Jamshaid 17301-0276575-3 2220006-1 124 Braikhna Liaqat 17301-7042658-0 2247113-8 125 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-1133078-2 2144936-8 126 Farhat Savul 17301-1289435-4 1413557-4 127 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-0771857-4 0009798-5 128 Huma Mohsin 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 129 Maria Dastagir 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 130 Mrs.Javeria Zaib 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 131 Naseem Akhtar 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 132 Nasira Lughmani 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 133 Roohi fawad 16301-4137300-4 5606 134 Shabnum Riaz 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 135 Shamama Tul Amber 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 136 Shazia imran 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 137 Shela Asad 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 138 Sofia Noor 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 139 Zubaida Mumtaz 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 207

140 Sajida Zulfiqar 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 141 Lubna Farooq 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 142 Shahida Mini 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 143 Mubarak begum 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 144 Ghazala Javed 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 145 Nadia niaz 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 146 Tahira Wasti 16301-4137300-4 5606 147 Naeema mushtaq 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 148 Kosar Hassan 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 149 Naghmana sadiq 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 150 Durre Shahwar 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 151 Naheed Akhtar 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 152 Tanzila 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 153 Naheed kausar 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 154 Nair hayat khattak 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 155 Naseem Akhtar 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 156 Souraiya 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 157 Naseem Akhtar 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 158 Aamina Haider 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 159 Naseem babar 16301-4137300-4 5606 160 Babra Ishtiaq 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 161 Naseem riaz 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 162 Sadia Liaqat 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 163 Naseera begum 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 164 Sadia Najam 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 165 Naseera shaheen 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 166 Sehrish Salman 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 167 Nasira Akhtar 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 168 Nasira lughmani 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 169 Samreen Khan 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 170 Nazish karim 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 171 Aiza Khan 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 172 Neelam ali 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 173 Horiya Muddassir 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 174 Nighat nawab 16301-4137300-4 5606 175 Noor ul huda 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 176 Nuzhat rauf 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 177 Ome amara siddiqi 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 178 Parveen masood kazi 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 179 Raima Hamayat 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 180 Zoha Gohar 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 181 Alishba Sheikh 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 182 Shaista bibi 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 183 Shomaila Ikram 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 184 Shama asad 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 185 Shamim Akhtar 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 186 Sadia haleema 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 187 Fatima Abid 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 208

188 Shabana ehtisham 16301-4137300-4 5606 189 Bushra Rani 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 190 Shamim shoukat 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 191 Shamsa noreen 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 192 Shazia 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 193 Shazia fazal hussain 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 194 Sheeba 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 195 Shehla perveen butt 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 196 Rani 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 197 Shireen manan 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 198 Shanza Malik 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 199 Shehnaz mazhar 16301-4137300-4 5606 200 Sumbal Tariq 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 201 Shumila ijaz 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 202 Shumila noreen 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 203 Sommia azeem 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 204 Sonia khan 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 205 Sumaira hayat 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 206 Sumbul mazhar 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 207 Syeda begum 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 208 Anza Shakil 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 209 Syeda parwana 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 210 Nimra Zahid 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 211 Tasneem zahir shah 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 212 Tehmina khan 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 213 Ummama ashfaq 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 214 Wajiha lughmani 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 215 Wajiha malik 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 216 Yasmeen azam 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 217 Yasmeen renfro 16301-4137300-4 5606 218 Shehnaz Khan 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 219 Zaara imtiaz 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 220 Zill e huma 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 221 Zahida maqsood 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 222 Zahida parveen 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 223 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 224 Farhat Savul 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 225 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 226 Huma Mohsin 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 227 Maria Dastagir 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 228 Mrs.Javeria Zaib 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 229 Naseem Akhtar 16301-4137300-4 5606 230 Nasira Lughmani 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 231 Roohi fawad 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 232 Shabnum Riaz 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 233 Shamama Tul Amber 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 234 Shazia imran 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 235 Shela Asad 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 209

