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PEERING: an AS for Us PEERING: An AS for Us Brandon Schlinker1, Kyriakos Zarifis1, Italo Cunha2, Nick Feamster3, and Ethan Katz-Bassett1 1University of Southern California — 2Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais — 3Georgia Institute of Technology {bschlink, kyriakos, ethan.kb}@usc.edu — [email protected] — [email protected] ABSTRACT 29, 45]. BGP, the Internet’s interdomain routing protocol, Internet routing suffers from persistent and transient failures, can experience slow convergence [30] and persistent route circuitous routes, oscillations, and prefix hijacks. A ma- oscillations [17,54]. It lacks mechanisms to prevent spoof- jor impediment to progress is the lack of ways to conduct ing [5,27] and prefix hijacks [24,32,58]. Despite known impactful interdomain research. Most research is based ei- problems, little has changed with interdomain routing, and ther on passive observation of existing routes, keeping re- there has been little impactful research in recent years. searchers from assessing how the Internet will respond to This stagnancy in the face of known problems is in stark route or policy changes; or simulations, which are restricted contrast to the rapid innovation in other areas of network- by limitations in our understanding of topology and policy. ing. We are in an era of remarkable changes in networking We propose a new class of interdomain research: re- and its role in our lives, as mobile connectivity and stream- searchers can instantiate an AS of their choice, including ing video change how we use the Internet, and advances in its intradomain topology and interdomain interconnectivity, software defined networking and data centers change how and connect it with the “live” Internet to exchange routes we run networks. Even the Internet’s topology has changed and traffic with real interdomain neighbors. Instead of be- tremendously, with the rise of IXPs [1] and content delivery ing observers of the Internet ecosystem, researchers become networks [11]. Yet despite these substantial changes, the un- members. Towards this end, we present the PEERING testbed. derlying mechanisms and approaches of interdomain routing In its nascent stage, the testbed has proven extremely useful, remain unchanged, interconnecting islands of innovation but resulting in a series of studies that were nearly impossible for stuck with problems we have known for years. researchers to conduct in the past. In this paper, we present Progress is impeded because we have only very limited a vision of what the testbed can provide. We sketch how to means to conduct interdomain research and lack ways to in- extend the testbed to enable future innovation, taking advan- crementally deploy experimental approaches. Most research tage of the rise of IXPs to expand our testbed. on interdomain routing is either based on measurements of existing routes, which keeps researchers from directly ob- Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.2.6 [Computer - serving how the Internet will respond to changes in pro- Communication Networks] Internetworking tocols or policies, or based on simulations, the realism of General Terms: Design; Experimentation; Measurement which is severely restricted by the limitations in our under- standing of the Internet’s topology [40] and policies [26,51]. 1. INTRODUCTION We have such limited visibility into Internet routing that a lot of recent work on it simply reports the details of priv- Interdomain routing suffers from a range of problems. ileged datasets [1,31] or shows how to scale measurement ISPs lack effective mechanisms to coordinate across bound- approaches up to the entire Internet [9,28,45]. aries [36], leading to congestion and geographically cir- To bypass the lack of control of passive route measure- cuitous paths [51, 57]. They lack the visibility to trou- ments and the lack of realism of simulations, we argue that bleshoot effectively, contributing to long-lasting outages [28, we have to move from researchers being fundamentally out- Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for side of interdomain routing—andtherefore focusing on mea- personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear suring, modeling, and simulating it—to being full and active this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components participants in the interdomain routing ecosystem. Previous of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with examples of researchers participating in interdomain rout- credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request ing proved useful [7,14,37], but these researchers interacted permissions from [email protected]. directly with only one or a few real ISPs. This limited in- HotNets-XIII, October 27–28, 2014, Los Angeles, CA, USA. terconnectivity is suitable only for certain types of experi- Copyright is held by owner/author(s). Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM 978-1-4503-3256-9/14/10. $15.00 ments, since it does not match the widespread peering on http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2670518.2673887. 