" DOGS OF CHINA 6g JAPAN

I N N AT UR E AN D AR T .

F . OL L IE R V . W . C

I L L US TR A TE D

N E W YORK

F REDER C T E P N Y I K A . S OK S COM A P UBLI SHERS

PRE FACE

a an eo le HINA and J p , their p p and their customs , have lured the foreigner in his thousands to the making of No writer has many books . , however , thought fit to ‘ ‘ devote much study to their canine racefthough in the Far ’ as East , just in Europe , the dog has been for ages man s chief help and protector

’ d a ’ The rich man s guar ian and the poor m n s friend , ‘ The only creature faithful to the end .

T hose who have , in passing , deigned to notice the existence

of dogs in the Far East have paused only for brief comment , usually by way of grasping another stick to beat the Celestial

for gastronomic eccentricity or superstitious delusions , and have given to the Eastern canine races scarcely the proverbial dog ’ s chance of being considered better than universally

mongrel .

It is not claimed for the following pages , whose original

design included only the smaller races of Eastern dogs , that the they enumerate all existing breeds , or that they deal con i l r clus ve y with any one of them . China alone is a vast count y in which geographical difficulties render comprehensive study fi has dif cult . It is hoped , nevertheless , that there been laid a foundation upon which further investigation may be firmly identi based , and that the researches made may assist in the fication of new species as well as the preservation of certain

i . breeds wh ch , like the St Bernard in Europe , now run the risk of following the Irish wolfhound and the hard -worked

- t ti . turnspit dog of our great grandfa hers , to ex nction n Inscription on the monument to a Newfound dog . Byro . PREFACE

The assistance received from Chinese and Japanese litera has ture been but slight , for though from the earliest days Eastern Emperors and their subjects have recognized the qualities of the dog in firm est life the friend ,

The first to welcome , foremost to defend , ’ Whose honest heart is still his master s own , Who t labours , figh s , lives , breathes for him no Eastern writer has thought fit to devote a volume to study a of the species . Almost every Chinese and every Jap nese is fond of pets individually , bird , insect , or canine ; but for dogs generally the same individual is apt to manifest contempt . Absence of European specialization and training of the breeds has deprived the Chinese and Japanese of enjoyment of those particular canine qualities which have for centuries given much of the zest of life to the sportsman in Europe and , more over , provide no small interest to the soldier , fowler , trainer , shepherd , and breeder . From certain State papers it has been possible to show that from very early periods the dog has been used extensively by an European d Eastern monarchs as State presents . The emperors and kings of the past prided themselves on their the success in adapting dogs to the varied uses of chase , and i a th s success , which fell in no small measure to British tr iners , was utilized on many occasions for the promoting of friendly

intercourse with foreign countries . its The culture of Japan , including much of religion and i has ts . art , origin in China The scantiness of literature l is dea ing with Japanese dogs , consequently , compensated to some extent by the comparative wealth of Chinese sources of i i nformation . The two chapters dealing with the Buddh st lion and its symbolism represent a considerable amount

"5 Inscription on the monument to a Newfoundland dog . Byron . vi PREFACE of research in both Eastern and European writings . It is hoped that the information gained will prove of value to searchers working far beyond the limited scope comprised within the title of this work .

The author acknowledges a deep . sense of obligation to certain Chinese friends for their enthusiastic help in a task which , from an interesting hobby , has developed into the product of much study . Little of the Chinese literary material obtained would have come to light but for the en ’ ’ thusiasm - of Mr . Wu Ch i ts un , who , having become inter ested in the subject , attacked it with painstaking and scholarly h ardour . He as carefully examined all records accessible in n His Peki g . researches were at first confined to the breed of ” l in dogs common y known in Europe as Pekingese , but i has format on bearing on other breeds been obtained , and is recorded for those who may be interested . In the second place a debt must be gratefully acknowledged to Wang Hou chun , who , though but a humble admirer of the Imperial ’ has -five as breed , , through his seventy years experience keeper of dogs and hawks , spent for the most part in the n palace of Prince Wu Yeh , brother of the Emperor Tao Kua g , proved a mine of information on matters canine . Special thanks are also due to Abbot Pai Kuong-fa of the Lama k has Temple in Pe ing , who been kind enough to point out the exact connexions between Tibetan and Chinese lion

the tu . dogs , the Chinese lion , and Tibetan Scrip res From these last certain references which are of considerable interest have been collected . Additional thanks are due to General ’ -lin Ch ien Hsi , previous Chief of Intelligence in charge of the ’ - Kun ah . Police dogs of President Yuan Shih k ai , and Mr . gp T

King , formerly of the Board of Interior , also to numerous i others , both Ch nese and foreign , in Peking , who have supplied information and corroboration on many points . vii PREFACE The author gratefully acknowledges his indebtedness to u his in Berthold La fer , for the use of authoritative and ” on Han valuable work Chinese Pottery of the Dynasty , published by the East Asiatic Committee of the Am erican t T has Museum of Na ural History . his work been much used ” and quoted . Toy Dogs and their Ancestors , by the Hon .

has . Mrs . Neville Lytton , also been freely consulted Acknow ledgm ents are also due to the numerous authors of the works cited in the notes . It is possible that the records of the Chinese Imperial o Palace will , if they become available , throw further light up n the origin and history of the Pekingese type of dog . They may also explain how much of its quality the British spaniel breed owes to Chinese ancestors . That the English pug is descended from the Chinese dog may be considered as settled . It appears not unlikely that the King Charles spaniel is

- is descended from a short headed Chinese race . More light n required on the history of the Tibetan and Japa ese races , l but the out ine of their development is now clear . h It is hoped t at the information gained may prove , by indicating something of the age of the Pekingese race and the reasons for its special characteristics , to be of some assistance to the experiments which have , for some years , been r i car ied out at Un versity College , London , with Pekingese

dogs , in connexion with Mendelism . There appears to be no

- doubt that a distinct breed of white non albino Pekingese , '

now extinct . though , has existed in the Imperial Palace

The Chinese , Tibetan , Japanese , or Mongol scholar may s find small points for debate in some of the translation . It has not been possible to secure the checking of them all

by high authorities , but the sense certainly represents a close approximation to the original meaning . Special care has been taken to secure good authority for all quotations and viii PREFACE a statements . The Tibet n translations have presented special The difficulties . language of Tibetan gospels written in r s ancient Lama sc ipt is not simple of comprehen ion , even to

the Lama . The lack of scholars possessing a knowledge of

Tibetan has necessitated transliteration by Lamas who ,

having no knowledge of Chinese characters , wrote in Mongol The script . Mongolian character had then to be translated

into Chinese before ultimate reduction to —English . e nB i nterest It is hoped that even to those who tak in dogs , the following pages may be attractive because of the side

lights thrown on Chinese history , together with Eastern

- palace life , and the inter State relations of the long line of ’ Emperors who have dominated the world s oldest ruling race . Modern research tends to prove that more of the East than was i generally magined is akin to the West . On the other hand , not a little of Western canine life owes its origin and dis tinctive peculiarities to the East .

ix

CONT ENT S

CHAPTER I .

- EASTERN D OGS IN EARLY TIMES .

Geological history of the dog in Europe . Its domestication . Ancient records - of tribute dogs . Dog worship by ancient Egyptians and Aryans . Attitude of i Confucius toward dogs . Use of dogs by Ch nese and Japanese Emperors for - t . . 1 1 sporting purposes , also as pe s Pp 9

CHAPTER II .

- DOG LORE AND SUPERSTITION . A Use of dogs for culinary purposes in China , Corea, Indonesia , merica and - o sac rifices . Europe . D g . Former reverence for dogs in Japan The God Erh Lang protector of dogs . His temple in Peking . The Heavenly Barkin Dog h aoism w ich eats the sun and moon in eclipses . Dogs in Buddhism , Lamaism , 2 0- and Fengshui . Pp . 43

CHAPTER III .

D - OG BREEDING .

av i Its political importance in China and in Europe in medi e al t mes . The - dogs of Kublai Khan . Cats of the Ming period . Lap dogs and pigeons of Tao - e . Kuang period . Imperial dog books . Dogs of the late Empr ss Dowager Com

an . m ercial breeding of dogs in M chun aand Mongolia . Pp 44 5 5

CHAPTER IV .

SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS .

ff n m edize val Ancient Chinese sporting dogs . The masti in a cient China and in a Europe . Falconry . Its origin and practice Europe , Chin and Japan . De m - velop ent of scent in dogs . Use of the fowling piece . The chow dog . Chinese - re h und sledge dogs . The greyhound in China and in Europe . The small y o n - of Shensi and Ka su . The Chinese wolf hound . The Tibetan masti Tomb

e f . dogs . British presents of mastiffs to the East . Records of Tib tan Masti fs 6- Hydrophobia . Pp . 5 89 XI CONTENTS

CHAPTER V .

THE CHINESE LI ON .

The lion not indigenous . Its popularity due to the introduction of Buddhism l O - i from India . The ion in captivi ty in China . rigin of lion worship . The l on

in Indian Buddhism . The lion in Foism . The lion in Lamaism . Description - - - s . of the Lamaist lion . The spirit lion and the lion dog . Buddhist lion storie 0- 1 1 : Chinese artistic idea of the lion . The lion in heraldry . Pp . 9

CHAPTER VI . SYMBOLISM OF THE BUDDHIST AND LAMAIST LION

’ The lion symbolic of Buddhi sm s power of subjection over animal passions . - h - Lion masques in China and Japan . The Budd ist lion a spirit beast . Its

connection with Egyptian mythology . Curious superstitions in connection with x1 - 1 it . Its p ossession of certain characteristics of Buddha . Pp . 2 22

CHAPTER VII . O TO O OF HIST RICAL REFERENCES D GS PEKINGESE TYPE .

Ancient Chinese small dogs . Early Chinese trade with Europe . Importa ’ - tion of pet dogs during the T ang Dynasty . The Lo Chiang or Pug dog .

R f D . R e erences to pet dogs during the Sung , Yuan and Ming ynasties elations 1 i with Europe during the latter Dynasties . Pp . 2 3 4a

CHAPTER VIII . O F EVOLUTI N O THE PEKINGESE TYPE .

- - - The first imperial pet dogs not lion dogs . First mention of lion dog in the “ - Sung Dynasty . Maltese dogs . Reason for popularity of lion dogs at the

Manchu Court . Increase of popularity up to the Tao Kuang period . First

recorded importation to Europe . Dogs of the late Empress Dowager . - Pp . ll 43 1 5 4

CHAPTER IX . POINTS OF THE lCHINES E PEKINGESE TYPE"

- Impo rtance of head characteristics . Two types of head in China . Head

checks . colours . Nose . Eyes . Tongue . Size of dogs . Mouth and Body u development . Legs . Specialisation of Pekingese breeds d ring Tao Kuang i period . Coat . Colour . Albinos . The spot . Spectacles . Special mark ngs . - 1 Docking of tails Pp . 1 5 5 65 xii CONTENTS

CHAPTER X .

THE CHINESE PUG .

Probable early introduction into Europe . Popularity of pugs in Europe . - Possible origin in Szechuan . The Lo Chiang dog . Its elasticity of skin . Fore - . 66 head wrinkles . Button ears . Tail . Pp 1 1 7 1

CHAPTER XI . ” THE JAPANESE DOGS .

Introduction into Japan from China . European intercourse With Japan .

r e . as K Ea ly Portugues , Dutch and British trade Possible E tern origin of the ing - . 1 2 1 Charles spaniel . First recorded importation of Japanese dogs Pp . 7 80

CHAPTER XII .

THE CHINESE LION DOG .

Tibet . Historical notes . The name applied by the Chinese to any long - coated dog . Presentation of lion dog by the Tibetans to the Manchu Emperors . - - The European lion dog . Two varieties of lion dog in China . Their charac

e stics . 8 i r8 t ri . Pp i 7

CHAPTER XII I .

TOY D OGS IN CHINESE ART .

- lin Paintings on porcelain . Pictures mostly modern . Sheri Chen . Type pictures . Paintings mos tly conventional . Pictures always full of symbolism and usually designed to convey wishes of good fortune . Exam ples of the wishes

. i 88 1 conveyed . Pp 95

xiii

L IST OF IL L UST RAT IONS

I N COLOUR To face Mg: - D DOG H CH LIN . Frontis iece MO ERN PEKINGESE , S EN EN ( p f T C H ’ E D 6 HUN ING S ENE , C IEN LUNG P RIO 4 ’ T CE H E D 60 HUN ING S NE , C I N LUNG PERIO ’ U T C H IE R D 8 H N ING S ENE , C N LUNG PE IO 7 T M A C LL OF D D S TAO K A PAIN ING FRO S RO A HUN RE PEKINGE E DOGS , U NG ’ D AFT Y I - KW K HS I E D 80 8c 8 1 PERIO , ER TSOU EI , ANG P RIO

PE DOG F M MP AL DOG . A NT R OW 1 6 KINGESE , RO AN I ERI BOOK P I E UNKN N 4

H T M MPE AL DOG OO . A TE W 1 6 W I E PEKINGESE , FRO AN I RI B K P IN R UNKNO N 4 E E DOG BY O YI - KW C - I T OF A D OF R T S P KING SE , TS U EI , VI E MIN S ER BO R I E , FROM AN IMP ERIAL DOG BOOK ’ PUG P P DOG BOOK T SOU YI - HS I CHINESE , ROM AN IM ERIAL , ; KWEI , K ANG PERIOD

IN BLACK AND WHITE

LT or ERH K G A AR LANG , PE IN H DOG EED EU S SU R T C INESE BR ER , LUNG MA KE , PEKING ’ D ON RELIEF BAN VASE , HSIAO T ANG SHAN REL F D ON V HAN D IE BAN ASE , PERIO KANSU GREYHOUNDS ’ A T F MB-DOG A- TT D M S IF TO IN TERR CO A , T ANG PERIO KANSU GRE YHOUND CHINESE ROYAL - COATED GREYHOUND TT Y A T FF D AN D T W HAN D PO ER M S I , IN SI E FRON VIE , PERIO M T L R HO K MA MP L LA AIS LION (MA E) , B ONZE , YUNG UNG (LA TE E , PEKING) , ’ CH IEN LUNG PERIO D M MEN STONE LA AIST LION , TIEN AN T HE MAL LD R E C A ACR D R L OM A T GAT ANI WOR EV REN ING S E TREE , E IEF FR E S E , CH D AB T 1 0 SAN I (IN IA) , OU 4 MING SEAL D BRONZE LION , SUNG PERIO MING S EAL D BRONZE LION , MING PERIO D BRONZE LION , MING PERIO Y L D IVOR SEA , MING PERIO B R THE MP L OF H AO H GOD OF O ERY IRON LIONS EFO E TE E C I C UN , C OK , PEKING, ’ 1 66 K HSI I D 5 , ANG PER O LAMAIST BRONZE LIONS ( MODERN) PORCELAIN LIONS MING PERIOD 98 LIST OF ILLUSTRATI ONS

A - TT CE G D TERR CO A IN NSE BURNERS , MIN PERIO AC D OD H P T LIONS IN L Q UERE WO , S O FRON , PEKING L C W D LIONS IN B A K OO , PEKING D K WOO EN LION , PE ING E G D OF A L - R MM AL C LION FIGUR S UAR ING A CORNER P VI ION OOF , SU ER P A E , PEKING T D TAL OP L LT BY TH M PE LOU S ONE PE ES PAI OU , BUI E E ROR YUNG , MING

MB E . TH AL W TH TH MB D D LL TO S , N AR PEKING E ERE LIONS I E E ROI ERE BA AND TAP E - LIKE CORDS YAO A G MP L 1 0 IRON LIONS , W N TE E , PEKING 4 P 1 0 LIONESS , LAMA TEM LE , PEKING 4 P 1 0 LION , LAMA TEM LE , PEKING 4 ’ B TA MAL K HSI D . TAL AT O 1 1 2 TI E N LION (FE E) , ANG PERIO I IAN LEG I N , PEKING ’ B TA O L K HSI D . TAL A AT O 1 1 2 TI E N LI N (MA E) , ANG PERIO I I N LEG I N , PEKING DDH T - 1 1 1 1 6 BU IS LION MASQUE , PEKING , 9 4 DDH T - A K 1 1 1 1 6 BU IS LION M SQ UE , PE ING , 9 4 JAP ANESE LION - MASQ UE PLAYERS IN PORCELAIN 1 1 6 DDH T - A 1 1 1 1 8 BU IS LION M SQ UE , PEKING , 9 4 CE D 1 20 BRONZE IN NSE BURNER , SUNG PERIO SILVER SNUFF BOTTLE 1 2 0 PAI R OF IVORY OP IUM BOXES 1 20 ’ MINIATU RE BRONZE LI ON AND A COREAN PURIPY HEART PILL (LION S MILK PILL) 1 20 WEN S HU DDH R D ON A S SU 1 22 (MANJUSRI) BU A I ING A LION (HU NG , NEAR PEKING) AN MP AL DOG C LL T D BY O SU- H U T CTR I ERI S RO , PAIN E MIA C I N , INS RU ESS IN A T G To TH AT MP W D T D P TE MB 1 8 0 1 26 P IN IN E L E E RESS DO AGER , A E SE ER , 9 ’ A T K A D G D R P CT LLY T D . MEI 1 28 P IN ING , NG PERIO , SI NE ES E FU PRESEN E LENG ” H T- AT D G D 1 2 S OR CO E PEKIN ESE , MO ERN 3 AC OF H A D T AO K D B T A T D B K C INESE H N MIRROR , UANG PERIO (A OU P IN E ON SILK C L M G T AO K D POR E AIN DOGS FRO PEKIN , UANG PERIO PUG DOG FROM P R DOG O CHINESE , AN IM E IAL B OK ’ H H BY H O C L OF K HSI A LY D S EN C UAN , HIG FFI IA ANG (E R ) PERIO C LA F OM T AO K G D POR E IN DOGS R PEKING , UAN PERIO T BY TH MP L H OF T ZU HSI M P W TH PAIN ING E I ERIA BRUS , E RESS DO AGER , IN E ’ NINTH YEAR OF T UNG CHIH ( 1 87 0) 1 42 NINE BUDDHIST LIONS 1 48 C LA WL W TH HT G T AO K D PA- H KOU 1 8 POR E IN BO S I EIG DO S , UANG PERIO ( ER ) 4 C L F TTL 1 8 POR E AIN SNUF BO ES , PEKING 4 ” H U o YUN 1 820 H H . H H H CH 1 8 , C IU C ING C IN S I , TOONG 5 CHINESE PI CTURE (RECENT) USED IN BREEDING 1 5 8 - 1 60 CLOTH LAN TERN COVER . SHEN CHEN LIN ” L FAN D H L I N 1 0 1 A T TH TYL OF TH Y TY SI K SIGNE S EN , 9 , F ER E S E E YUAN D NAS

( 1 260 A D .) CHINESE FAN H H H CHU FAN AO K D C IU S I TOONG , T UANG PERIO ’ AC E CT OF S PAH - H KOU K HSI E OD L Q U R PI URE PEKINGE E DOGS , ER , ANG P RI , — 1 662 1 7 23 A L A D H E D D L WE DOG T AO K A D P NE M RKE T R E DIVI E F O RS , U NG PERIO , ’ T LU PAO H A T OF TH D. KE T U AF ER S UN , P IN ER E MING PERIO HSING (HSING AND THE PIGEONS) XV" LIST OF ILLUSTRATION S

’ - - ZE DO . Lo S G, SHEN CHEN LIN L O - SZE OR PUG DOG 1 1 CHINESE , PEKING , 9 4 DOG E G CHINESE LION , P KIN CHINESE LION DOG DOG M MP L DOG LION , FRO AN I ERIA BOOK DOG F M TH T T OF THY T C D OF LION , RO E POR RAI DORO BRERE ON , SE ON WIFE S I R OF 1 61 PETER LEIGH LYME , 5 T HE LIO N DOG H S H H CHU BABLY TAO K A D C IU I TOONG , PRO U NG PERIO ’ FAN (HSING KE T U) PORCELAIN SNUFF BOTTLE AMBER S NUFF BOTTLES WITH INTERIOR PAINTING C L F TTL T AO K A I D POR E AIN SNUF BO E , U NG PER O S CHINE E BOWL , PEKING H E C P AND TAO K A D C INESE T A U COVER , U NG PERIO PORCELAIN FACE -POWDER Box P ROM PEKING - C L F TTL F M H H T ZU KUN H . O POR E AIN SNU F BO E RO PEKING , S I HSIU C IU LI N ROLLS EMBROIDERED BALL CH F TTL TAI H H S HAo H H T AO K D INESE SNUF BO E ( S I , S I ) , UANG PERIO H S FF TTL A H H HA H H T AO K G D C INESE NU BO E (T I S I , S O S I ) , UAN PERIO ’ CHINESE SNUFF BOTTLES (RECENT) SAN YU T U (THREE FRIENDS PICTURES)

xvii

CHAPTER I

EASTERN DOGS IN EARLY TIMES

u HE dog is believed , on evidence f rnished by cave

deposits , to have been introduced into Europe by * neolithic peoples , and to have been about the size ’ ’ of an ordinary shepherd s dog .1

Geological research being in its infancy in China , it is too much to hope that similar information as to introduction

of the dog into China will become available for some time . n s It is know , from literary source , that the Chinese has been an has agricultural race from its earliest days . It always con sidered agriculture to be the root of its existence . It must ,

however , have been to some extent pastoral , though the valley i was of the Yellow River , in which the Ch nese first settled , probably well wooded at the time of arrival . Dogs were , no

doubt , used for the defence of the home , for the herding of and sheep cattle , and for the chase . In Japan geological research has been assisted by scientific examination of numerous dolrnen and lake deposits similar to

- those found in England . The well known writer , Brinkley , states that the early Japanese were derived from two swarms of colonists , both coming from Siberia , their arrival being

- separated by a long interval , the first cave dwellers and the second the Ainu , who used stone implements and practised cannibalism . Among the amusements confined to men ,

2 6— Professor Boyd Dawkins , Cave Hunting , pp . 5 7 .

e e . 22 . 1 Professor Rolleston , Scientific Papers and Addr ss s , p 5 A DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

- fi htin i cock g g and hunt ng were most practised . Large tracts

- of the country were still unreclaimed , deer and wild boar

abounded . These were driven by beaters into open spaces , there to be pursued by men on horseback with bows and

arrows . In the fourth century the pastime of hawking was

. r introduced It came from Korea , a king of that count y “ having sent a pres ent of falcons to the Emperor OfJapanfi One theory as to the evolution of domestic dogs is that they were tamed at approximately the same period by several

branches of the human race from the local wolf or jackal , and that to this must be traced the fact that in certain areas

the native dog resembles the local wolf . Modern geological

research , however , indicates that certain races of early man

' t . had no domes ic dogs According to Professor Geikie ,1 the dog was not part of the indigenous fauna of Europe in Pal aolithic i was t mes , and introduced in Neolithic times by

r . tribes who migrated , probably from Cent al Asia , into the

European continent . Similarly the domestic cat arrived in

England only at a period which was very late , in Saxon times . In early Neolithic or late Palaeolithic times certain tribes ' - C m ikl i which were in contact with the jackal like . of the co- period , in an environment which favoured operation in the t chase , captured the young of hat animal , and because of the use human ability to throw stones , to tie knots , and to sticks , established such an ascendancy as to take full advantage of as as s canine possibilities watchers , destructors of refu e , as i as food in t me of need , and assistants in the scenting out and pursuit of game . The tribes which first domesticated the dog were probably the first to domesticate the sheep and the m ox . Geologists place the first known hu an remains as

B C . dating from at least years . Consequently ,

1 Japan and China , vol . , Captain F . Brinkley . ‘ - e . . 1 6. 1 T xt book of Geology , vol ii . p 35 EASTERN DOGS IN EARLY TIME S

there was plenty of time for the race which first made progress in the domestication of the dog to take advantage of r was its discove y , which in those days of a relative value far

more important than all the discoveries of modern science , and possibly constituted a determining factor in early success

ful migrations , perhaps even in the migration of the Neo alustris lithics into Europe . C . p of the lake dwellings of the o Elliott i o Ne lithic period seems , according to f be a slightly

ENGRAVING OF A DOG EN GRAVING OF A WOLF (FROM MAO SHI H) (FROM MAO SHIH) " ” rom i nese o ter ofthe Han D nas B Ber ol d aufer F Ch P t y y ty , y th L .

