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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Ethno-Medicinal Uses of Selected

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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Ethno-Medicinal Uses of Selected Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Year: 2014, Volume: 2, Issue: 1 First page: (78) Last page: (88) ISSN: 2320-3862 Online Available at www.plantsjournal.com Received: 17-11-2013 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Accepted: 20-12-2013 Ethno-Medicinal Uses of Selected Indigenous Fruit Trees from the Lake Victoria Basin Districts in Uganda J.B.L Okullo 1*, F. Omujal 1, 4, C. Bigirimana 3, P. Isubikalu 1, M. Malinga 2, E. Bizuru 3, A. Namutebi 1, B.B. Obaa 1, J.G. Agea 1 1. Makerere University, College of Agricultural and Environment Sciences, Uganda. 2. National Forestry Authority, Uganda. 3. National University of Rwanda, Rwanda. 4. Natural chemotherapeutics Reserach Institute, Minsitry of Health, Uganda. Corresponding Author: J.B.L Okullo; Email: [email protected], [email protected] Tel: +256-774-059868 Assessment of ethnomedicinal uses of indigenous fruit trees (IFTs) was carried out using both household surveys and focus group discussions (FGD) in the five Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) districts of Uganda. A total of 400 respondents were interviewed on the availability of IFTs in their locality, their medicinal uses, parts used as medicine and methods of preparation. Frequencies of responses, Informant Consent Factor (ICF), Fidelity Level (FL) and User Value (UV) were analysed. The predominant methods for preparing/administering medicine from IFTs were decoction (47%), eating fruit pulp (33%), chewing (5%), smoking (3%) and application as ointment (1%) among others. The highest ICF of health conditions claimed to be treated using IFTs were bone pain (ICF=0.833) and loss of appetite (ICF=0.833). The most cited IFT for medicinal uses was Saba comorensis (UV=0.39) and the least was Carissa edulis. Evaluation of bioactive components of these IFTs would help justify their apparent therapeutic claims. Keywords: Ethno-uses, Medicinal plant, Indigenous fruit trees, Lake Victoria Basin & Uganda. 1. Introduction Indeed since ancient time indigenous fruit trees (IFT) Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) is among the richest have been a source of traditional medicine and regions in terms of natural resources in East Africa, yet it is has the poorest communities with high their importance is based on essential nutrients and incidences of diseases such as malaria, dengue, fever, bioactive phytochemical components they contain. leishmaniasis, cholera, skin diseases and respiratory Indigenous fruit trees are also rich sources of micro tract infections [1]. Due to the high cost of health nutrients such as vitamins (e.g. vitamin C and A) and services and poor health infrastructure in the region minerals (e.g. Na, K, Ca, P, Zn and Fe) including (which cannot allow majority of the poor population macro nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats in LVB to seek proper health care), most of these and fibre that play important functions in the body communities living around the LVB have to rely on development and good health [3]. In recent years, traditional medicine for primary health care. bioactive phytochemical compounds such as According to WHO, 80% of population in developing flavanoids, coumarins, tannins, saponins and countries depends on traditional medicine, mainly anthocyaninins have also gained great importance medicinal plants for primary health care [2]. Such because of their health benefiting properties. The therapeutic role of traditional medicine has been consumption of fruits has also been shown to plays a attributed to the bioactive components present in the significant role in prevention and delay in the onset of different medicinal plants. chronic degenerative diseases such as hypertension, cancer and cardiovascular diseases [4]. Vol. 2 Issue.1 2014 www.plantsjournal.com Page | 78 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies The above importance has attracted the attention of can also open up a door for very paramount several pharmaceutical companies to carry out pharmaceutical research. research in bioactive components as they search for new drugs. Apart from the strong belief that 2. Materials and Methods pharmaceutical drugs from bioactive components are 2.1 Study area effective, safe and have fewer side effects, the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) is a broad band following discovery of potential bioactive compounds as drugs the Lake shores through much of Uganda, western usually starts with ethnobotanical survey to select Kenya into northwestern Tanzania, northeastern part suitable plants for pharmacological studies [5]. of Rwanda and some parts of Burundi [1]. It covers an Even if several ethno-botanical surveys on medicinal area of 193,000km2 with a population close to 30 plants have been conducted in different parts of the million people. This study was conducted in the LVB world, surveys focusing on IFTs have received less districts of Masaka, Buikwe, Kamuli, Namutumba attention in pharmaceutical research. The