AUSTRIAN CENTERSTUDIES FOR AUSTRIAN STUDIESNEWSLETTER Vol. 12, No. 3 Fall 2000 Weiss to be ’00-01 interim director International search underway for U of M historian/CAS director by Daniel Pinkerton

Like the “Perfect Storm,” a trio of events combined this summer at the University of Minnesota—however, the result was not a disaster, but an opportunity for the Center for Austrian Studies. The first event was the retirement of Richard Rudolph, professor of history and former CAS director. At the end of the 1999-2000 academic year, he retired to Sonoma County, California, after 33 years as a distin- guished historian at the University of Minnesota. (He still remains active and is editing volumes for the Center’s monograph series.) Following the news of Rudolph’s retirement, David Good, then chair- elect of the history department, recommended to Stephen Rosenstone, dean of the College of Liberal Arts (CLA), that Rudolph be replaced with another Central European historian who would also be a permanent director for CAS. Rosenstone agreed, and an international search was launched for a professor whose “responsibilities include teaching half- time in history and providing dynamic leadership as director of the Cen- ter for Austrian Studies.” (See job posting on page 4—ed.) Finally, Gerhard Weiss, whose term as interim director expired 1 July 2000, agreed to stay on for a second year. This will ensure continued leadership on a temporary basis until August 2001, when the new faculty CAS interim director Gerhard Weiss (left) with College of Liberal Arts member/director arrives. In renewing his contract, Weiss stated that “the Dean Stephen Rosenstone (right), who has approved a new position for a authorization of a search for a Central Europeanist who will serve as a Central European historian who will also serve as director of CAS. director of the Center is most welcome news indeed. It reassures us that CLA and the University continue to stand behind the Center and our mis- sion, and it offers up great hopes for the future.” In This Issue Replacing Rudolph will be no easy task. The department will be look- ing for applicants who have strong records as scholars, teachers, and Letter from the Director 2 administrators. Applications will be accepted until 31 October, and the Minnesota Calendar 3 search committee will begin reviewing them on 1 November. Finalists Carlson School launches Vienna EMBA program 3 will be invited for on-campus interviews and talks as soon as they are selected. The faculty will vote, and offers will be tendered following the ASN Interview: Erika Weinzierl 6 last interview. Eric Weitz, chair of the search committee and himself a U of M International Programs: A moveable feast 8 professor of Central European history, particularly Nazi Europe and post- ASN Interview: István Deák 10 World War II German-speaking Europe, shared his thoughts with ASN Publications: News and Reviews 12 via e-mail. Hot off the Presses 15 “This is a critical moment for both the Center and the department. We have the opportunity now to build on the longstanding strengths of CAS. News from the Field 16 The new director will be in charge of the vital programs that have been a SAHH News 17 part of CAS for over two decades—symposia and conferences, the Aus- HABSBURG happenings 19 trian History Yearbook, the Austrian Studies Newsletter, and grants and Salzburg Festival 2000: the review 20 prizes for scholars in Austrian studies. But the new director should also Announcements 22 continued on page 4 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Letter from the Director September Song

“Die Blätter fallen, fallen wie von weit . . .”—autumn is in the air, the beginning in October. For early April, we are again planning a “Mini- first cold winds are blowing across the University of Minnesota campus, Conference,” which will also include the annual Robert A. Kann Memo- and as we look out from the windows of the Center for Austrian Stud- rial Lecture. We are delighted that Professor Anton Pelinka has agreed to ies, Rilke’s poetry comes readily to our mind. But we also must say “Der be our speaker. Sommer war sehr groß . . .” because the Center has moved a giant step The Center is pleased to welcome Dr. Nicole Slupetzky from the forward. As you have read on the front page of this Newsletter, the dean University of Salzburg, who, as you may recall from our spring Newslet- of the College of Liberal Arts has authorized the search for a senior col- ter, serves as our new liaison person with the Kommission für neuere league in Central European History, whose duties will also include serv- Geschichte Österreichs and as an assistant editor of the Austrian History ing as director of the Center for Austrian Studies. This reflects the con- Yearbook (among other things). Dr. Slupetzky will be on campus during tinuing commitment of the college and the university to the Center and the fall semester and will be teaching a course on Austrian history. lets us face the future with confidence. We anticipate that the new direc- She will also present a paper at the German Studies Association annual tor will be appointed next spring, to assume office at the beginning of the conference in Houston (where, by the way, Austria is very well repre- fall 2001 term. sented). While we are looking forward to the arrival of a permanent director, During the summer, we were also able to meet with Dr. Philipp Steger the Center’s staff and I are keeping busy with the day-to-day activities of (see photo, p. 18), the new attaché for science and technology at the Aus- CAS. As is customary, we will be holding a series of monthly seminars, trian Embassy in Washington. Professor David Good (former CAS direc- tor and new chair of the University of Minnesota history department) and I had a very positive discussion with Dr. Steger, and we are looking for- ward to continuing a fruitful dialogue and cooperation with the embassy EDITOR’S NOTE and the Austrian Cultural Institute. A special word of thanks must go to Professor John Rath, founder and for many years editor of the Austrian History Yearbook. Professor Rath, now living in retirement in Green Bay, has endowed an award to Take me to the river be given annually for the best article printed in the current AHY. This is a most generous gift, and we are pleased that with this award John’s name remains closely linked to the Yearbook, which had been such an important part of his professional life. We hope to see many of you at our Center activities during the aca- demic year 2000-2001. Stay in touch, give us a call, check our website! Gerhard H. Weiss Interim Director AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Volume 12, No. 3• Fall 2000 Editor: Daniel Pinkerton Editorial Assistants: Kenneth Marks, Seulky Shin Austrian Correspondent: Nicole Slupetzky Secretary: Elizabeth Kelly ASN is published three times annually (January, April, and September) and You’ve seen the artist’s conception . . . you’ve read about the cam- distributed free of charge to interested subscribers as a public service of the paign for funding . . . now here it is at last: The Elmer L. Andersen Center for Austrian Studies, an independent unit of the College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota. Library, the new state-of-the-art archival research library that holds Interim Director: Gerhard H. Weiss the Kann collection, the Austrian pamphlet collection, the Immi- Executive Secretary: Barbara Krauß-Christensen gration History Research Center, other special collections, reading Editor: Daniel Pinkerton and conference rooms, and offices of research centers. The facility, Subscription requests or contributions for publication should be sent to: located right on the Mississippi, officially opened last April (sev- Center for Austrian Studies Attn: Austrian Studies Newsletter eral guests of our mini-conference received tours of the facility). 314 Social Sciences Building, 267 19th Avenue S. Its climate controlled subterranean storage vaults are a marvel of Minneapolis MN 55455 twenty-first century engineering and its sunny reading rooms and Phone: (612) 624-9811 Fax: (612) 626-9004 website: http://www.socsci.umn.edu/cas offices, many with river views, make work pleasurable and incite Editor's e-mail: [email protected] space envy. We urge all visitors to our campus to visit it and examine Subscriptions: [email protected] the Central European materials it contains. We also have a subscription form at our website. Daniel Pinkerton The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. 2 FALL 2000 News from the Center Minnesota Calendar

26 September. Seminar. Judith Martin, urban studies, University of Minnesota. “The Entrepreneurial City: Thoughts from the Salzburg Seminar.” 3:30 p.m., Lippincott Room, 1314 Social Sciences.

5-8 October. International Symposium. “The Interpretation of Dreams, Dreams of Interpretation.” Weisman Art Museum and Radisson Metrodome Hotel. Sponsored by the U of M Humanities Institute. Cosponsored by CAS, among others. See p. 9 for more details.

24 October. Seminar. Nicole Slupetzky, visiting professor, history, University of Ms. Sabine Kurka, member of the Vienna Executive MBA Program’s inaugural class and Siemens MInnesota. “Forced Labor in Salzburg employee, addresses her fellow students during orientation. (Photo courtesy CSOM) Province during the Nazi Regime.” 3:30 p.m., Ford Room, 710 Social Sciences.

2 November. Seminar. Heinz Slupetzky, geography, University of Salzburg. Carlson School launches “Glaciers in Salzburg Province.” 3:30 p.m., Vienna Executive MBA Ford Room, 710 Social Sciences. Late November. Seminar. Helmut by Daniel Pinkerton needs of Europe and allows students to explore Konrad, history, University of Graz, title many issues connected to globalization. TBA. Subject: Austrian/German identity After years of planning, the University of Unlike traditional Austrian higher education, issues. 3:30 p.m., location TBA. Minnesota’s Carlson School of Management the VEMBA program charges tuition. The two (CSOM) opened a new Executive MBA pro- schools had to obtain government approval for 30 November. Panel discussion. “The gram in March 2000. It is a joint effort between this unorthodox approach, and they have to sell Student Experience in Austria.” the Carlson School and the Vienna University the idea to businesses and potential students. Followed immediately by holiday party of Economics and Business Administration, Students contacted by CAS reported that the for Austrian students and US students Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien (WU). reputation of both CSOM (whose MBA pro- going to or returning from Austria. Time The program builds on the already strong gram was ranked 15th in the country by U.S. TBA, Ford Room, 710 Social Sciences. history of partnership between the two schools News and World Report in 1999 and whose that goes back to 1992. Regular readers may Executive MBA programs were ranked in the 7 December. Seminar. Nancy Coyne, recall a cover story (spring 1998) detailing nation’s top 20 by Businessweek) and WU (one visiting researcher, Center for Holocaust CSOM and WU’s cooperative programs: a tra- of Europe’s oldest and most highly rated busi- and Genocide Studies. “The Survivors ditional student exchange, the Vienna seminar ness administration and economics schools) Speak: Identity and Memory among (in which two groups of students—one from attracted them to the program, but the pro- Returned Holocaust Survivors in Minnesota, one from Vienna—analyze a Euro- gram’s creators still faced a cultural hurdle. Contemporary Austria.” 3:30 p.m., Ford pean case study in Vienna for two weeks) “It’s a challenge to market a program in a Room, 710 Social Sciences. in spring, and the Vienna summer program country where students traditionally don’t pay in August. Even in 1998 preparations were for education,” said CSOM’s Michael Hous- easier because these 14 students will serve as well underway for the Vienna Executive MBA ton, one of the program’s two directors (along ambassadors.” (VEMBA) program. with Bodo Schlegelmilch of WU), “but the ini- VEMBA is taught in English, which is rap- The VEMBA program offers top-notch fac- tial response has been encouraging.” We filled idly becoming the lingua franca of the new ulty and a global perspective to corporate exec- about half our spots and that’s good for the global economy. It is a 14-course program utives and entrepreneurs in and around Vienna. first year. Financially, we will break even and delivered in four-day modules once a month With its favorable geographic location in Cen- it’s been easier establishing the tone and pace over a 14-month period with a set of readings tral and Eastern Europe, VEMBA blends the with 14 students than it would have been with and work assignments to be completed prior to best of an American MBA with the unique 30. Now for the second year, marketing will be continued on page 5 3 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER CAS director search from page 1 be able to establish new and innovative programs, like ongoing research collaborations between U.S. and Austrian scholars.” THE HISTORY DEPARTMENT’S Weiss agrees. “An interim director is supposed to keep a steady CALL FOR APPLICATIONS course—to make certain that existing programs continue to thrive. One does not have a mandate for change and innovation, as a new permanent The Department of History at the University of Minnesota, Twin director will.” Cities, invites applications for a full-time, nine-month appoint- On the one hand, the ideal candidate should be a visionary with the ment, as either tenure-track assistant professor or tenured associ- organizational skills to make his or her visions a reality. He or she should ate professor or professor, to begin August 2001. Rank will depend also be able to communicate this vision to colleagues in the department, upon qualifications and experience, and be consistent with Col- on campus, in the local community, and around the world. lege and University policy. A Ph.D. in history or related field with On the other hand, the history department also looks to add an active, a specific focus on history is required. Responsibilities include respected scholar with a passion for teaching students Habsburg history teaching half-time in history and providing dynamic leadership as as well as areas of his or her specialty—whether that specialty is Austria director of the Center for Austrian Studies, an endowed, interdisci- or another region in Central Europe that has a Habsburg heritage. And plinary unit of the College of Liberal Arts. they hope to find a candidate whose interests are as wide-ranging as the The University of Minnesota is a research university serving Center’s and the department’s. According to David Good, former CAS undergraduate and graduate students, and is the only Ph.D. grant- director and chair of the history department, “Cross-field conversations ing institution in the state. Its main campus is in the large met- are the hallmark of the history department, so I hope we can hire some- ropolitan area of the Twin Cities, Minneapolis and St. Paul. The one in Central Europe who’ll engage our Asianists, Africanists, and Latin Department of History is part of the College of Liberal Arts. Americanists on issues that these parts of the world have in common, The Department of History enjoys national and international especially the origins and nature of nationalism and ethnic conflict.” reputations in comparative early modern history, women’s history, Weitz goes even further, saying, “We are eagerly awaiting a new col- social history, and economic history. Faculty members have forged league who can add his or her expertise in Central European history to an these thematic strengths by working together across geographic already lively intellectual scene that fosters discussion across geographic and chronological boundaries. Comparative and global inquiry and methodological areas. The group of historians in the United States are encouraged and informed by a unique cluster of centers and who study the Habsburg lands is composed of many excellent scholars programs both inside and outside the Department, which, like the and teachers. We are confident that we will be able to hire a top-flight Center for Austrian Studies, sponsor seminars, conferences, and colleague, one who will bring administrative leadership and intellectual research collaborations. depth to both CAS and the department.” The Center for Austrian Studies was founded in 1977 with a gift So although the Center continues to function smoothly in the present, of $1,000,000 to the University of Minnesota on the occasion of the promise of the future has never seemed greater; not since Good’s the American bicentennial. The Center’s mission is to serve as a arrival in 1990 has there been so much palpable anticipation in the air. focal point in the United States for the interdisciplinary study of Many historians—on both sides of the Atlantic—reading this article are Austria in its wider European setting. In carrying out its mission, eligible for the position and have doubtless applied, having seen the job the Center facilitates interdisciplinary and international research posting in the Chronicle of Higher Education, Perspectives, and other projects; promotes exchanges of scholars and students; serves as publications. If you were not aware of the opening, or have been hesi- an international clearinghouse for information; hosts conferences tating, read the official announcement to the right and consider apply- and seminars; and maintains an active program of publications. ing. The University of Minnesota is a top research institution, its large, Candidates for this position must be committed to research and diverse history department has an excellent and well-deserved reputation teaching agendas that center on the lands of the former Habs- (and is extremely collegial to boot). The Center is a unique institution burg empire or its successor states. They must show evidence or that offers a set of challenges and rewards not to be found elsewhere. Our promise of excellence in teaching and distinction in their schol- new director will start with an extraordinary amount of freedom and a arly publications, and preferably have some administrative experi- mandate for change. As David Good explains, “The Center for Austrian ence. They should also display the kind of intellectual breadth that Studies has an interdisciplinary focus, but as chair of history, I want the would enable them to enhance the excellence of the Center of close cooperation between us and CAS to continue. I stand ready to work Austrian Studies, and to contribute to the department’s and uni- with the new director toward the goal of enhancing the Center’s already versity’s comparative and interdisciplinary strengths. high international reputation.” v Salary will depend on qualifications and experience, and be consistent with existing college and university policy. Qualified SWELL PAPERS SWELL SERIES candidates should send a letter of application, a curriculum vita, a writing sample (chapter from a book or an article only), and The Center proudly announces two additions to its Work- three letters of recommendation to: Chair, Central Europe Search ing Papers in Austrian Studies. Dr. Lonnie Johnson, author Committee, Department of History, University of Minnesota, 614 of Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends, has written a Social Sciences, 267 19th Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55455. trenchant analysis of the Austria-EU situation, “On the Inside The letter of application should describe academic training; cur- Looking Out: the ÖVP-FPÖ Government, Jörg Haider, and rent research and plans for future research; record of publi- Europe.” Alan Levy, editor of The Prague Post, has written cations and administrative experience; and undergraduate and graduate courses that would be taught. Additional materials may about the ambivalent experience of being “An American Jew be requested later. The search will remain open until the position in Vienna.” Both are available for immediate shipment. Please is filled. The search committee will begin screening applications see the back page for order form. on November 1, 2000.