'

C . mikzi modified form of . These partially domestic dogs a of the neolithics would , no doubt , occ sionally cross with the P utiatini local wild dogs and wolves . Prince o discovered near Lake Bologoiain Russia a deposit of early Post-Glacial - has age which included a very dog like wolf , which been ' '

l C . utzatim ca led after him po . The interesting point about it is the great elevation and width of the skull as compared with m mode or extinct wolves . It is closely allied to the dingo Of l - er Austra ia and to the half W ild dog of Java (C . tang

- ranas) . Others suppose that an Indian wild dog was the chief dog ancestor . Dogs of an Abyssinian species , of Egypt and u of Majorca , are very like it . A c rious point with regard ' h outiatim to the furt er history of C . p under domestication is DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN that his brain seems to have increased in Size , undergoing ” as much the same experience that of man himself . The position as regards domestication of the dog in China is well summed up by Bertold Laufer T We do not possess any historical records of any literature regarding the r ea ly domestication of animals , and therefore we Should not expect to find such in China: The six domesticated n — a imals of the Chinese horse , ox , pig , Sheep , dog , and fowl — existed in and with the nation when it appeared on the stage of history . They were there , and later historians could not as explain their origin . They took them one of the facts which cannot be accounted for , and as altogether too plain and natural to require discussion . In Short , what has become a problem to our modern science was not a problem at all to them . Huang Ti is credited with the taming of bears , a a leop rds , p nthers , lynxes , and tigers , which he employed in battle against his adversaries but the simple question of training dogs remained untouched even by legend . The dog has doubtless been a constituent of Chinese culture since most ancient times , which is all that we are able to state with safety . The question as to who were the domesticators of the dog in Eastern Asia must naturally the remain unanswered , at least from standpoint of history Laufer describes and figures I a bronze tazza of the

Chou dynasty , upon which are engraved animals to the

‘ i e number of one hundred , including dogs . Th s is believ d O to be the ldest representation extant of dogs in China .

Unfortunately the tazza is small in dimensions , and the

drawings , though of artistic value , are imaginative and prob ably defective as accurate representations of the dogs of the

period . The dogs figured appear to be of two or , perhaps , ” . . 1 . Prehistoric Man and his Story , C F Scott Elliot , p . 97 ' 2 1 1 Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty , Laufer , p . 5 . ’ 1 0 ku 2 26 I P . 5 . From an engraving in the Hsi ch ing chien , Book 9 , p . . 4 EASTERN DOGS IN EARLY TIMES

i - three kinds one , d minutive , short tailed , with erect ears an t — - - w o her , long bodied and long tailed , long legged , also ith

tu - erect ears and a third of s rdier build , also long tailed ,

and with erect ears . It has been re marked by zoologists t h a t t h e s e m i domestic dogs of the early inhabitants of many regions of the earth closely resemble the wolf races of the same t regions , wi h these iff the d erences , that domesticated dog is hi able to bark , w le the wolf is able only

to howl , and that in the wolf the position or form of the eye is

oblique , while the dog has a circular l pupil . The wo f is found throughout

China . Very few s specimen , however , ' BRONZE TAZZA (FROM 115 1 CH ING EU CHI EN ) ” rom n ese o er ofthe Han D nas B Ber ho d Laufer. F Chi P tt y y ty. y t l have been secured , and the Chinese races have never been studied by scientists . wi - Similar remarks hold good for the ld dog , or tsai kou W - al nus of the Chinese . Two varieties of the ild dog (C . pi )

i - occur in Ch na , one from the Tibet Kansu borderland , the other from the Manchurian forests . They are closely related to DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

“ the red dog of the Deccan fi The race is found in many parts and of China . In size build it is smaller than the common i is as as Ch nese grey wolf . Its coloration almost varied that of as the domestic dog . In Yunnan Province many as two or three individuals differing in colour have been seen near one

Village at one time in winter . It is not known to form packs , and is rarely seen in summer . Its cry resembles the howl of the domestic dog . ’ - Among the Aryans the shepherd s dog , the house dog , and c the vagrant dog , omparable to the homeless begging friar , were specially protected by religious ordinances . The keep ing back of their food or the giving of bad food to them was a crime punishable with many stripes . For it is the dog , of all the creatures of the good spirit , that most quickly decays into age , while not eating near eating people , and watching goods none of which it receives . Bring ye unto him milk and fat with meat ; this is the right food for the ” ‘ dog . 1 Whenever one eats bread one must put aside three mouthfuls and give them to the dogs for am ong all the poor than is none poorer than the dog . I A further remark by Berthold Laufer deals with the possible wolf- origin of certain breeds of Chinese dogs Most interesting in this connexion is a passage in the TS O To the Jung and Ti , the wolf is not an object ’ of dislike , by which is meant , apparently , that the wolf was not dreaded by these presumably Turkish tribes , and was accustomed to live in the neighbourhood of human dwellings .

0am . Sowerby , 7 vol . l ii . ” Z 1 8 1 end Avesta , Sacred Books of the East , vol . iv ., p . 5 . 1 I Saddar , 3 Hyde , 3 5 . ’ h in wu descri Given in the Mao s ih m g t u shuo (Book II , p . under the p b 2 —1 0 10 tion of the wolf, where again it is quoted after the ook of Hsing Ping (93 ) ” 2 6 Giles , Biographical Dictionary , p . 9 . 6

DOGS OF - CHINA AND JAPAN Other evidence pointing to the same fact is found in the peculiar dog of the kind which is found with the barbarians ’ ’ - S su . Lii Ti , mentioned by ma Ch ien And if the country of , was which sent the hound ao , a branch of the Western Jung , everything is indeed apt to Show that these large extraordinary — if dogs , including the mastiffs the term mang may be — a identified with the latter c me from Turkish regions . It is

noteworthy , too , that , according to the dictionary Shuo A wen ( D . the land of the Hsiung nu (Huns) possessed C a special kind of dog , called hiao , with large mouth and f black body , which characteristics are essential to the mastif . the as For the rest , the definition of chiao appears a fabulous animal in the Shari hai king On the nephrite hills there

is an animal of a shape like a dog , striped like a panther , and with horns like an ox it is called chiao its voice is like that of a barking dog in the country where it appears dogs will be ’ ’ ’ r abundant . In a book , Jui ying t u , occu s now the inter esting passage that the Hsiung nu offered panther- dogs with t pointed mou h , red body , and four feet . Whether these latter f — animals were masti fs or not red colour occurs with them , in — fact it is evident that the Hsiung nu possessed extraordinary a ” dogs , which arrived lso in China .

The chase was of prime interest to the ancient Chinese , and there are numerous references to sporting dogs in their l ear ier literature . The first Emperors known to history i r organized hunting expeditions , with lev es from eve y district , four times a year , chiefly with a view to training their men for n t war . There are , u for unately , few descriptions of the breeds set of hunting dogs used , yet it is known that the Emperors great value on them . The Tribute Decrees for the four Q uarters records that a Grand Councillor of the Emperor ’

1 60 B .C . T ang , who lived about 7 , counselled his master to

u n Lei VOl . x x i e a . Yuan Ch a Han , cd x v , Dogs , s cond p rt 8 EASTERN DOGS IN EARLY TIMES take from the Due South (of Honan) country square

as . h dogs tribute The C inese monarchs of the period , perhaps , shared the zoological tastes of the potentates of s as Ti lath-Pileser As yria , such g , who collected all kinds of 1 200 beasts for his menageries at a period about Dogs , both large and of small size , are known , from the Egyptian has - l re iefs , to have existed in even earlier They ri is I t in also existed in South Am e ca. I There m h g to indicate r whether the Chinese square dogs were la ge or small . The Books of Shang mention the sending as tribute of a hound or hounds , perhaps , according to Chinese commentators quoted as by Legge , bloodhounds , called ao (pronounced ough in bough) knowing the mind of man and capable of being employed by the wild tribe of Leu in the West by way of instruction to the young king , King Woo , probably about

1 1 B C . t a 20 . Commenting on his fact the Chinese cl ssics laid the foundation upon which Chinese foreign policy was des t tined , for thirty cen uries and more , to be based A prince should not do what ‘is unprofitable to the injury of that which is profitable , and then his merit may be completed . He Should not value strange things to the contemning of things that are useful , and then his people will be able to supply all his needs . Even dogs and horses which are not native to his country he will not keep fine birds and strange animals i he will not nourish in his k ngdom . When he does not look

bar. Helps to Study of the Bible , plate r e s am el 1 D . S . Birch believ d the p to be identified on the early Egyptian monu ” . . . 1 886 . . ments M B Wynne , History of the Mastiff, , p 37 DO s n I g were used for hu ting , and it is noteworthy that remains of three kinds t a of dog , all differing from h t of Europe , have been found on the coast . The largest of these was an animal of medium size with slender head and legs , and was probably used for watching the house (and, in the interior , the herds) , and for hunting . The - second was a short legged dog , somewhat resembling a dachshund , which , to judge - i i in the Of from a vase pa nt ng, was also used chase . The third was a kind pug , ” ” e - ae probably k pt as a lap dog . South American Arch ology , Joyce [Peru",

1 1 2 . Macmillan , 9 9 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

t n on foreign hings as precious , foreig ers will come to him t when hat which is precious to him is worth , his own people near at hand will enjoy repose . k Nothing is nown of the Situation of the Leu country , and the dogs are not described by any reliable Chinese authority . Other Chinese commentators state that these is dogs were Four feet (ancient feet , that ) high , but the a authority of such commentators , who wrote in some c ses hundreds of years after destruction of the original text , is doubtful . Laufer considers that the Leu were one of the numerous branches of the Turkish tribes . German writers 1“ have gone so far as to base upon this record a totally unjustified statement that the dogs of Leu tiff were Thibetan mas s , and on this slender testimony have built up an elaborate theory to the effect that the Chinese dog is of Thibetan origin , and that the canine race in China is derived from Western countries . These German writers have omitted to take into consideration the fact that up to the

AD . was seventh century there no such country as Thibet , and the people who occupied the region at present called by that v name consisted of unknown nomad tribes , ha ing no recorded history, for the foundation of civilized monarchy in Thibet

was AD . 6 2 . laid only in 5 They were steeped in barbarism , and devoid of any written language . ’ S su- Chavannes , quoting from the Annals of ma Ch ien , — states that the Emperor Chou Hsin ( 1 1 5 4 1 1 23 of the

Yin dynasty , in ill repute on account of his extravagance and debauchery , maintained a great number of dogs , horses , and

O . rare bjects , and filled his palaces with them i

’ e i . . L gge s Ch nese Classics , vol iii , Part V , Book V

“ 1 O Z ur Altesten des Munschen 1 0 . 8 scar Albrecht , Geschichte Hundes , , 9 3 , p 5 ” Die Altesten Hausthiere Z 1 02 . C . Keller , Abstammung des , urich , 9 , p 7 4 Max ” Der Thibe nd 1 8 . Sieber, thg , Winterthur, 97 ’ - Les m em oires e . . 200 . I Chavannes , historiqu s de Se ma Ts ien , vol i , p 1 0 EASTERN DOGS IN EARLY TIMES

ffi the 1 s 000 B C . An o cial record of Chow Dyna ty (about . ) remarks , From the Southern (of Shansi) States the yearly ’ tribute included amber , pearls , ivory , rhinoceros horns , ’ ” kin fishers . g feathers , cranes , and short dogs The nature of the other products clearly indicates that these dogs came from South China , though it is just possible that some of them may have originated from more distant countries , sea travelling by the route . the was Under primitive conditions dog , no doubt , more was than the friend of man . He his ally , useful for pro tection a i , necess ry al ke for the guarding of his herds and the was taking of his prey . It only when man , by agriculture his ffi and other arts , had improved his position su ciently to become independent , that he began to give the dog a bad s as the name , certain religion , such Jewish and Mohammedan , the as banning race abominable and unclean . In the whole of Jewish history there is not a single allusion to hunting

w . ith dogs Jewish prejudice was , no doubt , largely due to the exaggerated idolatry practised to the race from time im Of memorial by the Egyptians , hereditary enemies the Jews . beneficent - i The dog headed div nity Anubis , originally a - as jackal type , and later represented by the dog his emblem , was among the Egyptians , servant , messenger , and custodian of the gods , lord of the cemetery and of the underworld . t Temples were consecrated to him hroughout the land , and his was image borne in all religious ceremonies . This dog worship was not confined to Egypt , for the Greeks adopted it , and a Roman emperor carried the god Anubis in the feasts of

. t Isis Herodotus , speaking of the sanc ity in which some ni r a mals were held by the Egyptians , to whom the appea ance ” - Latrator n of the watchful dog star Sirius , A ubis , above the horizon was the Signal that their flocks had to be removed Yi Chou Shu . 1 1 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

from Lower Egypt and the coming floods of the Nile , says that the people of every family in which a dog died shaved them selves— their expression of mourning— adding that this was the custom of his own time . Very fine and clear representations of the sporting dogs used in hunting the wild ass by the monarchs of Assyria are has - - - 668 found in the reliefs of Assur bani pal , dating from * 626 Clay models of the dogs of this monarch also exist . was In Ethiopia not only great veneration paid to the dog , n as but the inhabita ts used to elect a dog their king . It was kept in great state and surrounded by a numerous train of oflicers and guards . his Pythagoras , after return from Egypt , founded a new sect in Egypt and S . Italy , teaching , with the Egyptian philosophers , that at the death of the body the soul entered into that of various animals . At the death of any of his favourite disciples he would hold a dog to the mouth of the man in order to receive the departing spirit , saying that there was no animal which could perpetuate his virtues better than that quadrupedfl' r l The Pa si re igion , whose priests ruled Persia from a period many centuries before the Christian era until overthrown by Moharnm ed the second successor of , devoted the whole of one of its sacred books , found in the Zend Avesta to the dog . ’ To the Magi of this fire-worshipping religion the Rabbi s and Mohammed owe much of their thought . To a reaction against its extravagant dog- reverence coupled with that of the ancient Egypt is , perhaps , due abhorrence in which the and dog is held by Saracen Jew alike . This veneration held by the Aryans for the canine disguise attributed to some of ’ their divinities , appears to throw light upon the race s

” Archwolo 1 1 2. Mesopotamian gy , by Percy S . P . Handcock , 9 ' ” Enc clo edia Britannica Do . 1 y p , The g

1 2 EASTERN DOGS IN EARLY TI MES

The 0 S itam a importance to man in those early days . dog , p " - Zarathustra I , Ahura Mazda , have made , self clothed and

- t a - self shod , wa chful , w keful , and Sharp toothed , born to take ’ and his food from man to watch over man s goods . I ,

Ahura Mazda , have made the dog strong of body against the is evil doer and watchful over your goods , when he of sound ’ mind . If those two dogs of mine , the Shepherd s dog and - the the house dog , pass by house of any of my faithful f fff people , let them never be kept away from For no house could subsist on the earth made by Ahura , but for those two ’ ” dogs of mine , the shepherd s dog and the house dog . The sacred writer lays down Special injunctions for the breeding of dogs , the care of young dogs , and for the general ’ treatment of the race . If the bones stick in the dog s teeth or stop in his throat , or if the hot food burn his mouth or his so tongue , that mischief follows therefrom , and the dog dies , ” Peshotanu this is a sin that makes a man a . The reasons has for which the canine race the characters of a priest , a warrior , a husbandman , a strolling singer , a thief, a wild beast , a courtezan , and a child are explained at length . The holy writer explains that at death a dog ’s ghost passes to the spring of the waters and that there , out of every thousand males and every thousand females are formed a male and

- - female water dog . To each of the water dogs , the holiest of all dogs , was ascribed an extraordinary measure of sanctity . So extravagant was the penalty allotted on paper by the Zoroastrians for the murder of a water- dog that it has been doubted whether their legislation ever existed as real and in living law . The penalties imposed for such a murder t cluded the infliction of twen y thousand stripes , the carrying of a similar number of loads of wood , the killing of ten thousand snakes , ten thousand cats , ten thousand tortoises ,

Z 1 60 1 6 1 . end Avesta , Sacred Books of the East, vol . iv, pp . , 3 , 7 3 I 3 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

twenty thousand frogs , the same number of ants , ten thousand d as earthworms an horrid flies . The culprit w to godly and set s piously give to godly men a of priestly instrument , a ’ set husbandm en s of war implements , of implements , the am Of price of a stallion in Silver , and of a c el in gold , a rill t running water , the depth of a dog and the bread h of a dog , a i ox- hi house w th stalls , goodly beds with cus ons , a virgin was maid , fourteen head of small cattle . He to bring up twice canals “ seven whelps , and to throw twice seven bridges over fi ’ the Confucius , chief of China s sages , who was born in

1 B .C siin licit was the year 5 5 favoured p y , and the enemy of all hyp ocrisy such as that which would not allow the price of a dog to be brought into the House of the L ordxj' Con ’ fu ius and c smiled , exclaimed , True , true , in amusement at the aptness of the Simile when likened to a homeless dog Chen r at the gate of the City of .I Litera y Chinese will to this n i s day , sponta eously borrow sim lar allusion from the classics . In introducing his son a scholar will use a strictly classical term which can only be translated by some refined English ” Off phrase , finally reducible to puppy . Another , in ering i h s services , will state his willingness to be the dog and the horse of his master . was The Province of Shantung , of which Confucius a native , appears always to have been famous for its dogs . In first- class houses there are fierce dogs that watch the

- doors to the halls of singing girls . Men who are not regular customers are not allowed to enter unceremoniously . If they

. n k enter , the dogs bite them to death Their warni g is li e fierceness that of a spirit , their like that of a tiger . They are ’ dogs from Meng hai in Ts ao Chou

o . 166. Zend Avesta , Sacred Bo ks of the East , vol iv, p .

' vi 1 8 . 1 Deuteronomy x ii . . 1 Shih Chi ’ ’ e e n . K0 u T u shu A pr fecture in W stern Shantu g chih Ching y an and chi ch eng,

a . 26 . vol . dxciv, L ufer , p 5 I 4

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN large measure for the poverty of later writings in matters as dealing with the early history of Chinese dogs . Just King ’ James Counterblast against tobacco - smoking forbade the writers of that period—notably Shakespeare— to mention — the weed which flowed in wreaths of smoke thus depriving ’ — us of much of the early history of Raleigh s discovery so ’ Chin Shih s ban on all things literary has left us in ignorance of many an incident which would otherwise now stand chronicled . Short -mouthed dogs are referred to as having existed in “ the time of Confucius fi The Sage mentions the dog in identall i c y in exhorting his d sciples to salvage economy . He says I have heard that the discarded hangings of the chariot may be used to wrap the beloved saddle- horse for i burial , and that the torn awning (or chariot umbrella) w ll ” - ' serve to cover the dear house dog in his grave . 1

B C . About 5 00 years . it is recorded that dogs were used in the kingdom now represented by the Province of Shansi for sporting purposes . Some of these were probably small ’ dogs , for it is mentioned that after the day s sport , one kind of dog followed its master ’ s chariot while those having short m onths were carried in the carts . I It was only as late as the Roman occupation that specific knowledge of the five races of dogs existent in England was

- secured . These are believed to have been the house dog , the

- greyhound , the bulldog , the terrier , and the slow hound . The

British dogs are said to have been in great demand in Rome , and the r both for hunting for Spo ts of the amphitheatre ,§ f and a special of icer was appointed for procuring them .

Similarly , it was only at the end of the first century of our era that the Chinese books became a little more specific as

“ “ Erh Erh Ya . 1 Li Chi . Pan Kung . 1 Ya .

Notes and ueries 1 00 . . 2 . Q , 9 , vol V , p 5 4 1 6 EASTERN DOGS IN EARLY TI MES to the nature of the dogs mentioned . They speak of some of ” a am them as being c lled by the n e Pai , which later Chinese authorities explain as referring to a very small short J - t legged and short headed r ype of dog , which belongs

table . under the I The Chinese table of the period was low , a s and those round it s t on mat .

From this period onwards , many of the Chinese emperors seem to have taken greater interest in small dogs . The aftl Eastern emperors appear to have been led , p y , perhaps , m i through fe inine nfluence , to extremes unsurpassed by the

Merry Monarch himself . It may here be noted that re ferences to dogs in Chinese history are Often made with the i l object , not of record ng detai s to throw light upon the as obiter scri ta ef manners of the period , but p to illustrate feminacy and want of care in statecraft on the part of the ruler .

