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Scaleshell Mussel.Pdf U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Scaleshell Mussel Oklahoma Ecological Service Field Office Scaleshell mussel Leptodea leptodon Description The scaleshell mussel occurred historically across much of the eastern U.S., but recently is known only from scattered populations in Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Nebraska, and South Dakota. In Oklahoma, the species survives in the Kiamichi River in southeastern Oklahoma, and historical records exist from the Little and Mountain Fork rivers, also in southeastern Oklahoma. Its thin, elongated shell reaches a maximum length of about 4.75 inches. Males and females have differently shaped shells, most apparent in a broad, ruffled Scaleshell mussel. © Dr. M.C. Barnhart extension of the females’ posterior end. The outer shell layer is yellowish-brown Conservation to protect water quality, restore and with fine green rays. It is distinguished The scaleshell mussel was federally listed protect natural watershed conditions, from other freshwater mussel species by as an endangered species on October 9, conserve instream flows, and prevent the additional distinctive details of its shell. 2001. This species has experienced severe spread of aquatic invasive species. Learn losses in range and abundance due to more about the scaleshell mussel, the Distribution human degradation of its habitat. Specific threats to its existence, and its identified The scaleshell mussel lives in medium- factors involved in this degradation conservation needs by consulting the sized to large rivers with stable channels include construction and operation of species’ recovery plan. and good water quality. The species large impoundments, and water quality inhabits sand and gravel stream bottoms degradation from point sources and References where individuals bury themselves, with nonpoint sources of pollution. Many of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2010. only the edge of their partially-opened these factors are expected to continue Scaleshell Mussel Recovery Plan. Fort shells exposed. and may increase, posing future threats Snelling, Minnesota. to the scaleshell. Additional potential Life History threats include impacts from invasive U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2011. Adults feed by filtering algae, other aquatic species such as the introduced Scaleshell Mussel (Leptodea leptodon) protoctists, microscopic animals, bacteria, zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), 5-year Review: Summary and and detritus from their surroundings. and extreme conditions associated with Evaluation. Columbia, Missouri. As with most freshwater mussels, the human-caused climate change. life cycle includes sexual reproduction For Further Information and a required parasitic stage. During What You Can Do To Help U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service spawning, males release sperm into If you have property within a watershed Oklahoma the water column, some of which are inhabited by the scaleshell mussel, Ecological Services Field Office taken into females of the species, which maintain an ample buffer of natural 9014 East 21st Street carry eggs in their gills. The resulting vegetation alongside any stream Tulsa, OK 74129 larvae (known as glochidia) are released channels. Treat eroding roads, slopes, 918/581-7458 from the females into the water column and other sources contributing sediments and must attach to a suitable fish to streams. Reduce or eliminate use of host to continue development. Once lawn-care/agricultural chemicals, and August 2011 metamorphosis is complete, juvenile install fencing to prevent livestock from mussels drop off the fish host and entering streams. Take other steps continue life in the stream bottom. Known fish hosts for this species include the freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens)..
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    indicates that little or no reproduction is taking place Scaleshell and that a more chronic negative condition exists in Leptodea leptodon the watershed. Despite efforts to conserve Missouri’s native mussel fauna, many populations continue to decline. Efforts should be made to Guidelines for Landowners ensure our waterways are healthy through protection and/or restoration of habitat for this and Using Conservation Practices other aquatic species. Missouri Department of Almost all mussel species require a fish host to Conservation complete their life cycle. Mature mussels release glochidia (the immature parasitic stage), which must Common name ▪ Scaleshell attach to the gills or fins of a host to complete their Scientific name ▪ Leptodea leptodon development. After an average of 2 to 4 weeks, State Status ▪ Endangered newly developed juveniles drop from the host and Federal Status ▪ Endangered burrow into the substrate and grow to repeat the cycle if dropped into suitable habitat. The scaleshell uses the freshwater drum as its fish host. The scaleshell spawns from early to mid-August to October and releases glochidia from mid-April to mid-June. Ecological well-being of the host population is critical to the long-term viability of all mussel populations. In some cases, host species are also threatened or endangered. Refer also to the Best Management Practices for that host species, if applicable. Photo Credit: M.C. Barnhart, Missouri State University Reasons for Decline Historically, scaleshell populations extended Ecology throughout river systems in much of the midwestern The scaleshell is a rather distinct mussel that was United States. Now, however, they are endangered historically found in 13 states within the Ohio, and are known to exist in only a few rivers in Missouri and Mississippi River drainage basins.
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