236 Sofia Noor 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 237 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 238 Farhat Savul 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 239 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 240 Huma Mohsin 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 241 Maria Dastagir 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 242 Mrs.Javeria Zaib 16301-4137300-4 5606 243 Naseem Akhtar 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 244 Nasira Lughmani 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 245 Roohi fawad 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 246 Shabnum Riaz 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 247 Shamama Tul Amber 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 248 Shazia imran 17301-9002210-2 3765624-4 249 Shela Asad 17301-2613350-4 2315721-6 250 Sofia Noor 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 251 Dr.Rukhsana Sohail 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 252 Farhat Savul 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 253 Fitrath Ilyas Bilour 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 254 Huma Mohsin 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 255 Maria Dastagir 16301-4137300-4 5606 256 Naseem Akhtar 17301-9448296-4 0010196-6 257 Aamina Haider 17301-1441614-0 2277803-9 258 Naseem babar 35202-5846425-4 2666577-7 259 Babra Ishtiaq 35201-1562414-8 3414115-4 260 Naseem riaz 17301-9239047-2 1918691-6 261 Sadia Liaqat 17301-1342656-0 0711221-1 262 Naseera begum 17301-3386715-8 2247112-0 263 Sadia Najam 17301-8516566-2 2457560-7 264 Naseera shaheen 17301-7608264-0 3796559-0 265 Sehrish Salman 17301-4437300-4 2813519-9 266 Bushra Gohar 16301-4137300-4 5606

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List of Un-Registered Women Entrepreneur, KPK

S. No Name Business Name 1 Asifa Shaiq Asifa Botique, KDA, Kohat 2 Fahima Shahid Roshni Botique, KDA, Kohat 3 Kalsoom Khan Kalsoom Botique, KDA, Kohat 4 Bushra Shenaz Al-saba Botique, KDA, Kohat 5 Quratulain Khan Aine Botique, KDA, Kohat 6 Saima Jamal Saima Beuaty Parlor, KDA, Kohat 7 Zubia Sajjad Zubia Beauty Parlor, KDA, Kohat 8 Talwasa Shah Talwasa Beauty Parlor, KDA, Kohat 9 Sumiya Khan Roop Beauty Parlor, KDA, Kohat 10 Khizra Inayat Khizra Botique, KDA, Kohat 11 Ayesha Sultan Alsafa Botique, College Town Kohat 12 Munisfa Ibad Ibad Beauty Parlor, Jail Road Kohat 13 Tahira Kashif Kashif Botique, Merozai, Kohat 14 Aatka Rashid Insaf Botique, Mian Khel, Kohat 15 Salma Mazhar Salma Beauty Parlor, Jungle Khel, Kohat 16 Sajida Liaqat Liaqat Botique, Hangu Road Kohat 17 Sehrish Salman Sehrish Botique, Shino Khel Kohat 18 Sadia Arsalan Arsalan Botique, Bazar e Mustafa Kohat 19 Irum Rehan Irum Beauty Parlor, Shehzada Muhallah Kohat 20 Shaheena Shah Shah Beauty Parlor, Mian Khel Kohat 21 Azra Khan Anza Khan Beauty Parlor, Jhandi Station Kohat 22 Misha Shah Shah Botique, Bazar e Zargaran Kohat 23 Naheed Khurshid Khurshid Beauty Parlor, KDA, Kohat 24 Nadia Shakeel Nadia Beauty Parlor, Hayatabad Peshawar 25 Ambreen Saeed Saeed Botique, Hayatabad Peshawar 26 Zahra Shayan Shayan Beauty Parlor, Hayatabad Peshawar 27 Fabiha Fatima Fatima Beuty Saloon, Hayatabad Peshawar 28 Huzaina Shakeel Al-huda Botique, Hayatabad Peshawar 29 Salma Hamayat Salma Botique, Muhallah Marvi Ha, Peshawar 30 Alishba Khan Alishba Beauty Saloon, Yaka Toot, Peshawar 31 Kanwal Mudassir Al-aqsa Botique, Gul Bahar No. 4 Peshawar 32 Samina Hamayat Khizra Botique, Gorgathri, Peshawar 33 Tanzila Safar Safar Beauty Saloon, Jattan, Peshawar 34 Dureshehwar Khan Khan Beauty Saloon, Gaddi Khana, Peshawar 35 Raima Hamid Raima Shah Botique, Saddar, Peshawar 36 Noreen Shah Noreen Botique, Ganjj Peshawar 37 Abida Sultan Abida Beauty Parlor, Muhallah Mulla Baru 38 Rehana Shah Rehana Botique, Tehsil, Peshawar 39 Shabana Khan Shabana Botique, Nishterabad, Peshawar 40 Reham Akhtar Akhtar Botique, Gulberg, Peshawar 41 Mukhtara Khan Al-rubab Botique, Charsadda Road 42 Robina Akhtar Robina Botique, University Town Peshawar 43 Haifa Saeed Haifa Botique, Defence Peshawar 44 Lubna Samad Al-Karam Botique, Shami Road, Peshawar 45 Parveen Junaid Junaid Beauty Parlor, Jhangira, Peshawar 211

