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Women’s Participation in Community Decision-Making Spaces in Afghanistan A Case of Istalif and Kalakan Districts in Kabul Province 2 Women’s Participation in Community Decision-Making Spaces in Afghanistan Acknowledgements Author: Mariam Jalalzada Contributing Partner Organisation: Afghan Women’s Resource Center (AWRC) Design: Dacors Design This research study was made possible by the efforts of the programme staff of the Afghan Women’s Resource Center in Kalakan and Istalif Districts of Kabul Province – especially Samira Aslamzada. Their efforts in organising the field trips, focus group discussions with the women, and interviews with various individuals, is to be lauded. Special thanks are due to Durkhani Aziz for her kindness and her relentless role as co-facilitator during the entire fieldwork, ensuring attendance of Community Development Council (CDC) members and Government officials in the focus group discussions and interviews. My sincere thanks to the CDC members for taking the time and effort to attend the discussions and to talk about their personal lives, and to the Governmental representatives for their helpful engagement with this research. October 2015 3 Women’s Participation in Community Decision-Making Spaces in Afghanistan Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................2 Acronyms............................................................................................................................4 Executive summary ........................................................................................................5 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................7 2. Womankind’s work with AWRC and the FLOW Project ................................10 3. Research methodology and limitations ............................................................12 Identification of interviewees ..........................................................................................12 Research questions..........................................................................................................13 Site selection ..................................................................................................................14 Limitations ....................................................................................................................15 4. Country context ........................................................................................................16 5. Istalif and Kalakan District profiles ..................................................................18 5.1 Istalif ........................................................................................................................18 5.1.1 Perception of wealth ......................................................................................19 5.1.2 Changing trends in the community..................................................................20 5.1.3 Women’s mobility and access to education in Istalif ........................................21 5.2 Kalakan ....................................................................................................................22 5.2.1 Perception of wealth ......................................................................................22 5.2.2 Changing trends in the community ................................................................23 5.2.3 Women’s mobility and access to education in Kalakan ....................................24 6. Women’s participation in community governance structures....................25 6.1 National solidarity programme ..................................................................................25 6.1.1 CDC goals and purposes ................................................................................25 6.1.2 CDC power and governance structures............................................................27 6.2 Women and CDCs ....................................................................................................29 7. Community spaces for women ............................................................................31 8. Community Development Councils ....................................................................33 8.1 Structure and membership of the CDCs ....................................................................33 8.2 CDC leadership ........................................................................................................35 8.2.1 Women leaders and role models......................................................................36 8.3 CDC meetings ........................................................................................................40 8.4 CDC projects ............................................................................................................41 4 Women’s Participation in Community Decision-Making Spaces in Afghanistan 9. Motivation for participation ................................................................................43 9.1 Purpose ..................................................................................................................43 9.2 Impact ......................................................................................................................45 9.3 Challenges ..............................................................................................................46 10. Barriers to women’s participation in CDCs ....................................................48 11. Conclusions and lessons learned ......................................................................54 Acronyms AWRC Afghan Women’s Resource Center CDC Community Development Council FP Facilitating Partner FLOW Funding Leadership and Opportunities for Women MDG3 Millennium Development Goal 3 (Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women) MRRD Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development NSP National Solidarity Programme VAW Violence Against Women 5 Women’s Participation in Community Decision-Making Spaces in Afghanistan Executive Summary This research report is part of a larger, multi-country research project conducted in the fourth year of Womankind’s Funding Leadership Opportunities for Women (FLOW) grant. The research focuses on gaining a better understanding of what happens when women participate in local- level decision-making spaces or spaces where women meet with decision makers to influence them and in some cases hold them to account. In Afghanistan the research focuses on one all- male and two all-female Community Development Councils (CDCs) established in 2006 by the National Solidarity Program (NSP) in Istalif and Kalakan Districts of Kabul Province. The CDCs have been part of the capacity-building activities of the FLOW project implemented by the Afghan Women’s Resource Center (AWRC), one of Womankind Worldwide’s (Womankind’s) partners in Afghanistan. Through the FLOW project, the AWRC has been providing training to members of the CDCs including women’s rights, leadership, advocacy, human rights and political empowerment. The CDCs are formed under the National Solidarity Programme (NSP); a nation-wide local governance programme implemented by the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) that enables the formation of Community Development Councils (CDCs) through a democratic process in order to identify and resolve the development needs of their communities. The NSP has been through a number of phases and in the phase in which the Districts under this research were established, each village has been required to form a women- only CDC along with a male CDC. Across many Districts, including those in this study, women had been registered only on paper. It was only after AWRC’s involvement that the women’s CDCs became more than a name on paper, and would regularly get together for training and meetings, mainly facilitated by AWRC. The study selected two of these women-only CDCs to better understand the background of the women who participate in these village-level councils, such as the changes in their social status, knowledge, awareness of development challenges and opportunities in their communities, mobility, interaction with the male members of the community, and self- confidence and self-worth. Discussions were also organised with one male CDC, District Governors, NSP officials, and female non-CDC members. A general finding of the research was that the CDC structure is different in the field than on paper. While villages are required to have an executive committee of men and women to design and oversee development projects, the female and male CDCs in the villages visited functioned separately. The female and male CDCs also interacted with each other very rarely. Female CDCs, three years after their establishment, were not consulted during the needs identification process, project proposal development, and implementation of a development project. The all-female CDC also did not have a role in the oversight of the money spent by the all-male CDC. 6 Women’s Participation in Community Decision-Making Spaces in Afghanistan The female CDCs consisted mainly of the members of one family, that of the CDC head. At the start of the project, the female CDCs in the FLOW project’s target areas existed only as names on NSP documents. Following the NSP guidelines, elections for both the female and male CDCs had taken place in the community, and within