4 FALL 2000

Students and staff of the Vienna Executive MBA program include Rich Avery (standing, fifth from left) and Mary Maus Kosir (seated, second from left). (Photo courtesy CSOM)

Vienna EMBA from page 3 and following each module. According to Houston, “The modular format their experiences. CSOM faculty had taught four of the modules, and allows for less disruption for the fully employed student and allows stu- every instructor had previous experience teaching in CSOM programs dents from any geographical location in Europe to participate. For exam- abroad (although not necessarily at WU). ple, if a student in the program is transferred to Brussels, the structure of Rich Arvey, professor of Industrial Relations at CSOM, taught the very the program allows her or him to continue the program through comple- first module. Previously he had taught in France and spent time in Vienna tion.” in the late 1980s. “I was both excited and nervous at the prospect,” he VEMBA’s module approach proved attractive to potential students. said in a recent interview. “I was a little nervous because I was the launch According to Sabine Kurka (pictured on page 3), VEMBA student and guy. I had to get the whole program off on the right foot. I was excited a senior financial executive with Siemens, “My company has been very because it was an opportunity to go back to Vienna and its unique, vibrant supportive, but doing an MBA when you’re in a full time job is always a ambience. challenge. One of the reasons to choose VEMBA is its module structure “I was curious about the caliber of students and the commitment they that provides the necessary flexibility.” would bring to classes. They were all you could wish for: diverse, bright, The program was also designed for people in their 30s and 40s with highly motivated, and they brought a lot of experience to the classroom. management experience, and the first year’s students fit that profile. Nobody was young or naïve. Their experience drove some of the mod- Jesus Eduardo Rodriguez Nuñez, a native of Caracas, Venezuela, who ules—at times I was more a facilitator than a teacher.” has been working in Vienna for the OPEC Fund for International Devel- Students were equally enthusiastic. “It was much more demanding opment since 1995, has also worked for the International Monetary Fund, than I expected,” said Kurka, “but it’s been a great experience. It stretched the World Bank, and in Venezuela’s public finance sector. He found my mental and even my physical borders, and the instructors helped me VEMBA to be an irresistible opportunity. “It offered me something I had to overcome them.” been seeking for years in Europe,” he explained in an online interview. According to Rodriguez Nuñez, “VEMBA covers more aspects of the “It is a joint master’s in business and finance offered by both an Ameri- finance area than I expected in both a theoretical and a practical, imme- can and an Austrian university, offering professional training with a fresh diately applicable manner.” But he stresses the larger picture. “The pro- and challenging program for executives. It seemed clear that it would gram awoke me, alerted me, and gave me life. It is providing me with open more opportunities in my life and enhance my knowledge of global modern instruments that break the wall of bureaucracy.” finance and markets.” According to Kurka, “A headhunter I talked to Very few shortcomings were reported. Both instructors and students years ago made me realize the importance of additional education to mentioned some technical glitches that needed fixing. “We made exten- one’s business career, and more and more friends and colleagues have sive use of the internet both before and after each module both to set been getting MBAs.” up modules and to provide feedback,” noted Arvey. “Heavy use of com- At the time material was gathered for this article, six of the 14 modules puters equals occasional problems.” Kurka concurred, expressing some had been completed and both students and faculty were excited about continued on page 7 5 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER

ASN: When did you resume your studies after the war? EW: The university had been bombed and my friends and I had to build l things up with our own hands. Then, on May 15 of 1945, the faculty of philosophy was the first faculty to open its doors. The faculty of medicine r could not do so until later. Therefore my friends said to me, “Perhaps medicine isn’t the only thing for you.” I agreed with them, so I observed e for the first few months, and I then began attending regular classes in

history, art history, philosophy, and many other subjects. It takes eight i semesters to earn a doctorate, but I was very efficient and focused, and I finished the work in six semesters. I suppose I felt I had lost a year z because of the Nazis, so I had to work hard. Therefore, I received my doctor of philosophy on December 23, 1948, and on December 26 I mar-

n ried a young physicist—he was no longer a student—whom I had met in

the community of Catholic students. i

ASN: What was your first academic position? e EW: I had worked since July 1, 1948 in the Haus- Hof- und Staatsarchiv. The director had asked me, “What will you do after the end of your stud- ies?” He was concerned because after the end of the war we had many jobless young people—academics, too. I told him I didn’t know for cer- tain—anything in the world except a teacher. My parents were teachers,

W but I didn’t want to be. Then the director said, “I have a possibility for

you, but it’s not academic. It’s yours if you want. I have seen you in the

archive every day for the past six months, and I think you are a good worker.” I waited perhaps two minutes and agreed to take the job. It was

a a very beautiful time but very different from today’s archives. There were no microfilms, no copies, and so on. I stayed in these archives from 1948

a casual to 1964 and then became an archivist in an academic position. k

i conversation ASN: How did that happen? EW: When I was a student, my professor said to me, “Fräulein Fischer

r (my maiden name), don’t you want to habilitate, to become a dozent?” I did not know what this was in those days. “You are a good student, and I think it would be good for you.” I said I would see. But as I continued to

by Daniel Pinkerton work as an archivist with the sources and files, the old impulse to do E

my own research returned. There was only one small problem. As my work progressed, it kept moving one century later every year. I began Univ.-Professor Emeritus Erika Weinzierl, director of the Ludwig Boltz- in the Middle Ages. My dissertation on the Millstadt monastery in Carin- mann Institute for History and Society and doyenne of Austrian social thia—it was published in 1951, and you can still buy it at the souvenir history, came to the University of Minnesota in April 2000. She delivered stands there—was medieval history. And my doktorvater was a profes- the 16th Annual Robert A. Kann Memorial Lecture, “The Jewish Middle sor of medieval history. He said he could habilitate me only if I remained Class in Vienna in the Late 19th Century.” On the last day of her stay in a medievalist. But he found a colleague, and in 1961 I was habilitated. the Twin Cities, ASN spoke with her about her life and career. I became dozent for Austrian history in the faculty of philosophy at the University of Vienna.

ASN: I assume you started university studies immediately after the war. ASN: But you stayed at the archives for a few more years. EW: Actually, I had begun to study medicine during the war. But I lost EW: Yes, of course. I enjoyed it. My colleagues and I were all part of the over a year of time due to the compulsory Arbeitsdienst. For half a year same postwar generation, we all were young, and we were all friends. I was a Straßenbahnschaffnerin—conductor of an electric streetcar—in But Professor Robert Kann and other distinguished foreigners who came Vienna. And the Viennese people in these hard times were very nice. It to the archives said, “This archive work is no longer enough for you. was the workers’ line number five. In the winter, a man would occasion- You must find other work.” Professor Kann believed I should go to the ally say to me, “Girl, come—you can drink a bit of hot coffee.” Though Ford Institute, a world-famous research institute, but it was not possible. of course it was not coffee, only hot water. And in the spring, people I said, “No, I am happy; this archive is where I should be.” But then came brought flowers from their little gardens. In this half year, I never had one another professor, Engel Janocsi, who was born in Vienna but like Kann argument or confrontation. I also spent half a year as a nurse for wounded was Jewish and had fled to the United States, where he became a profes- soldiers. And then at last I was in a munitions factory. A fellow worker sor at the Catholic University in Washington, D.C. He returned to the tried to talk me into sabotaging the weapons. I said, “No, not sabotage.” University of Vienna at the end of the 1950s. He had another old friend I just could not do that. In the last year of the war I became involved in from his exile days who founded the Salzburg International Research the Catholic youth underground community. Perhaps I could have been Center, a center for research in the humanities in Salzburg. Within that more active in the opposition against the Third Reich, but I was a part of center was the Institute for Contemporary Ecclesiastical History, which the opposition and did a little bit. needed a director.

6 FALL 2000

ASN: Can you tell us more about it? DP: So you are still an active scholar. EW: It was a small, young institute. The first director had died of cancer EW: Yes, and I love my work. But work for me is not just examining at 49, and the position was open. I had published some articles on the archival material, publishing articles, and teaching classes. I have, since I history of the church—many quite critical, including articles about the was a young archivist, given many, many lectures outside of the univer- part the church and Christians played in anti-Semitism and anti-Judaism. sity. And then outside of Austria, too: the United States, Taiwan, England, In the beginning of the 1960s, this caused a sensation. The subject was France, the Netherlands, and many times in Israel. I am not Jewish; I am taboo. Professor Janocsi said to Professor Michels, “Weinzierl is a possi- Catholic, but I love Israel. Because of the body of work I mentioned ear- bility.” My book, Wort und Wahrheit (Word and Truth), about the Catho- lier—on anti-Semitism in the Christian church—I was asked to be part of lic Church in the Nazi time, had been published to very good reviews and the first delegation of academics who were invited to Israel after World had gone through three printings. It was considered a great critical work. War II. This was in 1967, December, the year of the Six-Day War. I’ve Professor Michels came to Vienna and asked me if I would take the posi- been back five or six times to lecture, and I have become good friends tion. I said, “I am interested, but I have two sons.” They were ten years with a professor from the University of Jerusalem, Otto Kulka. We edited and fourteen years old in the year 1964. But I said I would ask my family. a book together, Vertreibung und Neubeginn, Israelische Bürger öster- My husband and the boys said, “Take the job. It will be good for you.” reichischer Herkunft (Expulsion and New Beginning: Israeli Citizens of Austrian Origin). This is an interesting book, but more, I love this book. ASN: Did you move to Salzburg? EW: I commuted. On Tuesday I took the train to Salzburg, and Friday or ASN: You wrote some of the first books to examine Austrian anti-Semi- Saturday I returned to my family in Vienna. I was also in Vienna for the tism. When did more academics begin to look at this subject more criti- holidays—Christmas, Easter, etc. I was in Vienna. I was fifteen years in cally? Salzburg. After two years in Salzburg, I was appointed Professor. It was EW: It took a while. The Moscow Declaration of 1943 says Austria was a young university, and I was the first female professor at this University. the first victim of Hitler’s occupation policy, and 35,000 Austrians were I reached the rank of ordinaria in 1969 and held that position until 1979. killed as opponents of the Nazis. But 65,000 Jews were murdered, more Toward the end of that time, in 1977, I became director of the Ludwig than 250,000 were missing, and—sorry to say—we had a lot of Nazis. Boltzmann Institute for History and Society. After 1945 there were still 600,000 Austrians registered as Nazis. But just before the Waldheim affair, in the 1980s, many of my students began ASN: Tell me something about that institute. writing critical books about Austria’s role in World War II, and the elec- EW: It is a little institute. It is not University connected, and it is a tion of Waldheim increased this trend. I called for Waldheim to step down Stiftung (nonprofit foundation). In the time of the old coalition from because, although he did not commit war crimes, he was a liar about his 1945-1966, the Ministry of Education was in the hands of the People’s past in the war. This made me a lot of enemies, including the police. Now Party (ÖVP). Therefore the Social Democrats (SPÖ) founded this Boltz- with Haider, I have spoken out again and have made more enemies. I mann Stiftung. Boltzmann was a famous physicist. At first it was an insti- get anonymous letters, and in the last three weeks, every night the phone tute for medicine. Now this Stiftung has more than a hundred institutes— rings, I pick it up and say, “Weinzierl,” and there is only silence. My most of them for the study of medicine and science but also four or five son brought me a new phone, and I can turn off the bell. But it is not for history and social sciences. Minister Firnberg asked me to take the such a good feeling to have an anonymous enemy. I never thought Haid- directorship—despite the fact that she was red (SPÖ) and I was black er’s party would become part of the government of Austria, but Schüssel (ÖVP). But she was a wonderful woman, and I loved her until her death. wanted to be chancellor, and now, for the first time in the history of the Second Republic, we have a coalition of black-blue. Not all members of ASN: And just two years later, you also joined the University of Vienna. Haider’s party are Nazis, nor are the one million Austrians who voted for EW: Yes. In 1979 a professor at the Institute for Contemporary History him. But it is terrible that so many have given him their votes. Why? We died suddenly at 61. Everyone said his chair (also an ordinaria) would have good times in Austria, yet more than a million voters are not content be a wonderful position for me. I was not so sure. I loved Salzburg, and with the situation. I really blame Schüssel. As far back as 1995, politi- I still love it today. They had two little rooms for me, and a wonderful cians were asked if they would vote to join a coalition with the FPÖ, and room for working with a view of Salzburg’s old city. But eventually I Schüssel said nothing. That is when I voted for the first time as a Social decided to apply. However, Austrian academic hiring had changed since Democrat. The next day, after thirty years of membership, I left the Aus- I was hired at Salzburg. Then I was the first and only person on the list. trian People’s Party. Since 1995 I have been an independent voter. v One could not do this in 1979. The opening was advertised and there were nine candidates; still, I was the first on the list and got the position.