There was a similar tendency among Japanese historians . Takatoki H In the days of , the ninth representative of the ojo fam ily (who reigned at the end of the thirteenth century) a new atmosphere permeated Kamakura . Instead of visiting the archery -ground and the fencing- school men began to waste and - day night in the company of dancing girls , professional e musicians , and j sters . The plain Simple diet of former Takatoki days was exchanged for Chinese dishes . kept rt - thi y seven concubines , maintained a band of two thousand

- fi htin . actors , and had a pack of two thousand g g dogs T welve great fights took place every month , and when the as champion of the dogs , fancifully described being in some as as cases big oxen , were led through the streets , people f - dof ed their head gear , and even knelt down in reverence .§ The Official history of the Han dynasty states that the

' ’ Chien Lei Han . 1 Kwong Yun by Ch en .

I Shuo wen of Hsu Shen . ” 1 i . e . Japan and China , vol . ii , p . 3 , by Capta n F Brinkl y ” i u Eu Hou Han Shu , vol v ii . Q oted by Pei Wen Yun . B 1 7 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

- A.D 1 68 1 0 was . Emperor Ling Ti ( . 9 ) both foolish and vicious He took to driving a chariot with asses four-in- hand in his

capital , the result being that his faithful subjects followed the Imperial example to such good purpose that the price of asses ffi became equal to that of horses . He sold rank and o cial positions . From the Chief of a Province whose annual salary was two thousand piculs of rice he would require twenty thousand strings of cash in advance , but , if poverty forbade , he was willing to accept a promise of twice this amount at the O completion of the term of ffice . He kept in his Western l Garden at Lo Yang (Honanfu) a dog of which he was ex trem el the Oflicial y fond , and to this animal he gave hat of the Chin Hsien grade— the most important literary rank of the — fi period as well as an of cial belt . The hat was 8% inches ” 1 0 high in front , 3 % inches high behind , and inches broad . Nearly all the dogs which were reared by the Emperor ’ were given the rank of K ai Fu (approxim ately that of a Viceroy) ; others that of Yi Tung (a rank probably equivalent to the present post of Imperial Guardian) . The females were nk i Offi given the ra s of the w ves of the corresponding cials . These dogs were guarded by soldiers and fed on the best of rice and meat . For their beds they were given the choicest carpets fi“ The book from which this reference is taken proceeds gravely This had the effect of likening the high Officials

and so was . to dogs , a bad practice The literati could not forgive this fatuous bestowal of literary rank upon dogs , however intelligent . They stig matize Ling Ti as weak , indolent , and content to leave his ff a airs of state to the chief eunuchs . D — The Emperor Fei Ti (A. . 97 3 97 7 ) of the Southern Sung Dynasty appears to have got into similar bad odour with the

’ ” Ms . AD u K D . 1 T ng ao , by Tuan Lin of the Yuan ynasty (Date of book , 3 1 8 EASTERN DOGS IN EARLY TI'MES

literati , for they record that he was addicted to drunkenness was sub ects “ in temples , and given to stealing dogs from his j fi i i - al His n ghtly prowlings , after the manner of Khal f Haroun

Raschid , in later days led to his death , for , returning to the i was palace one n ght in an inebriated state , he followed and murdered by one of his generals .

0 ’ ’ Yu Pi T ung Ch ien .

I 9 CHA PTE R II

DOG~LORE AND SUPERSTITION

and N parts of Europe , temporary isolation rise in the

cost of living have , from time to time , caused the flesh of the horse and other animals little known to the arts of cookery to be used as the food of man . In China , poverty , - has i due to over population , ex sted from time immemorial , and it is not surprising to find , in the stories of early foreign

- travellers , confirmation of the wide Spread belief that , not ’ Of withstanding the nation s high degree civilization , dog

flesh has been used as human food in that country . The

AD . 1 2 Arab traveller Ibn Batuta wrote , about 34 , The flesh of swine and dogs is eaten by the Chinese pagans , and it is ” l s F ernam sold pub icly in their market . Mendez Pinto , a Portuguese whose remarkable adventures are recorded by “ saw Purchas , wrote two hundred years later , We pennes do es s snailes full of little gg to sell frogs , snake , , all being meate with them (the Chinese) ” T The ordinary l ” and daily mea s are made by the Chinese very early , writes h another traveller , for they have an opinion t at if they Should u t fast till noon some misfort ne Should befall them hat day .

They are not curious in their diet , for they eat all manner of i f as as OK flesh w thout di ference , well that of a horse of an ’ w i as they are great lovers of s ine s flesh , wh ch they praise the most delicious of any , and is preferred by them before any

the 1 10 . Cathay and Way Thither, vol . iv, p . ” ' u Pil rim es 1111 10 Ma ehose 1 P rchas his g , vol . , p . 9 , cl . 20 DOG -LORE AND SUPERST ITION

t i d o her . But the more ord nary sort of people will fee upon any carrion , either of a horse , mule , ass , dogs , or any ” creatures . e w t The Spanish pri st Navarette , writing about t en y years i Vi later , reflects the po nt of ew , in matters canine , of the European at a period when dog- fighting and bull - baiting were ’ Oflicer carr d ordinary pastimes . The that y me to the Metropolis assur ’ d me (and I had it from others before) that ’ he eat for his Breakfast every morning 30 Eggs, and a Dog s and r k uartillos lf Leg , d an two Q (it is about a pint and a ha ) of so hot Wine . The good old man looked fat and fair , it did a m an good to see him . Infinite number of Dogs are eaten in l China , they count their flesh de icate and nourishing , and have Butchers and Shambles where it is sold ; but more in the

Northern Provinces than in the Southern . It is comical to see what a multitude of dogs pursue these Butchers as they go along the Streets I suppose the smell of the Dogs ’ flesh they carry about them provokes the other Dogs . When they go loaded with half a dozen or more Dogs to the Shambles , the ’ l so carr d sport is sti l better ; for the noise those y make , all brings out the Dogs in the Town to take their parts , and ’ - flesh attack their mortal enemy s . They also eat Horse , ff Bu alo , Cats , and Mice and other sorts . I myself eat of a ’ ” lik d ‘ Horse , Dogs , and Mice , and in truth I them very well . 1 The Mongolian tribes living in the Far North of ancient ’ -flesh as China ate dogs , and a means of trial by ordeal had a ’

. Ysbrants Ides practice of drinking dogs blood , I a Russian 1 6 2 r in Ambassador who travelled to China in 9 , rema ks cidentall k r Of y , While in Pe ing I obse ved , at the door a Mandar n considerable y , and a Great Officer , some persons

’ ’ John Ogilby s translation of Nieuhoffs Embassy from the East India Com ” 1 6 x Pany . 5 5 . P 7 2 ’ An c 6 1 Ac ount of the Emperor of China , Navarette , P 5 ’ " Ysbrants 1 06 1 Three Years Travels from Moscow to China , by Ides , 7 , p . 45 . 2 1 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

fla in Mandar n y g of a fat Dog ; upon which I asked the y , ? a Wherefore that was done Who nswered , That it was a healthful sort of food , especially in Summer , it being very ” t cat cooling . He remarks of the Tungus tribes that hey Of ni cats and dogs , and figures the butchering these a mals s near their tent , stating that Very few of them are found He without several dead young Dogs hanging near them . as also figures the Tungus trial by ordeal , which is described : w u follows The Way ode asked the Acc ser if he would , n Tun uz ian his accordi g to the g Custom , put the Accused to Oath P To this he answered in the Affirmative after which and the accused took a live Dog , laid him on the Ground , with t a knife s uck him in the Body , just under his left Foot , and immediately clapped his Mouth to the Wound , and sucked out the Dog ’ s Blood so long as he could come at it after which ’ cla d he lifted him up , laid him on his shoulders , and pp his Mouth again to the Wound in order to suck out the remaining ” Blood . An excellent drink indeed . In a work dating from the beginning of the nineteenth century we read

We will not attempt , in a spirit of false delicacy , to conceal the fact that the lower class in China is in the habit of eating the flesh of the dog , the cat , the rat , etc . But that which must be more astonishing is that according to tradition and the witness of the learned , it appears that the ’ Chinese actually classed ass and dog-flesh as butcher s meat at as a period in which , its population was numerically moderate , w means of subsistence could not have been scarce . This as a ffi t r e di cul y which , for a considerable period , emba rassed P re Cibot his , who spared no research in endeavours to elucidate the point . At last he discovered in a celebrated work written n for the instruction of the pri ces of the Imperial Family , that in ancient days three kinds of dogs were distinguished the 2 2

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

t admired sucking whelps , and sacrificed hem to their divinities . The Romans thought them a supper in which the gods ” themselves delighted . s a Professor Boyd Dawkin , delving still deeper into the p st , ’ found evidence of the use of dogs - flesh among the cave dwellers of Britain itself, and remarks that the large percentage of fractured bones of puppies implies that they found especial culinary favour among our prehistoric ancestors . T ’ In Corea dog- fleshwas on sale among the common butchers

1 882 . meats , and enjoyed by the people , in In the first month of the year , however , owing to religious scruples , no - was fi Kokorai dog meat eaten . Grif s states that the people of , f e from whom the Corean are descended , held dogs in con siderable honour and named their rulers after the domestic OK beasts , the horse , the , and the dog , etc . In Japan dogs are held in very little honour except the chin or Japanese spaniel .§ It is a remarkable fact that though the Chinese and Corean partiality for dog- flesh has been noted by almost O every close bserver of their customs from early times , the Japanese appear never within historic times to have eaten n this meat . In the light of the theory that the early Japa ese were derived from two swarms of colonists both coming from

- Siberia , the first cave dwellers and the second the Ainu , who used stone implements , the following remarks by Perry II are of considerable interest , as they seem to suggest absence i r of the influence of megal thic culture , which appea s to have a tended to restrain from the use of canine flesh , from e rly

Chinese development . Several facts go to show that the whole group of notions concerning the relationship between

' ’ “ Rees s C clo ze dia Vol . 1 8 1 . y p , xii , Dog , 9

1 Boyd Dawkins , Cave Hunting . ” e : N Griffis 1 882 . 26 Ibid. . 2 . I Cor a the Hermit ation , , , p 7 . , p 5 l u n U t 1 1 8 II The Mega ithic Cult re of Indonesia , Ma chester niversi y Press , 9 , chap . xx . 24 DOG - LORE AND SUPERSTITION men and anim als were introduced (into Indonesia) by the

- stone using immigrants . For they appear to be more closely i The connected with an mals than the indigenous peoples . chiefs of Kupang in Timor are said to be descended from

h a - crocodiles . The K asi have cert in food restrictions . ”

as . They do not , a people , eat dogs or ordinary frogs The ” cat and dog are not eaten by the Kayan of the Mahakam river . hi ea d Among the C ru no women may L gg, which is also ” the forbidden to priests when killed for a sacrifice . Dogs and salt fish are forbidden when rice is being transplanted , and ” - and dogs are forbidden during rice harvest epidemics . “ The - as Fortune street dogs , remarked by Robert fi a 1 860 botanist who visited Japan in , appear to be of the same as breed the common Chinese dog , and both have probably ” r th as Sp ung from e same stock . They were much neglected

- as is the case in China to day . On a warm summer after noon , he continues , these animals may be seen lying at full length in the public highway , apparently sound asleep and it was not unusual for our attendants to kick and whip them out of our road in a most unceremonious way . On many of them the marks of the sharp swords of the yakoneens r t were plainly visible , and eve y hing tended to Show , that if as the dogs were regarded sacred by some , the feeling fails to secure them from being cruelly ill- treated by the common was people . It not unusual to meet with wretched specimens

a - in half starved condition , and covered with loathsome disease . His statements are confirmed by the remark of Of Lafcadio Hearn , that the condition the Japanese dog is one thing which tells powerfully against beliefs about the influence of Buddhism upon the treatment of animals . has The dog had his day in Japan , however . We went by the place where publick orders and proclamations are put up , f Kaemp er . 25 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

the saw not far from ditch of the castle , where we a new pro ’ clamation put up lately and twenty shuits of silver nail dto the post to be given as a reward to any body that would discover

the accomplices of a murder lately committed upon a dog . ’ a unish d M ny a poor man hath been severely p in this country , ’ the of under present Emperor s reign , purely for the sake ” dogs .

- The Chinese three character classic , to this day a schoolroom - the text book , continues to instil into the schoolboy mind that canine and equine races supply two of the six kinds of flesh

m an . edible by To this day , too , dogs closely resembling the foreign Chow are bred in parts of Q uangtung and Q uangsi

Provinces for culinary purposes . Black dogs are considered to —t be the most nutritious . Flowery dogs hose of mixed — colour are reputed to be the most palatable , those of yellow

and white colour following them in culinary value . The

puppies are fattened on rice , and killed at an age of about nine a months . After removing the h ir by scalding , the body is cut

into Six or eight pieces and boiled for about an hour . It is n the fried in oil . The meat is cut into small pieces and cooked

- with dry mushrooms , preserved bean cake , native onion , a t - lit le ginger , and water chestnuts . The dish resulting is said and t re to be exceedingly palatable , to have the proper y of ducin g fatigue due to sleeplessness . For this reason the dish was very popular with students in the provincial and national o examinati ns of the Manchu regime , which were carried on

continuously for several days . ’ ‘ 1 8 8 -flesh Archdeacon Gray , 1 writing in 7 of the dogs restaurants of Canton , states that in the city there were no less than twenty such places where cooks may be seen standing in front of Slow fires over which the flesh of cats and dogs is being cooked . Placards are sometimes placed above the door ,

” ' Ii 6 Kaempfer . 1 China , I . H . Gray , vol . , p . 7 . 26 DOG - LORE AND SUPERSTITION setting forth that the flesh of black dogs and cats can be ’ served up at a moment s notice . On the walls of the dining rooms are bills Offare . The following is a translation of one

’ 1 0 Cat s flesh , one basin cents . ’ ’ Bliick . cat s flesh , one small basin 5 cents

Wine , one bottle 3 cents . 1 Wine , one small bottle 5 cents .

' 2 . Ketchup , one basin cash ’ s 1 Black dog s grea e tael 4 cents . ’ Black cat s eyes , one pair 4 cents .

The persons who frequent such eating- houses are re s ectable sum p shopkeepers and artisans , and the which they

n 1 . d. pay for a good di ner is on an average 5 cents , or 7 § I have occasionally seen poor men dining at these restaurants , but they form a very small proportion of the visitors . At ’ Peking I found two or three shops in which dog s flesh was and a h exposed for sale as food ; Dr . Willi ms as stated that dog hams are exported from the northern province of Shan tung . At the commencement of summer a ceremony called ’ A- chee , which consists in eating dogs flesh is observed the Of throughout Empire by persons all ranks . The Can tonese think that to eat the flesh of dogs is to act in opposition the to will of the gods , and on many Buddhist temples I have seen placards calling upon the people not only to abstain from l the flesh of bul s , goats , and swine , but from that also of dogs , ’ ” f u as these are the faith ul g ardians of their masters homes . The public marketing of dogs ’ flesh has been prohibited 1 1 in Canton only from about the middle of 9 5 . It is exposed for sale openly in the butchers ’ shops in the suburbs to this uan tun day . In Q g g Province , too , a dish said to have powerful protective properties against cold is made with a s the combination of the meat of snakes and cat , called by 27 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

- figurative name of Dragon Tiger Soup . Hams cut from ’ n the dog may be eaten in some parts of Chi a , but butchers r Shops which sell the meat are now ra e and of the poorest . Even the beggars who buy it shield their loss of face by calling the meat by the euphemistic nam e of ground lamb

- - - (ti yang) as distinct from wool sheep or hill sheep (yang). i far The random foreign traveller w ll , however , have to fare and make strict search before discovering a dish of dog- meat in

- da China to y .

Buddhism , the State religion in most parts of India during the early centuries of our era , was a form of belief which separated from the main stock of the Hindu religion based on the Brahmanical scriptures still professed by seventy per cent . of the people of India . Hinduism is believed to have ’ been introduced by India s early Aryan conquerors , who appear to have considered the dog to be unclean and its flesh to have been unfit for normal food . Among the earliest of

Hindu legends is that of Manu , a divine being , founder of the was human race , who saved from a great flood which destroyed was all other created beings . He the inventor of sacrificial rites , the author and first teacher of legal maxims . He taught i that a Brahmana must never eat food given by intox cated , n i a gry , or sick men , nor that in which ha r or insects are found , nor that which has been touched intentionally with the foot nor that which has been pecked at by birds or touched by a nor the food given by a physician , a hunter , a cruel ’ m eal man , or one who eats the fragments of another s j by trainers of hunting dogs , publicans , a washerman , a dyer , or a ” e m an . pitil ss I Manu declared , however , that the flesh ” of an animal killed by dogs is pure . The porcupine , the hedgehog , the iguana , the rhinoceros , the tortoise , and the

" e u The Laws of Manu . Sacr d Books of the East , edited by Max M ller , ' 208 [bid . iv . 2 12 . I bid. . . 1 1 . vol . iv, p . . 1 vol , p 1 , vol v , p 3 28 DOG -LORE AND SUPERSTITION hare they declared to be eatable ; likewise those domestic ” s animal that have teeth in one jaw only , excepting camels . If a Brahmana has a strong desire for meat he may make an anim al of clarified butter or one Offlour (and eat ’ the e In Spite of prohibition of dogs fl sh , food obtained by was Vam adeva begging always pure , and , who well knew r l r ight and wrong , did not su ly himself when , to mented by do in hunger , he desired to eat the flesh of a g order to save

. Visvam itra his life , who well knew what is right or was wrong , approached , when he tormented by hunger , (to Of eat) the haunch a dog , receiving it from the hands of a

Kandala . was l The dog one of the five sacrificial anima s of the Chinese , i and s milarly dogs were occasionally sacrificed by the Hindus . All the gods are concerned in the horse- s acrifice when he ’ k says I sprinkle thee for all the gods , he ma es all the gods - sacrifi e take a concern in the horse c . But his wicked enemy

the - sacrifice seeks to lay hold of him who performs horse , and

- the horse is a thunderbolt having killed the four eyed dog , " " he , with Undone is the man Undone is the dog ’ ” plunges it under the horse s feet . The whim sical solemnity with which Chinese oflicials have been apt to lay down high- sounding and heavily -worded rules (I regulations upon the most trivial subjects for the guidance Of of those desirous of avoiding the stigma want of culture , and for the glory of the letter of the law , is illustrated by a further quotation from the Book of Rites setting forth the procedure in presentation and acceptance of dogs When honouring by the gift of a dog , it is to be led with the left ” hand . The commentator gravely adds The reason for leading with the left hand is that the right may be ready to ” re restrain the dog from biting . 1 If acceptable , the ” " . x 2 OfR VOI i Sacred Books of the East , vol liv , p . 7 9 . 1 Book ites , 29 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

’ ci ient s was - p representative first to take the leading rope , ’ and then to ask the dog s name . As this procedure regulated the gift of house- dogs and

- hunting dogs only , it is implied that gifts of edible dogs are the not to be presented by hand , but must Simply be sent to kitchen , their points being judged , not by visual examination , Of but by the more searching test the palate . as It may be mentioned , an interesting trait in the Oriental character , that the early Chinese in their writings imagined themselves so much superior to foreigners that they alone could claim descent from human ancestors . They assigned canine origin to all neighbours except those of the South , to whom ophidian parentage was ascribed . Consequently , canine names were given to the peoples of the North , East , and was 1 8 8 was West , and it only in 5 that Lord Elgin able , by the as cumbrous procedure of diplomacy , to obtain , one of the stipulations of the Tientsin Treaty , that henceforward the character I (having both in writing and by its verbal usage the significance of canine ancestry) shall not be applied to the Government or Subjects of Great Britain . Similar privileges are not enjoyed by the wild tribes of Western China , and the result is that they suffer under such dog- names as ’ T ung , Yao , and Lolo to this day . 1 6 1 Kaempfer , who Visited Japan in 9 on behalf of the “ e Dutch East India Company , remarks Sinc the now m 1 68 reigning E peror (Kinsen , 7 ) came to the throne , there are more dogs bred in Japan than , perhaps , in any one country whatever , and than there were before even in this

Empire . They have their Masters , indeed , but lie about the streets and are very troublesome to passengers and travellers . Every street must by Special command of the Emperor keep a certain number of these Animals and provide them with victuals . There are Huts built in every street , where they 3 0

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

’ t of a dog s carcase no bigger than two ribs , thir y stripes were the penalty for throwing down a bone as large as the top joint ’ of a man s little finger .

Though the Chinese , unlike the Egyptians , have never worshipped the dog , and have seldom used it in sacrificial “ cerem onyfi they have allowed it to enter into religious has ceremonial , and it secured no mean place among the i legends of the superst tious .

