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Exposure to Violence, Trauma, And

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Exposure to Violence, Trauma, And The author(s) shown below used Federal funding provided by the U.S. Department of Justice to prepare the following resource: Document Title: Exposure to Violence, Trauma, and Juvenile Court Involvement: A Longitudinal Analysis of Mobile Youth and Poverty Study Data (1998-2011) Author(s): Anneliese Bolland, Ph.D., John Bolland, Ph.D. Document Number: 254496 Date Received: January 2020 Award Number: 2016-MU-MU-0068 This resource has not been published by the U.S. Department of Justice. This resource is being made publically available through the Office of Justice Programs’ National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Research Projects Final Technical Report Exposure to Violence, Trauma, and Juvenile Court Involvement: A Longitudinal Analysis of Mobile Youth and Poverty Study Data (1998-2011) Principal Investigators: Dr. Anneliese Bolland (PI), Institute for Communication and Information Research, The University of Alabama, Box 870172, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0172; tel: 205-348-1235; email: [email protected] Dr. John Bolland (co-PI), Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Alabama, Box 870216, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0216; tel: 205-348-1235; email: [email protected] This project was supported by Grant # 2016-MU-MU-0068, awarded by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication/program/exhibition are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. 1 This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1: Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... vi 2: Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1 A: Poverty, Exposure to Violence, and Trauma ...................................................................................... 1 B: Objectives ............................................................................................................................................ 2 C: Model and Research Questions ........................................................................................................... 2 3: Methods .................................................................................................................................................... 6 A: Study Location .................................................................................................................................... 6 B: Recruitment and Data Collection Procedures...................................................................................... 6 C: Initial MYS Sample ............................................................................................................................. 7 D: Data Sources ..................................................................................................................................... 12 E: Exclusion Criteria .............................................................................................................................. 12 F: Study Sample ..................................................................................................................................... 12 G: Measures ........................................................................................................................................... 12 H: Analytic Procedures .......................................................................................................................... 21 4: Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 26 A: Research Question 1 .......................................................................................................................... 26 B: Research Question 2 .......................................................................................................................... 30 C: Research Question 3 .......................................................................................................................... 36 5: Discussion ............................................................................................................................................... 83 A: Summary of Exposure to Violence Juvenile Justice Involvement Results ................................... 83 B: Summary of results that suggest promising intervention points ....................................................... 87 C: Addressing Exposure to Violence: Approaches to Intervention ....................................................... 90 D: Strengths and Limitations ............................................................................................................... 108 E: Future Research ............................................................................................................................... 109 F: Conclusions...................................................................................................................................... 112 6: References ............................................................................................................................................. 115 i This resource was prepared by the author(s) using Federal funds provided by the U.S. Department of Justice. Opinions or points of view expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. TABLE OF CONTENTS Tables and Figures TABLES 1: Description of MYS Target Neighborhoods: 2000 Census ................................................................. 10 2: Mobile Youth Survey Multiple Cohort Design ................................................................................... 11 3: Descriptive Statistics for MYS Derived Measures .............................................................................. 16 4: Exposure to Violence Descriptive Statistics ........................................................................................ 19 5: Normative Academic Progress Descriptive Statistics ......................................................................... 20 6: Juvenile Court Involvement Descriptive Statistics .............................................................................. 21 7: Exposure to Violence Predicting Crimes Against a Person ................................................................. 27 8: Exposure to Violence Predicting Court Outcome Severity ................................................................. 29 9: Sources of Victimization Predicting Crimes Against a Person ........................................................... 30 10: Sources of Victimization Predicting Court Outcome Severity .......................................................... 31 11: Instances of Victimization Predicting Crimes Against a Person ....................................................... 32 12: Instances of Victimization Predicting Court Outcome Severity ........................................................ 33 13: Sources and Instances of Victimization Predicting Crimes Against a Person ................................... 34 14: Sources and Instances of Victimization Predicting Court Outcome Severity ................................... 35 15: SEM Estimates: Determinants of Hopelessness at Time t ................................................................. 37 16: SEM Estimates: Determinants of Street Code at Time t ................................................................... 43 17: SEM Estimates: Determinants of Behavioral Self-Worth at Time t .................................................. 48 18: SEM Estimates: Determinants of Global Self-Worth at Time t ........................................................ 52 19: SEM Estimates: Determinants of Worry at Time t ............................................................................ 57 20: SEM Estimates: Determinants of Traumatic Stress at Time t ........................................................... 61 21: SEM Estimates: Determinants of Academic Progress at Time t ....................................................... 64 22: SEM Estimates: Determinants of Court Outcome Severity at Time t + 1 ......................................... 71 23: SEM Estimates: Indirect Effects on Court Outcome Severity and Academic Progress .................... 80 24: SEM Estimates: Sum of Psychological Adjustment Indirect Effects on Court Outcome Severity ... 82 FIGURES 1: Model depicting direct and indirect effects of lagged exposure to violence on court outcomes ........... 5 2a: Witnessing Violence as a Function of Age ........................................................................................ 18 2b: Violent Victimization as a Function of Age ...................................................................................... 18 3: Crimes
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