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The Sandhills of South Dakota : a Regional Study

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The Sandhills of South Dakota : a Regional Study South Dakota State University Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange Electronic Theses and Dissertations 1985 The Sandhills of South Dakota : A Regional Study Robert E. Weimer Follow this and additional works at: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Weimer, Robert E., "The Sandhills of South Dakota : A Regional Study" (1985). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 4318. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/4318 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Open PRAIRIE: Open Public Research Access Institutional Repository and Information Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SANDHILLS OF SOUTH DAKOTA: A REGIONAL STUDY BY ROBERT E. WEIMER A·thesis submit ted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Ma ster of Science, Major in Geography, South Dakota State University 1985 CniiTU 1'"\AV-TA � ..... __ ••••·· ·------ - _ THE SANDHILLS OF SOUTH DAKOTA: A REGIONAL STUDY This thesis is approved as a creditable and independent investigation by a candidate for the degree, Master of Science, and is acceptable for meeting the thesis requirements for tbis degree. Acceptance of this thesis does not imply that the conclusions reached by the candidate are necessarily the conclusions of the major department. EdwardThesis AdvisPatricker Hogan, Ph.D. Date Edward Patrick Hog , Ph.D. Date Head, Geography Departmentdh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his appreciation and thanks to Dr. Edward P. Hogan, Head, Department of Geography, Dr. Charles F. Gritzner, and the entire faculty of the Department of Geography for their time, help, and guidance throughout this investigation. A special thanks is extended to the author's wife, Claire, for her help, understanding, and encourage­ ment. Thanks also to Karen Heim for typing this thesis. REW TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I INTRODUCTION • Purpose of the Study . 1 The Regional Concept . 4 . 7 Methodology • • • . • . End Notes 8 9 II PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT • 10 Introduction • • . Landscape Features . 10 10 Climate . • . • • Soils . 14 Water Features . 2t 26 Biogeography • . 28 Flora . 28 Fauna . 31 End Notes . III CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT . 35 36 Introduction . 36 Indian Occupance • • . Anglo-American Settlement 37 ·Recreation . 41 Agriculture 48 48 Chapter Page Other Factors . 58 End Notes • . 64 IV CONCLUSION 65 Additional Research Opportunities 65 Future . 66 Summary • • • . 66 BIBLIOGRAPHY . • 71 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Map Nebraskaof the Sandhills. of. South. Dakota. and 2 2 Sandhills of South Dakota . South Dakota Sandhills 53 43 Physical Divisions of South Dakota 6 5 Sandhills Topography . 12 6 Sandhills Ridges . 12 7 South Dakota Normal Precipitation . 16 8 South Dakota Growing Season Precipitation . ..17 9 TypicalSandhills Soil Pattern. in. the. South. Dakota . 22 10 Topo-sequence of Sandhills Soils . 24 11 Grass Reclaiming a Blowout . 25 12 Large Blowout . 25 13 Sandhills Profile . 27 14 Trees Around a Lake . • • • 2 9 15 Lake, Tall Grasses, Rushes • 29 16 Geese on a Sandhills Lake . • 32 17 Indian. Fort ReservationLaramie Treaty as Designatedof 1868 by the. 40' 18 The Pine. Ridge and Rosebud Indian Reservations . 42 19 The Approximate Maximum Extent of the Spade Ranch . • . 45 Figure Page 20 Fence and Gate in the Sandhills . • • 47 21 Cattle Going to Water 48 22 Windmill Used to Pump Water . • 49 23 Salt Station for Cattle . • 49 24 Haystacks • . • • • . • • . • • • 51 25 Hay Rake Used to Gather Hay • • • • 51 26 Slide Stacker for Making Haystacks • 53 27 Hay Sweep Used to Gather Hay Before Stacking . 53 28 Acres in Pastureland and Rangeland by County . 54 29 Number of Cattle by County . • . • . • 56 30 Number of Cattle Ranches by County . 57 31 Major Towns in the Sandhills Area • • . 5.9 32 Old and New Roads in the Sandhills . 61 33 Road Leading to the Interior of the Sandhills . 61 34 Major Highways in the Sandhills Area . 63 LIST OF TABLES Table Pqge 1 Selected Precipitation Data for the Sandhills Region . • . .... 19 2 Selected Temperature Data for the Sandhills Region . • • . 20 3 Population Data for Counties in the Sandhills Region . • . 