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Vegetation Change in the Northwestern Putorana Plateau (North Siberia, Russia) During the Late Holocene Inferred from Pollen Spectra

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Vegetation Change in the Northwestern Putorana Plateau (North Siberia, Russia) During the Late Holocene Inferred from Pollen Spectra Vegetation change in the northwestern Putorana Plateau (North Siberia, Russia) during the Late Holocene inferred from pollen spectra Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Diplom Geoökologe Universität Potsdam Institut für Erd- und Umweltwissenschaften Vorgelegt von: Martin Lamottke Bad Belzig, Januar 2015 1 Gutachterin Prof. Dr. Ulrike Herzschuh (Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung) 2 Gutachter Prof. Dr. Bernhard Diekmann (Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung) Selbstständigkeitserklärung Hiermit versichere ich, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit ohne unzulässige Hilfe Dritter und ohne Benutzung anderer als der angegebenen Hilfsmittel angefertigt habe; die aus frem- den Quellen direkt oder indirekt übernommenen Gedanken sind als solche kenntlich ge- macht. Die Arbeit wurde bisher weder im Inland noch im Ausland in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form einer anderen Prüfungsbehörde vorgelegt und ist auch noch nicht veröffentlicht worden. Bad Belzig, 29.01.2015 …………………….. Martin Lamottke Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents .................................................................................................... I List of Figures ........................................................................................................ III List of Tables......................................................................................................... VI Abstract ................................................................................................................ VII Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................. VIII 1. Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Scientific Background .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................... 2 2. Observation Area ......................................................................................... 3 2.1 Geographical settings .................................................................................... 3 2.2 Climate .......................................................................................................... 4 2.3 Geological and geomorphological realities ..................................................... 6 2.4 Soil ................................................................................................................ 8 2.5 Permafrost ..................................................................................................... 9 2.6 Vegetation.................................................................................................... 12 3. Methods ...................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Field Work.................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Pollen analysis ............................................................................................. 20 3.2.1 Pollen sample treatment ............................................................................ 20 3.2.2 Pollen data treatment................................................................................. 21 3.2.3 Isotope geochemistry ................................................................................ 22 4. Results ........................................................................................................ 24 4.1 Field and core data ...................................................................................... 24 4.1.1 Characteristics of Pollen Spectra ............................................................. 24 4.1.2 Cluster analysis ......................................................................................... 28 4.1.3 Ordination analysis of pollen RDA ........................................................... 29 4.1.4 Ordination analysis of non-pollen RDA .................................................... 31 4.1.5 Concentration and influx ........................................................................... 32 4.2 Age depth model .......................................................................................... 33 5. Discussion .................................................................................................. 36 5.1.1 Reconstruction of vegetation change ...................................................... 36 5.1.2 Vegetation change inferred from pollen data........................................... 40 5.1.3 Vegetation response to environmental and climate change ................... 43 5.1.4 Limitation of pollen data and possible improvements ............................ 50 I Table of Contents 6. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 51 References ............................................................................................................ VI Appendix ...........................................................................................................XXIV Danksagung ......................................................................................................XXIX II List of Figures List of Figures Figure 1: Overview of investigated area and position in northern Russia; in red: labelled position of sampled lake 11-CH-06E. (Figure processed with ArcGIS 10.1, included ArcGis WebMap as base map.)............................................................. 3 Figure 2: Topography of the West Siberian basin (WSB) and the Siberian craton (SC) based on ETOPO1 (Amante and Eakins, 2009) modified from Cherepanova et al., 2013. ............................................................................................................. 4 Figure 3: Data from Dudinka (left) and Khatanga (right) weather stations, graphics from www.globalbioclimatics.org (2014) ...................................................................... 5 Figure 4: Simplified tectonic map of the Siberian Craton and the surrounding region (Pavlenkova et al., 2002) ..................................................................................... 7 Figure 5: Soil types in the study area (Soil Atlas of the northern Circumpolar Region, 2008). .................................................................................................................. 8 Figure 6: The distribution of the various permafrost zones in the northern circumpolar region. Red square indicates location of study area (Soil Atlas of the northern Circumpolar Region, 2008). ................................................................................ 9 Figure 7: The sequence of development of alas thermokarst relief in central Yakutia, according to Soloview (French, 1996), modified. ................................................11 Figure 8: Latitudinal zonality and floristic provinces of the Russian Arctic (Shahgedanova and Kuznetsov, 2002). .......................................................................................12 Figure 9: Vegetation of Central Siberia. Compiled by Tishkov (2002), using data from Sochava (1979). .................................................................................................14 Figure 10: Number of species of vascular plants on a standard area of 100 km2 (Malyshev, 1992). .................................................................................................................15 Figure 11: Distribution of larch species in Siberia and adjacent territories: (1) Larix sukaczewiiDyl., (2) L. sibirica Ledeb., (3) L. x czekanowskii Szaf., (4) L. gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr., (5) L. gmeliniix L. cajanderi, (6) L. cajanderi Mayr. Southern boundary of continuous permafrost zone (indicated as thick black line) approximately follows southern limit of L. cajanderi distribution and southern and western boundaries of L. gmelinii (Modified from Abaimov et al., 1997). ............16 Figure 12: Distribution of Alnaster mandshuricus (a), A. glutipes (b), A. fruticosus (c), A. kamtschaticus (d), A. maximowiczii (e), according to Cherepanov et al. (2013)..18 Figure 13: Pollen Diagram of the 60 short core samples ..................................................27 Figure 14: Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) for pollen. Samples are coloured according to the periods and pollen assembled zones (PAZ) they represent. ...........................................................................................................30 III List of Figures Figure 15: Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) for non-pollen. Samples are coloured according to the periods and pollen assembled zones (PAZ) they represent. ...........................................................................................................32 Figure 16: Pollen concentration (grains/cm2) and pollen influx (grains/a) diagram for the entire pollen composition, Larix, Betula and Alnus (grains/a) and sample source of axis 1 and 2 (results from the PCA). ...............................................................33 Figure 17: Radiometric chronology of the Chatanga lake sediment core 11-CH-06 showing the 210Pb dates and the age-depth extrapolation for the short core 11-CH-06E based on Pb/Cs..................................................................................................34 Figure 18: 14C
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