ASN: Was it difficult to hold both positions? Vienna MBA from page 5 EW: One had to work hard, but it was nice not to have to commute. I dissatisfaction with the internet platform but expressing confidence that stayed at the Institute for Contemporary History until I retired in 1995. the problem would be solved. Rodriguez Nuñez also expressed a desire But I am still director of the Boltzmann Institute for History and Soci- for “a more dynamic communication between the professors and the stu- ety, and I still go there every day. We are located in the Allgemeines dents, particularly after the completion of a module.” Altes Krankenhaus (general old hospital), built by Joseph II in 1781 for Despite these slight criticisms, students and faculty remained not only wounded soldiers. It has been beautifully restored. In the Institute of fulsome in their praise but committed to the program. Arvey looks for- Contemporary History my office had a view of a “Hof” without sun and ward to the near certainty that he will return in May 2001 to teach another walls two meters thick. At the Boltzmann Institute I see trees with green module, and Rodriguez Nuñez sums up VEMBA by saying, “it is more leaves and a wonderful garden. than university training—it is a necessary tool for daily success.” v

7 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER International Programs offices travel to new campus location

books, and a knowledgable staff that can help find work or study opportu- nities for those going abroad. The various components of OIP are actually in separate buildings. The OIP director’s office is in 645 Heller Hall (formerly Management & Eco- nomics), the Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA) is in 619 Heller Hall, Heller Hall (above) is now the Global Campus is in 214 Heller Hall, home for the Office of International International Student and Scholar Programs, and Global Campus is Services (ISSS) is in 190 Humphrey located in an adjacent section of (the section adjoining Heller, and the Humphrey Institute. The map on formerly housing Carlson School of the left shows just how close both Management programs), the China of them are to the Social Sciences Center is one floor above in 290 Building, home to CAS. Humphrey, and ISTC is in 94 Blegen Hall. As the map shows, these loca- tions are just steps away from each other—they’re even connected by by Daniel Pinkerton skyways and basement tunnels. “Think of it,” said communications director Gayla Marty. “Last year, One reason the University of Minnesota’s Office of International Pro- students had to go to St. Paul for OIP’s services—that’s a good twenty grams (OIP) and the International Study and Travel Center (ISTC) have minutes by campus connector bus from the main East and West Bank been so good at assisting students is that the departments themselves are campuses. Global Campus was in Nicholson Hall, a five-minute walk experienced travelers. For the past few years, they have been wandering from ISTC in Coffman Union, and ISSS was in the Med School’s Mayo all over campus. Now all this has changed; as of 2000, all components Building. If a student needed to go to more than one office it was time have been moved to the West Bank Campus in the neighborhood of the consuming and sometimes frustrating.” Center for Austrian Studies. OIP’s move into the Center’s neighborhood also comes at a good time In addition to having a permanent home, the diaspora has ended and for CAS, which is anticipating closer cooperation with OIP in the future. all of OIP’s components are now within walking distance of each other. With a new director arriving next fall and the possibility of new programs “It’s very exciting.” said Dr. David Steele, director of grant writing and and research projects in the Center’s future, it is a certainty that CAS will program development (and former graduate student of William Wright). be using OIP’s services more frequently. “For the first time in years, we’re all in one place and much more conve- But cooperation, which started years ago, has been ongoing. As an niently located for students.” example, a Title VI grant procured by Dr. Steele will support a series OIP is a campuswide component of the University that coordinates of summer institutes for K-12 teachers and community college educa- international education. In addition, it functions as a service unit; for tors. These institutes, which will be offered for credit, will introduce the example, its grantwriting program will assist any department that wishes participants to contemporary issues in Western Europe and help them to find funding for research or instructional projects with an international rework their social studies and foreign language courses to include more component. Global Campus and Study Abroad offer 170 programs in 60 consideration of these topics. The first will be held in summer 2001 and countries for American students. International Student and Scholar Ser- will focus on Holocaust studies; the second, in 2002, will focus on Scan- vices (ISSS) serves the more than 3,000 international students on the dinavian studies, and the third, in 2003, will focus on Austrian studies. University of Minnesota campus. ISTC is a travel resource that helps This program, which draws on the expertise of three CLA departments students find the best deals on Eurail passes, airline tickets, and more. and clearly benefits Minnesota’s citizens, is a good example of the inter- They also have passport and visa information, a library of over 700 travel disciplinary research work that CAS wants to promote in the future. v 8 FALL 2000 Spring Seminar Standouts

Among the fascinating speakers who came to the Center during the spring 2000 semester were theater historian Wolff Greinert (left, strolling with his wife) and Stefan Schmitz, Rudolf Sallinger Fellow at Minnesota’s Department of Economics and assistant professor at Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien.

Wilson Library presents the humanities institute presents An international conference commemorating the THE OTHER interpretation of 100th anniversary of the publication of HABSBURGS Sigmund Freud’s dreams The Interpretation An exhibit on the House of of Dreams that will Austria in Western Europe, Asia, dreams assess the Freudian and the Americas legacy, asking: What is the status of of interpretation psychoanalytic SEPTEMBER—OCTOBER 2000 theory today? At Exhibit Room what new 4th floor, Wilson Library understandings of its 5-8 october 2000 history have we weisman art museum arrived? What is the Special reception: future of lecture by radisson metrodome hotel psychoanalysis and Professor Carla Rahn Phillips, university of minnesota its interventions in Department of History the clinic and in a for information/registration: wider cultural field? 4:30 P.M., Monday, October 9 fax: 651-624-5359/e-mail:[email protected] 4th floor gallery, Wilson Library conference website: www.cla.umn.edu/umhi/ The Center for reception sponsored by the dreams.htm Austrian Studies is Friends of Wilson Library one of this event’s U of MN grad students free with student ID cosponsors.

9 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER “Why not be a ISTVÁN DEÁK: professor?” by Daniel Pinkerton when you are twenty-two and you have nobody, you CAS, the Columbia Univer- don’t know a soul, and sity Department of History, you have no money. Many and the Harriman Institute Hungarian students had cosponsored “Dilemmas of French government fellow- East Central Europe,” a con- ships and Hungarian fellow- ference honoring István ships. The Hungarian gov- Deák. The conference was ernment asked them to sign held 24-25 March in New a manifesto demanding the York. The morning after execution of Cardinal Józef the conference, ASN inter- Mindszenty, and practically viewed Deák in his home. all of them refused. I also refused, and this automati- DP: Tell us about your edu- cally made us all refugees, cation in Hungary. and that made it difficult to ID: After the usual grammar convince the French author- school, I had eight years ities that we should be of gymnasium. Like many allowed to stay in France for other gymnasia in Hungary István Deák with his wife Gloria (left) and daughter Eva Deák Peck (right). more than a few weeks and and Eastern Europe, it was that we should get ration taught by Catholic monks cards. It was a very strange who were very serious and highly educated themselves. Members of thing for me. In Hungary there was an abundance of food almost imme- this large Cisterian order were sent abroad to study in Italy and France. diately after the war, but in France there was hardly ever any electricity During the war, in 1944, I received my Matura—under difficult circum- and even bread was rationed. As that changed, I got permission to stay stances of course: with the air raids and street fighting, it wasn’t easy to for three days, another three days, then three weeks. survive, but I did.whose I had to work aftermusic 1945, so that is I hadit, only any- a few hours a week in Budapest to devote to my studies of history andway? geography. DP: Were there any repercussions when you left Hungary? This I did until I left the country in 1948. ID: In 1955 my parents were deported from Budapest because of me, and were forced to live at the Romanian border. This was a very rare thing at DP: Did the atmosphere of free inquiry change in Hungary? the time. My father was pensioned off and my parents were allowed to ID: Yes, absolutely. Of course it changed under the Nazis during World take some of their furniture, put it into a truck, and move permanently to War II. Fortunately that regime ended in 1945. Then there was a dem- this little village. But by the summer of 1956 the situation became much ocratic period. Though the government was already dominated by the more liberal in Hungary. The police surveillance over them became much communists, in the beginning the university was quite open, liberated more relaxed. My mother was first allowed to visit a doctor in the neigh- from the shackles of the Nazis, and the professors came back. Some had boring town. By October 1956 she was allowed to visit her daughter and been the resisters, although some were right-wingers, and people were grandchildren in Budapest. My father wasn’t allowed, but he was in the questioning whether they would or should stay. Some Jewish professors village when the revolution came and practically walked back to Buda- came out from hiding and started teaching again. But by 1947, as the pest. Even though he was illegally there for a while, officially he was still political situation changed, so did the atmosphere of the University. And under surveillance, but nobody cared anymore thanks to the revolution. there came a dramatic moment in 1948, when the communist party sec- Eventually they got their own apartment and moved their furniture back. retary of the university said that he didn’t see me at the demonstrations against the reactionaries along with everybody else. I said that I was not DP: What made you decide to go to New York? the demonstrating type, and he told me that in that case, I had no future at ID: France did not want us permanently, but it was practically impos- the university. I wanted to leave anyway, because I wanted to see Paris. sible to go anywhere else. I tried. First, I went to Munich and worked as I knew that the borders were closing, that 1948 would be my last oppor- a librarian and later on as a reporter for Radio Free Europe. I was only tunity. Some of my professors who stayed later were thrown out or even allowed to stay in Munich because of the French residence permit, and I put into prison. was allowed to stay in France only because I’d worked in Munich—but I wasn’t allowed to work in France. But then came a new U.S. law, which DP: It must have been a momentous decision. allowed 300,000 political refugees to emigrate to America. Normally, the ID: Yes, because the Cold War had begun. With the help of my father Hungarian quota was 800 a year, and I would have been waiting a few I received a passport valid for a very short time, and then I received hundred years for my turn. But then there was the question, What would a French visa, also valid for a very short time. I knew that when it I do in America? That’s when I encountered Ivan Nagy, a Hungarian- expired I would have to either come back forever or stay out forever. I American historian who said, “Why not become a university professor?” wasn’t sure that I would be able to stay out. It is very hard to imagine