46 Ishrat Fatima Fatima Parlor, Ramdas Peshawar 47 Gul Naz Gul Naz Parlor, Dubgari, Peshawar 48 Lubna Farooq Farooq Botique, Firdos Peshawar 49 Mubarak Begum Mubaarak Botique, Mall Road Saddar, Peshawar 50 Nadia Naz Naz Botique, GT Road, Peshawar 51 Nadia Niaz Niaz Beauty Parlor, Faqeer Abad, Peshawar 52 Naeema Mushtaq Mushtaq Parlor, Dillazak Road, Peshawar 53 Naghmana Sadiq Sadiq Botique, Gul Bahar No. 4 Cinema Road 54 Naheed Akhtar Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Ijaz Abad, Peshawar 55 Naheed Kausar Kausar, Botique, Phando Chowk, Peshawar 56 Nair Hayata Khattak Khattak, Botique, Din Bahar Colony, Peshawar 57 Naseem Akhtar Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Afghan Colony, Peshawar 58 Naseem Babar Babar Parlor, Board Bazar, Peshawar 59 Naseem Riaz Riaz Parlor, Chargano Chowk 60 Naseera Begum Naseera Botique, Askari Six, Peshawar 61 Naseera Shaheen Shaheen Botique, Nothia Saddar, Peshawar 62 Abida Fatima Fatima Hussan Beauty Parlor, Peshawar 63 Adeela Kausar Adeela Shah, Peshawar Saddar 64 Afreen Shah Afreen Khan, Hayatabad, Peshawar 65 Ayesha Khan Ayesha Beauty Saloon, Nothia Saddar Peshawar 66 Alina Khan Alina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 67 Amina Haider Amina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 68 Ambreen Khan Ambreen Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 69 Andaleeb Sultan Sultan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 70 Afra Arzoo Arzoo Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 71 Asma Shah Shah Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 72 Atiqa Mughal Mughal Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 73 Atiya Javed Javed Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 74 Azra Shahab Shahab Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 75 Banafsha Hisan Hisan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 76 Rida Batol Roshni Bortique, DI Khan 77 Benish Shah Shah Botique, DI Khan 78 Fakhira Mehmood Botique DI Khan 79 Fareeha Salman Salman Botique, DI Khan 80 Farida Farida Botique, DI Khan 81 Farzana Farzana Botique, DI Khan 82 Hajira Shah Hajira Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 83 Sanam Shah Sanam Shah, Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 84 Ifat Rahim Rahim Beauty Parlor, Nowshera 85 Irum Sana Sana Beauty Parlor, Nowshera Cantt 86 Javeria Samad Samad Botique, Nowshera 87 Ume Kalsoom Azad Botique, Nowshera 88 Khurshid Shahid Shahid Botique, Nowshera 89 Laila Mushtaq Mushtaq Beauty Parlor, Nowshera 90 Madeeha Shahid Madeeha Beauty Parlor, Nowshera 91 Maimoona Shakeel Shakeel Botique, Nowshera 92 Kausar Kausar, Botique, Phando Chowk, Peshawar 93 Nair Khattak Khattak, Botique, Din Bahar Colony, Peshawar 212