In the Hatamen , one of the main streets of Peking , stands an s Imperial Temple recently reduced to small dimen ions . ai This temple is the oldest in the city . It is s d to date from ’ the T ang Dynasty , and is dedicated to the god Erh Lang , the

Chinese St . George , famous for his prowess in the extermina the tion of dragons . Erh Lang is protector of dogs , and

- possesses a magic dragon slaying sword . He is owner of the h k dog which howls in the sky , and whic , li e the Fenris Wolf,

' sun do iS eats the . This g known to Europeans on account of

. oam R As S oc. 1 8 0 . 1 J F . Hewitt , f . . . , 9 , p 44 . Another animal which was sacrificed in other countries , but not so far as I can discover in India , was the dog . The history of this sacrifice seems to throw most valuable light on ancient chronology e and the cours of religious evolution . The dog was certainly a sacred animal to the N k s orthern A kadians , as it is represented in their mythology by the four hound of ” - e 1 88 . 288 Bel Merodach . (Sayce Hibbert L ctures , 7 , pp , But it is as the i animal sacred to the fire god Adar that it appears as a sacrificial vict m in Asia Minor, ’ and Ni ur in fire Greece Italy. Adar , or Uras , was at p the god of glow g , and was a most popular deity at Nineveh among the Northern Assyrians , but was not a favourite n 1 2 with the Southern or Semitic Babylo ians pp . 5 This god became in M el arth l Asia Minor the Tyrian Hercules called g , and there he was especia ly associated u with dogs . Dogs were also sacred to the Athenian Herc les , as is shown by the ’ ’ I Elian name Cynosarges , or dog s yard , where his shrine was situated . According to , Adranus sacred dogs accompanied the Sicilian god , who has been identified with

Adar . But it is in the worship of Ares in Greece , and Mars in Rome , that we find

a . the dog actually s crificed Dogs were sacrificed to Ares in Sparta , and the Latins ff Arvalia i o ered a red dog to Mars at the , to prevent the crops tak ng fire . The symbol A - c of res was Sirius , the dog star , and there thus appears every reason to conne t him with the Akkadian Uras , the god of glowing fire . The development of this god into l fire Hercules with the club , shows that the god of fire was origina ly the god of the in stick , who the ancient triad took the place of the phallic father . Throughout the Rigveda and Brahmanas the dog and Agni are both regarded as the messenger of the gods . 3 2 OF ERH ALTAR LANG , PEKING

To [ace p 3

DOG - LORE AND SUPERSTITION the noisy manner in which , up to recent years , when the sun or moon stood in danger of eclipse , the people attempted to dissuade him from his celestial meal . The Chinese term for an eclipse is still the eating up

sun . of the or moon The demonstrations which , up to the n inauguration of modern reforms in Chi a , took place at an eclipse were described by Gray : Five months prior to the eclipse theh ead Ofthe Li - poo O Board at Pekin , in bedience to the commands of the Em eror s i p , forwards a de patch to the ch ef rulers of each province , and through him to the chief magistrate of each prefecture and each county, requesting them at the approaching

sun . a eclipse to save the At the time all the mand rins , attired in black robes , assemble at the official residence of the chief magistrate . When they have arranged them an selves before altar erected in the courtyard of the yamen , the chief magistrate burns incense on the altar and beats ff a drum three times . At this stage all the o icials present w - fall do n before the altar and perform the kow tow . The ceremony on the part of the Officials having been brought . to a close , a number of underlings continue , until the eclipse is m - over , to beat dru s and tom toms with the View of frightening and thereby preventing the Tien - Kow or n heavenly dogs from devouring the sun . Duri g this din , priests of the respective sects - Of Buddha and Tao stand before the altar and chant appropriate prayers . Upon the

- tops of all the dwelling houses and shops of a Chinese city ,

- men are also stationed who , by means of drums , tom toms , and horns add to the general din . The same ceremonies take place during an eclipse of the moon . Formerly in as - or other lands , in China to day , an eclipse of the sun w moon as beheld with terror . To rescue the moon from the spell of the enchanter , other nations , like the Chinese C 33 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

O of the present day , had recourse to the blowing f horns and the beating of drums and brazen pots and pans . This ridiculous custom was evidently in full force in the day

of Juvenal , who alludes to it in a description of a brawling woman

Forbear your drums and trumpets , if you please , i n . Her Voice alone , the labouring moon can ease . The importance attached by the ancients to prompt measures for countering this danger is shown by the fate as meted out to two inaccurate astronomers of antiquity , HO recorded in the Classics Now here are He and . They have entirely subverted their virtue and are sunk and lost in

wine . They have been the first to allow the regulations of

heaven to get into disorder , putting far from them their

proper business . On the first day of the last month of autumn

the sun and moon did not meet harmoniously in Fang . Offi The blind musicians beat their drums , the inferior cers hustled HO and common people and ran about . He and , how

ever , heard nothing and knew nothing . The statutes of the government say when they anticipate the time let them be put to death without mercy when they are behind the ’ ‘ time let them be put to death without mercy . 1 This myt hical dog is quaintly described in a popular work ’ a on the Chinese minor deities . The How Tien Ch u n , or H eavenly Barking Dog (belonging to the deity Erh Lang) ,

- when sublimed from the earthly state , became a thin bodied or i and coursing dog , hav ng the size of an elephant , the likeness of the strong and fierce owl which eats its parents . Its

as o . head is brass and its neck as ir n Terrible in battle , its r antagonist , however fierce and powe ful , is quickly consumed , even unto the last of his bones . To this idea of the existence

. . G . . 26 18 8 . China , J H ray , vol i , p 7 , 7 ’ e i . ii 1 Legg s Ch nese Classics , Shoo King , Part III , Book IV , chap 34 DOG - LORE AND SUPERSTITION a of a celestial dog may be due the pr ctice , said to be current hi r in parts of C na , of ca rying in processions praying for rain h in time of drought , a big dog oused in a palanquin and dressed like a It is probable that this celestial terror is identical in Chinese mythology with the heavenly dog which has the Sinister t e putation of trying to snatch children from their homes . In f ‘ od m m many temples there is an image of the g g Hsien , and his as near him are children . He is represented shooting arrow at a dog appearing in a cloud )” Doolittle furnishes the following explanation for the worship of this deity by the women of China Some women are born on days which are represented by the Chronological or horary character which ’ means dog . These women after marriage and before they give birth to a child , must procure a picture of the genius Shooting the heavenly dog and worship by the burning of C incense and candles . The hild then may be expected to live . In a celebrated temple located outside the East gate of C the ity of Foochow is an image of a large dog . It is currently reported that if bread , cakes , or biscuits made of wheat flour are placed in the mouth of this image and afterwards ” colic eaten by children , they will prevent or cure the . I So great was the reputed power of the magic sword and of ’ the How Tien Ch uan that , upon the best astrological advice , t the Chinese Emperors of the recently defunct Ching Dynas y , n ersonifications bei g p of the dragon and also of the sun , forbore in their yearly visits to the Temple of the Sun , out of the side the East Gate Peking , to take nearest route ,

Lantern Street , which faces the Erh Lang Temple . This route would have brought the Son of Heaven upon his

a R Dog . Encyclop edia of eligion and Ethics . " Deified 1 Fung Chen Pang , Anthology of the . ” Rev . u . I Social Life of the Chinese , by the Just s Doolittle 3 5 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN Dragon Throne into a dual menace— that of being smitten with the magic sword and eaten by the Dog that Barks in the Heavens . This Chinese mythical dog may be akin to the Aryan hedge dog , having a long and thin muzzle , the prickles on whose back were compared to the rays of the sun piercing the veil of

n . " dark ess Whosoever , O Zarathustra shall kill the dog with the prickly back , with the long and thin muzzle , the - -s Duz aka s hedge dog , which evil peaking people call the , kill his own soul for nine generations , nor Shall he find a way Kinvad has over the bridge unless he , while alive , atoned for ” ra ha his sin by offering up a sacrifice to S os . The idea of the heavenly dog appears to have reached the

Chinese and the Hindus from a common source . From the fifth Brahmana we read ( 1 ) He observes the fast thinking to -day is the day of new moon and then that moon is seen in the West . But , indeed , he (the moon) is that heavenly ’ dog : he watches the sacrificer s cattle (to seize them) and that would not be good for the cattle in the case Ofthe own er who did not make amends and through fear Of that ’ as 2 downcoming moon , they think him to be , ( ) they And steal away into the shade . , therefore , indeed , people ’ call that burning pain svalukita (dog s ( 1 0) A bow with three arrows he gives as dakshina for with the how a dog is driven away : he thus drives away that dog (the ” as dak hina moon) when he gives a bow with three arrows s . 1 The substance of the Brahmana legend is that certain demons fire- piled up a altar in order to ascend by it to heaven . Indra

his . joined them , adding a brick of own When they had climbed to heaven Indra pulled out his brick and the demons fell . They became spiders , all but two , who flew up and

” e . . 1 2 . Sacred Books of the East , Zend Av sta , vol iv , p 5 ” ’ the MiI ller . l . 10 1 Sacred Books of East , F . Max , vol x iv, p 36

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

the chappel , or small temple , which was consecrated to ” s Patron of the Dog .

In crediting the dog with some sort of a soul , Buddhism permits to the dog a closer relationship with man than does

Christianity , which in the matter of salvation gives to the ’ l and canine race not even the proverbia dog s chance , , l w indeed , claiming to himse f a sole exclusive heaven , allo s no

C . loser association than did St Bernard of Clairvaux when , s preaching in the twelfth century , he likened the love of angel ’ to man as being similar to that of a man s friendship to his dog , ” on the principle of the proverb , Love me , love my dog , at the same time bringing into comparison the love of Deity to Of man and the love man to his Buddhists , indeed , f be recognize no essential di ference , on spiritual grounds , i tween dog and man . Their faith is l ke that of the Indian who

’ ’ asks no angel s wings , no seraph s fire

But thinks , admitted to that equal sky,

His faithful dog shall bear him com pany . 1 In the Buddhist cycle the spirit of man commonly passes into m ediasval the form of a dog . While Christianity represented dogs , indicating fidelity during earthly life , and lions , for valour , at the feet of their owners in many old brasses and stone efli ies s re re g in churche , the Buddhist placed numerous p scutations of the dog in clay and pottery in early Chinese the tombs , with a view to retention of their services in the life to come . Christian lore gives earthly glory to the dog of i St . Roch , a fam liar beastie in French churches , honoured for the succouring of his master smitten with plague . The s good Buddhist , to demon trate that dog and man are merely n units in the cycle of tra smigration , will quote the conversion

0 Maclehose 1 6 The History of Japan , Kaempfer, , vol . iii , p . . An eli am ant nos uid nos Christus amavit c itar ce te vul ari rove bio 1 g , q . r g p r ” ui me am at amat ci canem meum q , . " e. I The Indian and his Dog , Alex . Pop 38 DOG - LORE AND S UPERSTIT ION

tu of the owner of a white dog recorded in the Scrip res . ’ travasti h T u- At S , Budd a entered into the house of one T i , was who was absent from home . Upon the divan a white dog

eating from a bowl . At sight of Buddha it leapt to the ground : and barked at the Holy One . Buddha said Miser , how deep is thy degradation The dog betook itself to a corner ’ - so in dejection . When Tu T i returned and saw his dog

l its . a sad he asked the cause of misery The se ants replied , ’ ’ - Buddha has done this . Tu T i was angered and asked : Buddha for an explanation . Buddha said I did but tell

m . him the truth . This ani al is thy dead father Born a dog , as punishment for his avarice , he still guards his riches . l t has Order him to revea the reasure which he hidden , even ’ ’ - t son . e from hee , his Tu T i return d to his home and said As to the dog , thou hast been my father in thy previous was incarnation , all of that which yours is now mine by ’ right . Show me thy hidden treasure . The dog crept beneath the divan and began scratching the earth . There ’ - Tu T i dug and discovered great treasure . Forthwith he ” was converted to Buddha . The lamas of Thibet suggest that the miserable pariah dogs of their country are the re incarnation of priests who have been faithless to their vows . The same idea may underly

- the inclusion of a dog , white for ill luck and mourning , in the scapegoat party which is recorded by Nain Singh as being l th annually expe led from Lhasa . On the 29 day of the first month a man is selected who is called the Logon gyalpo (or ’ - carrier of one year s ill luck) , who becomes a sort of scapegoat for the sins of the people . For a week he perambulates as Lhasa a sort of clown , with his face painted half black and l is m n ha f white , and per itted extraordi ary license . He shakes ’ a black yak s tail over the heads of the people , thus transferring

L e u . . 10 . . Wieg r, Bo ddhisme , vol xi , p 9 39 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

th - from them to himself e full measure of their ill luck . Then he receives certain presents from the governm ent— a white t f horse , a white dog , a white bird , with o her smaller gi ts of f s provisions and o fering from the people . Finally , he is

hunted out of the town amidst the yells of the mob , towards s a if his the Samy mon stery , where he may ( he survives treatment at the hands of the people) be accommodated in the

Lhakang , or dead r s as Ce tain animal , such foxes and dogs , are considered by Buddhists to be able to appear in human shape and to play - i ae the part of the were wolf , or ncubus , of medi val legend .

Consequently , it is not surprising to find in Chinese and as Japanese , just in European legend , that the devil appears in the horrible shape of some black dog or other frightful ” fra bu s hairy y gg , and that the black dog which sits upon the ’ back of the sulky , Faust s black poodle , the Gabriel Hounds

- r which hunt along the tree tops on da k and stormy nights , ’ — and Sir Walter Scott s Mauthe dog a large black Spaniel with curled shaggy hair — have analogies in Chinese super stition as t l , often intergrow hs with the old Chinese empirica system of natural science called Feng Shui , used by Chinese - s astrologers and diviner fortune tellers to the pre ent time . They classify all beasts of astrological importance as subject to — the yang (male) influence of the sun this category includes — the dog or the ying (female) influence of the moon- com

. u e prising the cat The Chinese do not appear , however , to s the traditional cat and dog antipathy in hate - charms as in of the Palestine , where the putting hatred between members of a family is attained by the giving of one half of the egg of a black hen to a dog and the other to a cat , with the recitation of appropriate charm -words ; nor have they the old legend of the Palestine , which states that once upon a time when world

e u . 10 . Tibet the Myst rio s , by Sir Thomas Holdich , p 3 DOG - LORE AND SUPERSTITION

l was was young, to each and to every kind of anima a duty assigned . The dog and cat were relieved of menial duty , because of the faithfulness of the one and the cleanliness Of t u the o her , and a written doc ment was given them in attesta tion thereof, and the dog took charge of it . He buried it where he kept his stock of old bones , but this privilege of Of ass OK exemption so roused the envy the horse , , and , that they bribed the rat to burrow underground and destroy the has charter . Since the loss of this document the dog been u his liable , on acco nt of carelessness , to be tied or chained ”

has him . up by his master , and the cat never forgiven It must be remembered that in matters of superstition many Chinese still roam in the dark m azes through which the a t medi eval as rologers , soothsayers , and diviners led our bewildered ancestors . A dog which is completely black is S believed to be able to frighten away pirits , and to this day a Chinese witch- doctor who wishes to expel a particularly malignant devil will ruthlessly Slay a black dog in which not a its one white hair is found , g ther innocent blood into a bowl , and sprinkle this gore before the spirit with a wooden sword , accompanying the ceremonial with mumbled prayers , charms , and spells to support the sacrifice and exorcise the fiend to has eternal perdition . Not in China only the dog been made ff r to su er for utilita ian mankind To tame a lion , they used "” to beat a little dogge before him . What , man says

Shakespeare , there are ways to recover the general again a punishment more in policy than in malice even so as one would beat his offenceless dog to affright an imperious

’ lion . 1

” Ha a er t n w e 1 0 . 6 , Pal s , Animal Folklore , Palest . Exp . Fund , 9 4, p 2 5 , fThis may throw light upon a curious passage dealing with the us e of hunting ’ n d e tigers in Marco Polo s narrative , The Grand Kha has many leopar s and lynx s kept for the purpose of chasing deer , and also many lions , which are larger than the l in and s e Babylonian ions , have good sk s , of a hand ome colour, b ing streaked length 4 1 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN Archdeacon Gray describes the Taoist ceremony per formed for the expulsion of spirits inducing suicide . After the priest has made a great many signs and performed the - n kow tow , he receives from the i mates a small black dog , together with a chopper and a block and when he has severed ‘ its i its tail from body w th a sharp blow , the wretched animal , its neck is dra ed iteousl with a cord round , led , or rather gg , p y howlin b Of a g, y the head the f mily into every nook and corner of the house . It is then taken to the front door and kicked n su into the open street . The bleeding and yelpi g cur is p posed to frighten away the evil Spirits , and to pursue them in the their flight through the streets . By way of purifying t house , the priest then walks hrough it with a brass pan tu containing a burning mix re made of sulphur , saltpetre , and ” n other i flammable ingredients . This custom may be com pared for barbarity with the Old German and Scandinavian custom of hanging dogs with crim inals as a symbolical mark of disgrace and as an aggravation of the punishment s": The following is quoted as an instance of the fantastic shapes into which the professors of Feng Shui are willing to distort their crude theories in the name of science The influences I of the Five Elements attack and impair t a each other , and bloodthirs y nimals conquer and overpower each other how are these phenomena to be explained P The

s way , with white , black , and red stripes . They are active in seizing boars , wild oxen and asses , bears , stags , roebucks , and other beasts that are objects of the sport . It m r is an ad irable sight , when the lion is let loose , in pursuit of the animal , to Obse ve sa the vage eagerness and speed in which he overtakes it . His Majesty has them con veyed for this purpose in cages placed upon cars and along with them is confined a ”

t . lit le dog , with which they become familiarized Marsden Travels of Marco

1 8 1 8 . 8 . Polo , , p 3 3

Notes and ueries 2nd . . 10 . Q , Series , xii , p 5 ' “ ” . . G . i. . 6 1 8 8 . 1 China , J H ray , vol , p 3 3 , Macmillan , 7 ” 88 I Groot , The Religious Systems of China , vol . iii . , p . 9 , from Discussions ”

e Lun . . and Criticism from the Chines Heng of the Han Dynasty , chap iii

Wood , wind , fire , water, and earth . 42 DOG -LORE AND SUPERSTITION a : nswer is The branch Yin corresponds to the element wood , A 13 Hsii i l whose animal tiger ; appertains to earth , whose an ma ’ r is the dog Ch en and Wei likewise appertain to ea th , and as their animals are the cow and goat . Now wood overpowers earth , it follows that the tiger subdues dogs , cows , and goats . i Hai apperta ns to water , whose animal is the pig . Sze corre s onds p to fire , whose animal is the Serpent . Hence , since n ? “ Ta is water co quers fire , pigs can devour snakes ze identical

. ai with water , whose animal is the rat Wu appert ns to fire , the d whose animal is horse . Since fire is destroye by water , should a horse devour a rat it will fail to relieve itself and die ” of a swollen belly .

43 C H A P T E R I I I

DOG-BREEDING

was - di S natural in an agricultural people , dog bree ng

found early encouragement among the Chinese , and

no doubt the three heads , house , hunting and edible , into which the Book of Rites classified the canine race , as owned several subdivisions , especially regards the Sporting dogs . The early Chinese emperors went to excess in their love of the chase , and the numerous embassies exchanged . with foreign rulers gave them every opportunity of intro ducin g at early periods rare dogs from neighbouring states , including perhaps even such breeds as the greyhound , the - i bulldog , the terrier and the Slow hound , wh ch existed in

England at the time of the Roman occupation , and were of such quality as to add zest to the gladiatorial Sports and gave to England not a little of its fame among the Romans , a fame destined to be increased by descendants of those breeds . During the Tudor and Stuart periods the renown of British as dogs , especially mastiffs , was such that they were used political presents to many European countries , as well as to 1 1 n H n k the Near and Far East . In 5 7 Ki g e ry VIII than ed the Marquis of Mantua for the horses which were being got ready for him , and promised to recompense the Marquis ” and with English horses dogs . Nine years later Henry sent to Francis of France eight very handsome sporting ” ’ ’ 1 2 Urbino s dogs . In 5 2 the Duke of envoy at Henry s Court wrote that he had not forgotten the little dog 44

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

t t baiting , in which sport a te hered bull wi h blunted or padded horns was pitted against dogs which he sometimes was l tossed thirty or forty feet high , a pastime almost nationa 1 in importance for centuries . Pepys remarks in 666 that he ’ saw the some good sport of bull s tossing of the dogs , one ” into the very boxes . 1 a In 5 5 7 the envoy of the Duke of M ntua , after remarking that in the Tower of London there is a seraglio in which ” - from grandeur they keep lions and tigers and cat lions , goes

on to say that there is the bear garden in Southwark , on the k a ban s of the Thames , where they keep big dogs to re r d for bree ing , and to exercise them there are bears , wolves and bulls ; so for such purposes they become very good ” dogs (buonissim i cam) In 1 608 to 1 610 James I sent dogs as s s i pre ents to the princes of Anhalt and Brun w ck , also to 1 1 the Ambassador of Brandenburg . In 6 4 the Venetian Ambassador in Spain reported that there had recently arrived from James of England a present to Philip of Spain including

palfreys , dogs for hunting lions , arquebuses and sables and 1 61 crossbows . In 4 General Saris was employed by the

East India Company in opening up trade with Japan , and was received in a very friendly manner by certain of the his Japanese feudal lords . As a result of observations he wrote to the Captain Generall of the English appoynted to “ Japan that he should make some small present to the

his son . t daimio of Hirado and Iki , and to The fittest hings for the owld Kinge wilbe a vest of delicatt fine blacke Cloth

These barbarities cannot compare with those recorded by travellers in m ediwval

India . Sometimes this manner of execution [tearing asunder by elephants"is used Alsoe throwne do s bredd r by the Kinge [of Agra"and great men , to gg for that pu pose . O m S om et m es a o ntin e ther ty es to wilde beasts , Yea , y pp y g certain men to teare the Cuttwall Com m aunded Offender with their teeth , of which Chaun was said to bee one , thereto by Jehangueere [Jahangir"because hee was a bigg fellowe and had a good ” ” te t XXV sett of teeth . The Travels of Pe r Mundy , Hakluyt Socie y , ser . II , vol . ,

2 2 . p . 3

DOG -BRE EDING lyned through with black coniskinns made sweete ; to his head eec or ett thin es sonne a fair p and g g , a box of all such g m astife as ar belonging to a faulconer , quayle calls , a , a watter ” 1 61 8 spaniell and a faire grayhound . In Q ueen Anne sent six horses and thirty couple of hounds to the King of 1 62 France . In 3 James presented Louis with another pack , 1 62 and in 7 Louis XIII intimated to his Sister , Henrietta a x e t M ria Q ueen of England , that he would e p c four hunting dogs of

In ancient China all treasures , including pearls , jade , or l rare anima s , were considered to be Imperial property , and their producers were bound to offer them in the first instance to the Emperor , who was accustomed to give generous fi reward , by of cial promotion or otherwise , in return . The breeding of dogs possessed another incentive to the early

Chinese , not known to the inhabitants of the West , for in i s was Ch na con iderable importance attached , on superstitious and grounds , to the colour markings bred in dogs . For tunate markings might bring honour to a family and to its was ancestors . This superstitious belief encouraged , if not ” originated , by geomancy or Feng Shui . Similarly , the reputed occurrence of a Chilin or phm nix was the most and auspicious of events , and the donor of such rare precious natural products to the Chinese Emperors was always richly

. r n as rewarded The appearance of ce tain marki gs , such a black or yellow coat in conjunction with a white head , or two white forelegs in a black dog , was hailed as sure presage of i official appointment . S milar superstitions survive to this day in quaint couplets and proverbs which even now influence

- the breeding of dogs . In pigeon breeding the Chinese have h progressed a step farther than with t eir dogs . They have

. . l A. . 20 . Voyage of Capt J Saris to Japan , Hak uyt Soc App . , p 9 ” " e 1 Cal ndar of State Papers , Venice . 4 7 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN evolved many species which have constant colour charac teristics , each with its special highly imaginative Chinese name , and each favoured by particular fanciers .