10 FALL 2000 DP: (ironically) Such a simple suggestion. torted his image even more. He was not only a progressive hero, he ID: Well, as it turns out it wasn’t so complicated, you just had to study. was also representative of a social class that wanted to remain in power. The crucial point was that you were free to apply yourself. I had studied Without him the nobles would have lost much more of their power. So in Paris and was looking forward to staying in France, living in France, I decided to work on this and became fascinated by his very strange per- and becoming an academic. And just as in Hungary, I was told I had no sonality. I didn’t fall in love with him—in fact I liked him less at the future at a university in Paris. A teaching assistant said, “If you were end than at the beginning because I saw what an accomplished politician not born French, you cannot get a job in France even as a high school and brilliant manipulator he was. He never wrote a totally honest line in teacher.” Ivan explained to me how a university in America is organized, his life: everything was meant to achieve something. What he wanted to what a graduate school is, and how one applies. I had no idea. achieve, of course, was independence, greatness, modernity, and progress for Hungary. He was not racist; he did not want to oppress all others in DP: At this point, there wasn’t a future in studying Central Europe in the favor of the Hungarians. He wanted to raise everybody to a certain level U.S., either. of prosperity and freedom, but at a price. The price was subjection to the ID: Well, once again, I arrived at Columbia in 1956—just a few weeks Hungarian nobility. He was a bit like Roosevelt, I would say. Roosevelt before the Hungarian revolution—and the chairman of the history depart- wanted to save capitalism by defying the capitalists who were too stupid ment said, “There are no jobs, and you are already thirty. What are you to understand that one had to make concessions. And that was Kossuth’s going to do? Maybe you should become a librarian.” Then I talked to case; he was of course hated by most of the nobility, and he hated most some librarians, and the librarians said, “Well, it’s a sentence of pov- of them in turn because they didn’t understand that that was the only way erty—why don’t you try to be a historian?” Since this is what I wanted to save the whole Hungarian social elite. to be, I finally decided that yes, I will study history. And while I was at Columbia, the Sputnik craze erupted, and I was persuaded to move away DP: How did you ever get an apartment right across the street from Kos- a bit from Western European history to Eastern European history. In 1959 suth’s statue? I got my first scholarship, and by 1960 I was more of an Eastern Euro- ID: That was thanks to another university, which made me an offer in peanist than a Western Europeanist, although I still wrote my disserta- 1970. The chair of Columbia’s history department, Professor Eugene tion on German history. In 1962 there were suddenly jobs, and I remem- Rice, wrote to me, saying, “We cannot match this offer, but is there any- ber that I had a choice between several colleges and universities. I chose thing that would tempt you to stay?” At that time, I wasn’t an important Smith College, which proved a wonderful year, and while I was there, member of the department, but he was willing to make an effort to keep Columbia called me back, but with the idea that I would be teaching me if it didn’t cost too much money. I said, well, my only condition is that Western European history. I also began to teach the history of the Habs- I want a decent apartment because my wife, daughter, and I were living burg monarchy. Before too long, the directorship of the East Central in a small, nice, but very dark apartment. And he found this apartment European Institute came open, and as an experiment, they appointed me on Riverside Drive, within walking distance of the university. It just hap- to head this very small but already respected institute. To make the task pened to be across from the Kossuth statue. more appealing, with the appointment came a promotion to associate pro- fessor. Shortly after that I got tenure. It was all very different from today. DP: When did it become possible to go back to Hungary or to bring Hun- They just decided that they liked me, so I got it. garian scholars to America to exchange ideas? ID: I was able to go back to Hungary in 1964. But in 1968 I went back DP: It would be much more formal and bureaucratic today. for the first time not as a tourist but as a visiting scholar who could con- ID: Yes, at that time hiring was always done by personal contact. Obvi- tact historians and meet them. I found out that despite the political differ- ously, I wasn’t an unworthy candidate, but the fact that Fritz Stern took ences that separated us, we had much in common, and it was possible to an interest in me and recommended me made it possible for me to go get them here and Westerners there via fellowships. In 1969, during the to Smith College and then come back to Columbia. I’ve been here ever 50th anniversary of the Hungarian-Communist Revolution of the Soviet since and am still associated with the East Central European Institute Republic [Béla Kun’s movement—ed.], I was officially invited for the which now operates within the Harriman Institute. first time. So that came quite naturally. After that, we had money from the Soros Foundation, I was director of the Institute, and the Hungarians DP: And still associated with Fritz Stern because your first book was wanted to send some of their historians here so they could get training in based upon the dissertation that you wrote for him. English. We tried to invite as many as we could to come for a residency. ID: My dissertation dealt only with one person in the Weimar intellec- It was a gradual thaw; it just worked out. tual circle. But that was not publishable and wasn’t very good. A friend said, “If you want to write a book, then fill it out. Write about the whole DP: People refer to your second book, Beyond Nationalism, as “István’s circle.” And that was what I wrote. You might say I was fulfilling my debt social history book.” Why did you choose such a different methodology? to Fritz Stern and to German history. Afterwards, because I was in the ID: While reading about 1848, I came to the conclusion that the history of Institute on East Central Europe, as it was then called, and because I am the revolution in Central Europe is totally incomprehensible unless you a Hungarian, I wrote about East Central Europe. study the army. Everybody else could yell and scream and be enthusias- tic or be desperate and write beautiful poems, but it is the army officers DP: Next came the Kossuth book, and you seem to have learned some- who decided whether or not the dynasty would survive. They took this thing in expanding your dissertation. The book isn’t just about Kossuth. decision seriously, and the officer corps as a whole—we are talking here ID: Well, that was the idea—to use him as the tool which would allow about 10,000 men—made a collective decision, with few exceptions, that me to penetrate this whole 1848 period, yet still center on him. He was it would be better for them as human beings if there was a continuation absolutely the center. It’s an interesting fact, actually, that because of the of Austria and the dynasty. And you have to approach 10,000 men differ- aura surrounding him, there was no Hungarian historian that would have ently than you would a dozen or even a hundred men. But doing this led dared write a biography about him. Then the communists began to write to some fascinating revelations. The more I read the historical material, about him and talked about making him a Marxist hero, one of those the more I came to the conclusion that nationality wasn’t all-important noblemen who was able to step over his class boundaries. And that dis- continued on page 18 11 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Publications: News and Reviews The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis edited by Nebojša Popov. Budapest: Central European University Press, clearly other destabilizing factors at work, and even Madžar, who main- 2000. 711 pages. Cloth, $59.95; paper, $28.95. tains that Serbia did suffer as a result of the economic arrangements, con- cludes that “[o]ne republic’s lagging behind the others could not be a jus- It has been nearly a decade since Tito’s Yugoslavia collapsed into a tified excuse for the inflaming of national passions.” seemingly relentless cycle of secessionist chaos, and although there has In “The War for Ethnic States,” Vesna Pesić suggests that the rationale been a profusion of books on the topic published in English (most of for Serbian aggressiveness went beyond economic or even political fac- them written by Western journalists), surprisingly few translations have tors. According to the Pesić, “the end of Yugoslavia” meant “the loss of emerged from the region in question. One of the first, and likely to be a country in which all Serbs lived together,” and thus, where the inter- among the most significant, is Nebojša Popov’s edited volume, The Road nationally recognized governments of Slovenia, Macedonia, and Bosnia to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis, which serves as a forum for were content with the delineation of international borders on the basis more than twenty Serbian intellectuals and analysts, including political of preexisting interfederation borders, the Serbs (and for the matter, the scientists, historians, lawyers, theologians, and statisticians, who rely on Croats) perceived the conjoining of Serb or Croat populated areas to their what the editor describes as “a certain tradition of critical thinking and respective “motherlands” to be essential to the survival of the nation. democratic tendencies in Serbia” to investigate the Serb side of the war. Unfortunately for those expecting an attempted explanation of the tac- In the introduction to this 700-page tome, Popov, a research fellow tics of the Serbian nationalists, the author fails to adequately address the at the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory at the University of issues of whether the “Greater Serbia” envisaged by the extremists would Belgrade, notes that “[t]here have been different interpretations, but as have had to be an ethnically pure state and if genocidal attacks against yet there is no widely accepted explanation regarding the war or for non-Serbs—first in Croatia and Bosnia, then in Kosovo—were an inte- the motives of those who initiated it, and least of all regarding the out- gral part of the Serb nationalist agenda or merely a byproduct of war. come of these dramatic events.” Considering that this book was origi- Another article of particular interest is Ivan Čolovię’s contribution, nally published in Belgrade in 1996—just after the controversial Dayton entitled “Football, Hooligans and War,” in which the author, a research Peace Accords brought an extremely tentative peace to Bosnia and well fellow at the Ethnographic Institute of the Serbian Academy of Sciences before the outbreak of war in Kosovo—the contributors could not pos- and Art, suggests a direct correlation between the intensification of sibly attempt to explain or even predict the outcome of the recent cycle nationalist rhetoric from Belgrade and Zagreb and the escalation of vio- of crises in the Balkans. Nonetheless, they do shed light on the issues that lence among fans at Yugoslav football matches. This issue of nationalism moved a population to support an ethnocentric and violent agenda and in popular culture is one of extreme importance, especially when consid- the means by which the notion of Serb nationalism was transformed into ering the degree to which media and entertainment—in this case profes- what the editor describes as “an ideology of conflict.” It is readily appar- sional sports—came to serve as both outlets and platforms for compet- ent in their writings that the contributors are well aware that the “inter- ing nationalist ideologies. According to Čolovię, it was not surprising national community” (the governments and media outlets of prosperous that with the outbreak of war and the simultaneous banning of Yugoslav Western nations) has cast the Serbs as the most guilty party in the con- teams from the European championships, sports journalists also adopted temporary Balkan carnage. They do not attempt to offer a defense or jus- a blatantly “militarized” stance in their coverage. tification for the actions of Serbian extremists; their objective is merely Of course this volume also examines more commonly cited catalysts to analyze the means by which the Serbs came to perceive (or depict) for the conflict such as the litigious subject of Kosovo and the matter themselves as vulnerable and the aggression that followed. of casualty figures from World War II. Perhaps the most significant con- The book provides an array of topical analyses—most significantly on tribution to this volume is that of Srđan Bogosavljević, an associate pro- contemporary (rather than the customarily ancient) issues, which have fessor of organizational sciences at the University of Belgrade. In “The not been given much attention in English-language publications. Aca- Unresolved Genocide” he examines the frequently revisited and always demics from the University of Belgrade explore contentious issues such contentious issue of casualty figures from World War II. At the core of as the question of the very feasibility of a multiethnic Yugoslav state this issue is the number of Serbs victimized by Croats—particularly at and the all-too-common grievance—especially among Serbs and Cro- the notorious Croat-run Jasenovac concentration camp (where figures ats—that lesser developed republics were an economic drain on the oth- range from almost no casualties to well over a million)—which has been ers. When considering this latter topic, it is significant to note, as Ljubo- dramatically exaggerated (on the part of the Serbs) and revised (on the mir Madžar does in his article on the subject, that Serbia had been locked part of the Croats). Unlike his peers, Bogosavljević does not argue in sup- into a position—by its own limits and those imposed on it—that virtu- port or opposition to a specific set of figures or methodology, nor does he ally set the standard of the “average” level of Yugoslav prosperity. Given attempt to put forth a set of figures himself. He contends that the exact that Serbia was by far the most populous republic, with a proportionately figures are not important, but that the lack of consideration or investiga- smaller share of natural and industrial resources, the Serbian population tion—particularly in the immediate postwar period—would later provide could not have reasonably expected to exceed average levels, much less fuel for reemerging ethnic tensions. meet the standard of the Slovenes or even the Croats (though they had by In this respect, his thesis appears to fall in line with the grievances far exceeded the levels of Macedonians). of many Serb statisticians and academics. It is his primary contention Regardless, this perceived economic imbalance would hardly seem that the Titoist regime’s relegation of wartime figures to the status of a sufficient to mobilize an otherwise contented population. There were continued on page 18 12 FALL 2000 UNFINISHED SOCIALISM: Pictures from the Kádár era

Nationalist kitsch? Lajos Czinega, minister of national defense, with a Young Pioneer, the granddaughter of Máté Zalka, at the unveiling of a statue honoring Máté Zalke, Budapest, 10 April, 1971. Photo by Tamáz Székely. From Unfinished Socialism.

edited by András Gerő and Iván Pető. Budapest: Central European In the space of a few pages, the book illustrates a dramatic change in University Press, 2000. 246 pages, photos. Paper, $36.95. Hungarian society—the move from a struggle to secure basic foodstuffs in the 1950s to state-condoned consumerism of the 1980s—while mak- This collection of photographs examines some key aspects of life ing a broader point: Despite its “scientific basis,” the planned economy under socialism. The pictures are mostly drawn from official sources like could not satisfy the demands of the Hungarian consumer. the Hungarian News Agency (MTI). They are accompanied by news arti- One of the first chapters concerns itself with the public image of János cles from Kádár era magazines and newspapers. Kádár. Most of these pictures depict him as a “man of the people.” One Editors Gerő and Pető felt that the era should be treated as an organic of the most striking and humorous shows the party secretary fishing at whole, so they tried not to make too many distinctions between the late the beach, circa 1971. One could almost forget that this middle-aged man 1950s and the early 1980s. To serve a historical and anthropological wearing bathing trunks and a kerchief to cover his balding head was the approach, they have organized the photographs into thematic chapters. ruthless politician who spearheaded the Soviet crackdown in 1956. The Some concern themselves with the rituals of public life: “Meetings,” editors created these kinds of contradictions to draw readers into the era “Comrades,” “The Party Calls,” and “Guardians of the Socialist Regime.” without asking them to surrender their critical distance. The book is at Others focus on the experience of state socialism in everyday life: “Pri- its best with these sorts of juxtapositions, but it also leaves the reader vate Rituals,” “Scenes,” “Situations,” and finally, “Consumerism and with some troubling questions. First, many of the pictures came from the Shopping.” However, the editors decided that two aspects of the Kádár official archives and clearly depict some of the more unsavory aspects era had to be handled differently. The first chapter shows the immediate of modern life: street crime, alcoholism, and drug abuse. How could aftermath of the 1956 revolt and the last chapter depicts the months lead- these pictures be published while at the same time the party leadership ing up to the 1989 revolution. The editors use these two events to bracket affirmed the superiority of state socialism and the primacy of the Com- the Kádár decades off from the Stalinist Rakosi regime and the post-1989 munist Party? Second, why did it take the rest of the Hungarians so long “era of transition.” to tell the regime, “We’ve had enough”? In the case of the latter, most Despite this emphasis on continuity, one can see some of the transfor- people point to the so-called Gorbachev effect: When Eastern Europeans mations of the Kádár regime in the progression of images in each chapter. were given the opportunity to pursue their own courses, independent of For example, the chapter on consumerism begins with a photograph from the Soviet Union, they did so. These photographs show how the system 1957. It shows a man in front of a store window, reading an announce- of state socialism was simultaneously affirmed and broken down in daily ment that bacon will be available in select stores at good prices. In stark life. They seem to suggest that the impetus for the transition also had to contrast, the last photo depicts Hungarians shopping in Vienna in 1988. continued on page 17 13 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Haus der Kindheit

by Anna Mitgutsch. Munich: kicked her out or if she has left him. Luchterhand Literaturverlag, 2000. 233 In addition to the self-reflections and pages. Cloth, 39,80 DM observations Max makes while viewing photographs, a similar process takes place Max Berman, Mitgutsch’s first male in his use of mirrors. As with Mitgutsch’s protagonist, is a successful New York other works, the mirror has an eminent interior designer who does not really role reflecting oneself as well as “the seem to miss out on anything. He loves other” in oneself. For Max, the act of his work, various women, and his city: “reading” the image in the mirror is sim- its architecture, Coney Island Beach and ilar to reading a photograph, although the ocean, Central Park, the theaters and he perceives them differently. Early in museums, and the European coffee shops the novel, Max states that he hates mir- in Manhattan that are frequented mainly rors; during his argument with Nadja she by European émigrés. He sits and drinks changes into a “repulsive woman” in his his Melange, enjoys listening to the “soft mirror. However, the older he gets, the melodic German accents of the émigrés,” more he learns to face mirrors. Since Max and imagines himself in Vienna, “the is an artist, this change is accompanied by Vienna of his mother’s stories.” It is in a parallel change in aesthetics, a change one of these cafés, the Éclair, where he in the perspective of his work. Eventu- meets Eva, an émigré from Vienna two ally, Max’s self-reflections in the mirror years his senior who cannot understand enable him to confront his own death, as Max’s admiration for her Viennese ori- if remembering Susan Sontag’s observa- gin. She challenges him: “You have no Anna Mitgutsch tion that “all photographs are momenti idea . . . you never had to live there.” mori.” Since his childhood, Max has been After her reading at the University of haunted by a photograph of the house that he and his family had to leave Minnesota last April, Mitgutsch discussed the cover of Haus der Kind- in Austria due to the rise of fascism before the outbreak of World War heit, an Egon Schiele painting of the “Dead Town”, which is doubly sig- II. The mere presence of this picture makes every new apartment into nificant due to the recent “repatriations” of Schiele’s works. The cover which his family moves simply “another place of exile” in the new world. also represents the town H., which can stand for every small town in Aus- Mira, Max’s mother, cannot forget Europe, and she continues to view the tria. The capital letter “H.” is therefore not necessarily a clue to a specific house, more than the country as such or the town of H. where the house town in which the novel is set but rather presents a multitude of mean- is situated, as their home. Max, her youngest and closest son, also shares ings starting with an H., such as home or Heimat, Hitler’s town, and, of these feelings. In contrast, Saul, Max’s father, and Victor, Max’s eldest course, referring back to the house again, stressing that the town as such brother, embrace their new lives in the U.S., the dream of freedom, and is of minor importance for Max, who believes that home is where one the supposed absence of class boundaries. loves—not necessarily a certain place or country. The past is reconstructed with the help of photographs—family pic- With her sixth novel, Anna Mitgutsch has succeeded once again in tures of seemingly better times—and the narrator does not merely confirming her psychological sensitivity and firm cultural and socio- describe them but also attempts a narrative reading of these photographs, political knowledge. Unfolding the (still very touchy) topic of memory a process that Roland Barthes calls the “studium” in Camera Lucida. and history, she manages to express fury and mourning, sentiment and Photographs, as well as the art of taking them, are a leitmotif throughout alienation, contempt and longing with a very differentiated, sometimes the novel, exemplified by the second protagonist Nadja. Alienated from poetic, sometimes realistic language that has made her one of Austria’s her family background, as a thirteen-year-old she tries to find some sense most prominent and important contemporary writers. Haus der Kindheit of belonging in the small Jewish community in H. There, approximately should be read by a European as well as an American audience, as it not 10 years later, she meets and slowly starts to fall in love with Max, who only bridges the two continents but also encourages us to read our fam- promises to support her desire to study art. Back in New York, he man- ily photographs, which, as Annette Kuhn states, “may affect to show us ages to find a scholarship for her at a small college where she starts our past, but what we do with them—how we use them—is really about to take photography classes. As with Saul Bellow’s protagonist Herzog, today, not yesterday.” Max has never succeeded in a long-term relationship. This can be linked Kristin Teuchtmann to his feelings of not belonging—dangling between two continents, two Department of German, Scandinavian, and Dutch cultures, and two languages: English and German. Nadja soon appears to University of Minnesota become too obtrusive in his life. She asks for affirmation of his love for her, which he is unable to give. Jealous of the photograph “the woman Note: Haus der Kindheit is available in America at libraries (including with the four faces,” Nadja has a big argument with Max and finally finds Wilson Library) and may be purchased online at Amazon.de v herself outside his apartment not knowing, in retrospect, whether he has 14 FALL 2000 HOT OFF THE PRESSES

