The Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida) of Nebraska

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida) of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies Nebraska Academy of Sciences 11-2011 The Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida) of Nebraska Ellet Hoke Midwest Malacology, Inc., ellethoke@charter.net Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas Part of the Life Sciences Commons Hoke, Ellet, "The Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida) of Nebraska" (2011). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. 2. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Academy of Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societiesy b an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. The Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionoida) Of Nebraska Ellet Hoke Midwest Malacology, Inc. Correspondence: Ellet Hoke, 1878 Ridgeview Circle Drive, Manchester, MO 63021 ellethoke@charter.net 636-391-9459 This paper reports the results of the first statewide survey of the freshwater mussels of Nebraska. Survey goals were: (1) to document current distributions through collection of recent shells; (2) to document former distributions through collection of relict shells and examination of museum collections; (3) to identify changes in distribution; (4) to identify the primary natural and anthropomorphic factors impacting unionids; and (5) to develop a model to explain the documented distributions. The survey confirmed 30 unionid species and the exotic Corbicula fluminea for the state, and museum vouchers documented one additional unionid species. Analysis of museum records and an extensive literature search coupled with research in adjacent states identified 13 additional unionid species with known distributions near the Nebraska border. Some of these unionids may have formerly inhabited the state. Seven documented species have probably been extirpated, and the ranges of 15 others have contracted significantly. Only nine species are relatively stable at present, and one of these is extremely rare and feder- ally endangered. Diversity is concentrated in the formerly glaciated portion of eastern Nebraska, and drops abruptly along the Missouri River to the east and in the Great Plains westward. The primary natural factors influencing unionid distributions in Nebraska include availability of perennially flowing waters, host fish diversity, substrate composition and stability, and formerly heavy sediment loads. Anthropomorphic factors are surface and subsurface irrigation withdrawals, construction of canals and reservoirs, channelization, erosion, intensive grazing, contaminants, and the introduction of invasive species. Unionid presence and diversity largely correlates with substrate stability. Stream orientation and morphology in portions of eastern Nebraska promote slow currents, and substrates composed of mud, sand, and rock provide greater stability than the shifting sand substrates common elsewhere in the state. In central and western Nebraska, unionid populations are concen- trated in headwaters, backwaters, and side-channels of rivers, and canals, reservoirs, and small tributaries, while the generally shifting sand habitats of most rivers provide relatively little viable habitat. In the historic Missouri River, unstable substrates and (formerly) heavy sediment loads limited diversity to silt tolerant species, and viable habitat largely to backwaters, sloughs, attached lakes, side channels, and relatively few main channel environments. Today, upstream dams have greatly reduced the sediment load in the Missouri River, but unstable substrates restrict mussels to backwaters, side channels, pools below wing dams, revetments, and other areas sheltered from strong currents. Channelization and erosion/sedimentation have destroyed or drastically impacted stream habitats in eastern Nebraska resulting in the loss of much of the original unionid diversity. Surface and subsurface irrigation coupled with related declines in water tables have eliminated habitat in western Nebraska, though losses are partially compensated for some species by colonization of viable reaches of newly created impoundments and canals. Intensive grazing along streams and agricultural pollution further exacerbate habitat deg- radation and pressure remaining unionid populations. Invasive species directly compete with native mussels for sustenance and living space and may become serious threats to the survival of remaining unionid species in some habitats. Introduction The greatest unionoid diversity in the world is in Research on Nebraska mussels did not benefit North America (Bogan, 1993). The eastern, midwestern directly from the flow of money into the field in the and southern United States contain the greatest early 1900’s propelled by commercial interest in diversity and populations of mussels, and are also the mussels relating to the button industry. In 1900 there regions that have received the majority of attention, was one button manufacturer in Nebraska and two scientific and otherwise. Investigations in the Missouri by 1905 (Wilson, 1910), however, Coker (1919) does River Basin from the Kansas River northward were not include Nebraska in his list of states where “the minimal until the last quarter of the twentieth century. mussel fishery is pursued more or less actively.” In Nebraska during the nineteenth and most of the The extent of research in adjacent states at the twentieth centuries, research on mussels was