Hard times and the overthrow of the Manchus have , s however , done much to extinguish Chine e interest in breed ing dogs . Had the Peking breed remained as fashionable as it was in the early days of the nineteenth century , it seems probable that the Chinese would have succeeded in per etuatin p g several varieties , each with characteristic markings , and Am instead of the one race now produced in Europe erica , a which is an malgamation of the characteristics of several , bred irrespective of markings . To the Chinese , saturated

- with superstition , folk lore and literary myths , every colour has r a value , and every marking serves to c ystallize some imaginative thought which can convey little to the foreigner ignorant of Chinese underlying thought . r i Should a man breed a white dog with tiger ma k ngs , l remarks one of the old geomantic books , he shall short y become an official entrusted with piculs (roughly ”

600 m . tons) of rice , from the Govern ent

The ancient Book of the Five Elements , rather more s exacting in its requirement , proves that dogs of various : ' colours existed in early times in China , as in Assyria 1 Should a man breed A la k b c dog with white ears , he Shall become rich and

noble .

A white dog with a yellow head , his family will become

prosperous . “ A yellow dog with white tail , his family Shall have

oflicials in it in every generation . d Ke Chih Ching Yuan (Clear Spring of ancient knowle ge) . u 1 The Assyrians and Babylonians were acquainted with dogs of various colo rs , and for they derived omens from piebald dogs , yellow dogs , black dogs , white dogs ” ” r e . . n 1 1 2 the rest . Mesopotamian A ch ology , by Percy S P Ha dcock , Macmillan , 9 1 p . 9 .

DOG-BREEDING

- hi A black dog with white fore legs , many male c ldren l wi l be born to the family . i - i k A yellow dog with wh te fore legs , he w ll have good luc . i w The breed ng of a white dog ith a black head is lucky , r and will bring a man iches . “ A white dog with a black tail will cause the family ” through all generations to ride in chariots . With these Old superstitious beliefs may be compared the ancient Parsee rite for expulsion of the corpse- drug from the dead by means of a dog having two spots above the eyes or As as of a white dog having yellow ears . soon this dog ” has looked at the dead , remarks the ritual , the Drug flees back to hell in the shape of a fly .1 Numerous historians refer to the care bestowed by the

Emperors of the Tang and Sung Dynasties upon their dogs . e These Emperors , unlike the English kings , who when r sident at Greenwich kept their sporting kennels at the Isle of Dogs , appear to have bred their dogs in the palace , and even in the Wan Imperial ancestral temple . Under the Emperor Li 1 6 —1 620 was ( 5 3 ) this prohibited , and one of the eunuchs , l guilty of keeping a sma l dog in this temple , escaped severe ” n m pu ishment only on pay ent of a substantial squeeze . In Europe remarkable freedom was allowed to dog- owners ” the a oflice - by medi eval Church . The of dog whipper , whose holder ’ s duty was to keep the congregation ’s dogs in i s was order wh le in church during service , held in numerous churches in England , and in some persisted beyond the middle of the nineteenth century . On the Continent , too , it was customary to allow dogs to enter sacred buildings with their masters . At Avignon the dogs made love or war , and ” barked in the churches at pleasure . I In ancient China onl y members of families in which there were officials were allowed to ride in carts . a the Ze ve l ii 1 S cred Books of East , nd A sta , vol . iv, p . xxxv . Notes and ueries O 18 I Q , p . 343 , ctober 97 . D 49 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

The Chines e Emperors used their expeditions into the hunting-parks for the training of their armies and for demon strating their power to the tribes of Mongolia . Each of the soldiers became a huntsman or beater for the occasion .

Similarly , though it does not appear likely that all of the vast number of dogs used possessed powers of scent , any more than do the great majority of dogs to be found in the the - Villages of hunting parks at the present time , every available dog was pressed into service . 1 22 1 28 Friar Odoric , who spent three years between 3 and 3 n in Peking , took the opportunity to make diligent i quiry ” all from Christians , Saracens and all kinds of idolaters , who ’ told him with one v0ice that the king s players alone tum ans amount to XIII men) that , of those others t who keep the dogs and wild beasts and fowls , here be XV tum ans of leeches to take Charge of the royal Person ”

00 t . there be 4 idolaters , eight Chris ians and one Saracen Marco Polo further speaks of two barons as having ” c s m astifis harge of the hound , fleet and slow , and of the , T and states that each of them maintained a body of men dressed alike , the one lot in livery of red , and the other in blue , to accompany the Great Khan to the chase Of the 2000 was men there were , each of whom in charge s a- of one or more dogs , and when the Prince goe hunting , one of these barons with his men and something 000 like 5 dogs I goes towards the right , whilst the other goes towards the left with his party in like manner . The whole ’ l n ine extends for a full day s journey , and no a imal can i escape them . Truly it s a glorious sight to see the working the as of dogs and the huntsmen on such an occasion , and

Cathay and the Way Thither , Yule . M ’ 1 arco Polo , Marsden s edition , translated from the Latin . ’ I Marco Polo , Marsden s edition reads the dogs of different descriptions ” are not fewer than five thous and . DOG -B REEDING the Lord rides a-fowling across the plains you will see this big hunt come tearing up , one pack after a bird , and another it h as pack w h a stag or some ot er beast , it may hap , and running the game down , now on this side and now on that , ” is so that it really a most delightful Sport and spectacle . The Ming Emperors devoted too much of their time to the breeding of cats . One of the eunuchs registered a protest

ns t - so agai t the practice , complaining that the ca s were noisy that the Imperial children were caused to sicken and die . He remarks that the cats should have been confined to special quarters , and suggests that the Emperors encouraged their sons to interest themselves in the breeding of cats and pigeons eunu hs because , surrounded by p and women , they might fail l the r to rea ize importance of rea ing children . Critics of Chinese success in dog- breeding may point to the absence of high development ~of powers of scent in

Chinese dogs . It must be remembered , however , that the

British pointer is a dog of modern times , produced since 1 6 0 5 , derived from a foreign race , the development of whose has powers resulted from careful selection , and whose very

- existence is due to the fowling piece . As evidenced by ” n o mention of sporti g dogs in the Bo k of Rites , written in

B C . the seventh century . , the Chinese vie with the Romans for the honour of being the first to record use of the dog in h the chase . The first int of the employment of the dog in the pursuit of other animals is given by Oppian in his ” ne ti a 00 Cy ge c . He attributes it to Pollux about 2 years ” after promulgation of the Levitical law . T Breeds have become stable in England only in recent years fix a with the ing of st ndards and the use of shows , started in London in 1 836 1 and almost accidentally at Newcastle in

Enc clo e diaB itannica . Marco Polo , Yule . f y p r , The Dog 100 Toy Dogs and their Ancestors , p . . 5 1 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

1 8 5 9 , which have become possible on account of modern s improvement in transport . That the Chinese should have i been able to secure h gh Specialization of breed in pigeons ,

- goldfish , lap dogs and cats is a strong testimony to their realization of the importance Ofselection at a time when Skill was in in the same art less developed Europe . Development of the breeds of Pekingese dogs probably owes more to the efforts of the palace eunuchs than to those as of their Imperial masters . An Emperor such Tao Kuang and his consort would , by their enthusiasm for breeding set u pigeons and dogs , the fashion , and the e nuchs , more ort — than a thousand in number , living in the F y eight

Places of the palace , would vie with one another in endea vourin set g to breed to the standards up , with a view to securing either favour from their superiors by presentation ff m of good specimens , or profit from o icials si ilarly inclined , by sale .

Shows , breeding to closely defined points , and the keeping of careful pedigrees , have never existed in China . The only recognized standards to which dogs have been bred are - as those contained in the dog books of each Imperial master , ai painted by the Court p nters . Very few of these books ’ have been allowed to leave the Imperial and princes palaces . Each Emperor caused illustrations of his favourite dogs to be made by the Court painters in books or on scrolls , and in a was this w y set the current fashion in breeding . The highest compliment a Chinese breeder in Peking can give is to judge that a specimen is good enough to go into the sa - book , that is to y , into an Imperial dog book . Such of these books as have been obtained portray dogs closely as a i - resembling the Pekingese type , lso the Sh h tzu ” dog and the Pug . The old belief recorded of Jacob when he took him rods 5 2 DOG-BREEDING

and of green poplar , and of the hazel chestnut tree , and pilled r was white st akes in them , and made the white appear which still in the rods and used them in breeding , still persists and both in Tibet China . The Tibetan Lamas state that

- images of the Tibetan lion are used in breeding the lion dog . The eunuchs of the Peking palace use pictures of good dogs

- and dog scrolls with the same intent .

‘ The late Empress Dowager bred her pe t dogs chiefly with a view to developing symmetrical markings . There appears little doubt that both she and her predecessors strongly encouraged the lion- dog idea on account of the implied comparison of themselves with Buddha . The Old was Buddha herself , according to Miss Carl , strongly against the development of any abnormality or artificial was modification of shape . This not the view of the palace eunuchs , however . They endeavoured to modify develop was ment of body in many ways . One method to allow the t dog to take little exercise from the third month to maturi y , w i ith the idea of lessen ng the appetite , and thus retarding t grow h . Some of them were accustomed , even in recent i years , to hold the growing Spec men in the hand for days at m a ti e , inducing , by gentle pressure of the fingers , a slight exaggeration of width between the Shoulders . Another i was art fice the feeding of the puppy with sugar , but it is s a t was i t ted hat this found to induce th rst , with the result that there was a tendency for the nose to lengthen on account

- of i . over drinking , especially dur ng the third month During - is this period nose development said to be greatest , while the development of the legs is believed to be most intense during the fourth month . Consequently , from weaning , the about the fortieth day to ninetieth , strong soup only and no water is given to the puppies . One method alleged t was as to have been in use for arres ing development , in the 5 3 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

- case of foot binding , particularly cruel . It is said that the e C s puppi s , when small , were enveloped in wire cages lo ely

fitting the body and not removed until maturity was reached . The methods of securing shortness of nose were more ff various than e ective . They appear to have been in vogue e only among the more ignorant breeders , and the bett r informed are persuaded that the only reliable means of securing good points is by careful selection in breeding , a matter which is becoming increasingly diflicult in China through dearth of good specimens . It is a common practice to break the cartilage of the nose with the thumb - nail or a chopstick while the puppy is from can three to seven days old , but this be detected on account

- of the exaggerated snoring of the mutilated dog in after life .

Dr . J . E . Gray , in describing the skull of a Chinese Pug 1 86 Ofthe s nosed Spaniel in 7 , remarked , The nose Chine e or Japanese Pug is said by some to be artificially produced l by force sudden y or continuously applied , but this is cer tainly not the case in the skull that is in the British Museum for the bones of the upper jaw and the nose are quite regular

and similar on the two sides , showing no forced distortion of as any kind , such is to be observed in the skulls of some ” - Bull dogs .

Other breeders feed their puppies from a flat plate , or encourage them from the age of three months upwards to

bite pigskin stretched on a board . Others will massage the the nose daily , with the object of restraining growth of O obstinate organ , which , only too ften in Peking , appears to l u be but ittle st nted by this persistent snubbing .

' Dogs are largely bred in Mongolia for their skins .1 There

On e Pu - - the Skull of the Chin se g nosed Spaniel or Lap dog , by Dr . J . E .

G Proc . 2001. S oc. 1 86 . 0 . ray , , 7 , p 4 ” ‘ s . 20 . 1 Alexander Ho ie , Manchuria , p 5 5 4

CHAPT E R IV

SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS

HI S heading is intended to include all breeds which

- are not toy dogs . No breed can be said to exist in as the East , in Europe , for the special use of the ak amateur sportsman . Game is captured for the s e of food , and the element of sport , though attractive to the Chinese and Japanese hunter , is a minor incentive . Consequently , the term sporting is here applied to all dogs used in the capture of game , and includes the chow , the greyhound , and

- the wolf hound . It may be contended that this classification “ ” is no great improvement on that of the Book of Rites . As a matter of fact , no such classification can be perfect , for dogs closely allied to the typ e which has become fixed in England under the name of chow are used in China for n as the hunting of deer , the shooting of pheasa ts , guard dogs , as for the production of furs , for edible purposes , and sledge dogs . Numerically , this race is probably the most important in the world . Extreme poverty of the people , and increasing has difficulty of maintenance , weakened this most democratic and of all dog races , caused it to deteriorate , but throughout China there is a distinct resemblance to the chow in the miscellaneous unclassified local breeds . - n t Laufer figures nine relief ba ds on vases of the Han dynas y , n con ected with hunting scenes , the representation of which

had become conventional at this period . The quarry is in the its several cases wild boar , well characterized by short , 5 6

SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS

its its clumsy body , long protruding snout , the Shape of head , ” and its . n c entre d terre short , erect tail The dogs , gallopi g , d but are described by Laufer as greyhoun s , the tail of the conventional representation is thick , and the body too sturdy for such a breed , which , moreover , would be a type light am as for the hunting of g e of such weight the boar . Laufer suggests that the four scenes on the first of these relief the ~ sarne t bands illustrate consecutive stages of chase , hus describing the story of the same dog pursuing and finally boar reaching the same in four scenes , which thus become a ” - moving picture . ‘ second - The r Han relief band illustrates tigers , with well defined black stripes , in flying gallop and trotting . A rider how on horseback , Shooting with and arrow , a galloping hound in pursuit , and what may be a hare or a deer . Laufer describes this scene as a greyhound hunting a hare characterized un ”

. so mistakably by his long , upright ears and short tail The called greyhound , however , has a thick neck , sturdy body , and broad tail . A third relief-band I also represents a galloping grey ” n hound . A other of the same period includes three hounds ff hunting stags , two of them unfortunately much e aced , t but the other so happily drawn , wi h its long , pointed head , k ” big breast , and thin loins , that it is unmista able . A fifth band includes tigers and what are apparently dogs having short , erect tails , Short legs , and of build much more sturdy than those hitherto shown . Though it is not possible to define the exact points of these a e rly varieties of the canine race these Han potteries , in v as tu addition to their vi id interest artistic s dies , certify to the

- fact that pursuit of the tiger , the wild boar , the deer , and of

in s n t u . Ch e e Pottery of the Han Dy as y , La fer , plate xlvi

: l I bid . I te I bid. e 1. I I bid. e 111 . 1 ., plate xlviii I bid., pla xlix , plat , plat 5 7 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN the hare with dogs was a pastim e current among the ancient use Chinese . The breeds in were , no doubt , adapted to some extent to counter the ferocity strength , speed , and elusive powers of each quarry respectively in a land which was gradually being denuded of forests and entering a state of

o close cultivation . The name of the chow breed of dog appears to have originated from pidgin English , which , now rapidly was disappearing , a trade language composed of a mixture of the most easily intelligible English and Chinese words used in early trade intercourse in South China . In this was u mixture there originally a large element of Portug ese .

Some suggest that the word originated as pidgin Portuguese , ” ” d as erived from che , the Chinese for to eat , used the s fir t word in the customary Chinese greeting , which means P Have you eaten rice At one period the Chinese , whose ” - was trade in ginger , or chow chow , with Europeans t he important , became known by name of chow . It is , therefore , probable that the name chow , as applied to the dog commonly found in Canton , simply means a Chinese dog , and does not refer to its having been used for food .

To the Western observer , the Chinese appear to have been far more successful in modifying the colour and form of canine br' eeds than in improving the powers of scent and i Sporting qualities of their dogs . Th s is no doubt largely has due to the fact that for the last hundred years China , from the point of view of sport , gone backwards . The r Imperial hunts have been given up , prese vation of the Imperial hunting- parks and game protection have ceased - n throughout China . The Shot gun , know to the Emperor Ch ’ien Lung— to whom a specimen now to be seen in the National museum in Peking was sent by George III of ” England— though made in China is used for commercial 5 8

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN a I have mentioned , however , to wit that from M rch to ” October , everybody may take these animals as he list .

Many writers have suggested , basing their opinions upon ’ translations from Polo s work , that the dogs employed in these ff o Imperial hunts were of masti breed . Some have gone s as m far to suggest that , in consequence , they must have co e a from Tibet . It appe rs likely that the word used by Polo represented merely dogs having considerable Size , strength , and hunting instinct such as were found in Europe and were used for hunting heavy game . The French word from which mastiff is derived indi ’ Its cates a mixture in the dog s race . earliest types were found a d both in Gaul n Britain . This race helped no doubt to produce the huntingdogsfor which Britain was justlyfamous in medie val ’ 1 0 VI I I S K times . In 5 4 Henry envoy to the ing of France ’ : whom e wrote The Constable took me to the King s dinner , m asties him we found speaking of certain you gave at Calais , and how long it took to train them for when he first let Slip

- one at a wild boar , he spied a white horse with a page upon him , and he took the horse by the throat and they could not off pluck him until he had strangled it . He laughed very heartily at telling this , and he spoke of the pleasure he now

- takes in shooting with a cross bow , desiring to have a hound ’ that would draw well to a hurt deer . Your Majesty s father w sent to King Le is a very good one of a mean sort . I hear you could not do him a greater pleasure than send him such ” a hound . has This dog , however , changed in modern times . The mastiff of Tibet was larger than the old English (whose ears - l t the were formerly often semi erect) , but is sma ler han f 2 — 0 modern English masti f, averaging 7 3 inches at the ’ shoulder . This evolution modifying the dog s form to

Calendar of State Papers . Henry VIII . 60

SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS the purpose for which it has been from time to time most useful has ended in the race becoming fixed by the modern show-system as a guard - dog The modern mastiffhas an ” excellent nose but is of little or no use for sporting purposes . This type of dog cannot be the same as that which existed in i t the s xteenth cen ury . The Chinese Imperial hunts have been given up for a century and upkeep of the dogs has long sinc e ceased . It

' BOUND REP RESENTED ON HAN BAs -RELI EP OF THE HsiAo T ANG SHAN (FROM A RUBBING) may be that specimens may be found with the chiefs of some of the Mongol tribes but with the gradual extinction of the k big game of China it is unli ely that many of the hounds exist . Representations of these hounds are found in certain ’ ’ pictures of the K ang Hsi and Ch ien Lung period from

Jehol . Laufer figures hunting- dogs of the Han period from ’ has - rubbings taken from reliefs at Hsiao T ang Shan . These

- 1 0 B .C has may be roughly dated 5 . One of these reliefs , of a colossal Size , shows eight hunters foot , carrying nets over their shoulders and eight dogs preceding them . All the aforementioned greyhounds and hunting-dogs

u ’ ’ ” o e ff Chambers Encyclop dia . See Rev . M . B . Wynn s History of the Masti ,

1886.

61 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

have smooth- haired tails only two (on the has- reliefs of the ’ l Hsiao T ang Shan) are represented with bushy tai s , the hair being drawn in an ornamental and much exaggerated manner ” on the lower side of them .

Turning now to fowling , Laufer is of opinion that Chinese has culture in hawking been derived from Turkish tribes . He states that from a study of the history of has falconry in ancient Europe , demonstrated that Turkistan the - r must be considered to be mother count y of falconry , whence it was carried to the Occident during the first invasions

in the Migration of Peoples . The whole method of hawk t a raining , as laid down in det il in the Chinese and Japanese ’ falconers books , coincides in such a striking manner with the

same practice followed in Europe , and also by the Persians and

Arabs , that it must needs be attributed to a common source of ori in s g .I To mention only one of many in tances the hood ,

a leather cap for blindfolding hawks in order to tame them , n was u known to European falconers before the Crusades .