Malachi Haim Hacohen. Karl Popper—The Formative Years, Ruth Wodak, Rudolf de Cillia, Martin Reisigl, and Karin Liebhart, 1902-1945: Politics and Philosophy in Interwar Vienna. New York: eds. The Discursive Construction of National Identity. Translated by Cambridge, 2000. 664 pp. Cloth, $54.95. Angelika Hirsch and Richard Mitten. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univer- sity Press, 2000. (Dist. Columbia Univ.) 240 pp. Paper, $32. Chandak Sengoopta. Otto Weininger: Sex, Science, and Self in Impe- rial Vienna. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago, 2000. 248 pp. Cloth, $29. István György Tóth. Literacy and Written Culture in Early Modern Central Europe. Budapest: CEU Press, 2000. 200 pp., tables. Cloth, Wolf Gruner. Zwangsarbeit und Verfolgung. Österreichische Juden im $41.95. NS-Staat. Innsbruck: Studienverlag, 2000. 288 pp., illus. Paper, ÖS 348, DM 47,80. Andrea Amort and Mimi Wunderer-Gosch, eds. Österreich tanzt. Ge- schichte und Gegenwart. Vienna: Böhlau, 2000. 300 pp., 360 photos. Rusmir Mahmutćehajić. Bosnia the Good: Tolerance and Tradition. Cloth, ÖS 498, DM 69,80. Budapest: CEU Press, 2000. 260 pp., chart. Cloth, $44.95; paper, $21.95. Donald Quataert. The Ottoman Empire, 1700-1922. New York: Cam- bridge, 2000. 232 pp., illus., maps. Cloth, $54.95; paper, $19.95. Christopher Gibbs. The Life of Schubert. New York: Cambridge, 2000. 220 pp., illus. Cloth, $49.95; paper, $17.95. Cathie Carmichael and James Gow. Slovenia and the Slovenes. Bloom- ington IN: Indiana Univ., 2000. 256 pp. Cloth, $39.95. Hannes Grandits and Karl Kaser, eds. Birnbaum der Tränen. Leb- ensgeschichtliche Aufzeichnungen aus dem Alten Jugoslawien. Vienna: Gerlachus Duijzings. Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo. Böhlau, 2000. 155 pp., photos. Paper, ÖS 298, DM 39,80. New York: Columbia, 2000. 250 pp. Cloth, $27.50.

Herman Schwartz. The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in Post- Edward C. Page and Vincent Wright. Bureaucratic Elites in Western Communist Europe. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago, 2000. 304 pp. Cloth, European States. New York: Oxford, 2000. 304 pp., illus. Cloth, $65; $45. paper, $29.95.

Hannes Stekl, ed. Bürgerliche Familien. Lebenswegen im 19. und 20. Marcello La Speranza. Hakenkreuz im Familienalbum: Zur Fotoar- Jahrhundert. Vienna: Böhlau, 2000. 320 pp., photos. Paper, ÖS 548, chaeologie Wiens 1938-1945. Vienna: Turia and Kant, 2000. 243 pp., DM 78. illus., Paper, ÖS 298, DM 42.

Tom Gunning. The Films of Fritz Lang: Modernity, Crime, and Desire. Alice Teichova, Herbert Matis, Jaroslav Pátek, eds. Economic Change Bloomington IN: Indiana Univ. Press, 2000. 400 pp., illus. Cloth, and the National Question in Twentieth-Century Europe. New York: $49.95; paper, $24.95. Cambridge, 2000. 454 pp., figs., tables, maps. Cloth, $69.95.

Peter Urbanitsch and Hannes Stekl, eds. Kleinstadtbürgertum in der Paul Robert Magocsi. Of the Making of Nationalities There Is No Habsburgermonarchie 1862-1914. Vienna: Böhlau, 2000. 448 pp. End. Boulder CO: East European Monographs, 2000. (Dist. Columbia Paper, ÖS 768, DM 109. Univ.) 1060 pp. Cloth, $140.

Antonia Kłoskowska. National Cultures at the Grass-Root Level. Friedrich Stadler. The Vienna Circle: Studies in the Origins, Develop- Budapest: CEU Press, 2000. 480 pp. Cloth, $49.95. ment, and Influence of Logical Empiricism. Vienna: Springer, 2000. 900 pp., illus. Cloth, ÖS 980, DM 140. Susan Youens. Hugo Wolf and his Youens Songs. New York: Cam- bridge, 2000. 275 pp., musical examples. Cloth, $64.95. Scott Spector. Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka’s Fin-de-Siècle. Berkeley CA: Univ. of Michael Mitterauer. Dimensionen des Heiligen. Vienna: Böhlau, 2000. California, 2000. 345 pp., photos, illus., map. Cloth, $45. 320 pp., photos. Cloth, ÖS 498, DM 69,80. Randolph L. Braham. Studies on the Holocaust: Selected Writings. John B. Allcock. Explaining Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia, 2000. Boulder CO: East European Monographs, 2000. 180 pp. Cloth, 400 pp. Cloth, $30. $27.50.

Walter Pohl and Helmut Reimitz, eds. Grenze und Differenz im frühen Michael Gehler and Rolf Steininger, eds. Die Neutralen und die Mittelalter. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences, 2000. 280 pp. europäische Integration. The Neutrals and the European Integration. Cloth, ÖS 490, DM 67. Vienna: Böhlau, 2000. 811 pp. Cloth, ÖS 980, DM 140.

Franz Prost, ed. Der Natur und Kunst gewidmet. Der Esterházy Land- Erna Appelt. Demokratie und das Fremde. Multikulturelle Gesell- schaftsgarten in Eisenstadt. Vienna: Böhlau, 2000. 364 pp., 193 pho- schaften als Herausforderung moderner Demokratien. Innsbruck: Stu- tos. Cloth, ÖS 868, DM 124. dienverlag, 2000. 152 pp. Paper, ÖS 198, DM 27.

15 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER News from the Field rudolf kirchschläger, 1915-2000 by William E. Wright In 1968, he was Austria’s ambassador to Czechoslovakia. When the Russian-led forces On 30 March 2000, Dr. Rudolf Kirchschläger occupied Prague to put down the Czechs’ and died, and the loss was painful not only for Aus- Slovaks’ strike for freedom, many of the people trians but also for us here at the Center for Aus- who had risen against the Communist govern- trian Studies. His expressions of appreciation and ment and had led the “Prague Spring” then found encouragement concerning the work of the Cen- themselves hunted fugitives whose best recourse ter were heartening and his visit with us a decade was to flee to Austria. To that end, they sought and a half ago to deliver the annual Kann Memo- refuge in the Austrian Embassy. It was a highly rial Lecture brought us both honor and pleasure. charged atmosphere, fraught with danger to Aus- In the course of that lecture he reiterated his tria if the Russians took umbrage. While the fundamental beliefs with regard to politics and Foreign Office in Vienna was trying to frame statesmanship: The state exists for the people, not a policy—and sending ambiguous messages to the people for the state, and politicians should Prague—Kirchschläger asked that they send him hold to the same high standards of morality and no instructions, and he took upon himself the responsibility in their public acts as are expected responsibility of Austria’s action in response to of them in private conduct. The warmth and con- the situation. He was a statesman who had the sideration that he showed as we enjoyed his com- ability to perceive the temper of his fellow citi- pany made it plain that his words were not an zens and to know what they would want done, empty exercise in oratory. and he had the courage to act on that perception, Rudolf Kirchschläger was born on 20 March Rudolf Kirchschläger, 1984. (Photo: Simonis) even to the extent of putting himself in physical 1915 in the small community of Niederkappl, danger to do what he believed to be right and Upper Austria, into a family of very meager means in a time and into a humane. Offering escape from the ferocity of the repression, he held the society that afforded little opportunity for a person to rise above the sta- doors to the Embassy open to receive those who fled, and he continued tion in life into which he was born. Yet, despite many obstacles in his to issue visas to the refugees for entry into Austria. way, he did, by dint of firm self-discipline and hard work, earn the oppor- A man of such mettle stands out and is noticed when leaders are in tunity to attend the University of Vienna. His living conditions as a stu- demand, and Chancellor Bruno Kreisky asked Kirchschläger to accept dent were quite Spartan. He made his way by working at odd jobs and the position of foreign minister in the cabinet of his Socialist govern- refused to be distracted by the harshness of his circumstances. ment. The appointment caused a considerable stir in Austrian politics, While still a student at the university, he demonstrated a sense of moral for Kirchschläger was well known to be independent of political party judgment and strength of character that would mark him as a man. He and to be a pious Catholic, neither of which was any recommendation was pressed to join the National Socialist Student Association, an act that to serve in a secular, Socialist government. But serve he did—and so would assure success in his course of study and would bring relief from well that Kreisky asked him to stand as the Socialist Party’s candidate his straitened circumstances. Given the hard experiences of his young for the presidency in 1974. After Kirchschläger won the election, Gustav life, it ought to have been a nearly irresistible temptation. For him, it Peichl’s Ironimus cartoon depicted Kirchschläger (president) and Kreisky was not; he declined to join. He was repulsed by the National Socialists, (chancellor) wearing crowns as heads of the “K K” Republik. But Kirch- seeing in them, before many others would admit it, the evil that was in schläger was neither an autocrat nor a puppet of the Socialist Party or Nazism. Kirchschläger would not compromise his deep-rooted religious Kreisky. He was Austria’s president, not a party’s president. faith nor his humane instincts for the immediate advantages that compro- After one term, Austrians held him in such high esteem that his re- mise would bring him. He chose to continue on his own way, despite the election to a second term was certain, and the People’s Party did not hardship that his course imposed. It was an indication of both the vision propose a contestant for the office. The Freedom Party’s candidate was and the integrity that would gird the later statesman and guide him in his overwhelmed by a 79.9% majority of the voters casting their ballots for public service. Kirchschläger, an unprecedented margin of victory in presidential elec- His university career was interrupted by service in the Wehrmacht dur- tions in Austria. The margin was so large because Austrians had come to ing World War II, in which he was twice wounded. After the war, he fin- know their president not only as a statesman but also as a humane and ished his degree in law and entered into public service as a judge on the generous man. He was a statesman who certainly saw the forest of soci- bench of a lower court. He rose in the hierarchy of the judicial system, ety and understood how to serve the whole, but he also saw that the for- but he decided to move to the diplomatic service rather than to remain est is composed of trees, the individuals that make up the whole of soci- in the judiciary. His abilities and his character won him advancement in ety. He had great empathy for those individuals and their aspirations and that service also. When the delegation was chosen to go to Moscow in needs. Although he could not touch every Austrian, he cast a powerful April 1955 to negotiate the terms of the Russian agreement to the Staats- aura of accessibility and concern that was widely sensed. vertrag, he accepted the role of the supporter in reserve who remained in His life and career were an exhibition of the characteristics that every Vienna, on call to supply needed information to those who were doing the society wishes for in its leaders: vision, integrity, courage, responsibil- more exciting and attention-winning work in Moscow. He did not require ity, selflessness, devotion to duty, and humaneness. When one thinks of applause or celebrity to sustain his devotion to duty and to the nation. continued on page 19 16 FALL 2000

UNFINISHED SOCIALISM This book also has considerable appeal for Western audiences. It is from page 13 full of compelling pictures, offbeat advertisements, and interesting snip- come from within Hungarian society itself. pets from news articles. For teachers, the combination of photographs The book was first published in Hungarian and speaks to two audi- and news items provides an interesting alternative to the usual documents ences. First and foremost, it is aimed at Hungarian adults who lived under collections and primary source readers. One must note, however, that the the old regime. According to Gerő and Pető, the book was supposed to editors used their own captions and titles for the pictures. As a result, the “not only portray these three decades, but to confront existing memo- presentation and interpretation of the photos has to be carefully framed. ries” (6). In our contemporary era of seemingly endless change, the This could, however, provide a basis for a fruitful class discussion on Kádár years appear to be a golden age of security. After all, the regime how historians select evidence and mobilize secondary sources to make achieved political predictability and, eventually, the availability of con- an argument. sumer goods, although this much vaunted stability turned into stagnation The editors devoted a great deal of time and energy to the book. In at the end. The editors clearly want to remind their Hungarian readers the back of the book, they provided a glossary of names, acronyms, and that there was uncertainty and economic hardship under Kádár, too. Sec- terms to help nonspecialists make sense of the photos. They also included ondly, as the editors put it, most twenty-year-olds do not have any adult the credits for the photographers, as well as the original titles and cap- memories of the old regime, so their knowledge of these years has been tions. The staff at Central European University took their time to get the mediated by their parents and grandparents. This book will help bridge technical details right. The book is highly recommended for specialists the gap between the generations who lived a large part of their lives under and nonspecialists alike. It is a must for anyone curious about life in East- state socialism and the younger cohorts who know only the fast paced ern Europe under state socialism. economic and social competition of the transition. Matthew Lungerhausen Department of History University of Minnesota SAHH NEWS