largely initiation of this study was similarly limited. In limited to reports of their existence (William Clarke - Kansas, Murray and Leonard (1962) listed only a few 1804 as cited in Moulton, 2003), a few isolated species occurring north of the Kansas River. The latest collections (Lea, 1858; Hayden, 1862; Tryon, 1868; research in Missouri was that of Utterback (1914, 1915- Walker, 1906; Canfield and Wiebe, 1931), and a small 16, 1917), and in South Dakota, the most recent number of museum vouchers often with only general publication was that of Over (1942). Little was known locational data (i.e. state, river). The most extensive of the mussels of western Iowa (Keyes, 1888; Bovbjerg publication on the unionoids of Nebraska was that of et al. 1970), and the Missouri River was reported to be Aughey (1877), however, aspersions on his academic devoid of molluscan life below the confluence of the reputation as well as questions on the accuracy of his Milk River in eastern Montana (Hayden, 1862; identifications preclude reliance on that paper (Bolick, Utterback, 1914, 1915-1916, 1917; Coker and Southall, 1993; Hoke, 2000b). 1915; Over, 1915, 1942; Bartsch, 1916). 2011 Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 32, 1–46 1 E. Hoke The general absence of research on Nebraska The unionoid reproductive cycle is susceptible to unionids in 1972 suggested the need for a statewide interruption at many points. For example, elimination survey, and this study was initiated at that time. The of the host fish will, over time, result in the elimination goals of the study were: (1) to document existing of dependent species of freshwater mussels. Similarly, distributions through a statewide survey of living displacement of the host fish from the immediate and recent shell materials; (2) to document the extent vicinity of female mussels during the breeding period of past distributions through collection of relict can produce the same effect. Different species of specimens and by searching museums for relevant mussels have evolved a number of methods to achieve vouchers; (3) to identify changes in the fauna through infection of host fish. There are two distinct levels to comparison of distributions revealed by recent and this problem: (1) attraction of a suitable host fish to the relict shells; (4) to identify and understand the immediate vicinity of the female mussel, and (2) primary factors influencing past and present successful infection of the host with glochidia. Some distributions; and (5) to develop a model to account mussels solve both problems by one method: for changes in the fauna through time. broadcast dispersal of thousands of glochidia into the Before discussing the survey, it is necessary to water column. Many unionoid species produce briefly comment on the subjects of unionoid biology, conglutinates, worm-like structures filled with and the physical and aquatic geography of Nebraska. glochidia, that resemble one of the foods in the host A basic familiarity with these subjects is useful to fish’s diet. In eating the conglutinate, the fish becomes fully understand the sections that follow. infected with glochidia. Some fish species utilize thin- shelled mussels for food, and in the process of Unionoid Biology and Life History obtaining nourishment, may be infected with Freshwater mussels are the most imperiled faunal glochidia. There are many other strategies to attract group in North America (Williams et al. 1992) with and infect host fish including lures (Kraemer, 1970), 213 of the 297 known taxa considered to be extinct, mucus nets (Watters and O’Dee, 1997), and assembly endangered, threatened or of special concern. The of a glochidia filled structure, a superconglutinate, current condition of the fauna reflects the extent of resembling a fish used by the host as a primary food
Recommended publications
  • Nebraska's Territorial Lawmaker, 1854-1867
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for 1992 Frontier Solons: Nebraska's Territorial Lawmaker, 1854-1867 James B. Potts University of Wisconsin-La Cross Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Potts, James B., "Frontier Solons: Nebraska's Territorial Lawmaker, 1854-1867" (1992). Great Plains Quarterly. 648. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/648 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FRONTIER SOLONS NEBRASKA'S TERRITORIAL LAWMAKERS, 1854,1867 JAMES B. POTTS In the thirty-seven years since Earl Pomeroy Nevertheless, certain facets of western po­ maintained that the political history of the mid­ litical development, including the role of ter­ nineteenth century American West needed ritorial assemblies, still require "study and "further study and clarification," Howard R. clarification." With few exceptions, territorial Lamar, Lewis Gould, Clark Spence, and other histories have focused upon the activities of fed­ specialists have produced detailed studies of po­ erally appointed territorial officials--governors, liticallife in the western territories. Their works secretaries, and, occasionally, judges---and upon have shed light on the everyday workings and the territorial delegates. 2 Considerably less study failures of the American territorial system and has been made of the territorial legislatures, have elucidated the distinctive political and locally elected lawmaking bodies that provide economic conditions that shaped local insti­ useful perspectives from which to examine fron­ tutions in Dakota, Wyoming, and other western tier political behavior and attitudes.
