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Béatrice Knerr (Ed.) Transfers from International Migration U_IntLabMig8_neu_druck 17.12.12 08:19 Seite 1 8 Béatrice Knerr (Ed.) Over the early 21st century the number of those living in countries in which they were not born has strongly expanded. They became international mi- grants because they hope for jobs, livelihood security, political freedom, or a safe haven. Yet, while the number of those trying to settle in richer coun- tries is increasing, entry hurdles mount up, and host countries become more selective. While low-skilled migrants meet rejection, highly qualified are welcome. All this hold significant implications for the countries and families the migrants come from, even more so as most of them keep close relations to their origin, and many return after a longer or shorter period of time. Some settle down comfortably, others struggle each day. Some return to their home country, others stay for good. Some loose connection to rel- atives and friends, others support them by remittances for livelihood secu- International Labor Migration/// Series edited by Béatrice Knerr 8 rity and investment. In any case, most of these international migrants are – explicitly or not–involved in various stabilization strategies, be it by house- hold/family agreements, government efforts to attract valuable human capital, or sheer expectations by different actors. Transfers from This volume intends to span this spectrum by presenting impressive case studies covering essential facets of international migrants’ relationships International Migration: within their families and societies of origin. Each case study represents an essential type of linkage, starting with financial remittances, for livelihood security or investment purposes, over social remittances, up to political in- fluence of the Diaspora, covering the family/household, community and A Strategy of Economic and Social Stabilization country level. It also considers the comparison between expectations and reality and looks into the future by assessing migration potentials. at National and Household Level and Social Stabilization at National Household Level Béatrice Knerr is professor at the University of Kassel, Germany, from International Migration: A Strategy of Economic Transfers where she heads the Department of Development Economics, Migration and Agricultural Policy (DEMAP). She is a develop- ment economist (with studies in economics, agricultural eco- nomics and oriental sciences) and holds a PhD from University of Kiel and a professional PhD from University of Hohenheim. Her research work focuses on international migration and re- mittances, with an emphasis on empirical studies. In that area she has pub- lished more than 50 research papers and more than 10 books, as single author or editor. In the course of her research work she has joined field work in a large number of countries, mainly in Asia and Latin America, and maintains close institutional cooperation with several international migration research insti- tutes. She also coordinates the European Association of Development and Train- Béatrice Knerr (Ed.) ing Institutes (EADI)’s Working Group on International Migration. ISBN 978-3-86219-208-3 kassel university press International Labor Migration Vol. 8 Editor: Prof. Dr. Béatrice Knerr Béatrice Knerr (Ed.) Transfers from International Migration: A Strategy of Economic and Social Stabilization at National and Household Level = kassel university press Bibliographic information published by Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN print: 978-3-86219-208-3 ISBN online: 978-3-86219-209-0 URN: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0002-32092 2012, kassel university press GmbH, Kassel www.uni-kassel.de/upress Cover illustration: Tomasz Henning Cover layout: Bettina Brand Grafikdesign, München Printed in Germany Preface and Acknowledgements This volume explains essential relationships between international migration and the impacts they bear on the economic and social stabilization in the migrants’ countries of origin, based on empirical studies. It is a joint effort by participants of the European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI) Conference held in 2008 in Geneva, and developed from related presentations which have been intensively revised and expanded by the authors over 2010/11. In addition, many others, to whom we are thankful, have contributed to this volume: the EADI conference organizers provided us a forum and financial support for meeting and discussing our research results with a wider competent public, whereby namely Susanne von Itter took initiatives to organize a round table and several workshops; the conference audience contributed by critical and constructive comments; Angela Döring formatted the manuscript, composed statistics and patiently corrected several “last versions”; and in addition many colleagues and friends staying unnamed here provided valuable assistance and advices. Contents Beatrice Knerr: International Migration and Associated Transfers: An introduction into Economic and Social Stabilization Strategies ..................................................................... 1 Cristian Vasco: Ecuadorian Migrants in Murcia and the Determinants of Remittances sent Home ................................................................................................................................. 17 Anna Ayuso and Gemma Pinyol co-authored by Beatrice Knerr: Human and Capital Movements between Europe and Latin America. A Complementary Relationship? The Case of the Andean Migration to Spain ................................................................................... 30 Treena Wu: Circular Migration and Social Protection in Aceh, Indonesia ............................ 49 Izhar A. Khan and Beatrice Knerr: Overseas Migration and its Socio-Economic Impact on the Families Left Behind In Pakistan ...................................................................... 68 Wildan Syafitri and Beatrice Knerr: Migration in East Java, Indonesia: Implications for Family Welfare and Rural Development ............................................................................ 92 Barbara Fritz, Christian Ambrosius and Ursula Stiegler: Financial Development and Macroeconomic Stabilization through Remittances? Potential Benefits and Policies ........... 129 German A. Zarate-Hoyos: Remittances and Livelihoods in Central America: Towards a New International Regime for Orderly Movements of People (NIROMP) ........................... 161 Massimiliano Cali: Private Returns from Migration and Public Brain Drain in Sub-Saharan Africa ................................................................................................................ 185 Rasha Istaiteyeh: Jordan Higher Education Export and Circular Migration ....................... 203 Päivi Pirkkalainen: Engagement Mechanisms of Diaspora and Bounded Transnationalism: The Case of Somalis in Finland ............................................................... 225 Binod Khadria: Demography, Diaspora and Development: Migration in India’s Transformation to a “Superpower” in the 21st Century ......................................................... 246 Vesselin Mintchev: Profile and Attitudes of Potential Emigrants from Bulgaria after 2007: An Empirical Assessment ........................................................................................... 262 Agnes Pohle: Key statistical data of the case studies countries ............................................ 288 International Migration and Associated Transfers: An Introduction into Economic and Social Stabilization Strategies Beatrice Knerr Over the early 21 st century the number of those living in countries in which they were not born has strongly expanded. They have become international migrants because they hoped for jobs, livelihood security, or more freedom, not only for themselves but also for family members left behind. The global increase in cross-border monetary remittances bears witness of that. Between 2000 and 2010, the number of international migrants has increased from an estimated 150 million to 214 million, i.e. more than 3% of the world population. Placed together in one country, they would form the fifth most populous state in the world (UN 2011), bigger than Brazil or Pakistan. International migrants usually keep close relations and regular contacts to their origin, irrespective of whether they have settled down comfortably in their host country, or have to struggle there each day; many return back after a longer or shorter period of time. In fact, a major motivation for migration is to support the families back home by financial remittances. In addition, knowledge transfer by migrants and demonstration of different social or political attitudes often lead to considerable changes in families and regions of origin. All this ties the migrants’ host and origin together, with far-reaching consequences for families, regions and countries the migrants come from. In addition to those leaving with the explicit intention to support their families back home, a large number of refugees contribute to the development of their countries of origin: being abroad many still want to make a change there, which often concerns mainly the political situation. In 2010, 7.6% of the stock of international migrants were refugees (UN DESA 2011). 1 The global context shows a highly uneven distribution of sending as well
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