In March 2000, a number of members of the SAHH participated Moderator: Gary B. Cohen, University of Oklahoma, Norman. Pan- in a symposium in New York City honoring Professor István Deák, elists: Jeremy King, Mt. Holyoke College, “‘Ethnicity’ as National “Dilemmas of East Central Europe: Nationalism, Totalitarianism, and Argument”; Marsha L. Rozenblit, University of Maryland, College the Search for Identity.” The Center for Austrian Studies at the Univer- Park, “Between National and Ethnic Identity: The Role of the Jews sity of Minnesota and Columbia University’s Harriman Institute and as a Foundation for Habsburg Continuity, 1900-1919”; Karl F. Bahm, Department of History cosponsored the gathering, which was held in University of Wisconsin, Superior, “Praga Magica: Imagination, Poet- the Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs. ics, and Historical Narrative in the Identities of a Habsburg City.” Thanks to the excellent organizational work of Peter Judson and Mar- Comment: Gary B. Cohen. sha Rozenblit, the symposium was a splendid celebration of Professor The conventional narratives about the decline of the Habsburg mon- Deák’s career as scholar and teacher. Peter Black, Benjamin Frommer, archy have focused on rising, irreconcilable national identities that Richard Mitten, Patricia von Papen, Robert Nemes, Michael Silber, paralyzed government and the political life of the monarchy in its last Miriam Levy, Eagle Glassheim, Jeremy King, Nancy Wingfield, Cyn- century. The established views have typically oversimplified the pro- thia Paces, Pieter Judson, Claire Nolte, Daniel Unofsky, Mary Gluck, cesses of development in popular civic consciousness and ignored evi- David Frey, Paul Hanebrink, Howard Lupovitch, Alon Rachamimov, dence of ambiguities in popular identities and loyalties. The papers for Marsha Rozenblit, and Paul Lerner presented papers on a wide range this panel will examine how a different, more highly nuanced under- of topics in the history of the Habsburg monarchy and its successor standing of the evolving national identities and popular political loyal- states. Representing the Austrian Eastern and Southeastern Europe ties has begun to emerge among historians during the last twenty-five Institute and the Austrian historical community was Univ.-Doz. Wal- years and has attracted growing public attention in Central and East traud Heindl, who presided over a panel. Attila Pok brought greetings Central Europe as part of the reinterpretation of modern history since from the Historical Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. the end of the Cold War. Gary Cohen and the immediate past executive secretary, Mary Gluck, In response to the recent developments in Austrian electoral politics represented the executive committee of the Society for Austrian and and the growth of the Austrian Freedom Party, the SAHH and CGCEH Habsburg History. Other representatives of academic and government will also jointly sponsor the following discussion at the AHA Annual institutions included Dr. Ernst Aichinger (Austrian Cultural Institute), Meeting in January 2001: “A Roundtable on Jörg Haider, the Freedom Daniel Pinkerton (Center for Austrian Studies), and Dr. Nicole Slu- Party, and the Historical Traditions of the Austrian Right,” Saturday, 6 petzky (Commission for Modern Austrian History). January 2001, 2:30-4:30 P.M. Sheraton, Liberty Room G. Chair: Gary The Society for Austrian and Habsburg History is pleased to report B. Cohen, University of Oklahoma, Norman. Panel: Lonnie R. John- that the program committee of the American Historical Association son, Austrian Fulbright Commission; Pieter M. Judson, Swarthmore has accepted for the AHA Annual Meeting in Boston, January 2001, College; Bruce F. Pauley, University of Central Florida; Max E. Riedl- the following panel on Austrian history, to be jointly sponsored by sperger, California Polytechnic University, San Luis Obispo. the SAHH and the Conference Group for Central European History (CGCEH): “Popular Loyalties, National Identities, and Historians’ Gary B. Cohen Narratives of the Fate of the Habsburg Monarchy,” AHA panel no. 120, Executive Secretary, SAHH Sunday, 7 January 2001, 8:30-10:30 A.M., Sheraton, Beacon Room B. e-mail: [email protected]

17 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER

ISTVÁN DEÁK from page 11 Let’s do lunch! because the officer corps contained Hungarians, Serbs, Croats, German- Austrians, Germans, Hungarians of German background, and Hungar- ians of Armenian background. Quite a few among the Hungarians in the corps didn’t speak Hungarian. The commander of the Hungarian Army had to learn Hungarian very painfully. So I began to look at the officers in 1848, trying to understand how they made their decision, and I spent an enormous amount of time looking at the background of the officers, which I did systematically. I only looked at every tenth Lieutenant in cer- tain years, and that added up to about 1,000. That is still a lot. It was an attempt at social history to see who these officers were. What did I discover? Well, I discovered it is not true that the army officer corps was German, despite the fact that most historians claim 80 percent were Ger- man. The maximum was 50 percent, which then brings one to the ques- tion, What is a German? This is especially relevant to ask of an army whose official language of communication was German. But it may be the second language of the soldiers, not the first; the majority of the rank- and-file understood only a few words of German. If you look at the list of the generals, at their names and origins, you will see that there were a large number of non-Germans among them. For that matter, the monar- chy was not dominated by the Germans and the Hungarians. It was domi- nated by nobility and by business. I don’t want sound like a Marxist, but the average Hungarian was no more dominant than the average Slovak.

DP: So class and money mattered most, not nationality. ID: In the monarchy, yes. But it was not even a nobleman’s army. From Maria Theresa on, the number of aristocrats was constantly declining, except perhaps in the cavalry, which was not taken seriously by the army high command. You could not rise from the ranks directly, but in the archives I saw many examples of peasant recruits becoming noncommis- sioned officers; the son of that NCO would become an officer, and that officer’s son would become a general or a field marshal. So the institu- CAS interim director Gerhard Weiss welcomes summer visitor Dr. tion allows for social mobility, but it doesn’t make you a revolutionary— Philipp Steger (right), attaché for science and technology with the it makes you a conservative. Even a man who is a nationalistic civilian Austrian Embassy in Washington, D.C. becomes a Habsburg internationalist when he is in uniform.

DP: Lately you’ve been interested in WWII collaboration, resistance, and Road to War in Serbia from page 12 retribution. Do you have a book coming out soon? nonissue (ostensibly to mollify already disaffected ethnic groups) only ID: Well, not so soon, unfortunately. It goes very slowly. The book is the opened the subject to speculation, further resentment, and hostility. He result of several conferences on the subject. Tony Judt had invited me concludes with the supposition that had the figures been recorded and to be a part of them because he’d read some articles I had published in the guilty identified (if not punished) soon after World War II, that trag- the New York Review of Books on the subject. Professor Judt and I then edy could not have been “used as an instrument for the preparation collaborated with Jan Gross in editing a book called The Politics of Ret- and implementation of a new, similar disaster” albeit with a different ribution in Europe (Princeton University Press, 2000). Meanwhile, I also “national structure of victims.” Nonetheless, he would surely agree that decided that I would try to write the most ambitious book possible (how despite the continued efforts of both Serbian and Croatian politicos and did I ever ask this of myself?), Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribu- statisticians—even now, a half century after World War II and a full tion in Europe—not in Hungary, not in Austria, not in Eastern Europe, decade after the collapse of Tito’s Yugoslavia—to calculate figures, any but in Europe. It is a difficult task. How do you absorb the information in attempt at accurate tabulation and consensus of wartime casualties would languages that you don’t know? There was political resistance in Greece, be a futile, if not impossible, endeavor. Albania, Italy, France, Norway, Denmark, Poland, and Russia. Even if This volume stands as a unique collection of provocative “self” (of the I knew all the languages, I would have to know the politics and culture Serbs) examinations. One can only hope that Popov’s invitation to the of every country. To use Norway as a convenient example, what does it intellectuals from other involved ethnic groups is met with similar enthu- mean constitutionally and legally that the king fled to England and asked siasm. Although the sheer density of this book makes it a arduous (but no for continued resistance? What was the obligation of a Norwegian citi- less interesting) read, it is imperative that Western scholars, policymakers zen? The king says to resist, but the Norwegian authorities say if citizens and Balkan watchers have access to works such as this one, lest they don’t oppose the Germans, the Germans are not going to misbehave. It is become too reliant on the abundant but often incomplete and presumptu- not so easy to say collaborators are the enemy and the resistance move- ous publications by journalists and Western power brokers. ment is all heroes. Is the Norwegian supposed to support the British agent Ian Sethre who is asking him to blow up a heavy water station or a harbor installa- Graduate School of International Studies tion? He is killing his fellow Norwegians. These issues, the legal and the University of Denver moral questions, interest me—and every country has them. v 18 FALL 2000 habsburg happenings European helps HABSBURG reach out to Europe

In January I joined the HABSBURG team as review editor, respon- Central and Eastern European) languages requires an increased will- sible for the European book market. Behind this step was a certain dis- ingness by subscribers in the field to pass on information to the edi- satisfaction among the editors about the inadequate coverage of Euro- tors, an influx in European members should strengthen HABSBURG’s pean, mainly German and Austrian, releases in the field. Publishers role as a leading discussion forum on the history and culture of Central were sometimes reluctant to mail review copies across the Atlantic to Europe. the main office of H-Net (Humanities and Social Sciences Online) in Since relations across language barriers are not only a question on Michigan, mail took a long time, editors had only limited information HABSBURG but also for many of the other discussion forums that about the programs, especially of smaller publishers, and the pool of make up H-Net, H-Net is working on a solution to the problem of prospective reviewers was mostly limited to U.S. and Canadian sub- non-ascii characters, which for now prohibits the use of the diacritical scribers due to the fact that shipping books back and forth across the marks standard in most Central European language codes. This step ocean would diminish one of the advantages of online reviewing—the would help turn HABSBURG into a truly transatlantic venture. time factor. Now the books published in Europe are ordered from and Is there a difference in the way Europeans, as opposed to North shipped to my office at the Kommission für neuere Geschichte Ös- Americans, write, read, and perceive reviews? Does HABSBURG terreichs in Salzburg, and the copies are sent to the reviewers all over change its character by opening up to its (Central) European clientele? Europe without a detour to the US. The experiences of the last half year are too limited to give a definitive But this technical side is only one aspect behind the inclusion of answer to these questions. What we do in Europe—more so than in the a European editor into the HABSBURG network. At the beginning, U.S. and in Canada—is to reach out to historians in the field as review- HABSBURG—began in 1991 by Charles Ingrao out of Purdue Uni- ers who are not (yet) members of HABSBURG. This should also help versity—was mainly a North American venture, and its lingua franca to increase membership and broaden our presence in Europe. And by was English. The situation is changing, but by far the largest group of offering reviews and discussions in both English and German, possible subscribers has always resided in North America, and messages were (language) barriers to actively joining ongoing debates could be low- hardly ever posted in a non-English tongue, even though it was techni- ered. Time will tell if we are able to reach these goals. cally feasible. Out of a pool of some 830 members (as of August 2000), What we do realize is that HABSBURG has a very uneven and lim- one-third are European subscribers, including Israel, with another ited membership base in the Austrian historical community. Only 40 four percent scattered across the globe, including Chile, South Africa, Austrian historians subscribe to HABSBURG, and of these, 25 live in Japan, and Australia. Starting with the reviews, German should become Vienna. Not one colleague from the Universities of Linz or Innsbruck the second, equally important language of HABSBURG. Out of 19 has joined our community so far. Commissioning reviews to and from reviews posted so far this year (again as of August), eight reviews these regional centers should enhance name recognition and increase were published in German, and all of these were written by European membership. This should further the Austrian impact on HABSBURG reviewers, including historians from Austria, Germany, and the Czech without challenging its traditional strength in the regions still summa- Republic. Furthermore, reviews have been commissioned to colleagues rized as the Nachfolgestaaten. from Hungary to Portugal. Turning HABSBURG into a truly transatlantic venture, strengthen- Giving German a greater significance on HABSBURG is justified ing the European and Austrian elements, and motivating members, by the makeup of our subscribers. More than 40 percent state that they new and old, to actively participate are some of the goals we hope are willing to review books written in German, according to our direc- to attain in the near future. HABSBURG can be found on the net at tory, and it can be assumed that the number of those with at least a pas- http://www2.h-net.msu.edu/~habsweb/ sive command of German is much higher. But opening up the list to Franz Adlgasser reviews of books published in and messages posted in German should HABSBURG review editor be only a first step. While covering the publications in other (especially [email protected]

KIRCHSCHLäGER from p. 16 the presidency of Austria, Rudolf Kirchschläger at once leaps to mind. EU TO AUSTRIA: YOU CAN COME During his two terms in that office, Dr. Kirchschläger set the standard OUT OF YOUR ROOM NOW by which all presidents, before and after his incumbency, will be judged. In case you were researching in Belarus or didn’t pay the newspa- One might hope that others, when they look to individual Austrian fig- per carrier, the 14 members of the European Union which had imposed ures as representative of Austria, might remember that Rudolf Kirch- bilateral sanctions against the ÖVP-FPÖ government announced the schläger was the most overwhelmingly endorsed elected representative “suspension” of the sanctions on 12 September. They noted that com- of Austria in the past century. We are all much the poorer for his being no mittee reports had found Austria’s record on human rights and immi- longer with us. gration to be “as good as if not better than” those of other EU member William E. Wright is founding director of the Center for Austrian Stud- states. They also admitted the sanctions had not been effective and may ies and professor emeritus of history at the University of Minnesota. v have increased Austrian nationalism and resentment of the EU.