    [Show full text]
  • Tennessee's Extinct Species
    Tennessee's Extinct Species The following species Birds: once occurred in Carolina parakeet Conuropsis carolinensis Ectopistes migratorius Tennessee and are now Passenger pigeon believed to be extinct. Mammals: Following this list are two Eastern elk species descriptions-one Fishes: describing the Carolina Harelip sucker parakeet and another describing the extinct Mussels: Acornshell Epioblasma haysiana freshwater mussels Angled riffleshell Epioblasma biemarginata of Tennessee. Cumberland leafshell Epioblasma stewardsoni Leafshell Epioblasma flexuosa Narrowcat's paw Epioblasma lenoir Rough rockshell Quadrula tuberosa Round combshell Epioblasma personata Sugarspoon Epioblasma arcaeformis Tennessee riffleshell Epioblasma propinqua Carolina Parakeet Status Habitat The Carolina parakeet is an The Carolina parakeet was found Learn rrwreabout extinct species. in riverine forests, cypress swamps, Tennessee's diverse and other woodlands over much of Description the Eastern and Midwest Regions of ecosyster.n3.Su~ort The Carolina parakeet was a the United States. It was the only conservation in your small parrot, about 12inches in parrot native to the United States. community and state! length. Its head was lemon yellow, The parakeets rested at night in with an orange forehead and cheeks. groups, with as many as 30 birds The rest of its body was green. Its sleeping inside one hollowtree, while legs and beak were pale pinkish- others would hang on the outside. white. These curious birds lived and Nests were placed in hollowtrees, traveled in flocks. and three to five white eggs were laid. Up to 50 nests were often crowded into one tree. Role in the Ecosystem Carolina parakeets enjoyed a variety of different foods-apples, peaches, mulberries, pecans, grapes, dogwood fruit, and grains.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of the Freshwater Mussels
    ILLINO S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Large-scale Digitization Project, 2007. bO&C Natural History Survey TLf94S Library I l' 13) SURVEY OF THE FRESHWATER MUSSELS (MOLLUSCA: UNIONIDAE) OF THE WABASH RIVER DRAINAGE PHASE III: WHITE RIVER AND SELECTED TRIBUTARIES Kevin S. Cummings, Christine A. Mayer, and Lawrence M. Page Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1991 (3) Illinois Natural History Survey 607 E. Peabody Drive Champaign, Illinois 61820 Prepared for Indiana Department of Natural Resources Division of Fish and Wildlife 607 State Office Building Indianapolis, Indiana 46204 Study Funded by a Grant from the Indiana Department of Natural Resources Nongame & Endangered Wildlife Program Endangered Species Act Project E- 1, Study 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... iii INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................2 STUDY AREA AND METHODS.............................................................................. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.............................................. .................................. 9 SPECIES ACCOUNTS............................... ...............................................................21 RECOMMENDATIONS..........................