1 the Internet today. Even this small-scale interconnectivity is responding desire to reduce transit costs, the Internet has beyond the easy reach of most researchers since it requires moved from the simplistic hierarchy of the past to a rich both an IP address prefix and BGP peers to announce it to. peering mesh [1]. To realistically represent this setting, We can enable a new class of interdomain research by giving PEERING must provide widespread interconnectivity at loca- researchers the ability to design an AS, including its intrado- tions around the world, so researchers can experiment from main topology and policies and its interdomain interconnec- the perspective of a large AS with thousands of peers, not tivity, and connect it to the live Internet, exchanging routes just a small one. and traffic with actual interdomain neighbors. Example research. The ultimate benefit of secure BGP de- Towards this end, we present the PEERING testbed, for pends on which ASes adopt it and what policies they use; Pairing Emulated Experiments with Real Interdomain Net- our understanding of partial deployment relies on theoreti- work Gateways. It couples an emulated intradomain exper- cal analysis and simulations [34]. A researcher recently sub- iment with real interdomain peering and connectivity. In its mitted a proposal to use PEERING announcements to assess nascent stage, the testbed has facilitated many studies that adoption. BGP security depends on where announcements were nearly impossible for academic researchers to achieve propagate, so a thorough study requires rich connectivity. in the past [19,26,29,42,53]. To encourage others to take Control of traffic. In addition to announcing routes, re- advantage of PEERING’s unique capabilities, we present a vi- searchers should be able to exchange traffic between their sion of what the testbed can provide, as a step towards en- experiment and the real Internet. couraging the innovation we believe that PEERING can help Example research. Whereas normally one can only measure deliver. In addition, we sketch how to extend the testbed to the performance of preferred paths or end-host overlays [2, enable future innovation. The key insight enabling this ex- 18,49], PECAN used PEERING announcements to uncover pansion is that the widespread peering prevalent on today’s alternate paths in the Internet and traffic to measure their Internet makes it amenable to our testbed. performance [53]. 2. GOALS AND REQUIREMENTS Ability to deploy real services. PEERING should let re- searchers run (prototypes of) services that attract traffic. The Our approach is to let researchers run their own experi- networking research community has learned a lot from de- mental ASes, peer them with the real Internet, and observe ployed systems, such as PlanetLab-based CDNs [16,41]. the results of experiments. While this model is not suitable Example research. Given the ability to attract and forward for some research–one cannot upgrade every Internet router traffic, outage detection systems [28] could have served as to a new protocol–itmodels the backwards compatibilitythat the basis for outage avoidance services. Two systems used new ideas will need to be deployed. early versions of PEERING as the basis for real-world pro- This section describes capabilities the testbed should of- totypes. ARROW demonstrated an incrementally deployable fer, research that each capability enables, and existing re- solution to black holes, denial of service attacks, and prefix search that would have benefited. Some of the research uses hijacking [42]. SDX proposedan architecture for a software- our initial version of PEERING. defined Internet exchange, and the prototype used PEERING Control of interdomain topology and routing. Re- to route traffic to and from the actual Internet [19]. searchers should have flexibility in deciding which ASes to Control of intradomain topology and routing. In addi- peer with and where, and what announcements to make. tion to control of interdomain routes and traffic, researchers Example research. This type of route injection was the basis should be able to define the topology, routing protocols, and for influential work on BGP convergence [30]. LIFEGUARD policies of emulated ASes they design. Existing testbeds used route injection to route around failures [29]. generally focus only on control of entire domains [4,33,56] The ability to inject routes makes it possible to observe or only on interacting with other ASes [37,52]. how ASes react to different routing changes. Without this Example research. Without a testbed with both capabilities, ability, iPlane had to infer routing policies from preferred earlier work on the interplay between interdomain and in- paths [35]. With PEERING, PoiRoot made announcements tradomain routing used simulations [20]. In contrast, a re- to expose ASes’ routing preferences and find causes of path searcher is using PEERING to study man-in-the-middle hi- changes [26].
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