Algemeen Ambtsbericht Irak

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Irak Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak Datum november 2016 Pagina 1 van 99 Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak | november 2016 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Noord-Afrika en Midden-Oosten (DAM) Pagina 2 van 99 Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak | november 2016 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ......................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ............................................................................................3 Inleiding…. ................................................................................................................5 1 Landeninformatie......................................................................................7 1.1 Politieke ontwikkelingen ................................................................................7 1.2 Bestuurlijke ontwikkelingen ...........................................................................9 1.3 Land en volk ............................................................................................. 14 1.4 Documenten ............................................................................................. 16 2 Veiligheidssituatie...................................................................................21 2.1 Algemeen ................................................................................................. 21 2.2 Bagdad .................................................................................................... 23 2.3 Anbar....................................................................................................... 29 2.4 Ninewa..................................................................................................... 34 2.5 Salaheddin................................................................................................ 39 2.6 Kirkuk/Ta’mim........................................................................................... 43 2.7 Diyala ...................................................................................................... 45 2.8 Babil........................................................................................................ 49 2.9 Zuid-Irak.................................................................................................. 50 2.10 Koerdische Autonome Regio (KAR)................................................................ 53 2.11 Iraakse veiligheidsorganisaties en strijdende groepen ...................................... 55 2.11.1 Het Iraakse leger ....................................................................................... 55 2.11.2 Koerdische veiligheidsorganisaties ................................................................ 55 2.12 Milities en gewapende groeperingen.............................................................. 56 2.12.1 Popular Mobilisation Forces (PMF) ................................................................. 57 2.12.2 Soennitische strijdgroepen........................................................................... 58 2.12.3 PKK/YPG................................................................................................... 59 2.13 ISIS (Islamitische staat in Irak en Syrië)........................................................ 60 3 Mensenrechtensituatie ............................................................................62 3.1 Juridische context ...................................................................................... 62 3.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming..................................................................... 64 3.3 Naleving en schendingen............................................................................. 65 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting .......................................................................... 65 3.3.2 Vrijheid van godsdienst en levensovertuiging.................................................. 66 3.3.3 Bewegingsvrijheid ...................................................................................... 68 3.3.4 Mishandeling, foltering en buitengerechtelijke executies ................................... 70 3.3.5 Bloed- en eerkwesties................................................................................. 70 3.4 Positie van specifieke groepen...................................................................... 72 3.4.1 Religieuze minderheden .............................................................................. 72 3.4.2 Lesbiennes, homoseksuelen, biseksuelen en transgenders (LHBT) en niet-conformistische levensstijl..................................................................... 73 3.4.3 Vrouwen................................................................................................... 76 3.4.4 Minderjarigen ............................................................................................ 79 3.4.5 Beroepsgroepen......................................................................................... 80 3.4.6 Palestijnen................................................................................................ 81 Pagina 3 van 99 4 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden .................................................................83 4.1 Binnenlandse ontheemden........................................................................... 83 4.2 Vluchtelingen ............................................................................................ 88 4.3 Terugkeer................................................................................................. 89 5 Bijlagen ..................................................................................................90 5.1 Geraadpleegde bronnen .............................................................................. 90 5.2 Kaarten van Irak........................................................................................ 97 Pagina 4 van 99 Algemeen ambtsbericht Irak | november 2016 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Irak beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Irak en voor besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Iraakse asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere thematische ambtsberichten over de veiligheidssituatie in Irak (laatstelijk oktober 2015) en van het algemeen ambtsbericht van december 2013. Dit ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van oktober 2015 tot en met september 2016. Relevante ontwikkelingen tot aan de publicatie van dit ambtsbericht (november 2016) zijn zoveel mogelijk meegenomen.Voor de onderwerpen die niet beschreven zijn in het ambtsbericht veiligheidssituatie in Irak van oktober 2015 loopt de verslagperiode vanaf december 2013. Dit zal per paragraaf expliciet vermeld worden. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, (internationale) niet-gouvernementele organisaties ((i)ngo’s), vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de internationale media. Een overzicht van de gebruikte openbare bronnen is opgenomen in paragraaf 5.1. Daar waar openbare bronnen zijn vermeld, wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ook ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. De vertrouwelijke bronnen die gebruikt zijn, zijn gerenomeerde bronnen die deskundig zijn op het onderwerp waarover zij rapporteren. Met betrekking tot Arabische en Koerdische (nieuws-)bronnen wordt opgemerkt dat de informatie gekleurd of partijdig kan zijn, hetgeen niet betekent dat hun informatie pertinent onjuist is. Voor zover mogelijk is informatie uit dergelijke bronnen middels objectieve bronnen geverifieerd. Bevindingen van een dienstreis naar Bagdad en Erbil ten bate van onderzoek in het kader van dit ambtsbericht en vertrouwelijke rapportages afkomstig van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordigingen in Irak liggen mede ten grondslag aan dit ambtsbericht. Gezien de fluïditeit van de omstandigheden in Irak en de complexiteit van de veiligheidssituatie aldaar dient de in dit ambtsbericht opgenomen informatie niet als uitputtend te worden beschouwd. Evenals voor de laatste drie ambtsberichten geldt ook voor dit ambtsbericht dat de garantie van accuraatheid van informatie beperkt is, omdat er sprake is van tegenstrijdigheden in de berichtgeving en informatie slechts in beperkte mate onafhankelijk kon worden geverifieerd. In dit ambtsbericht wordt geschreven over geweldsuitingen en mensenrechtenschendingen begaan door ISIS1. Het betreft hier daden die dan wel in door ISIS gecontroleerde media door de groepering zijn opgeëist dan wel die door bronnen worden toegeschreven aan ISIS. In geen van beide gevallen geeft dit de volledige garantie dat de daden daadwerkelijk en/of uitsluitend door leden van ISIS zijn begaan. 1 ISIS noemt zichzelf sinds het uitroepen van een grensoverschrijdend kalifaat in Syrië en Irak ‘Islamitische Staat’ (IS). ISIS wordt ook wel aangeduid met ISIL (Islamitische Staat in Irak en de Levant) of met Daesh/Da’ish (de Arabische benaming van ISIS, voluit: al-Dawla al-Islamiya fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham). In dit ambtsbericht zal de organisatie worden aangeduid met ISIS. Pagina 5 van 99 De soennitische vrijwilligers die aan de zijde van de overheid tegen ISIS strijden, worden aangeduid met soennitische tribale strijders. De term sjiitische milities wordt gebruikt indien het niet of onvoldoende duidelijk is welke specifieke sjiitische militie het betreft. Als milities als onderdeel van het collectief Popular
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