94 Naseem Akhtar Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Afghan Colony, Peshawar 95 Naseem Babar Babar Parlor, Board Bazar, Peshawar 96 Naseem Riaz Riaz Parlor, Chargano Chowk 97 Naseera Begum Naseera Botique, Askari Six, Peshawar 98 Naseera Shaheen Shaheen Botique, Nothia Saddar, Peshawar 99 Abida Fatima Fatima Hussan Beauty Parlor, Peshawar 100 Adeela Kausar Adeela Shah, Peshawar Saddar 101 Afreen Shah Afreen Khan, Hayatabad, Peshawar 102 Ayesha Khan Ayesha Beauty Saloon, Nothia Saddar Peshawar 103 Alina Khan Alina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 104 Amina Haider Amina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 105 Ambreen Khan Ambreen Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 106 Andaleeb Sultan Sultan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 107 Afra Arzoo Arzoo Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 108 Asma Shah Shah Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 109 Atiqa Mughal Mughal Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 110 Atiya Javed Javed Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 111 Azra Shahab Shahab Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 112 Banafsha Hisan Hisan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 113 Rida Batol Roshni Bortique, DI Khan 114 Benish Shah Shah Botique, DI Khan 115 Fakhira Mehmood Botique DI Khan 116 Fareeha Salman Salman Botique, DI Khan 117 Farida Farida Botique, DI Khan 118 Farzana Farzana Botique, DI Khan 119 Hajira Shah Hajira Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 120 Sanam Shah Sanam Shah, Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 121 Ifat Rahim Rahim Beauty Parlor, Nowshera 122 Sana Imtiaz Sana Beauty Parlor, Nowshera Cantt 123 Samida Samad Botique, Nowshera 124 Kalsoom Azad Azad Botique, Nowshera 125 Khurshida Shahid Botique, Nowshera 126 Laila Mushtaq Beauty Parlor, Nowshera 127 Zubaida Madeeha Beauty Parlor, Nowshera 128 Shakeela Shakeel Botique, Nowshera 129 Azra Perveen Saeed Botique, Hayatabad Peshawar 130 Benazir sheikh Shayan Beauty Parlor, Hayatabad Peshawar 131 Beya Bangash Fatima Beuty Saloon, Hayatabad Peshawar 132 Braikhna Liaqa Al-huda Botique, Hayatabad Peshawar 133 Bushra Aima Salma Botique, Muhallah Marvi Ha, Peshawar 134 Dilshad Tipu Alishba Beauty Saloon, Yaka Toot, Peshawar 135 Dr. Shahida Shahee Al-aqsa Botique, Gul Bahar No. 4 Peshawar 136 Eshrat Riaz Khizra Botique, Gorgathri, Peshawar 137 Faiza Babar Safar Beauty Saloon, Jattan, Peshawar 138 Faiza Javed Khan Beauty Saloon, Gaddi Khana, Peshawar 139 Fakhra Arif Raima Shah Botique, Saddar, Peshawar 140 Farazia Shaheen Noreen Botique, Ganjj Peshawar 141 Fareeda Arshad Abida Beauty Parlor, Muhallah Mulla Baru 213

142 Farkhanda Jabeen Rehana Botique, Tehsil, Peshawar 143 Farzana Nadeem Shabana Botique, Nishterabad, Peshawar 144 Farzana zakir Akhtar Botique, Gulberg, Peshawar 145 Fayiza Gul Rukh Al-rubab Botique, Charsadda Road 146 Fehmida Aktar Niaz Beauty Parlor, Faqeer Abad, Peshawar 147 Fitrat Ilyas Bilour Mushtaq Parlor, Dillazak Road, Peshawar 148 Fouzia Inayat Sadiq Botique, Gul Bahar No. 4 Cinema Road 149 Ghazala Khan Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Ijaz Abad, Peshawar 150 Hashmat Sultana Kausar, Botique, Phando Chowk, Peshawar 151 Hossai Sharif Khattak, Botique, Din Bahar Colony, Peshawar 152 Huma Fayaz Akhtar Beauty Parlor, Afghan Colony, Peshawar 153 Huma Zareen Babar Parlor, Board Bazar, Peshawar 154 Humaira Bilour Riaz Parlor, Chargano Chowk 155 Imtiyaz Begum Naseera Botique, Askari Six, Peshawar 156 Jamila Bibi Shaheen Botique, Nothia Saddar, Peshawar 157 Jamila Gillani Fatima Hussan Beauty Parlor, Peshawar 158 Kalsoom Adeela Shah, Peshawar Saddar 159 Kiran Jabeen Afreen Khan, Hayatabad, Peshawar 160 Laziza Arbab Ayesha Beauty Saloon, Nothia Saddar Peshawar 161 Lubna Farooq Alina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 162 Maria Dastagir Amina Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 163 Mehreena Perveen Ambreen Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 164 Munawar Sultana Sultan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 165 Nadia Faisal Arzoo Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 166 Nadia Farah Shah Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 167 Nadia Shah Mughal Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 168 Nadira Saboohi Javed Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 169 Naeem Akhtar Shahab Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 170 Naheed Akhtar Hisan Beauty Parlor, DI Khan 171 Nargis Bibi Roshni Bortique, DI Khan

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