fact that and Busia of Uganda (Figure 1). These districts were IFTs are used in folk medicine to treat different selected after a reconnaissance study with the ailments makes them a potential source of guidance of key informants based on the availability pharmaceutical drugs, a study like this one that aims of common IFTs and diverse categories of at documenting the ethno-medicinal uses of IFTs in communities. the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) districts of Uganda Fig 1: Sampled Lake Victoria Basin districts in Uganda 2.2 Data Collection and Busia district (Samia dialects) were used with the Data were systematically collected through help of local interpreters. The population studied administration of questionnaires, key informant included communities with high and diverse interests interviews and focus group discussions carried out in in the use and management of IFTs. Eighty (80) local dialects known to the people in each district. In households were interviewed in each district. In total Masaka and Buikwe districts (Luganda dialect), 400 (238 males and 162 females) were interviewed Kamuli and Namutumba districts (Lusoga dialect) Vol. 2 Issue. 1 2014 www.plantsjournal.com Page | 79 Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies and their ages ranged from 20-102 years. Ethnical assessed using User Value (UV) as by Mwine et al., [9]. issues regarding respect, prior informed consent and Informant Consensus Factor was calculated using the basic fairness towards custodians of knowledge were expression: ICF= (Nur-T)/ (Nur-1); Where; Nur- is obtained prior to data collection. number of respondents mentioning the disease and T- The major variables of the study included but not number of IFTs mentioned for the disease. As in other limited to: list of IFTs in the locality known to the previous studies, high ICF value (close to 1.0) respondents, their medicinal uses that include diseases indicates a very high confidence in the use of IFTs for being treated by various IFTs, parts of the IFT used or treating that particular disease [10]. It is also an commonly preferred for use for treatment, method of indication of large variation in information on the preparing the medicine and claim(s) about a particular reported use of a particular plant by the respondents. medicine from a particular IFT(s). Medicinal claim of Fidelity level (FL) was calculated using the these IFTs were recorded according to the disease’s expression; FLij (%) = NPij/Ni x 100, Where; NPij is name and symptom in the local language which were the number of use-reports cited for a given plant later matched with the biomedical terminologies from species; i for a particular ailment category j and Ni is [6] the previous ethno botanical surveys . the total number of use-reports cited for any given species i. While IFT which has only one user report is The respondents were requested to confirm the IFTs not included in the analysis for accuracy purpose, the they mentioned for scientific identification through plant species with the highest FLij value is considered direct field observations. Common IFTs were the most preferred species for a particular ailment identified directly through field observations with the category j [10]. User value (UV) of the reported IFTs help of a taxonomist and samples of those that could species was assessed using the expression; not be identified in the field were taken to Makerere UV=∑U/n; where; U–number of user citation and n- University Herbarium for further verification. is number of the respondents [8]. After the household surveys, focus group discussions were held four month later in each district to validate 3. Results the list of IFTs collected during the household 3.1 Indigenous fruit trees and Ethnomedicinal uses surveys. Both the males and females were mobilized Eight IFTs commonly used for medicinal purposes in to participate in the focus group discussion as a way the LVB districts of Uganda were found to be of collecting their divergent views on the local distributed in eight genera and seven families (Table medicinal uses of IFTs. For each group of the same 1). The family apocynaceae had two species while the sex, a total of 8-12 members who participated in the families; anacardiaceae, burseracea, clusiaceae, household survey were mobilized in each sampled fabaceae, sapotaceae and myrtaceae, each had one parish. In order to obtain opinion from various age IFT species. The reported IFTs in the above families groups, each gender group comprised of: youths (18- were; Tamarindus indica , Garcinia buchananii , 30 years), middle aged (above 30 – 40 years) and also Carissa edulis , Rhus vulgaris , Canarium those of over 40 years and above. Schweinfuthii, Saba comorensis , Vangueria apiculata and Chrysophyllum albidum reported by 47%, 42%, 2.3 Data analysis 34%, 31%, 28%, 19%, 18% and 14 % of the The collected data were entered into Microsoft Excel respondents, respectively. for analysis. In order to assess the homogeneity of The reported IFTs were claimed to treat 38 health information on the reported uses of IFTs in conditions. Indigenous fruit trees with most medicinal local/traditional medicine, Informant Consensus uses were; T.
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