It was introduced by the German Emperor Frederick II ,

who adopted it from the Syrian Arabs .§ The use of the hood has been well known to Chinese falconers since times of

Old . , and is still prevalent in China The origin (of falconry) can be sought only in the vast steppes of Central Asia and in ” the culture of the ancient Turks . II This statement is based upon discoveries of silver objects

in Siberia , upon which falconry and the use of hunting i as as birds are represented , bel eved to date from early the Klem entz - later iron period . made a find of a wall painting ” 2 2 Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty , Laufer , p . 7 . Reallexicon l tu 1 Schrader , der indogermanischen A ter mskunde (Strassburg ,

p . 2 1 1 . Da I For an account of the modern use of hawks in Japan see Japan Day by y ,

. 8 1 et se . by Ed . S . Morse , vol ii , p . 3 q

Venandi A bus 1 2 . De Arte cum vi , 45

2 1 . [I Laufer , Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty , p . 3 62

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN Laufer states further The oldest representation of fal conry in China is found on one of the Han has - reliefs ’ * of the Hsiao t ang shan . A man on foot holds a falcon on his right fist and a greyhound is hunting a stag in front of re him . The next in point of time a two wood engravings in ’ - a " t the dictionary Erh y , 1 which may be stated to presen a rather faithful copy of the illustrations to this work extant in the fourth or sixth centuries . At all events , it may lay just claim to the honour of being the oldest graphic book- illustra tion of falconry in the world the oldest English (and alto gether European) representation I being from an Anglo Saxon manuscript of the end of the ninth century or beginning h of the tenth , preserved in the British Museum . W ile the oldest Chinese book on falconry seems to come down from D 18 the Sui dynasty (A. . 5 the first European print on the subject is the German book of Anon , printed in Augsburg in Though Kaempfer remarks of the Japanese They hunt i but little and only with common dogs , this k nd of diversion so being not very proper for populous a Country , and where there is so little game , Capt . John Saris wrote about eighty years earlier of the Captain Generall of the garrison of

Fushimi Hee marched in very great state , beyond that the and others did . He hunted hawked all the way , having his s own Hounds and Hawkes along with him , the Hawkes being and hooded lured as ours are . Their horses are not tall but the m idlin of Size of our g nags , short and well trust (trussed) , O small headed and very full of mettle , in my pinion far ex ” I ennet tom a e celling the Spanish in pride and s ck .

cu Chavannes , La s lpture sur pierre en Chine , p . 7 7 , and plate xxxviii . " 2 b 1 Book II , p . 3 . ” The new I Joseph Strutt , Sports and Pastimes of the People of England , e i o 1 8 8 8 . . d tion , L ndon , 9 , p . 8 , Fig 3 ” - n 16 2 161 . 5 Voyage of Joh Saris , Hakluyt Society , 1 3 64 SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS Arkwright remarks that the first European reference to ” dogs which know of beasts and birds by the scent , dates

AD . 1 260 ai ani from about , and opinion appears f rly un mous that they came from Spain ; as one talks of a greyhound of ” - Britain , the boarhounds and bird dogs come from Spain ,

remarks an early writer quoted by the same authority . A nother writer remarks that Robert Dudley , Duke of North

um berland 1 0 was . , born in 5 4 , who a compleat Gent in all ” was the suitable employments , first of all that taught a dog ” to sit in order to catch partridges . This , no doubt , was the method practised with the spaniels 1 mentioned fairly

frequently in English records of the time of Henry VIII . The Sporting spaniels were originally large dogs and became

- modified to pointers by selection and cross breeding . No n hound or greyhound , spa iel or other kind of dog to go in the streets by day unl ess hardeled or ledde in leses or lyams or

otherwise , so it be no noyance under pain of forfeiture a d ’ to the t ker and a fine of 4 . to the owner . And again , ’ ’

was 6s . d. Robin the King s Majesty s spaniel keeper , paid 5 9 for hair cloth to rub the spaniels with and for meat and h lodging at Maiden ead and Windsor and at Putney , when ” Hartforde the King dined at my lord of s . I The figure from Laufer ’s Chinese Pottery of the Han ” h Dynasty , which is a composition from rubbings from a as eriod re resents relief of the Han p , p a form of sport practised t in China to his day . Whether or not the possession Of

n . 6 10 . The Poi ter , W Arkwright , pp . and ' . s a nel s an el s a n el 1 Spaniel Murray gives the forms p y , p y , p y gy (old French es ai nol es az neul a S ai nol 1 88 c p g , p lg , Sp nish dog p g . First mentioned 3 . Chau er, ’ ” ” u . 26 s a nel b m 1 10 Wife s Prolog e , p 7 For as a p y she wol on y lepe , 4 . Master

G . . . 1 82 s a nel shulde of ame (M S Digby , p ) A goode p y not be to rough , but ” shulde . 1 62 1 . n his tail be rough Burton , Anat . Mel . Like a rangi g Spaniel e S a nel s an ell that bark s at every bird he sees . p y and p y were also used in the fourteenth century a Spaniard . ” e t 1 2 1 6. I L t ers and Papers , 5 4 and 5 4 E 65 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN powers of scent for birds is indicated must remain a matter

for conjecture , and the dogs are somewhat roughly drawn . On the right are two pedestrians carrying bird - nets of the size now used in taking quail in China . Before them are two hounds having rather bushy tails , erect ears , and long muzzles , o galloping in pursuit of two hares , identified by their sh rt t tails and long ears . On the left ano her hunter holds a grey

in . hound leash Above the hares is depicted a dog , appar ently in quest , but conceivably at point . Above the grey a hound is bird , probably a hawk , hovering . The taking of quail with nets of exactly the Shape repre a sented , and with dogs of chow type , having rudiment ry use scent and point , may be seen in by native hunters in many r - the pa ts of China to day . Pheasants also are captured in same way , a hawk being sometimes used to prevent the quarry from rising or running . Hares are captured in similar fashion . The following is the Chinese description of a hawking party carried out by one of the Manchu nobles in recent m times . Such parties were com on in the district to the north -west of Tientsin about 1 895 n The assistants were eight in number . Two ra gers led was the party from a distance . Their special function discovery of the form of the hare . Six men in charge

- of hawks and dogs were spread out fan wise behind , their m asters followin , ‘ g the party on horseback or on foot carry

- six C ing their long barrelled guns . Of the men in harge of s the dogs and hawk two held the hounds , rather thicker

. Two built than the foreign greyhound , in leash , one on ’ hu- either Side , carried large hawks (t u lit . hare falcon the name is sometimes applied to the goshawk) at their and r wrists , two at either extremity of the line carried spa row acci iter nisus is hawks (yao , female of p ; the name also acci iter ularis applied to p g ) . On discovering a hare the 66

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN ffi the hare in such di cult ground the gun would be used . n In open country use of the gun is un ecessary . The gun being a match or flint -lock it was almost impossible to shoot nl birds on the wing . A hawk commo y used in the catching — Astur of hares in China is the huang ying (lit . yellow eagle alum barius the p , the goshawk) , which fixes its talons in sides of the bare and is dragged with spread wings until

- i - the quarry is exhausted . The chi y ng (lit . bird eagle) is

- the male of the huang ying and weighs about 25 lbs . Being small of body it is suited only to the catching of pheasants . The Han has - relief mentioned above was found in the ’ Village of Chiao Ch eng Chi , west of Chia Hsiang in Western

n . Sha tung The explanation of the scene depicted , made by ” the editors of the Kin Shih So , the Chinese from which the illustration is derived , reads On the lower panel uail one man leads a dog , two men carry nets for the q . A re re pheasant and a hare are running at full Speed , for it p ” sents a hunt . This , however , must not be taken more seriously than the remarks of other Chinese literary com m en tators written at late periods with a view to elucidation of h technical subj ects of which t ey had no special knowledge . Use of the fowling- piece and the art of shooting flying only in 1 ' came into being England about the year 7 25 .1 In Europe hawking had been superseded by the netting of partridges with the spaniel trained to set at the birds and to cause them to allow the net to be drawn up to and over them . Hawking , a the netting of quails , francolins , or partridges , and pheas nts , as well as the use of the muzzle - loader and breech- loader sporting- guns are all practised Side by side in China by the

- natives to day . In South China the capture of birds is less

Vol . iv ., section Shih So . ' Notes and ueries zud e . 06 Edinbur h Review u 1 82 1 Q , seri s , V , p 3 ; and g , A gust 5 , vol . xliii , p . 45 7 . 68 SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS

n in practised tha the North , on account of the idea that birds exercise good geomantic influence over the country . Notices are often posted in Southern villages to the effect that neither birds nor the trees on which they roost are to be destroyed . i In Chinese fowl ng the faithful chow , or a close relation , hi ranks a good second to s master in the operation of capture . n Ever distrustful of stra gers , he is the faithful guardian of his 5 1d village , wakeful and noisy at night , sleepy persecuted during the day . Some claim for him on occasion the qualities of that deadly class of dogs which bite bitterly before they barcke fl e vo ce , for they y upon a man , without utterance of y , s snatch at him , and catch him by the throat , and most cruelly ” collo es fleas he byte out p of c . He is brave in the defence of his home , keen of nose , and untiring in the chase , though sorely oppressed by the warmness of his heavy coat , necessary as a protection against the thorns and prickly creepers which

- tangle his native thickets . His powers of scent are used to day as in the capture of birds for the table , just , in all probability , - was before the European bird dog invented , they availed the oriental hunter in the capture of antagonists in the favourite

- fi htin Chinese sport of quail g g. His staunchness at point may be but Slight . Sportsmen , however , who know him will agree that the Chow or the pointer- cross is best fitted to stand the rigours of the China climate , and that in his native thickets and tangled clearings he will , by his forceful tactics , behind such inveterate runners as the strong- sinewed Mongolian

- pheasant or the swift legged francolin of Yunnan , bring birds to the gun , while the staunchness of the foreign pointer dis tin uished field- g in trials , brings seeming mockery from the pursued , and is to the fowler little less than a delusion . 1 802 White , in , writes of the importation of a pair of dogs ,

’ Dr. a n Caius , Abrah m Flemi g s translation quoted in Praise of the Dog, Ethel

E . Bicknell . DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

v . as e idently chows , from Canton He says they were such are fattened in that country for the purpose of being eaten they are about the Size of a moderate spaniel of a pale yellow colour , with coarse bristling hairs on their backs ; sharp upright ears and peaked heads , which give them a very fox h - h l . ike appearance Their ind legs are unusually straig t , as without any bend at the hock or ham , to such a degree to give them an awkward gait when they trot . When they are in motion their tails are curved high over their backs like bounds bare those of some , and have a place on the outside m from the tip idway , that does not seem to be matter of acci

- dent but somewhat singular . Their eyes are jet black , small and piercing the insides of their lips and mouths of the sam e colour , and their tongue blue . When taken out into a field the bitch showed some disposition for hunting , and dwelt she on the scent of a covey of partridges till sprung them , giving her tongue all the time . These dogs bark much , in a Short , thick manner , like foxes , and have a surly , savage demeanour , like their ancestors , which are not domesticated but tied up in sties , where they are fed for the table with

- rice meal and other farinaceous food . These dogs did not ” relish flesh when they came to England .

This is a good description , except for colour , which varies

- almost infinitely between jet black and snowy white , for the

i - a breed as it exists in Ch na to d v. Native hunters insist that his tongue Shall be black . Similar dogs are used for drawing sledges in Mongolia and the Ninguta and Sanhsing districts of Northern Man churia . The Tartar dogs are much valued , and deservedly they harness them to sledges which they draw over the snow ’ and frozen rivers . We met , says one of the missionaries , to whom we owe the map of Tartary , a lady of Ussuri who

’ i 1 802 . Wh te s Natural History of Selborne , vol . ii , p . 7 7 , 7 0

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

The Gre hound Wol -hound and Kansu Gre fiound y , f , y

Existence of the greyhound at an early period in Shantung Province is proved by a rubbing from a has - relief of the Han u period at Wu Liang in Shant ng Province . The greyhound , i k as which is altogether unm sta able , is described by Laufer

Sitting on the ground in front of a carthorse , a man standing on and its left , as seeming to belong to the people driving in the cart . The same figure of a greyhound , in exactly the has - same posture , is delineated on another relief, also here squatting in front of a cart whose horse has been unharnessed and is standing to one side under a tree , while a man , probably the teamster , is to the left in front of the dog . In North China the long - dog is known as the hsi - kou

- - or thin dog , often qualified by the name Min tzu , a prefecture in Shantung said to have been famous at one period for the breed . The legendary Heavenly Dog is represented as being The of this breed . term is probably the antithesis to that of ” - n the short dog , introduced from the Southern Sha si States about 1000 - i Both rough and smooth coated variet es of the dog exist , n fre a d they closely resemble the British race . The known quency of intercourse betw een Eastern monarchs renders it probable that this dog is akin to the Persian greyhound , of 1 which race a specimen reached England before 85 8 . It was used in hunting the wild - ass and antelopes as well as the cours ing of hares . On the cutting of the crops of maize , millet , and

- wheat in the vast plains north of the Yang tse , numbers of hares are left without cover . The villagers spend their spare time coursing them with these dogs . The European dog is n d ack owle ged to be superior to the Chinese , and is said to

e Chavannes , La Sculptur en Pierre en Chine , plate xxv .

1 . 1 Chap . i , p . 6 7 2 SPORT ING AND GUARD DOGS

have been crossed with it to improve the breed . English an greyhounds were famous in Europe , and article of export 1 1 instruc in the fifteenth century . In 47 the following r tions and orde s were given to Francisco Salvatico ,

Councillor of the Duke of Milan , about to go to England We desire you to obtain some fine English hackneys of those called hobby for the use of ourself and the as as duchess our consort , well

some greyhounds for our hunting , a laudable exercise in which we k so ta e great delight , and we have decided to send you to England where we understand that each of these things is very plentiful and of

rare excellence . We are giving you a thousand gold ducats for the purpose to buy the best and finest

horses you can find and dogs also . In order that you may find and buy them more easily we are “ “ R R N ’ E o i ’ s ’ i el - sending w th you Rossetto , our 2m ; viixiiinein fnfriimifi a “ m m “ m ster of horse , and two of our

- dog keepers , who know our tastes and the quality of horses ” and dogs that we require . Salvatico was unfortunate enough to fall into the hands of was the Duke of Burgundy at Sluys , where he consigned to the

castle and stripped of all his letters and things , but after

diplomatic representations was released . Two months later he wrote from France that he was much perplexed as to af ” what to do , with English fairs in their existing state , and t was and hat he all ready to go also to proceed to Ireland , ” obico whence all the hackney ( ) horses come . Five years later there was trans mitted to King Edward a 7 3 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN letter from the Duke of Milan to his Am bassador : We Brebur were especially fond of , whom the King sent , but whether from Change of air or some other accident he fell t sick , and hough we gave him every care he died . This has t caused us much grief . We beg His Majesty to send ano her dog of the same race , as nothing would give us greater pleasure . ” We send the present bearer for no other reason . Sforza , 1 8 the Duke of Milan , wrote to King Henry in 4 7 The two noble dogs which we desired from your island have ” arrived safely , and nothing could please us better . In 1 5 84 Stafford wrote to Walsingham to entreat you for some i greyhounds , especially Irish , or the largest sort of Engl sh ” ones for the Cardinal de Medicis . T A little later the East India Company began to take energetic n steps for the opening up of trade with Japan and Chi a . In doing so it made use of the high reputation of the then and existing British breeds of dogs , they became a common article of export on the British ships . There can be little doubt that greyhounds from England reached China at this period . In 1 614 Captain Saris recommended the sending of a son i fine greyhound to the of the Daim o of Hirado . In the same year the Governor of Surat requested the East India Company to send as presents for the Great Mogul - a looking glasses , figures of beasts or birds made of gl ss , ” f ni masti fs , greyhounds , spa els , and little dogs . ’ ’ In 1 61 5 the Company s factor wrote that King James s letters had been delivered to the King of Acheen an d other “ parts of Sumatra , and suggested a corslet and helmet will be b him well accepted y ; he takes great delight in dogs , and also nk Acheen in dri ing and making men drunk . The King of replied to King James begging him to send him ten mas tiff ” " - 1 1 . I bid. 1 8 Calendar of State Papers , Milan , 47 1 , 5 3 4~ 74

SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS

sit dogs and bitches , with a great gun , wherein a man may ” upright . A separate Chinese variety is known as the Hsi Yang Min d tzu , and comes from the Mahommedan istricts of Kansu and

Shensi , where it is used for hunting hares and foxes . It is a

- diminutive greyhound , short coated , beautifully proportioned ,

r . of distinctive type and b eed . A large variety is said to exist

‘ ‘ ‘ i 1 Three specimens were brought to Peking IT i g 4 . Measure ments of two of these are appended .

Nose to joining on of neck Girth of skull Girth of muzzle Length of neck-joint to shoulders Girth round neck Girth Offoreleg Girth of thigh Girth Ofchest Girth Ofloins Neck to tail Length of tail Length Ofear Age

Colour

- A kindred breed of coursing dog is the Chinese wolf hound , which is found in the encampments of the Mongolian princes , i and is used for hunting wolves and foxes . Many of the ch efs 0 t have from 4 to 5 0 couple of hese hounds . Few have been

o . seen by Europeans . They are said to be Similar to the B rzoi Two of them were brought to Tientsin some years ago and are remembered , when escaped from their keepers , as having captured a Pekingese dog which was unfortunate enough to

" a te IndiCS 1 1 - 162 C lendar of the Sta , East . 5 3 5 7 5 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

cross their path , tearing it to pieces and devouring it on the spot . “ - The hunting dogs are clever in seizing wild animals , and are kept in great numbers in Mongolia . These are the ’ hunting - dogs higher than stags that Chou Po- ch i of the Yuan dynasty mentions in a poem in his Diary of a Journey ’ to the Capital .

Nothing is known of the origin of the Tibetan mastiff . German writers have assumed that the ao dog of the tribes was has of Leu of this breed without , as been remarked already , fli i n is su c e t historical basis . The Tibetan mastiff certainly ” a large dog and the Erh Ya , a Chinese dictionary written n ma y centuries after the importation of the dogs of Leu , describes the Character ao as referring to dogs four

(ancient) Chinese feet high . Laufer remarks that the word " ao ’ was probably never a current term for any Species of i dog but , see ng that a similarly formed character with the same ” ” n sea-fish sound represe ted a huge , a huge turtle , a ” - bird of ill omen , a worthless fellow , originally implied the

‘ notion of something huge , weird , and extraordinary .1 There is no Chinese evidence suggesting that a race of ff i masti s existed in Tibet in preh storic times . Export of mastiffs from Tibet into China has never been recorded by the Chinese nor have they mentioned the existence of a large the race of dogs in that country which , originally home of

- tribes semi nomad , became consolidated under one ruler and A known to history only in the seventh century D . That fierce dogs of large Size existed in China in early times is proved by the discoveries of pottery figures of guard dogs in Laufer graves of the Han period . I illustrates the full

figure of a dog of Han pottery , with green glaze which , for

’ n fu o 2 . 2 a. A nals of Ch eng te , Jehol , Bo k 9, p 5 ” " . 2 . I bid. x . 1 Pottery of the Han Dynasty , p 5 5 I , Laufer , plate l iv 7 6

SPORTI N G AND GUARD DOGS

has . the most part , dissolved into a silver iridescence This dog is clearly a sturdy chow of a type commonly found in has - Yunnan Province . It prick ears , bushy and well curled

- erect tail , straight hind legs and non pendulous lips , but large

- eyes and broad head . These tomb dog figures have evidently e n the b e made in large numbers , usually on cheap scale current in modern Chinese funeral offerings and grave fur nishin s these Han g . Strongly characteristic of guardian the - dogs are massive collar and body straps which , by their - was stoutness , indicate that the guard dog of the period and - extremely powerful . In their form , neck chest band connected by a strap in front and bound into an iron ring ffi over the back , they clearly originate the e cient harness with which the Chinese have been accustomed to hold their more powerful dogs in leash through historical times . The iron buckles at the side of the harnes s are strongly made and very characteristic . The tail in some of the clay specimens is bushy and well curled over the In others , however , f though curled , it is Short and with no brush . Stif ness of the hind legs so characteristic of the chow breed is clearly shown in these It may be that these pottery tomb - dogs are the repre sentatives of dogs which were in the possession of the deceased , and that at an earlier period the dogs themselves were

- - - The Assyrian dogs of Asshur bani pal wore plaited neck collars . Judging from ’ Handcock s the reliefs and clay figures reproduced in work , the curl of the tail of ff these dogs is Open , and does not closely resemble that of the Tibetan masti breed .

The ears are not pricked , but rather pendulous . The hind legs are not straight , and are n bent in run ing . The suggestion by Layard that the Assyrian breed is still extant in Tibet (though not in Mesopotamia) does not seem justified . 1 The only peculiarity that I have noticed about them (the Tibetan mastiffs) is is that the tail is nearly always curled upward on the back , where the hair displaced ” n k by the constant rubbing of the tail . A . Cu ningham , Lada , Physical , Statistical ,

1 8 . 2 1 8 . . and Historical , London , 5 4, p Cf White on the chow dog When they are in motion their tails are curved high over their backs like those of some hounds , the and have a bare place on the outside from tip midway , that does not seem like a matter of accident , but somewhat singular . 7 7 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN slaughtered that they might accompany their master ’s spirit ’ its in journey . All Americans believe in the soul s journey to another world and some speak of the bridge leading to l heaven , and others of the Mi ky Way as the path of souls . i The custom of remov ng the corpse by a special door , found l i and among the A gonquins , is anc ent in China and Thibet , was once well known in Europe also . The dog Slain at the ” the as tomb becomes guide of the soul , in Persia . The inclusion of dogs in burial ceremony can be traced was back to the Copper period , when man still using stone implements and had in Europe only two kinds of domestic

’

alustris C . interm edzus . dog (C . p and ) A young girl of the ’ period has been found to be protected by four dogs heads placed symmetrically with the fangs outwards and at the

corners below C . , a ircle of stones with animal bones The soil as w covered with a heap of small stones nearly six feet deep .

Elliott remarks that this , no doubt , superstitious ceremony may have had something to do with the ever-present danger of wolves . The people who lived in this village belonged to the Crom agnon and Furfooz types ": A similar custom exists among certain African tribes at the present time , a dog being slaughtered at the burial of a hi f -sacrifice c e .I It is believed that in Africa this dog has taken the place of the sacrifice of slaves or of enemies captured he - defined - in war . T well leading harness appears to indicate that in China the idea was rather to provide a guide for the spirit through the darkness of the future existence . Similar harness may be seen on dogs leading the blind in China at the present day . Clay figures of the human servitors of the deceased are

” R . . 1 08 . The ise of Man , by C R Conder , 9 ” 1 1 1 Prehistoric Man and his Story , by G . F . Scott Elliott , 9 5 . ” b Trerna ne . I Ban of the Bori , y y 7 8

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

t and well rained , which are got in the mountains of the ” country .

- In the Province of Yunnan the musk and barking deer , — l 0 0 lbs . which are smal beasts of 4 5 in maximum weight , are hunted with chow dogs of somewhat larger size and weight . Both deer inhabit mountain forests where thin t undergrowth and plen y of rocks obtain . They feed upon

- grass , and in the case of the musk deer upon moss and lichen .

