I �: YOGA IN PRACTICE :-. • . ,. : '. PRINCETON READINGS IN RELIGIONS DonaldS. Lopez, Jr., Editor TITLES IN THE SERIES Religions ofIndia in Practice edited by DonaldS. Lopez,Jr. Buddhism in Practice edited by DonaldS. Lopez,Jr. Religionsof China in Practice edited by DonaldS. Lopez,Jr. Religions ofTihet in Practice edited by DonaldS. Lopez,Jr. Religions ofJapan in Practice edited by George J. Tanabe,Jr. Religions ofAsia in Practice: An Anthologyedited by DonaldS. Lopez,Jr. Religions ofLate Antiquityin Practice edited by Richard Valantasis Tantra in Practice edited by David Gordon White judaismin Practice: From the Middle Ages through the EarlyModern Period edited by Lawrence Fine Religions ofthe UnitedStates in Practice, Volumes 1 and 2 edited by Colleen McDannell Religions ofAsia in Practice: An Anthology edited by DonaldS. Lopez, Jr. Religions ofKorea in Practice edited by Robert E. Buswell,Jr. 1heHistorical jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine, Dale C. Allison Jr., and John Dominic Crossan Medieval Christianityin Practice edited by Miri Rubin Islam inSouth Asia in Practice edited by Barbara D. Metcalf Yoga in Practice edited by David Gordon White YOGA I N PR AC TICE Edited by David Gordon White PRINCETON READINGS IN RELIGIONS PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD Copyright© 2012 by Princeton UniversityPress Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, NewJersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton UniversityPress, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshirc OX20 1TW All Rights Reserved ISBN : 978-0-691-14085-8 ISBN (pbk.): 978-0-691-14086-5 Library ofCongress Control Number: 2011934245 BritishLibrary Cataloging-in- Publication Data is available This book has been composed inAdobe Caslon Pro withCharlemagne Std Display Printed on acid-free paper oo press. princeton.edu Printed in the United States ofAmerica 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 CONTENTS Contents by Tradition vii Contents by Country ix Contributors xi Introduction . David Gordon Wh ite 1 Note for Instructors . David Gordon Wh ite 24 FoundationalYo ga Texts 29 1. The Path to Liberation through Yogic Mindfulness in Early Ayurveda . Dominik Wujastyk 31 2. A Prescription for Yoga and Power in the Mahabharata . james L. Fitzgerald 43 3. Yoga Practices in the Bhagavadgita · Angelika Malinar 58 4. PatafijalaYoga in Practice . Gerald ja mes Larson 73 5. Yoga in the Yoga Up aniiads: Disciplines of the Mystical OM Sound . Jeffrey Clark Ruff 97 6. The Sevenfold Yoga of the Yogavas#tha · Christopher Key Chapple 117 7. A Fourteenth-Century Persian Account of Breath Control and Meditation . Carl W.Ernst 133 Yoga in Jain, Buddhist, and Hindu Tantric Traditions 141 8. A DigambaraJain Description of the Yogic Path to Deliverance . Paul Dundas 143 9. Saraha's Queen Dohas . Roger R.]ackson 162 10. The Qyestions and Answers ofVajrasattva . jacob P.Dal ton 185 11. The Six-PhasedYoga of the Abbreviated Wheel ofTimeTa ntra (Laghukalacakratantra) according to VajrapaQi . VesnaA. Wallace 204 12. Eroticism and Cosmic Transformation as Yoga: The .Atmatattva of the Vai�Qava Sahajiyas of Bengal . Glen Alexander Hayes 223 vi CONTENTS 13. TheTransport of the Harpsas: A Sakta Rasalila as Rajayoga in Eighteenth-Century Benares . Somadeva Vasudeva 242 Yo ga of the Nath Yogis 255 14. The Original Gorak!afataka . Ja mes Mallinson 257 15. Nath Yogis, Akbar,and the "Balnath Tilla" . William R. Pinch 273 16. Yogic Language in Village Performance: Hymns of the Householder Naths . Ann Grodzins Gold and Daniel Gold 289 Yo ga in the Colonial and Post-Colonial Periods 307 17. The Yoga System of the Josmanis . Sthaneshwar Timalsina 309 18. Songs to the Highest God (lsvara) of Srupkhya-Yoga · Kn ut A. jacobsen 325 19. Yoga Makaranda of T. Krishnamacharya . Mark Singleton, M. Na rasimhan, and M. A. ]ayashree 337 20. Theos Bernard and the Early Days of TantricYoga in America · Paul G. Hackett 353 21. Universalist and MissionaryJainism: Jain Yoga of the Terapantru Tradition . Olle Qvarnstriim andja son Birch 365 Glossary ofFo reign Te rms 383 Index 389 CONTENTS BY TRA D ITION Buddhism 9. Saraha's Queen Dohtis 162 10. TheQyestions and Answers ofVajrasattva 185 11. TheSix-phased Yoga of the Abbreviated Wh eel ofTimeTa ntra (Laghuktilacakratantra) According to Vajrapal)i 204 Hinduism 1. The Path to Liberation through Yogic Mindfulness in Early Ayurveda 31 2. A Prescription for Yoga and Power in the Mahtibhtirata 43 3. Yoga Practices in the Bhagavadgitti 58 4. PataiijalaYoga in Practice 73 5. Yoga in the Yoga Up ani�ads: Disciplines of the Mystical OJ1.:1Sound 97 6. TheSevenfold Yoga of the Yogavtisi�tha 117 12. Eroticism and Cosmic Transformation as Yoga: TheA tmatattva of the Vai�Qava Sahajiyas of Bengal 223 13. TheTransport of the Harpsas: A Sakta Rasalila as Rajayoga in Eighteenth-Century Benares 242 14. The Original Gora/qafataka 257 15. Nath Yogis,Akbar, and the "BalnathTilla" 273 16. Yogic Language in Village Performance: Hymns of the Householder Naths 