    [Show full text]
  • The Hispanic Experience in Central Nebraska
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences Great Plains Studies, Center for Spring 2001 Latinos Along the Platte: The Hispanic Experience in Central Nebraska Roger Davis University of Nebraska at Kearney Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsresearch Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Davis, Roger, "Latinos Along the Platte: The Hispanic Experience in Central Nebraska" (2001). Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences. 601. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsresearch/601 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Research: A Journal of Natural and Social Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Great Plains Research 12 (Spring 2001): 27-50 © Copyright by the Center for Great Plains Studies LATINOS ALONG THE PLATTE: THE HISPANIC EXPERIENCE IN CENTRAL NEBRASKA Roger P. Davis Department of History University of Nebraska at Kearney Kearney, Nebraska 68849 Davisr@unk.edu ABSTRACT -This essay examines the arrival and growth of Latino population, principally Mexican American, into the Platte River valley region of Nebraska from 1890 to 1996. It outlines the history of the push and pull factors of immigration from Mexico and the various phases and characteristics of Latino settlement in the Midwest generally and in Nebraska specifically. It reviews demographic patterns over the 20th century and concludes with observations based upon census projections that indicate that the Nebraska Latino community will become the state's primary minority community by 2025.
    [Show full text]
  • ST. CHARLES 7.5' QUADRANGLE Qslt 0 5 4 ST
    90°22'30"W 90°30'00"W 90°27'30"W 90°25'00"W R 5 E R 6 E 38°52'30"N 38°52'30"N 31 32 33 34 35 36 31 35 SURFICIAL MATERIAL GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE ST. CHARLES 7.5' QUADRANGLE Qslt 0 5 4 ST. CHARLES AND ST. LOUIS COUNTIES, MISSOURI 0 45 Qslt 2 Geology and Digital Compilation by 0 45 Qtd David A. Gaunt and Bradley A. Mitchell Qcly «¬94 3 5 6 5 4 2011 Qslt Qtd Qtd Qtd 1 Graus «¬94 Lake OFM-11-593-GS 6 «¬H Qtd 6 Croche 9 10 MISSOURI DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES 8 7 s DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND LAND SURVEY ai ar 7 M GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROGRAM Qslt Qtd P.O. BOX 250, ROLLA MO 65402-0250 12 www.dnr.mo.gov/geology B «¬ Qslt 573-368-2100 7 13 THIS MAP WAS PRODUCED UNDER A COOPERATIVE 0 5 AGREEMENT WITH THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL 4 18 38°50'00"N 38°50'00"N SURVEY Qtd Permission must be obtained to visit privately owned land Qslt Qslt PHYSIOGRAPHY 0 5 4 St. Charles County D St. Louis County The St. Charles quadrangle includes part of the large floodplain of the Missouri River and loess covered uplands. N 500 550 A L The floodplain is up to five miles wide in this area. The quadrangle lies within the Dissected Till Plains Section 50 S 5 I 45 6 0 0 0 of the Central Lowland Province of the Interior Plains Physiographic Division.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Data Indicate a Broader Late Holocene Distribution
    Archaeological Data Indicate a Broader Late Holocene Distribution of the Sandbank Pocketbook (Unionidae: Lampsilis satura Lea 1852) in Texas Author(s): Steve Wolverton and Charles R. Randklev Source: American Malacological Bulletin, 34(2):133-137. Published By: American Malacological Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4003/006.034.0209 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.4003/006.034.0209 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Amer. Malac. Bull. 34(2): 133–137 (2016) RESEARCH NOTE Archaeological Data Indicate a Broader Late Holocene Distribution of the Sandbank Pocketbook (Unionidae: Lampsilis satura Lea 1852) in Texas Steve Wolverton1 and Charles R. Randklev2 1Department of Geography and the Environment, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, U.S.A. 2Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT FOR: Preliminary Analysis for Identification, Distribution, And
    REPORT FOR: Preliminary Analysis for Identification, Distribution, and Conservation Status of Species of Fusconaia and Pleurobema in Arkansas Principle Investigators: Alan D. Christian Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 599, State University, Arkansas 72467; achristian@astate.edu; Phone: (870)972-3082; Fax: (870)972-2638 John L. Harris Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, P.O. Box 599, State University, Arkansas 72467 Jeanne Serb Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, 251 Bessey Hall, Ames, Iowa 50011 Graduate Research Assistant: David M. Hayes, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 847, State University, Arkansas 72467: david.hayes@smail.astate.edu Kentaro Inoue, Department of Environmental Science, P.O. Box 847, State University, Arkansas 72467: david.hayes@smail.astate.edu Submitted to: William R. Posey Malacologist and Commercial Fisheries Biologist, AGFC P.O. Box 6740 Perrytown, Arkansas 71801 April 2008 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY There are currently 13 species of Fusconaia and 32 species of Pleurobema recognized in the United States and Canada. Twelve species of Pleurobema and two species of Fusconaia are listed as Threatened or Endangered. There are 75 recognized species of Unionidae in Arkansas; however this number may be much higher due to the presence of cryptic species, many which may reside within the Fusconaia /Pleurobema complex. Currently, three species of Fusconaia and three species of Pleurobema are recognized from Arkansas. The true conservation status of species within these genera cannot be determined until the taxonomic identity of populations is confirmed. The purpose of this study was to begin preliminary analysis of the species composition of Fusconaia and Pleurobema in Arkansas and to determine the phylogeographic relationships within these genera through mitochondrial DNA sequencing and conchological analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Mussel Survey of Clinchport, Clinch River, Virginia: Augmentation Monitoring Site: 2006