46 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This thesis is a systematic regional study of the Sandhills of South Dakota. The Sandhills of South Dakota occupy an area of slightly more than 400 square miles in south central South Dakota and are a northward extension of the mu�h larger expanse of Nebraska Sandhills. Their distribution in South Dakota includes the southern por­ tions of Shannon, Bennett, Todd, and Tripp counties. The Sandhills extend northward from the South Dakota-Nebraska border approximately five miles. Their east-west extent is some 100 miles. Sand dunes comprise the prevailing surface forma­ tion of the Sandhills. The dunes resulted from erosion of the underlying loosely cemented sandstone. The surface sand of the region is now largely stabilized by a covering of prairie grass. In small localized areas this grass covering has been removed, resulting in moving ·sand. A number of features make the Sandhills region unique· for South Dakota. Extensive dune sand is not found elsewhere in South Dakota. The numerous lakes of the Sandhills are a result of a high water table which 3 N 4 lies exposed in many of the low-lying valleys. In the remainder of the region the water table lies only a few feet underground. Cattle ranching comprises the sole economic activity for the entire region. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to provide a resource data base for further studies of and planning for the Sandhills of South Dakota. It will serve to provide the people of South Dakota and the nation with information· and a greater understanding of the geography of the Sand­ hills. The Department of Geography at South Dakota State University has adopted as a major goal of its graduate program, the co.fl!pletionof a series of Masters theses on the geography of South Dakota.1 Each of these theses will examine the geography of one of the thirteen physio­ graphic divisions that exist within the state (Figure This study is limited to the Sandhills of South4 ). Dakota. Geographic data of the upper Great Plains and surrounding areas are included only as they influence or explain phenomena in the study region. Most trans- portation routes, service functions, and social entities exist adjacent to, but outside of, the physical region. The most comprehensive work on the geography of South Dakota was written in 1918 by Stephen Sargent 5 -- - f----· ---------- i ·= •• z 0 -� f ____ __ r-- i i z i 0 i z i z i "-l...... l ___ .._ ____ _ ----- �- --· �- ... "" 12 Minnesota River Lowland Coteau Du Missouri Lake Dakota Plain t1issouri Piver Trench 1.•• 7.8. Coteau Des Prairie "2 Sand Hills 3. James River Highlands 9. Pierre Hills Southern Plateau Southern Plateau 4 . 10. James Rjver Lowlands Northern Plateau 5. 11. ll 6.Fi gure Physical Divisions 12.of SouthBlack Dakota Ri s 13. 4. 0\ (Source: Flint,. Pleistocene Geology, p. 5) 7 Visher (Visher: 1918). This study examined only the physiographic components of the area. No known geographic work has been completed which focuses specifically on the physical and cultural environments of the South Dakota Sandhills. Although various histories of South Dakota have been written, including those by Herbert Schell (History of South Dakota) and John L. Jennewein (Dakota Panorama), no known history has been�written spe�ifically for the South Dakota Sandhills. Soil surveys, census counts, hydrological studies, and agricultural studies have been done by state and federal institutions. However, these studies were performed on a county basis and thus generally do not specifically deal with information per­ taining o�ly to the Sandhills. The Regional Concept A region is an area that may be defined and de­ limited on the basis of one or more similar or associated features that give it internal unity or homogeneity which in some way distinguish it from surrounding re ions. The Sandhills region is characterized by and distingguished from other nearby regions by the surface features (the sand dunes) and the soil (primarily sand). (The South Dakota Sandhills are an extension of the Nebraska Sandhills, 8 the main difference being political.) The "Great Plains," the "Corn Belt" and the "Midwest" are regions. Each is defined by certain distinguishing characteristics.2 Two United States geographers who have employed the regional concept in much of their work are Preston E. James and Carl Sauer. In their work, they have used the region as a 0.basis for the study and understanding of man and the land. Examples of their work include Latin America by Preston E. James and "Homestead and Community on the Middle Border" by Carl Sauer.3 Methodology0. This thesis is a systematic regional study of the Sandhills of South Dakota. Much of the information in- eluded is derived from the author's personal experience and observations. This experience includes having been raised in the area, previous employment on cattle ranches of the area, and field work conducted as research for this thesis. Primary information sources include many of the people currently living in the area, whom the author interviewed during the course of research. Organization.of.the thesis is topical. Discussion of the physical' and cultural environments comprise the major divisions. These are sub-divided into various components as they apply to the study area. 9 End Notes 1. This thesis is the fifth in this series. Previous thesis studies include: Crawanford, Area Ronald, Study, TheMasters .Minnesota Thesis, River Sout Lowland:h Dakota State1977. University, Brookings, South Dakota, Gab, Orville, The Coteau des Prairies: an Area University,Study, Masters Brooki Thesis,ngs, SoutSouthh DakDakota,ota State1979 .
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