289 17. The Yoga System of the Josmanis 309 18. Songs to the Highest God (i5vara) ofSarpkhya-Yoga 325 19. Yoga Makaranda ofT. Krishnamacharya 337 20. Theos Bernard and the Early Days ofTantric Yoga in America 353 Islam 7. A Fourteenth-Century Persian Account of Breath Control and Meditation 133 viii CONTENTS BY TRADITION Jainism 8. A Digambara Jain Description of the Yogic Path to Deliverance 143 21. Universalistand MissionaryJainism: Jain Yoga of the Terapanthi Tradition 365 CONTENTS BY COUNTRY England 21. Universalist and Missionary Jainism: Jain Yoga of the Terapanthi Tradition 365 India 1. The Path to Liberation through Yogic Mindfulness in Early Ayurveda 31 2. A Prescription for Yoga and Power in the Mahabharata 43 3. Yoga Practices in the Bhagavadgita 58 4. PataiijalaYoga in Practice 73 5. Yoga in the Yoga Up aniiads: Disciplines of the Mystical O�Sound 97 6. TheSevenfold Yoga of the Yogavasii{ha 117 8. A DigambaraJain Description of the Yogic Path to Deliverance 143 12. Eroticism and Cosmic Transformation as Yoga: TheA tmatattva of the Vai�Qava Sahajiyas of Bengal 223 13. TheTransport of the Harpsas:A Sakta Rasalila as Rajayoga in Eighteenth-Century Benares 242 14. The Original Gora�afataka 257 15. Nath Yogis,Akbar, and the "Balnath Tilla" 273 16. Yogic Language in Village Performance: Hymns of the Householder Naths 289 18. Songs to the Highest God (Isvara) of Sarp.khya-Yoga 325 19. Yoga Makaranda ofT. Krishnamacharya 337 Iran 7. A Fourteenth-Century Persian Account of Breath Control and Meditation 133 X CONTENTS BY COUNTRY Nepal 17. TheYoga System of theJosmanis 309 Tibet 9. Saraha's Queen Dohtis 162 10. The Qyestions and Answers of Vajrasattva 185 11. TheSix- Phased Yoga of the Abbreviated Wheel ofTimeTa ntra (Laghuktilacakratantra) according to Vajrapat:ll 204 United States 20. TheosBernard and the Early Days ofTantricYoga in America 353 CONTRI BUTORS Jason Birch is reading for a Ph.D. in Oriental Studies at Oxford University. He also teaches Hatha Yoga in Singapore,Japan, and Australia. ChristopherKey Chapple is Doshi Professor ofindic and Comparative The­ ology at Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles. Jacob P. Dalton teaches Tibetan and Buddhist Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Paul Dundas is a Reader in Sanskrit in the Department of Asian Studies at the University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom. CarlW. Ernstis William R. Kenan,Jr., Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. James L. Fitzgerald is the Das Professor of Sanskrit in the Department of Classics at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Ann Grodzins Gold is a professor in the Departments of Religion and An­ thropology at Syracuse University, New York. Daniel Gold teaches in the Department of Asian Studies at Cornell Univer­ sity, Ithaca, New York. Paul G. Hackett holds a research position in the Center for Buddhist Studies at Columbia University, New York. Glen AlexanderHayes teaches in the Religion Program at Bloomfield Col­ lege, Bloomfield,New Jersey. Roger Jackson is John W. Nason Professor of Asian Studies and Religion at Carleton College, Northfield,Minnesota. Knut A. Jacobsen is professor in Religious Studies at the University of Ber­ gen, Norway. M.A.Jayashree is a research scholar at the Anantha Research Foundation in M ysore, India. Gerald James Larson is Tagore Professor Emeritus, Indiana University, Bloomington, and Professor Emeritus, Religious Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara. Angelika Malinaris Professor ofindology at the University of Zurich. James Mallinsonis an independent scholar living in England. xii CONTRIBUTORS M. Narasimhan is a research scholar at the Anantha Research Foundation in Mysore, India. WilliamR. Pinch teaches in the Department of History at Wesleyan Univer­ sity, Middletown, Connecticut. ODe Qvarnstrom teaches in the Department of History of Religions at the University of Lund, Sweden. Jeffrey ClarkRuff teaches in the Department of Religious Studies at Mar­ shall University, West Virginia. MarkSingleton teaches at St.John's College,Santa Fe, New Mexico. SthaneshwarTimalsina teaches in the Department of Religious Studies at San Diego State University. Somadeva Vasudevais Assistant Professor of Sanskrit at Columbia Univer­ sity, New York. Vesna Wallace teaches in the Department of Religious Studies at the Univer­ sity of California, Santa Barbara. David Gordon White is the J. F. Rowny Professor of Comparative Religions at the University of California, Santa Barbara. DominikWu jastykis a Research Fellow at the Institute of South Asian, Ti­ betan, and Buddhist Studies at the University of Vienna, Austria. YOGA IN PRACTICE j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j j Yo ga, Brief History of an Idea David Gordon Wh ite Over the past decades, yoga has become part of the Zeitgeistof affiuent west­ ern societies, drawing housewives and hipsters, New Agers and the old-aged, and body culture and corporate culture into a multibillion-dollarsynergy.