    Freshwater Mussel Survey of Clinchport, Clinch River, Virginia: Augmentation Monitoring Site: 2006 By: Nathan L. Eckert, Joe J. Ferraro, Michael J. Pinder, and Brian T. Watson Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries Wildlife Diversity Division October 28th, 2008 Table of Contents Introduction....................................................................................................................... 4 Objective ............................................................................................................................ 5 Study Area ......................................................................................................................... 6 Methods.............................................................................................................................. 6 Results .............................................................................................................................. 10 Semi-quantitative .................................................................................................. 10 Quantitative........................................................................................................... 11 Qualitative............................................................................................................. 12 Incidental............................................................................................................... 12 Discussion........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Cajun Prairie: a Natural History
    The Cajun Prairie: A Natural History The Cajun Prairie: A Natural History By Malcolm F. Vidrine, Ph.D. The Division of Sciences and Mathematics (Louisiana State University Eunice) and The Cajun Prairie Habitat Preservation Society and The Cajun Prairie Gardens (Eunice, Louisiana) Malcolm F. Vidrine Eunice, Louisiana 2010 Front Cover image: Cajun Prairie is a 14” x 18” color pencil drawing by Corinne Louise Greenberg. http://thegardenisateacher.com Cover designed by Van Reed © 2010 by Malcolm Francis Vidrine malcolmvidrine@yahoo.com ISBN (paper): 978-0-615-36813-9 CIP Data Dedication To my wife Gail; she has carried the burden of doing so many things to permit my interests to grow. And to my children; each provided me with a separate adventure. Like so much else, this book will be part of their legacy. I hope it helps to explain our front yard. May this book also explain many more front yards! v Contents Page Preface ..............................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 Chapter 2 The people of the prairie .................................................................. 13 Chapter 3 Pre-settlement to 1870s .................................................................... 23 Chapter 4 1870s-1930s ...................................................................................... 47 Chapter 5 1940s-1970s .....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Atlas of the Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae)
    1 Atlas of the Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) (Class Bivalvia: Order Unionoida) Recorded at the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve & State Nature Preserve, Ohio and surrounding watersheds by Robert A. Krebs Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences Cleveland State University Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44115 September 2015 (Revised from 2009) 2 Atlas of the Freshwater Mussels (Unionidae) (Class Bivalvia: Order Unionoida) Recorded at the Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve & State Nature Preserve, Ohio, and surrounding watersheds Acknowledgements I thank Dr. David Klarer for providing the stimulus for this project and Kristin Arend for a thorough review of the present revision. The Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve provided housing and some equipment for local surveys while research support was provided by a Research Experiences for Undergraduates award from NSF (DBI 0243878) to B. Michael Walton, by an NOAA fellowship (NA07NOS4200018), and by an EFFRD award from Cleveland State University. Numerous students were instrumental in different aspects of the surveys: Mark Lyons, Trevor Prescott, Erin Steiner, Cal Borden, Louie Rundo, and John Hook. Specimens were collected under Ohio Scientific Collecting Permits 194 (2006), 141 (2007), and 11-101 (2008). The Old Woman Creek National Estuarine Research Reserve in Ohio is part of the National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), established by section 315 of the Coastal Zone Management Act, as amended. Additional information on these preserves and programs is available from the Estuarine Reserves Division, Office for Coastal Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910.