- They are very active and sure footed , traversing rocks and precipitous ground with great agility . It is unlikely that the Tibetans have ever used dogs of mastiff size for hunting these deer . The wild yak , on the other hand , is known to inhabit the open slopes of Tibet , and the use of a large

its . heavy dog in capture is natural 1 Yule notes , Mr . ’ - lu t Cooper at Ta ts ien , mentions a pack of dogs of ano her breed (than the large Tibetan dog) , tan and black , fine ’ animals of the size of setters . ’ r The German suggestion , based on Ma co Polo s account , that in his time mastiffs were exported in great numbers from Tibet to China , cannot be correct . He certainly does mention that there were vast numbers of mastiffs I ff at the court of the Great Khan , but the word masti or masty was one having a broader signification in those days than in these of shows and careful definition of points . The

S et . W . Yule , The Book of Marco Polo , third edition by H Cordier , London ,

1 0 . . 2 . 9 3 , vol ii , p 5 ’ Shi Pallad. Trans 1 8 1 In the Mongol text of the Yuan ch ao pi ( . 4 ) in one case , the valour and fierceness of the Mongols are compared with those qualities in the “ o O dogs of Tub t . The Chinese translator (fourteenth century) renders dogs f ” Tubot Bretschneider e . by dogs of Si fan . , Medi val Researches from E ”

s u 2 . A iatic So rces , p . 3 , vol . ii ’ ar Vi 220 a I Mastiff. Murray s Diction y , vol . , p . , st tes that the word is more s mestz or less confu ed with old French f, mongrel . The form mastin occurs only in ’ : M tin 1 0 Caxton s translations from French cf. d . The word occurs first in 33 as m as tif 1 60 1 . 2 18 : Cas tabaleans . Holland , Pliny , i , The Colophonians and ” Of - maintained certain squadrons mastine dogs for their war service . The forms

c u . masty , masti also occ r 80

SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS

ff has diflicult Tibetan masti , too , proved itself to acclimatize

in certain foreign countries , and is unable to bear the heat of

summer in North China . It appears likely that a foreign was mastiff race , possibly Mongol , originally imported into t was Tibet , and at that al itude developed into a breed of Size s and weight suitable for its uses . Re earch in Tibet itself

can alone furnish sound evidence upon the subject . Whether the Tibetans have bred a dog as large as possible with a view to securing some beast analogous to the dog- lion of their tu scrip res is a matter which may reward inquiry . Buddha

was AD 6 . The first preached in Tibet about . 3 2 Chinese remarked of the early Tibetans that they were accustomed to ”

k . sacrifice sheep , dogs , and mon eys This race of dogs is A known to be widely distributed throughout Tibet . c ‘ f cording to Rockhill ,1 mastif s are rare in Eastern Tibet . Pratt states that the best specimens round Tatsienlu come ff from the Deggi district . Rockhill figures a masti which he k describes as of Punaka stoc . I Ramsay § says that pure mastiffs are procurable only in Lhasa , very handsome and costly to purchase . “ During the seventeenth century Tibetan mastiffs were not well known to the potentates of the East , and could not have been exported to them , for they , and especially the Shah of Persia riz ed as , p exceedingly such mastiffs they could procure from England through the East India Company . ’ In 1 614 the Company s representatives at the Court of the King of Aj m ere wrote that all the dogs sent by King

Of 20 . Rockhill , Life Buddha , p . 4 ~ ournal R Asiatic S oc 1 . 1 8 . 2 ci se 1 j ., 9 , pp 44 q. ” i l R . I Explorat ons in Mongo ia and Thibet , ockhill ” 1 8 0 . Western Thibet , Lahore , 9 , p . 3 3 ’ Compare in Nain Sing s description of his Visit to the Thok Jalung gold mines ree At the door of the tent was tied one of those gigantic black Lhasa dogs , of a b d ” ain i e - which N Sing at once recogn z d by his deep jowl and white chest mark . Tibet 2 1 the Mysterious , by Sir Thomas Holdich , p . 4 . F 8 1 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

James to the King died on the voyage except one young mastiffwhich was caused to fight with a leopard and killed

it , and also with a bear , which some dogs sent by the King so of Persia would not touch , and disgraced the Persian ” dogs , whereby the King was exceedingly pleased . Two ff p f or three masti s , a couple of Irish greyhounds , and a couple ” - - well fed water spaniels would give him great content . ’ 1 61 6 In Sir John Roe , the Company s representative at the ’ Court of the Great Mogul , wrote that of the Company s

presents the dogs only were well liked . The next year the ’ Company s factor wrote , From the Persian Court and army -five near the confines of the Turk , twenty days from Ispa n han , that amo g a list of necessaries desired by the next ff fleet were a suit of armour , two young and fierce masti s , as and , above all , many little dogs , both smooth and rough

as he . His aim haired , can sent women , it seems , do at this ” commodity . On the next day an additional list of toys required by the Persian monarch was sent Some choice

“ fi htin - g g cocks and hens , turkey cocks and hens , a dog and a bitch that draw dry foot— these with the little women ’s curs ” t he chiefly desires of any hing you can send him . Four years later , however , the factor at Ispahan states that Their present of dogs is almost come to nothing . Twig , Swan , and one of the beagles grew mad , whereof they died , albeit ” Fras . Mason hath taken great pains with them . The Persian demand for British dogs continued , however , for we find the factor at the Persian Court writing The king demands

f - coats of mail , masti fs , water and land spaniels , Irish grey

- - hounds , and the smallest lap dogs to be found , well tempered n k ives , some of the finest and choicest sorts of China , drinking i glasses , and a k nd of blue stone whereof they make powder ” for eyes . ff 1 Masti s continued to be exported , for in 625 we find in 82

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

” generally of a suspicious and cowardly nature . Bonvalot

mentions two splendid black dogs with red paws , enormous ” beasts with heads like bears . He also describes the Tibetan

- hunting dogs . Now and again we meet with hunters carry

ing matchlocks , forks , and lances , with powerful dogs in ’ - a leash , long haired like our shepherds dogs , and with bro d

heads Shaped like that of a bear . Many of these dogs are

- black , with reddish brown spots , this latter being generally the colour of their chests and paws as it is that of the hares to L the south of the higher tablelands q It is likelv that travellers have been mistak en to a con siderable degree in describing the Tibetan dogs as of

enormous Size . They are large and powerful , but the

appearance of vast Size is , no doubt , largely due to their

- very thick and long coat . The size of the black tongued chow dogs used in hunting deer in Yunnan Province

is very deceptive , as is immediately apparent when they

wetted. sus become thoroughly l These dogs , too , are of a icious p nature , surly and hostile to the white man . They

are not , however , cowardly in the chase . Travellers in Thibet Cite cases of considerable courage on the part of these dogs such as one in which a dog attacked a wolf without support

of any kind .

1 86 . . In 7 , Dr W Lockhart wrote that from Mongolia a

as as - noble black dog , large a full sized Newfoundland , is bi ou ht - g to Peking . He is used as a sheep dog . I His was function , however , rather protection than that of the

- as English sheep dog , for , Dr . Caius remarks It is not in En lande as g , as it is in France , it is in Flanders , as it is in shee e Syria , as it is in Tartaria , where the p follow the ” shepherd .

18 . 1 6 . Across Tibet , Bower , 94 , p

" ’ Bonvalot . 11 . 6. 1 Across Tibet , G . , Pitman s translation , vol , p 9 ’ Proc 2001. S oc . 186 1 6. I . , 7 . Abraham Fleming s translation , 5 7 84 SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS Very few specimens have reached Europe or have ever been

seen by foreigners , consequently , attempts at accurate de

scription of the breed do not seem justified . A pair of dogs ’ ” of the breed , including the Prince of Wales s Siring , figured ’ ” Dalz iel s was e in British Dogs , exhibit d at the Alexandra 1 Palace Show in 87 5 . The race is represented throughout Mongolia by species f r no doubt closely allied , which , in size and e ocity , approach T those of the native of ibet . The partiality of Chinese leopards for canine diet is crystallized in an Old Chinese ” the saying , The dog is the wine of leopard . In Mongolia ,

however , the tables are turned , and the natives attribute comparative freedom from leopards to the ferocity of their

dogs . So fierce and dangerous are these , that the Mongolians are obliged by their laws to come out and protect travellers

entering their encampments . Until they receive this pro tection - , horsemen remain in the saddle foot travellers keep as the dogs at bay best they can with sticks . ff The race is similar to the British masti , but stronger and The more heavily built . head is longer , the pendent ears

- larger , the lips deeper , the tail long and brush like , the coat The heavier , and the expression more fierce . colour is often The black or brown , with light muzzle and legs . race , native of a country whose tablelands average ft . above sea diflicult level , is to acclimatize in foreign countries , apparently through inability to bear the heat of summer . A pair taken to the alpine climate of Yunnanfu in 1 9 1 1 succumbed within T four months . The ibetan priests have occasionally suc ceeded in rearing the breed in Peking , keeping the dogs in a

" cellar during the hot weather . Sarat Chandra Das 1 con sidered was that the race found in a wild state in the country . He speaks of a collection of stuffed animals in one of the mon

. 11 . 1 8 . 1 88 . Vol , p 5 1 Narrative of a Journey to Lhasa , 5 85 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN asteries , including specimens of the snow leopard , wild iff” sheep , goat (called Dong) , stag , and wild mast . Das mentions that the dog was prized as a m ost useful animal by all classes in Tibet . The killing of dogs was severely punished . If a dog is killed by blows on his hinder part it is to be taken for granted that it is to some extent as n blameless , it must have been running for its life and bei g chastised or pursued . In such instances the compensation - dok i f 2 for a good house dog is 37 rupees , for a py or masti f 5

and 1 2 . rupees , for a common dog rupees If a dog is killed l by blows on its head the offence is considered very ight . In such cases the dog is considered to have been the offender

- and to have been killed in self defence , so that there is no m punishm ent . Old English law had less sy pathy for the dog and his master “ If any person have a dog liable to and hurt people he hath notice thereof and if, after , he doth any hurt to cattle or otherwise , it is a misdemeanour of the highest kinds ; and if he doth bodily hurt to any of His ’ so is ns Majesty s liege subjects that death ensue , it Ma laughter or Murder in the owner of the said dog , after notice , according ” to the circumstances . The importance of the house - dog to the Tibetans is shown by a further remark by Das When a thief steals a look or key or a watch -dog from a house his Offence will be tantamount to stealing the contents of the house or store to which these belonged . The stealing of a lock or key or a dog is the same ” as robbing the treasure which they guard . These customs may be connected with the ancient religious beliefs found in the Zend Avesta Whosoever shall smite ’ - either a shepherd s dog , or a house dog , or a vagrant dog or a

- hunting dog , his soul when passing to the other world , shall fly amid louder howling and fiercer pursuing than does the

tes and ueries th e . 2 . No Q , 7 seri s , viii , p 34 86

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

t lit le more pleasing . There is nothing striking , nothing n pleasing in its appearance . The inhabita ts are begrimed with dirt and smut . The avenues are full of dogs , some growl ling and gnawing bits of hide which lie about in profusion and emit a charnel - house smell others limping and looking livid others ulcerated others starved and dying and pecked at by ravens , some dead and preyed upon .

Das deals with the treatment of hydrophobia in Tibet . His remarks are quoted as an interesting comment on the superstitious medical practice which is , no doubt , current in now Tibet at the present day , and is only losing ground in China where in Yunnan Province a teaspoonful of tin - filings ’ and a similar quantity of copper- filings mixed daily in a dog s food are considered as a sovereign protection against rabies acustom no more irrational than the English use of a hair of the dog that bit , or the Arab appeal to sympathetic magic in seeking to cure hydrophobia by use of the head of a dog burnt ,

t . reduced to ashes , and kneaded wi h vinegar o The poison of a white rabid dog with red , flushed n se affects at all times ; that of a red or brown dog is more dangerous when one is bitten at midday , midnight , or sunrise

- 8 am . 1 m . that of a parti coloured dog , between . to p of m - spotted ones at 9 p . or at twilight ; of iron grey ones at night or dawn and that of a yellow rabid dog is sure to be m fatal when one is bitten at dusk or 9 a. . The baneful effects of this dangerous malady break out seven days after

the bite of a white dog , one month after that of a black dog , 1 6 - 26 days after that of a parti coloured , days after that of an

ash- grey , from one month to 7 3 months in the case of a red ,

t from the North and settles upon the carcase in the shape of a fly . Antiqui ies of ” 1 6 s Afghanistan , p . 3 , Wil on . h i h W en either the yellow dog with fair eyes , or the wh te dog wit yellow ears , is ” Z brought there then the Drug Nasu flies away to the regions of the North . end

Avesta , Fargard , viii , 3 . 88 SPORTING AND GUARD DOGS

- 3 to 7 months in that of a blackish yellow , one year and a

- n 8 half mo th in that of a spotted , and a year and months after

- - the bite of a bluish black or tiger coloured rabid dog . It is difficult to cure the disease when caused by a bite of the last a n m . ki d of dogs at 7 p or dusk , or by th t of a black dog at dawn but if a blue dog bites at midday , a red one at midnight , a spotted one at dawn , or a white one early in the morning , ” the patient can easily be cured . CHAPTE R V

THE CHINESE LION

Thelion not indigenous Popularity due to the introduction of Buddhism from India The lion in captivity in China Origin of lion-worship : The lion in Indian Buddhism The lion in Foism The lion in Lamaism De scription of the Lamaist lion The spirit -lion and the lion -dog Buddhist

- lion stories Chinese artistic idea of the lion The lion in heraldry .

history and attributes of Tibetan , Pekingese and Japanese toy-dogs are so closely interwoven with those of the Buddhist lion that a digression is h necessary in order to define their relations ips . At the dawn of historical time the tiger held pride of place and in popular imagination both in China Japan . It was * the king of land animals , and though deposed in China , r r r continues to be the royal quadruped in Corea . Ea ly ep e — scutations in pottery bore the character wang king fanci ’ the fully seen by Chinese in the tiger s forehead stripes . Absence of references in the old writings indicates that the lion was altogether unknown in China up to the time of its was introduction from abroad . The lion unknown to Feng ’ Shui , China s ancient natural science , and though the lion is

one of the twelve signs of the Chinese ecliptic , in some degree the analogous to the Signs of zodiac , as indicating the twelve sun places in which the and moon came into conjunction ,

h . the C inese have no constellation Leo Why then , it may be asked , have they adopted a foreign importation as lord of as beasts , as the commonest motif in their art , and the centre

e e . 2 . . Bushell , Chin s Art , vol , p 9 90

THE CHINESE LION of more symbolism and legend than any other beast in any country ? The answer is found in the close association of the

was . lion with Buddhism , which a foreign religion Buddhism as reached China directly from India , and indirectly , Lamaism , through Tibet . Lions are still found in India in the State of Kathiawarfi" has There is little doubt , however , that the lion never existed in the wild state in China . The few records dealing with it in captivity may be dismissed before entering upon more as abstruse subjects such the lion in Buddhism and Lamaism ,

- its symbolism and relation to the lion dog .

0 B C . The Chinese Emperors of the Han Dynasty (2 2 . ) were probably the first to become interested in lions . Chang ’ Ch ien , one of their envoys , returned from his Western

B C . f travels in the year 1 26 . and in ormed the Chinese Emperor of the wonders of India and of Buddhism . h Intercourse between C ina , India , Parthia and other 1 26 Buddhist countries became frequent from onwards , through the Sinkiang trade route passing north of Tibet . A The first recorded importation of lions occurred in D . 87 . An- They came from hsi , Parthia . Their close association with Buddhism accounts for the fact that from this time onwards they were frequently imported as tribute or presents from numerous Eastern states and also from Europe , until s the succe sive conquests of Islam , the declared enemy of all u unclean beasts , interr pted communications . Chinese artists have always been in difficulties in their representations of the lion . Few of them could secure access n s to livi g models of the king of bea ts . Consequently they had recourse either to the conventionalized figures , pure Lions were numerous in the northern parts of the United Provinces as late as 1 82 h the time of Bishop Heber in 4 , but are now found only in Kathiawar . T e last N 1 specimen recorded in orthern India was killed in the Gwalior State in 87 2 . The ” O 1 xford History of India , p . 5 3 . 9 1 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

and secondaril Lam aist for Buddhist , y , , their sacred represe m tations , or for lay pictures to the fanciful descriptions such as the Th that of the scholiasts of Han Annals . e lion

is - resembles a tiger , and yellow ; it has side whiskers and the soft hair at the end of its tail is of the size of a grain “ measure (tou) . In fact , the Chinese have never had a correct conception of the lion , nor have their artists ever drawn a natural sketch of a lion from life , but merely copied the fanciful conventionalized types of lions introduced into ” China from India with Buddhism . A 1 8 saw When the Chinese pilgrim Sung Yun ( D . 5 ) two n a young lions at the Court of Ga dhar , he wondered that the pictures of these animals , common in China , were not at all ” good likenesses . T Lions continued to be sent to succeeding Chinese Emperors ’ up to the time of K ang Hsi . The Portuguese possessed s lions , doubtle s for the purposes of propaganda , at Macao . The following note is recorded as late as the sixteenth “ century Nothing fetched so great a price among the s Chine e as a lion , for this beast does not occur in those countries . They look upon it with intense admiration , and ” give any price for it . I Old paintings of tribute -bearing embassies to the Chinese Emperors include lions gambolling with a multicoloured ball . Kublai Khan followed the example OfAlexander the Great in keeping lions in his palace . After State banquets the wild beasts were paraded as a diversion for the Imperial guests . Then came mummers leading lions which they caused to salute the lord with a reverence , says Friar Odoric .

- i . 2 8 . Ch nese Pottery of the Han Dynasty , Laufer , pp 3 9

‘ ” Z . 1 . Yule , Marco Polo , third edition , vol . i , p . 399 ” 2 8 . I Cathay and the Way Thither , vol . ii , p . 9 92

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

hunting lions overcame two bears , one of them weighing 1 00 3 catties , and deposited the skins stretched over wooden dummies in the Yung Ho Kung (Lama temple) , where the m du mies may still be seen . It may be that these hunting lions were useful rather for the prestige they gave their masters than for the hunting itself . Rameses II and III each possessed a tame lion which accompanied them to t h bat le and attacked the enemy . Budge , owever , remarks that they were probably more valued as symbols of the - as ff s be Sun god than e ective combatants . The Egyptian lieved that a god was always incarnate in their king . Passing now to the religious aspect of the subject it may be suggested that the origin of lion -worship goes back to a time when lions were very plentiful in Northern Africa and ’ in Asia , and perhaps to a period when man s unequal struggle with the King of Beasts was habitually decided in favour of the latter . The lion was worshipped by the Egyptians and was sun- usually associated with the god . Sacred lions were kept at many places throughout Egypt . By the time of the Ti lath- il r ese s oo B.C . reign of g p , King of A syria , 7 , lion was worship probably in its decline in that country , for lion hunting had become the favourite sport of the Assyrian Nineb kings , and this ruler boasts , Under the auspices of 1 20 (God of War) , my patron , I killed lions in my youthful u ardo r , in the fulness of my manly might on my own feet SOO and lions I killed from my chariot . This humbling of was was the lion effected probably in Syria . Lower Egypt

n B .C occupied by the Assyria s early in the sixth century . , but by its close the Assyrian power had been superseded by its that of Babylon , to be overthrown in turn by Cyrus , King

s B .C . of the Persian , in 5 39

The Persians , previous to the Mohammedan conquest , paid the special homage to the lion . It is not possible to define 94 THE o1= GOD I ON LIONS BEFO E TEMPLE CHIAO CHUN , OF COOKE Y R R ' R 1 66 . x AN G S D PEKING , 5 H I PERIO

S B S DE LAMAI T RONZE LION , MO RN THE OP S D (FROM TEMPLE A HOU EHOL , PEKING)

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

Buddhist approval of the setting up of curative arrange ments for beasts everywhere in India as far as Ceylon and to the borders of Antiochus the Greek King Chinese representations of the Buddhist true or sacred lions may be classified as being of two distinct types : the i pure Buddhist and the Lamaist . The former is that wh ch i came to Ch na with early Indian Buddhism or Foism , possibly before the division of Buddhism into the great Northern alandhara AD and Southern sects after the Council of J ( . and certainly before the arrival of Lamaism .

This variety is represented without harness . Its mane is not curled , and there is no orb or cub beneath the paw of male or female . The influence of this Southern Buddhism or Foism was strong in China up to the middle of the seventh century , when Buddhism declined rapidly in Northern India ,

finally becoming extinct , except in Ceylon , the Chinese lion ” country , whose armorial bearings are lions to this day .

What Buddhism lost in India , however , it gained in Tibet , whence (dating from the seventh century AD .) it obtained both religious and political supremacy . Buddhism did not establish itself firmly among the Chinese

AD . 6 until the year 7 , when the Emperor Ming Ti publicly encouraged Buddhist missionaries from India and himself embraced Buddhism . The practice of placing monuments before doorways in ’ is as n China recorded as early the a terior T ang Dynasty , — 1 66 1 B .C . about 7 7 5 3 , but the earliest recorded instance found in Chinese literature of the use of stone lions is in the official case of the palace of Huo Bin , an important who died ’

1 1 B C . . in 7 . , soon after Chang Chien s return from the West

Buddhism flourished exceedingly in China , and became the State religion in the fifth and sixth centuries . Early in ” Asoka , Vincent A . Smith . 96 THE CHINESE LION

’ A D 61 — 06 the the T ang dynasty ( . . 8 9 ) headquarters of the its was faith was moved from India , in which power fast H was h giving place to induism , to China , which t en a world as was m power , and such appealed to by any of the countries of Central Asia for defence against the rising power of the

Arabs and Mohammed . There is no doubt that representa ‘ as n tions of the Buddhist lion , as well of its living origi al , ’ became very common during the T ang and Sung Dynasties the golden period of Chinese art- though few have come down to us .

was AD . 1 206 Tibet conquered by Genghis Khan about , and Kublai Khan was thus brought into contact with

s . Lamai m He called the Grand Lama to his Court , and , after consulting the representatives of Christianity and several t as other fai hs , he ultimately adopted his State religion

Lamaism , which thus received a mighty accession of * strength . The Lam a priests of Tibet distinguished between true lions — the spiritual beasts whose images are found in the ” — - Buddhist sacred places and dog lions , the earthly beasts known to the menagerie . They teach that the true lion is a mountain spirit , having powers of instantaneous projection vi i through space , sible or invisible at w ll , and similarly i capable of infinite magn fication or reduction of size . The Lamaist lion was no doubt produced in Tibet before A D B the seventh century . . by the grafting upon uddhism of the - - s sun worship of Egypt , the nature worship of the race of the Euphrates Valley , the Christian influence of the Nestorians and superstitions of numerous cults persisting after the - u n break p of the Babylonian and Assyria empires . These W ere all subjected , for their visible representation , to Greek was influence , for Greek art , during the first three centuries

it ’ L . A. d m Wad ell s La aism . G 97 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

“ ex ortation and of our era at least , an article of p fi artists and artasters seem to have travelled everywhere in search of i employment , adapt ng the models of their native art to the

requirements of the local religion . Laufer remarks , I have no doubt that the prototype of the figure of the lion on the Han pottery reliefs found its way to China through the as i e same channels the design of the archer on horseback . . T he through the medium of Scythian and old Siberian art . occurrence of the lion on works of Scythian art is very a frequent ; and as to Siberia , we have m ny examples of it as on the famous gold plaques of the Eremitage , on which , in China , the lion is represented , particularly in hunting t scenes . The type of the Scy hian and Siberian lion is undoubtedly derived from Mycenian and Greek art , and thus the transplanting of it to Chinese soil is historically and ” logically accounted for . The Lamaists teach that the dog- lion is as inferior to the true lion of their religion as is the canine species to

the . leonine These species are , however , as will be explained later , closely connected in Buddhist lore , and the commonly found Western fallacy suggesting that Buddhists reverence

- dogs and that Chinese toy dogs are held sacred , based no doubt on the likeness between the sacred lion and the a Pekingese dog , has found support from the L maist association of the lion -dog with the sacred spirit - lion found in Tibetan scripture . Both Tibetans and Chinese have no doubt bred a race of toy - dogs to resemble as closely as possible their

- respective ideas of the spirit lion . The close connexion of Tibetan lore with Egyptian science is commented on by Captain Turner , one of the first English men to enter Tibet , sent by Warren Hastings in an endeavour 1 80 to open up trade intercourse in 0 . Turner mentions that

Buddhist Art in India , Burgess . 98

THE CHINESE LION

S oo oon Choom boo he received a visit from p , one of the l was ni high officia s , and remarks , He accompa ed by the s was Treasurer ; our conver ation extremely miscellaneous . ' ' in eunam szn ki * Egypt , their language , and the lions , g , were favourite topics of conversation with him . Between this country indeed and Tibet there seemed at some time or other to have existed a frequent communication , and Egypt appeared even now to merit respectful m ention whenever they named it . From hence perhaps they have derived their i veneration for the sovereign of brutes , which they ev nce by the distinguished place they assign him in their sacred architecture . There is no religious edifice but what is adorned with the head of the lion at every angle , having bells pendant from his a m lower jaw , and the same figure is equ lly co mon at every projection of the palace walls . It is certain that no contiguous country can supply an example of the animal i exist ng in it , in a state of nature , at this day . The lake Mauns erore was mentioned to me , as having lions on its i s as i n banks , but th s assertion I con idered fabulous , orig nati g possibly in a desire to attach greater dignity to the source of the Ganges and Berm apooter by adding to it one more object of veneration . Lions are the natives of a warmer region the burning sands of Nubia , Ethiopia and Arabia seem to be their proper as see habitation . But be this it may , we the head of the lion held up in Tibet with marks of high distinction and respect , though we can trace no certain clue to discover by ” “ what means he obtained the honour . 1 Laufer says that the Tibetan word for lion (seng-ge) was borrowed from the ' - — Sanskrit simha. Giles translates m an (suan z is a lion like animal occurring in ” in Chinese literature before the lion was known China) as a lion from Tibet . ’ t suan-m sen - e e Research may show hat and g g hav a common origin . ‘ An Teshoo 1 account of an Embassy to the Court of the Lama in Tibet , by

1 800 . Captain Sam . Turner , 99 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

In sharp opposition to Foism , which favoured simplicity , the Tibetans have done their utmost to centre upon the has lion , which in Lamaism become the most picturesque of i a ts . minor ret iners , the maximum of fable and superstition The Lamaists appear to have desired to conjure up a visible symbol of the power of their faith in order to impress its i real sm upon a people which , being isolated from the rest of the world , is uneducated , credulous and highly superstitious . The best representations of the Tibetan Buddhist lion which have come down to us are those of bronze or stone which stood originally in the southern doorways of the ’ Imperi al or Princes palaces or of the Lama temple in

- Peking . They represent a short bodied beast , well knit and of extraordinary strength , with massive legs and pads , head n somewhat recta gular , sometimes ornamented with stars nose short , the whole aspect being canine rather than feline .