19 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER LOVE & WAR at SALZBURG 2000 by Barbara Melton-Boomgaarden

Did last year’s controversy between Austrian president Thomas Kles- til and the Salzburg Festival’s artistic director Gerard Mortier have any noticeable impact on the festival? Certainly not in terms of this year’s program, since that has been set years in advance. Even Mortier’s desig- nated successor, Peter Ruzicka, has been chosen with the understanding that he will continue the innovative approach of the Mortier era, though of course he will have his own style. On the other hand, Mortier remained vocal as a government critic for a while, joining protests against Austria’s center-right coalition formed earlier this year. He also announced his res- ignation before the end of his contract in 2001 but later reversed his deci- sion. In late July a symposium organized by the American Friends of the Salzburg Festival addressed the status of the festival in the current political climate. The panelists, including composer Olga Neuwith, direc- tor Peter Sellers, and Hans Landesmann, the business director of the Fes- tival, generally agreed that the direction introduced under Mortier was irreversible. Landesmann declared that although some productions of contemporary opera would be postponed due to budgetary constraints, the programming of the festival had in no way been influenced from the outside. Only the historian Michael P. Steinberg, whose book on the ide- Russell Braun as Chorèbe and Deborah Polaski as Cassandre in Les ology of the festival to 1938 has appeared in German translation, took a Troyens by Hector Berlioz. (photo: Salzburg Festival/David Baltzer) dim view of the festival’s future (while also surprising some by the rev- elation that he had never seen Hofmannsthal’s Jedermann until now). suicide, swore perpetual hatred against Rome—even though this eventu- This year’s theme was “Troy and Love,” with a production of Hector ally meant their own downfall. Wernicke deserves the highest praise for Berlioz’s Les Troyens as the centerpiece. One of the ironies of the season beautifully mining the opera’s potential without overpowering the musi- was the accusation by Gottfried Wagner, son of Wolfgang Wagner, that cal drama with a heavy-handed concept. Berlioz’s opera glorified totalitarianism and therefore Mortier’s inclusion Deborah Polaski mastered the enormously demanding parts of Cas- of Les Troyens in the program was an act of support for the center-right sandra and Dido with bravura, giving dignity as well as emotion to both government. Mortier had no problem rejecting the accusation and right- roles. Jon Villars as Aeneas had occasional difficulties but managed to fully ridiculed Wagner’s comments. Indeed, such an interpretation is a render Aeneas as an ambiguous rather than a one-dimensional character. misreading of Les Troyens, not to mention Virgil’s Aeneid, on which Of the other soloists, Robert Lloyd as Dido’s adviser Narbal stood out Berlioz’s grand opera is based. Virgil’s masterpiece is unambiguous in with his particularly impressive bass, and Yvonne Naef as Anna deserves questioning whether Aeneas’s mission to found the Roman Empire justi- credit for her warmth and nuanced performance. The Orchestre de Paris fies the sacrifices it requires. Berlioz presses the issue even further by and conductor Sylvain Cambreling kept their concentration from begin- focussing on the fall of Troy with Cassandra as central character, and on ning to end, bringing out details and special effects as well as the grand the Carthaginian episode, which revolves around Queen Dido, while Ae- sweep of the score. Equally stellar was the choir, prepared by Donald neas’s heroic struggle in Italy is left out entirely. The opera also gives Palumbo and consisting of the Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopern- much attention to the joys and sufferings of the common people, and to chor, the Slowakischer Philharmonischer Chor, and the Tölzer Knaben- the dangers of blind obedience and totalitarianism. chor. The simple yet evocative sets showed a narrow opening in the Director Herbert Wernicke effectively exploited the opera’s potential rounded back wall, which apparently symbolized a womb, and allowed for social criticism. The Trojans’ donations to the gods, for instance, all changing vistas like a partial view of the Trojan Horse or the ocean end up in Priam’s treasury, with the king and queen arrogantly watching in glaring light. The opera was truly a Gesamtkunstwerk, the kind of from above. The production successfully explored the interplay of poli- première one only hopes for. tics and personal emotion, as well as the dangerous dynamics of manip- Sylvain Cambreling also led the Orchestre de Paris in a performance ulation and misguided mass movements. Cassandra’s sufferings were of Berlioz’s Symphonie fantastique op. 14. The symphony follows an moving when she warned her fiance of the impending doom, but later she elaborate program: A young musician has taken opium out of desperation appeared as senselessly cruel when she hounded the Trojan women into over an unhappy love affair and experiences a series of feverish visions. collective suicide. In what was probably the most powerful musical and Anyone expecting to be swept away (or put off) by a torrent of unbridled dramatic moment of the production, the Trojan women seized the Greek passion would have been disappointed (or relieved) by this contemporary soldiers’ swords to take their own lives. The last scene was similarly poi- interpretation. It emphasized less a lover’s delirious emotions than the gnant: The Carthaginians, whipped into a frenzy by their Queen’s public individual’s pride in freely expressing his subjectivity. In the first move-

20 FALL 2000 ment, which depicts the young musician’s melancholic musings and the profound emotions aroused by the first meeting with his beloved, this performance focused on the dramatic rather than the emotional impact of the encounter. The second movement (Un bal) similarly dispensed with any undue sentimentality, and so did the third movement, the scene in the country, where a bit more mellowness would have been warranted. The Marche au supplice (march to the execution) of the fourth move- ment, when the lover awaits his execution after murdering his unfaithful lover, seemed to be a celebration of individual expression, even to the extreme. Both conductor and orchestra appeared to particularly enjoy the fifth movement, the musician’s funeral turned witches’ sabbath. Its dis- jointed character, unusual instrumental effects, and dissonant passages especially resonate to contemporary ears. The finale emerged clearly as the climax of the entire evening. In Berlioz’s sequel, “Élio, ou Le Retour à la vie,” the hero awakes and comes back to life. Toby Spence sang the tenor part with a startlingly beautiful voice and subtle expression. Dan- iel Mesguich gave the speaking role of Élio a good deal of pathos, Jean- Philipe Lafonnt provided an adequate baritone, while the Slovak Philhar- monic Choir Bratislava was particularly expressive in its chorus of the “Spirits of the Air.” The Festival also allowed comparisons with contemporaries of Ber- lioz, including a concert featuring instrumental pieces and lieder by Brahms and Schumann. Cellist Steven Isserlis and pianist Alexander Lonquich first joined in a dialogue for Brahms’s Sonata for Piano and Cello in E minor, op. 38. Both artists produce an exquisite tone and showed equal sensitivity toward the dynamics of the piece. Isserlis espe- cially played the stormy passages of the allegro with uninhibited passion on his 1730 Stradivarius. In the following “Gesänge in der Frühe,” five short pieces for piano only, Lonquich brought out beautifully the ambiva- lence of morning and allowed the quiet passages of “Im ruhigen Tempo” Silvia Rieger as an Ossi Blanche Dubois in Endstation Sehnsucht (A the breath they require; hence there was plenty of room for a heighten- Streetcar Named Desire). (photo: Sebastian Hoppe/Salzburg Festival) ing of tempo and intensity in the following pieces designated “Belebt,” “Lebhaft,” and “Bewegt.” East Berlin (though not consistently), adding or changing texts and After these instrumental selections, a series of lieder provided variety scenes, and through the liberal use of theatrical effects. Some of the and an opportunity to compare different musical versions of the same themes central to the original play transfer well, above all the alienation poem. The pieces included Brahms’s and Schumann’s settings of Eichen- and anomie of the central characters. Silvia Rieger managed at times to dorff’s “In der Fremde” and “Mondnacht,” as well as Joachim’s and convey Blanche Dubois’s vulnerability and win sympathy for her escap- Schumann’s adaptations of Heine’s “Ich habe im Traum geweinet.” ism. Blanche repeatedly hears march music and on occasion breaks into Soprano Ruth Ziesak , sensitively accompanied by Lonquich, was unfor- goose step. Is it that she is unable to function without the militaristic dis- tunately unable to find her stride during her relatively brief appearance. cipline she has earlier experienced in East Germany, or is she looking Only in Schumann’s version of “Mondnacht” at the end did she reach the even further back into the past? Stanley Kowalski (Henry Hübchen), cast kind of intensity one would expect. After the break, Isserlis, Lonquich, as a former Solidarity activist, compensates for the lack of respect he and the young American violinist Joshua Bell emphasized contrast and now receives by violent outbursts. After being characterized by Blanche effect in their rendition of Brahms’s Trio for Piano, Violin, and Cello as a brute, he appears in monkey costume, creating a laugh but also the No. 1, op. 8. Equally accomplished virtuosos, the three artists are clearly necessity to explain his disguise in an additional scene. That Blanche’s interested in making clas- admirer Mitch (Bernhard Schütz) has an oedipal complex is dramatized sical music more acces- rather superfluously when he acts out a scene from Psycho. sible to a larger number American pop/folk songs are sung by various protagonists throughout of people and played with the production, usually providing ironic commentary but also, one passion and verve. assumes, as a reflection of Germany’s “coca-colonization.” The voyeur- Although the theme of ism of our age is thematized throughout the play, as a TV set transmits “love” connects Tennes- any action taking place in the bathroom and a video camera is employed see Williams’s A Street- to film some private moments. These and many other devices, as well as car Named Desire to the the messages they are meant to convey, have their merits, and so does festival’s leitmotif, stag- the production if viewed as a collage after Tennesse Williams. But the ing a German translation many changes and additions to the original play, the relentless introduc- of the play originally set tion of effects, and the countless themes that are brought up discourage in New Orleans presents any subtle characterization and prevent the production from conveying its challenges. Director a few messages in a more powerful way. Even so, the production appar- Frank Castorf attempted ently cannot convey all the ideas the director wishes to impress on the to solve the problem by audience: For good measure they were also provided with a booklet of Steven Isserlis. (photo: BMG/Tom Miller) transferring the action to over 150 pages of sociocultural commentary. v 21 AUSTRIAN STUDIES NEWSLETTER Announcements