    [Show full text]
  • Pleistocene Geology of Eastern South Dakota
    Pleistocene Geology of Eastern South Dakota GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 262 Pleistocene Geology of Eastern South Dakota By RICHARD FOSTER FLINT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 262 Prepared as part of the program of the Department of the Interior *Jfor the development-L of*J the Missouri River basin UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1955 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Douglas McKay, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D. C. - Price $3 (paper cover) CONTENTS Page Page Abstract_ _ _____-_-_________________--_--____---__ 1 Pre- Wisconsin nonglacial deposits, ______________ 41 Scope and purpose of study._________________________ 2 Stratigraphic sequence in Nebraska and Iowa_ 42 Field work and acknowledgments._______-_____-_----_ 3 Stream deposits. _____________________ 42 Earlier studies____________________________________ 4 Loess sheets _ _ ______________________ 43 Geography.________________________________________ 5 Weathering profiles. __________________ 44 Topography and drainage______________________ 5 Stream deposits in South Dakota ___________ 45 Minnesota River-Red River lowland. _________ 5 Sand and gravel- _____________________ 45 Coteau des Prairies.________________________ 6 Distribution and thickness. ________ 45 Surface expression._____________________ 6 Physical character. _______________ 45 General geology._______________________ 7 Description by localities ___________ 46 Subdivisions. ________-___--_-_-_-______ 9 Conditions of deposition ___________ 50 James River lowland.__________-__-___-_--__ 9 Age and correlation_______________ 51 General features._________-____--_-__-__ 9 Clayey silt. __________________________ 52 Lake Dakota plain____________________ 10 Loveland loess in South Dakota. ___________ 52 James River highlands...-------.-.---.- 11 Weathering profiles and buried soils. ________ 53 Coteau du Missouri..___________--_-_-__-___ 12 Synthesis of pre- Wisconsin stratigraphy.
    [Show full text]
  • Species Assessment for Fat Pocketbook
    Species Status Assessment Class: Bivalvia Family: Unionidae Scientific Name: Potamilus capax Common Name: Fat pocketbook Species synopsis: Potamilus capax is thought to have been extirpated in New York State for over a century (Strayer and Jirka 1997), and has not been found at historical sites during recent surveys (Mahar & Landry 2013). P. capax is a member of the widely distributed genus Potamilus. P. capax belongs to the subfamily Ambleminae and the tribe Lampsilini, which includes 17 extant and 6 likely extirpated New York species of the genera Actinonaias, Epioblasma, Lampsilis, Leptodea, Ligumia, Obovaria, Potamilus, Ptychobranchus, Toxolasma, Truncilla, and Villosa (Haag 2012; Graf and Cummings 2011). This species is listed as state and federally endangered and is ranked by The Natural Heritage Program as historic in New York and as imperiled throughout its range. It is distributed in the Lower Ohio River system and Mississippi River drainages in Arkansas and Nebraska (Watters et al. 2009), where P. capax abundance is stable, with multiple reproductively viable sites. A current threat to the species is that populations are sporadic and disjunct, with the entire species only inhabiting approximately 20 sites (NatureServe 2013). 1 I. Status a. Current and Legal Protected Status i. Federal ____ Endangered_______________Candidate? ___________ ii. New York _____Endangered__________________________________________________ b. Natural Heritage Program Rank i. Global _____G2- Imperiled_______________________________________________ ii. New York _____SH - Historic_______ Tracked by NYNHP? ______Yes___ Other Rank: U.S. Endangered Species Act (USESA): LE: Listed endangered (1976) IUCN Red List Category: Critically endangered Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Protection Status (CITES): Appendix I American Fisheries Society Status: Endangered (1993) Status Discussion: The peripheral range (where P.
    [Show full text]