INTERNATIONAL of contemporary Austrian culture and explore areas student and faculty participants. Participation in the CONFERENCES & SYMPOSIA of overlap between forms of cultural representation workshop is competitive and by application. It will in contemporary Austrian culture. The conference be limited to advanced standing doctoral students will be accompanied by literary readings, an in North America and Europe. Travel and accom- United States. Conference. Annual meeting, Central installation, video performances, and a concert. modations for participants will be provided by the Slavic Conference, 12-14 October, Kansas City, Contact: Dr. Janet Stewart, Dept. of German, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Wyndham Garden Plaza Hotel. Contact Robert Bra- Taylor Building, University of Aberdeen, Old Aber- Harvard University. Proposals should clearly relate zelton, President, Central Slavic Conference, Depart- deen AB24 3UB. Tel: 44-1224272488; e-mail: to research on Europe or European countries, to ment of Economics, 211 Haag Hall, University of [email protected]; website: http://www.abdn.ac. broader theoretical debates in the fields of anthro- Missouri, 5100 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO uk/~ger042/conference.html pology, history, political science, or sociology and 64110, fax: 816-235-5263 for information about reg- should focus on the modern period. Include a cur- istration, hotels, and program. Wales. Symposium. “Women, Gender and the Extreme riculum vitae, a three-page summary of dissertation Right in Europe, 1919-1945,” 4-6 July 2001, Cardiff research, and a one-page paper proposal. Send to: Lisa Austria. International conference. “Auf dem Weg University, Cardiff, Wales. Contact: Kevin Passmore, Eschenbach, Minda de Gunzburg Center for Euro- in die EU: Demokratische Institutionen in Bulgarien Cardiff University, PO Box 909, Cardiff CF1 3XU. pean Studies, Harvard University, 27 Kirkland Street, 1878-2000. Entwicklungen und Rückschläge.” 23-24 Fax: 44-29-20 87 49 29; website: http://www.cardiff. Cambridge, MA 02138. Phone: 617-495-4303, ext. October, St. Pölten, Austria. Sponsored by the gov- ac.uk/hisar/people/kp/conference/ 231. E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted ernment of Lower Austria, together with the Bul- papers will be due on 15 March 2001 for pre-circula- garian Research Institute and the Austrian East- and Finland. Symposium. Fifth International Congress tion. Application deadline: 15 December. Southeast Europe Institute. Contact: Dr. Elisabeth of Hungarian Studies, 6-10 August 2001, Jyväskylä, Vyslonzil, Österreichisches Ost- und Südosteuropa- Finland. “Politics and Society in Hungary: Power Romania. Call For Papers. Seventh International Institut, Josefsplatz 6, A-1010 Vienna. Tel: 43-1- and Culture.” Official languages of the congress: Conference, Center for Romanian Studies, 3-7 July 512-18 95 47; fax: 43-1-512 18 95 53; e-mail: English and Hungarian. Contact the congress at: 2001, Įasi, Romania. “Romania: A Crossroads of [email protected] Jyväskylän yliopisto, Seminaarinkatu 15, PL 35-A, Europe.” Romania has traditionally been influenced FIN-40351 Finland. Tel: 358-14-2601308; fax: 358- by contacts with various peoples and cultures, a Germany. Workshop. Second Workshop on Contem- 14-2601328; e-mail: [email protected]; website: land traditionally on the border of vast and mighty porary Migration History 27-29 October, Humboldt- http://www.jyu.fi/hungkong empires which have influenced its destiny. This con- Universität, Berlin. “Assimilation, Diasporization, ference will focus on cultural, literary, political, com- Representation: Historical Perspectives on Immi- United States. Call for Papers. Interdisciplinary mercial, diplomatic, military, and historical contacts grants and Host Societies in Postwar Europe.” Nineteenth-Century Studies, 16th Annual Confer- between Romania and the wider world. Papers deal- For information, see website: www.demographie.de/ ence, 19-21 April 2001, University of Oregon, ing with all time periods are welcomed. As in pre- mighist or e-mail: [email protected] Eugene OR. “Exhibiting Culture/Displaying Race.” vious years, the papers presented at this conference Send 200-400 word abstracts to Shari Huhndorf will be collected and published in a volume to be pre- Austria. Conference. “Justiz und Gerechtigkeit,” or Richard Stein, English Department, University sented at the following year’s conference. Paper pro- 8-10 November, Universität Wien. Contact: Andrea of Oregon, 97403, or by e-mail: incs2001@ posals, including a one-page abstract, should be sent Griesebner, [email protected]; Martin oregon.uoregon.edu. Conference website: http:// to: Viorica Rusu, Program Coordinator, Center for Schütz, [email protected]; Herwig Weigl, oregon.uoregon.edu/~incs2001/ Deadline: 20 Octo- Romanian Studies, Oficiul Postal 1, Casuta Postala [email protected] ber. 108, 6600 Įasi, Romania. Fax 40-32-219010; e-mail: [email protected] Deadline: 1 March 2001. Austria. International Conference. “The Caucasus: United States. Call for Papers. The thirty-ninth Transnational Perspectives,” 1-2 December, Vienna. annual meeting of the Southern Conference on Slavic Sponsored by the Austrian Foreign Ministry, Aus- Studies, 1-3 March 2001, Radisson Hotel Old Town, trian Orient Society, Institute of International Politics Alexandria VA. Hosted by George Mason Univer- and the Austrian East- and Southeast Europe Institute. sity. Send panel and paper proposals to Amy Nelson Contact: Dr. Elisabeth Vyslonzil, Österreichisches or Tom Ewing, Department of History, Virginia Poly- JOURNAL NEWS Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut, Josefsplatz 6, A-1010 technic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061. Vienna. Tel: 43-1-512-18 95 47; fax: 43-1-512 18 95 E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected]. For fur- United States. Kosmas, the only scholarly English- 53; e-mail: [email protected] ther information see the SCSS web site at http:/ language journal in North America devoted to the /www.sewanee.edu/Faculty/Goldberg/SCSS/ Dead- Czech Republic and Slovakia, seeks authors and sub- Austria. Symposium. “Jüdische Identitäten in Mittel- line: 1 December. scribers as it moves to Texas A&M University. Since europa. Literarische Modelle der Identitätskonstruk- its founding in 1982, the journal has made many tion,” 4-6 December, Universität Klagenfurt, Klagen- United States. Call for Papers. Graduate student significant contributions to knowledge of the Czech furt, Austria. Organized by Institut für Germanistik, workshop: “Challenges to Political Parties in Europe Lands and Slovakia in the English-speaking world, Inst. für Romanistik, Inst. für Vergleichende Lit- since 1800: A Multidisciplinary Retrospective,” quite in the spirit of its namesake, the chronicler eraturwissenschaften. Contact: primus.kucher@uni- 20-22 April 2001, Minda de Gunzburg Center for Kosmas of Prague (1045-1125). Kosmas accepts klu.ac.at or [email protected] European Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge manuscripts on all subjects relating to the Czech MA. At the end of the twentieth century European Republic and Slovakia, to their Central European con- United States. Annual Conference. Consortium on political arena can be characterized by political inno- text, and to Czechs and Slovaks throughout the world. Revolutionary Europe, 22-24 February 2001, Auburn vation and change. Yet sudden transformations in General information and instructions for authors are University, Auburn, AL. Contact: Professor Hines the European political fabric are nothing new. From on the web at http://www-english.tamu.edu/pubs/ H. Hall, Program Chair, CRE, Department of His- the last decades of the nineteenth century, the party kosmas/ Manuscripts should be sent to the editor, tory, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-5207. political landscape was fundamentally changed by Clinton Machann, Dept. of English, Texas A&M Tel: 334-844-6637; fax: 334-844-6673; e-mail: the arrival of mass suffrage, new kinds of parties, and University, College Station TX 77843-4227. E-mail: [email protected]. new forms of party organization. This conference [email protected] Annual subscriptions are $27 will bring together papers from different disciplines for individuals and $30 for institutions and should be Scotland. Symposium. “Blueprints for No-Man’s to examine the changes and constants in the conti- sent to the managing editor, David Chroust, Slavic Land: Connections in Contemporary Austrian Cul- nental party system since the late nineteenth century Studies Librarian, Evans Library, Texas A&M Uni- ture,” 29 March-1 April 2001, University of Aber- and suggest original approaches for examining Euro- versity, College Station, TX 77843-5000. E-mail: deen. This interdisciplinary conference will facili- pean parties and party politics. Graduate students [email protected] tate interaction between theorists and practitioners will have an opportunity to discuss their work with 22 FALL 2000 NEW ON THE NET more European countries and to projects involving parallel or collaborative research by both established and younger scholars, including projects designed Spotlight The Center for the Study of Balkan Societies and on a transatlantic basis. The program will also con- Cultures, University of Graz, now has two volumes sider the provision of small predissertation research THE OXFORD AUSTRIAN STUD- on civil society issues in the transition countries of grants to applicants who can demonstrate special IES ASSOCIATION continues to grow! Southeast Europe. Vol. 1: How to Construct Civil need for such support. Support for predissertation We are a group of postgraduate students Societies? Education, Human Rights and Media in research will not exceed $3,000, and recipients will Southeast Europe: A Critical Guide, ed. by Ulf be expected to spend at least six weeks in Europe. at Oxford University working in the field of Brunnbauer, Hannes Grandits, Siegfried Gruber, Karl Support for dissertation fieldwork in Europe will be Austrian studies, conceived in its broadest Kaser, Robert Pichler, and Christian Promitzer. It available for one year in the amount of $20,000. historical and geopolitical terms. We are contains country overviews as well as comparative Support for postdoctoral and advanced research, for opening lines of communication between analyses on the subjects of human rights, education, a period not less than one academic term and not and media in Southeast Europe. Beyond, it presents greater than one year, will be given in amounts up to students and academics who are working models of best practice in the fields of media and $40,000. For application forms and additional infor- either in Austrian studies or in the history, education and discusses the role of international orga- mation: The German Marshall Fund of the United social sciences, literatures, related Jewish nizations in the region. You can find it at http://www- States, 11 Dupont Circle N.W., Suite 750, Washington and Balkan topics, or languages of the sur- gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at/csbsc/guide/index.html Vol. 2: D.C. 20036. Tel: 202-745-3950; fax 202-265-1662; rounding area, such as Czech or Hungar- Education and Media in Southeast Europe: Country e-mail: [email protected]; website (with downloadable Reports, ed. by Ulf Brunnbauer, Hannes Grandits, application forms): http://www.gmfus.org Deadlines: ian. Siegfried Gruber, Karl Kaser, Robert Pichler, and Dissertations and advanced research: 15 November. We are planning a Festspiel for 2001 Christian Promitzer. This volume consists of concise Predissertation: 15 January. in collaboration with the Oxford German country reports on the situation of the media and on prob- players. We welcome any ideas for what lems and trends in education (primary, secondary and Washington University announces “Modeling Inter- higher) in Southeast Europe. Among the authors are disciplinary Inquiry: A Postdoctoral Program in the promises to be an ambitious, wide-ranging eminent experts from the region and researchers at the Humanities and Social Sciences,” a new Andrew cultural event. CSBSC. Its URL is http://www-gewi.kfunigraz.ac.at/ W. Mellon Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship Pro- We are developing our web site as a csbsc/country_reports/index.htm gram designed to encourage interdisciplinary schol- resource for scholars who specialize in arship and teaching across the humanities and social these fields. We will be posting an Archival sciences. Beginning in September 2001, the Fel- lowship Program will bring to Washington Univer- Guide Book, with research accommoda- sity a group of new and recent Ph.D.s who wish to tion lists on the site. Aimed particularly FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES strengthen their own advanced training and to par- at postgraduates, this guide is intended to ticipate in the university’s ongoing interdisciplinary be a “students’ survival guide” to libraries programs and seminars. Postdoctoral Fellows will The Fulbright Student Program is the U.S. gov- receive a two-year appointment with stipends begin- in the area. Beyond the standard guides ernment’s premier scholarship program. Each year ning at $35,000 per year. Fellows will outline a plan that simply list addresses, we will provide it enables more than 600 men and women to study for their own continuing research in association with details that are invariably crucial to suc- or conduct research in over 100 nations. Applicants a senior faculty member at Washington University. cessful research, such as the nature of must be U.S. citizens and hold a U.S. bachelor’s Over the course of their two-year appointment, Fel- the holdings (including special collections), degree or equivalent professional training. Proposals lows will teach three undergraduate courses in their may include library or field work, university classes, discipline and collaborate each spring semester in price of photocopying, languages spoken, conservatory or other performing arts training, or leading a seminar in the theory and methods of inter- accessibility of documents, availability of special projects in the social or life sciences. Appli- disciplinary research. There is no application form. staff, location of nearby restaurants and cants must be able to communicate in the host coun- Applicants should submit a cover letter, a descrip- accommodation, as well as contact details try’s language, and certification may be required. tion of their research program (no more than three Competition opens 1 May 2000 and closes 31 Octo- single-spaced pages), a brief proposal for the semi- and web site links. ber 2000 for 2001-2002 awards. Students must con- nar in theory and methods, a curriculum vitae, and Anyone who has information on partic- tact their campus Fulbright advisor; others must three letters of recommendation. Submit materials to ular Central European archives, archives write to U.S. Student Programs, Institute of Interna- Steven Zwicker, Department of English, Washington or libraries outside Central Europe with tional Education, 809 United Nations Plaza, NY NY University, Campus Box 1122, One Brookings Drive, key holdings on Central European topics 10017-3580, or phone 212-984-5327. For informa- St. Louis, MO 63130. For further information, see tion about the Fulbright Student Program in Austria, our website: http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~szwicker/ along with information on surrounding you may also write to the Fulbright Commission, Mellon_Postdoctoral_Program.html Deadline: 15 suitable restaurants and accommodation Schmidgasse 14, A-1082 Vienna, Austria. December. is invited to contribute to this project. Send 100-250 words to Larissa Douglass The German Marshall Fund of the United States The Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies provides offers grants for advanced research to improve the support in Ukrainian and Ukrainian Canadian stud- ([email protected]) or Robert understanding of significant contemporary economic, ies in history, literature, language, education, social Pyrah ([email protected]). political, and social developments relating to Europe, sciences, and library sciences. Eligible applicants are Please include as much contact infor- European integration, and relations between Europe scholars on the faculty of a university or other post- mation (address, telephone number, FAX, and the United States. Projects should involve either secondary institution in Canada or elsewhere, or pri- e-mail, contact names) for the libraries, comparative analysis of a specific issue in more than vate scholars. A research grant is offered in support one country or the exploration of an issue in a single of a publishable project with a clearly stated schol- archives, restaurants, etc. that you men- country in ways that can be expected to have rele- arly objective and a well-defined plan for reaching tion. Please provide the dates when you vance for other countries. The geographic scope of that objective. Grants are intended to support inde- conducted research at the library in ques- the program includes Western, Central, and Eastern pendent research conceived and carried out by a tion—this is very important!—as well as Europe, including Russia and Turkey as they relate scholar or a group of scholars. Awards are intended to Europe, but not the Central Asian countries that to defray actual direct costs attributable to a project, your name and university affiliation (if you were formerly part of the Soviet Union. The program not overhead costs or personal income. For forms and are comfortable doing so) at the end of will provide assistance to graduate students, recent guide to applications: Canadian Institute of Ukrai- your contribution. Ph.D. or LL.M. recipients, and more senior scholars. nian Studies, 352 Athabasca Hall, Univ. of Alberta, For further details, please see our web- Only U.S. citizens and permanent residents are eligi- Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada. Tel: 780-492-2972; site: http://users.ox.ac.uk/~magd0324 ble. Special consideration will be given to applicants fax: 780-492-4967; e-mail: [email protected] seeking support for dissertation fieldwork in one or Deadline: 3 January. Larissa Douglass 23 Working Papers in Austrian Studies

The Center for Austrian Studies serves scholars who study the politics, society, economy, and culture of modern Austria and of Habsburg Central Europe. It encourages comparative studies involving Austria or the Habsburg lands and other European states, stimulates discussion in the field, and provides a vehicle for circulating work in progress. It is open to all papers prior to final publication but gives priority to papers by affiliates of the Center and scholars who have given seminars or attended conferences at the Center. If you would like to have a paper considered for inclusion in the series, please contact Gerhard H. Weiss or Daniel Pinkerton at the Center for Austrian Studies.

95-1. Edward Larkey, Das Österreichische im Angebot der heimischen Kulturindustrie 95-2. Franz X. Eder, Sexualized Subjects: Medical Discourses on Sexuality in German-Speaking Countries in the Late Eighteenth and the Nineteenth Centuries 95-3. Christian Fleck, The Restoration of Austrian Universities after World War II 95-4. Alois Kernbauer, The Scientific Community of Chemists and Physicists in the Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy 95-5. Stella Hryniuk, To Pray Again as a Catholic: The Renewal of Catholicism in Western Ukraine 95-6. Josef Berghold, Awakening Affinities between Past Enemies: Reciprocal Perceptions of Italians and Austrians 96-1. Katherine Arens, Central Europe and the Nationalist Paradigm 96-2. Thomas N. Burg, Forensic Medicine in the Nineteenth-Century Habsburg Monarchy 96-3. Charles Ingrao, Ten Untaught Lessons about Central Europe: An Historical Perspective 97-1. Siegfried Beer, Target Central Europe: American Intelligence Efforts Regarding Nazi and Early Postwar Austria, 1941-1947. 98-1. Dina Iordanova, Balkan Wedding Revisited: Multiple Messages of Filmed Nuptuals 98-2. Christopher Long, The Other Modern Dwelling: Josef Frank and Haus & Garten 99-1. Peter Thaler, “Germans” and “Austrians” in World War II: Military History and National Identity 99-2. Adi Wimmer, The “Lesser Traumatized”: Exile Narratives of Austrian Jews 00-1. Lonnie Johnson, On the Inside Looking Out: The ÖVP-FPÖ Government, Jörg Haider, and Europe 00-2. Alan Levy, An American Jew in Vienna 00-3. Arnold Suppan, Austria: A Short European History (forthcoming) 00-4. Erika Weinzierl, The Jewish Middle Class in Vienna in the 19th Century (forthcoming)

Working Papers 92-1 through 94-4 are still available. See previous issues of the ASN, the CAS website, or contact the Center for authors and titles. The price per paper is $3.00 ($4.00 for foreign addresses). To order, send your name, address, and paper numbers requested along with payment to Center for Austrian Studies, Attention: Working Papers (address on page 2). Checks must be drawn on a U.S. bank in U.S. dollars and should be made out to “Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota.” We also accept MasterCard, VISA, and Discover cards. To pay by credit card, indicate the card used and include your card number, expiration date, and signature on the order. Most Working Papers are also available on our website and may be downloaded for free. The URL is http://www.cas.umn.edu

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