- The face , with broad , thick pug nose and gaping mouth , shows the influence of early mediaeval art exemplified in the a ogres and gargoyles of Western religion . The m ne is

- extraordinarily bushy , wig like , in fact , and made up of curls as - of conch shells , with compressed volutes both right and - w left handed . A straight hisker or beard split in the middle hangs from the lower lip . There are fringes behind the

- fore arms and heels of the hind legs . The tail is short , with a bushy tip . The beast is harnessed with a broad and very open collar studded with brass openwork . From it hang pointed tassels or perhaps a bell attached by a ring to a

- - - ram horned lion head with flaring side mane , at the apex of the somewhat pointed chest . There emerges from behind

- - the mane a double tape like leading string , shortened by the knots and loops , resting on the back and terminating at insertion of the tail . These animals are , of course , recognized by all Chinese as lions distinct from all the numerous lion I OO

THE CHINESE LION like beasts included in Oriental mythology . Figures of the kind are invariably in pairs , one of which , the male , has its set r attern while right pad upon a ball of coa se embroidered p , the left pad of the female rests upon a lion- cub holding the

- beak like claws of the lioness in its mouth . The ethereal nature of the beasts is shown by flam e- like emanations often et represented as playing over their bodies . The figures are s each upon a richly embroidered cloth called t he Ching ’ ” ti erh - or Bible cloth , of a design found in similar

Assyrian monuments , which is used in Tibet for covering the temple tables where the sacred books are laid . This cloth overlies a low pedestal of framework design , which is also richly ornamented and similar to the tables , being built low to serve as a seat on which the Tibetan priest sits crossed legged when reading . A very frequent addition is that of a cord or noose held in the mouth of the lion as if in play . as Numerous small modifications and additions occur , such

Stars on the body of the lion . Similar stars are found on i Assyrian , Siberian , Tibetan and Chinese lions al ke , thus s - clearly demon trating a close common art origin . What these stars represent does not appear to have been explained . The relationship of the true or spirit- lion and the lion- dog is defined by the following extract from the Tibetan sacred writings In the West there was a Buddha named Manjusri (the Chinese Wenshu) who was always accom panied by a small hah- pah (pet) dog and who travelled the four continents as a simple priest . On his travels he one day met a Taoist who begged him to obtain an audience with

Manjusri . The Buddha invited the Taoist to accompany him to his home . When the Taoist had taken tea and rice , he again requested the Buddha to secure for him a vision of

Manjusri Buddha . The Buddha told him that he must observe his vows with great strictness and that Manjusri 1 0 1 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

would then be manifested to him . On this the Taoist , bursting into anger , cried vehemently , I am indeed keeping t my vows . If not , why should I have come hi her to see the o Buddha Then said the Buddha , If this be verily so , lo k ’ sk up into the y . The Taoist raised his head and perceived — in the sky a glow of five coloured light together with clouds s sa - of five colours . In the heaven he w the hah pah dog trans formed. into a mighty lion with the Buddha riding upon his had aflinit back . The Taoist y with Buddha in a previous was see incarnation , and consequently enabled to the true Buddhafi“ i It is of nterest to note that St . Thomas the Apostle , who is believed through the traditions of the early Church to H have propagated Christianity in India , igh Asia and to the

Walls of China , is represented by Indian tradition as having come to India riding upon a lion and accompanied by two dogs xf The association of a god with a canine assistant dates from the time of Anubis worship in Egypt . In Asia it can be traced back to a period anterior to the separation of the

Persians and Hindus , the myth being found in the religions sk of both peoples . The dog of Mithras , god of the y and a was divinity of light , venerated as the companion of the deity by the Persians . The worship of Mithras , deified before

- 0 B .C was 4 5 . , modified later by the star worship of the t am Chaldeans , who identified Mithras wi h Sh ash , god of the sun , by the Armenian religion , and by that of the Greeks of

Asia Minor , who identified Mithras with Helios . About 60 B C was . . the worship of Mithras brought to Rome , and it became so fashionable that during the second and third

D . l . centuries A . it constituted a formidable riva to Christianity Mithras slaying the earth -bull with the help of his dog

' . Mari nolli 1 8 . Tibetan Yuan Liu Ching 1 g , 3 3 102

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN introduced into the lion character to make it clear that a beast and not a human being was indicated . The composite nature of the character aptly illustrates the blending of the identities of the lion with that of the dog in the Chinese i magination . In Shantung the natives call the small lion figures which guard the roof- corners of all Chinese temples and date from ’ ” the T ang period hai pah kou (sea small dogs) . The deer ’ heads which guard the roof-trees are called Chang k ou

- - a shou (long mouthed beast or beast heads) . The geom ntic

- idea is that the dogs , resembling spirit lions in being the the denizens of deep , are able to protect buildings against the - w fire , and that long mouthed beasts devouring the ind are a sure protection against destruction by the powers of the air . Images of the Buddhist lion are found in miniature before the altar of the god in many Chinese households . They r undoubtedly pa ticipate in the veneration due to their Master , but though sometimes known to the unlettered as the dogs

F0 v as . of or Buddha , are not re erenced dogs In India from the earliest tim es the Buddhists pictured curious leonine creatures with dog ’ s heads among the mythical animals which worshipped at the sacred places in order to obtain a better incarnation . The Chinese idea of subjection of lions to Buddha is exemplified by two stories from the Life of Buddha compiled ’ t by Pao Ch eng , a Chinese monk of the Ming dynas y Devadatta turned the heart of King Ajatasatru against

Buddha , and persuaded him to come to his city with a view to crushing him and his disciples under the feet of inebriated elephants . On the next day at the hour of meat , Buddha and his arhats entered the city . Forthwith a herd of elephants rendered drunk with wine charged them with fierce trum pet 1 04 D E E S D A OF WOO EN LION , P KING LION FIGUR GUAR ING CORNER - . S PAVILION ROOF UMMER PALACE, PEKING

P ho o Z um brum P ekm t , , g

STONE PEDESTAL OF PAILOU BUILT BY THE EMPEROR YUNG L OU . MING BS . S THE B D D B TOM , NEAR PEKING ETHEREAL LION WITH EM ROI ERE ALL AN D TAPE- LIKE CORDS To /ace p 1 0 4

THE CHINESE LION

ings , overthrowing walls and bursting in houses . The arhats i m Anan ha took refuge by lift ng the selves into the air . d w alone remained ith Buddha . The elephants bore down

o . up n them , head to head Then Buddha stretched forth one hand whose fingers changed themselves into five lions which

' BUDDHA S VICTORY OVER “rm ; INEERIATED ELEPHAN‘I'S ' “ P DR. WI EGER S B DD ROM L. U HISM

t i roared wi h a voice shak ng heaven and earth . The elephants i prostrated themselves in terror , mark ng their repentance by ” the shedding of tears . A similar story is that of the subjection of the infuriated f bu falo . Scarcely had Buddha entered the jungle when the wicked buffalo burst upon him at a gallop with erect tail and lowered

s s . horn , bellowing furiou ly Buddha calmly extended his 1 05 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

hand , whose five fingers became five lions . At the same time a circle of fire surrounded Buddha , the lions , and the f infuriated beast . The bu falo , terrified by the lions and held

captive by the fire , prostrated itself before Buddha , hung its n ff head in a contrite ma ner and licked his feet . The bu alo and was the ceased to eat and drink , died , reborn a deva in ” heaven of Indra . The idolatry practised by the Lamas caused them to animate the lion images standing before their temples just as the feeling for nature in early Indian Buddhist art vivified the Western forms of sculpture introduced from Greece and

Rome . As a recent example of the veneration of the Buddhist true - lion there may be mentioned an incident which occurred in the case of a pair of Ming lions now standing in h n outside the Pek g C ien Men . When removi g these in 1 1 6 Fu May 9 from what is now called the Kung , in old days the palace of Prince Wu , east of the Imperial City , great difli ult c y was found in unseating the second from its pedestal . w f A Buddhist priest as called in . He o fered wine to the spirit on an altar improvised before the idol . An incantation written in red characters on yellow paper was then affixed to ’

Its t . the lion s breast . eyes were bound wi h red cloth The its idol then vacated pedestal without further demur .

A more recent example is reported from Honan . At

Ucheng every expedient had been used to attract the rain . After processions to the city temple and putting the idol out sun r to the a while had failed , the stone lions at the ent ance nk i of the temple were spri led with water . Th s failed also was to bring the rain . The south gate kept shut because ’ fire is in the South , thus causing travellers to make a detour of some miles in order to catch their morning train . T

i 11 . Buddh sm , vol . , Dr L . Wieger . North ChinaHe ald u r 1 20 7 r , Febr a y 7 , 9 . 1 0 6

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN symbolize docility and the subjection of hum an passions under the benign influence of religion appears so great a as l contradiction to be a most paradoxical and even grotesque . i It may , however , seem to the Ch nese equally grotesque in the Crusaders to have adopted lions of wonderful form as the commonest of armorial bearings when battling to extend i the by d nt of arms their idea of the faith of Prince of Peace . European heraldry and armory originated with the Cru i sades . The knowledge of natural h story possessed by the ae s as l medi val artist w imited . They proved themselves capable of depicting shaggy figures of lions frequently of astonishing tenuity of body , crowned with two heads , their tails being sometimes bifurcated and of remarkable length . These creations often boasted numerous other highly fanciful and astonishing characteristics illustrated by the British - - riti coat ofarms . The Chinese need not be too severely c ciz ed in adopting somewhat inaccurate sculptured representa tions for the chief animal retainers of Buddhism T and for connecting with these certain myths which are composed of too flimsy material to resist the test of modern scientific inquiry . Use of the lion as a heraldic emblem by the Chinese appears to have been only slightly developed , but that the heraldic idea has existed is indicated by the facts that the use of leonine images before doorways was restricted by law to temples and official buildings , that the size of their bronze or stone representations indicated the importance of the building

See Davies , Guide to Heraldry . u TThe inacc racies , moreover, are partly Indian . The conventionalized lion of ri u Indian art betrays its ante or Asiatic character, partic larly in the arrangement of - the mane . A series of lion like animals appear in art as early as the Asoka period . so- Especially these conventionalized lions became still more baroque . The called sardulas (N . India) and yalis (S . India) of the later Indian art are overloaded with ” . . Grunwedel i d . shaggy hair and petty curls A , Buddh stische Stu ien , vol v , 0 p . 7 . RE CHWT PAINTING OF LIONS (POPULAR TYPE) BY THE FAMOUS PAINTER REN HSUN DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

ffi n or of its o cial inhabitant , and that in certain pri cely

- palaces in Peking the door guardians are , to use the termi nolo Of gy of heraldry , statant instead sejant , the latter being

the customary posture of the Buddhist lion in China . It is l to be noted , too , that the Buddhist ions , like the Egyptian su gryphon , traditionally occupy the position of the p m edimval porters in heraldry , an art which is of course and i comparatively young in ts origins . In most exceptional cases only was it possible for a Chinese painter to see a living lion . Consequently the strolling street O ni artist , who even now continues to educate Chinese pi on in matters artistic , was obliged , in his efforts to obtain an

- accurate model , to fall back upon the word pictures of the literary , or the Buddhist statues . The literati , unfortunately , were anything but eflicient in powers of accurate description i As i and scient fic detail . already remarked , the Ch nese historians who recorded the first importation of lions described

as . them being bearded , with whiskers and hairy ears The bushiness of their tails and manes was likened to the horse or rhinoceros hair- tassel which figured on the top of the - oflicial old fashioned Chinese hat . Chinese painters love to portray the lion in a style restricted to a common type , showing variations only in detail . These variations were never so fanciful as the liberties in which mediaeval heraldic designers so freely indulged at the expense of the exact attributes of the Royal Beast . To the mediaeval knight the gryphon had a very real the existence , and weightiest of arguments would no doubt have been available to convince any who might have had the temerity to doubt the existence or importance of the griflin i prototype . It must be noted that the na ve temperament of Eastern nations disposes them to regard even animal images used decoratively as the living animals they represent . The 1 1 0

CHAPTE R VI

SYMBOLISM OF THE BUDDHIST AND LAMAIST LION

N Christian ecclesiastical art the lion is sometimes used

to represent the devil , who goes about like a roaring ” lion , but more frequently symbolizes the Redeemer its hf himself on account of royalty , courage , watc ulness , strength , and alleged mercy to the fallen . At the church door lions symbolized the watchfulness of God over His people , noting their going out and their coming in , and s spying out all their ways , watching al o for their protection and to guard the The significance of the lion in Buddhism is altogether “ different . Buddha placed the lions before his temple that i his priests m ght remember to subject their passions . The Lamaist idea is that Buddha on entering his temple has ordered the two lions which have accompanied him to seat themselves upon the altar- cloth - covered tables set at the door , and that by awaiting his return in motionless obedience they serve as a reminder of the subjection of the passions by the Holy Creed . It appears likely that the Tibetans owe the form of their and lion monuments to Greek travelling artists , much of their lion lore to the Egyptians . In Egypt the lion was a hieroglyphic or sacred character before the Chinese began to write and long before Tibet or the lion became known to ” Sacristy , Herr B . Eckl .

I 1 2 T o face 9 .

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

s Chine e Buddhism represents Wenshu Buddha , the God as of Learning (the Tibetan Manjusri) , riding upon a lion ,

- in company with Kuan yin , Goddess of Mercy , riding upon Pu- i a hou , and hsien upon an elephant , pac fying the warring n demons of the earth at the begin ing of history . Trans ference of the attributes of one divinity to a supporter is illustrated by the fact that the Buddhists accord to the lion a Its greater wisdom th n to any other of the lower creation . s its agacity is likened to the learning of master , Wenshu . The harness with which all Lamaist lions are adorned assists in symbolizing the servitude of the lion to Buddha . The lion was to some extent used in the sens e of being the m i as cha pion of Buddh sm , also a defender of Buddha and of the faithful ; for Buddhists often burn two lions made of fir i fi tw gs at the funeral of important of cials , with the object of expressing a hope that the guardians of Buddhism may f protect the deceased in the li e to come . A further use of the simile of lion-subjugation occurs in the Lamaist writings Buddha released the wild beasts of a certain mountain from the depredations of the lion by causing them to read his Bible . The lion , finding that he no longer hungered for s him their fle h and that they lived in no fear of , discovered the secret of the miracle from the fox . The lion then asked as was Buddha for instruction , and a result his temperament n h cha ged to active benevolence . By t is means it is proved ’ that the power of Buddha s Bible in leading to do good is i without l mit . The lion crouches before the seat of Buddha sit to eternity . Two lions before his seat , and eight lions ” around it .

u but u ver F ng Shen Pang , Popular Book of Superstitions (recent , ni sally known in China .) P ’ b 1 Cha u Lao P an Yuan Bi le . 1 14 SYMBOLISM— BUDDHIST AND LAMAIST LION

This is therefore a Bliddhist realiz ation of the pious thought contained in the Hebrew prophecy of the time when the leopard shall lie down with the kid and the calf and

W MAN USRI B DDH D N U A PU-RSIEN UP AN E PH AND ENSHU ( I ) U A RI I G PON LION , ON LE ANT, W AN -YI N MOUNT ING A HOU (YUN G SHEN PAN G)

” t the young lion and the fatling toge her , and the lion shall i ” eat straw l ke the ox . The attributes of the two lions before Buddhist temples are celebrated at religious Lion- masques held from time im as to t e all over China , Tibet , and in Japan , where , so- remarked by Captain Brinkley , the called Dog or Lion of F0 (Shishi no Kachira) is carried in the Sano procession in in - Tokyo . In Ch a a pair of lion head cardboard masks with cloth bodies , counterfeiting the temple guardians , are carried s in procession from certain temple . Sometimes they are made to halt at the temple door and playfully bar ingress to 6— Is . xi . 7 . 1 1 5 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

a n demons . They are then m de to follow a large k itted ball h to some eminence , where t ey sport with it to the delighted applause of large audiences . These plays are known as Shuah Shih-tzu or Exer ” iz in c g the Lions . They are promoted by the pious for collecting charitable subscriptions and at the same ‘ time acquiring religious merit . They are comparable to the old

English mystery plays . Several temples in Peking possess - s lion mask counterfeit of the . pair of lions guarding the temple entrance . The embroidered ball of the monum ents is represented in these plays by a coloured cloth attached to the a staff . In the illustrations player on the right will be seen holding this emblem . Although Buddha is now known to have been born about

0 D .C . 5 5 , the cosmogonical form of Indian Buddhism , as

as A.D was as early the first century ., set forth existent from was sun- all eternity . It therefore easy to incorporate myths , and the importation of these into Buddhism from a foreign was source largely influenced by the science of astronomy , in which the Chaldeans and Egyptians were remarkably advanced as early as 4000 years before the Christian era . To a sun- myth is probably due the representation of an embroidered ball under the paw of the male Lamaist lion in

- - - the temple door monuments . This lion and embroidered ball Shih- tzu Kun Hsiu Chiu design is the commonest as motif in Chinese art and , illustrating the triumph of wit over brute force , supplies one of the most frequently used proverbs in the language . Ancient pictures of tribute em bassies almost invariably Show the King of Beasts tamely following an embroidered ball . It may be recalled that each of the Swedish heraldic lions rests a forepaw upon a globe , and the lion of St . Mark rests its right paw upon a copy of the Gospel . There are two lion 1 1 6

JAPANESE LION MASQUE PLAYERS I N PORCELAIN

To face 1) 1 1 6

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

s with the Chinese lion , but without the attributes introduced i - into China by the Lama sts . Such lion guardians protect the I esasu d entrance to the tomb of Tokugawa y , who die in

A . 1 60 . n nl D 4 , at Nikko These guardia s are commo y found as in Japan in China at the entrances to temples (miya) . Another instance of error in knowledge of Chinese Buddhist art in Japan is the illustrating and describing Ofa Chinese i his i f lion as a kyl n by Kaempfer , who derived n ormation - i from a well educated Japanese . The Sh nto priests , too , - m s have lion i ages in their temples , though the e are clearly

Buddhist . The throne Ofthe Dalai Lama at Lhasa is supported by “ carved lions fi Similarly lions are found at the foot of the ne Japa se Imperial throne , serving as supports to the golden i the it chair upon wh ch Mikado sits . They s upright upon their haunches with straight forelegs . Their mouths are i are gap ng , their mane is curled in tufts , their tails bifurcated , ” Griflis and according to they are called Corean dogs . Griflis thinks that they may here typify the vassalage of

Corea , said to have been conquered by the Empress Jingu . ” the i Shinra She called K ng of the dog of Japan . T The lioness on the western side of the Chinese doorway has t - and her left paw resting upon an up urned lion cub , her its claws are in mouth . The whelp is supposed to be sucking is a milk through the claws , for the old Chinese belief th t the lioness secretes milk in her pads . These legends may be compared with the old European k ae a superstition lin ed in medi val times with Christi nity , that - was n the the lion whelp bor dead , and brought to life on a its third day by being bre thed on by father . These two Chines e superstitions are no doubt due to

be M ter ous b Sir 1 Thi t the ys i , y Thom as Holdich , p . 3 8 . ” Griffis athe erm it Nati n 2 T , Core H o , p . 5 . 1 1 8 - 1 1 BUDDHIST LION MASQ UE, PEKING , 9 4

8 Toface p . 1 1

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

- sun worship . The ancient Egyptian sacred year began with sun c the in the Sign of Leo , onstituted by two lions and a as whelp . It may be recalled , mentioned earlier , that the young lion and an old lion that couched were the twin - lion blazon of Judah . It is interesting to note that the Chinese lions were frequently represented as holding in their jaws a as broad ribbon , often pictured a piece of string or rope . In the Egyptian ritual the stars or planets are described as hauling the sun along with ropes , and the balance of the equinox was ruled by the two liOn-gods who pulled at the scales ropes of the T Again , in Southern Pacific mythology — especially that of the Maori , which is startlingly similar in — many respects to the Egyptian the s un hauls the full moon z up over the hori on by means of ropes . It is just possible that such ropes have some mythological connexion in an early conception common to these widely separated races . The existence of the old sun myth is further recalled by the frequent picturing of the stars on the head of the Lamaist lions . These are frequently found in potteries of the Ming é - period , and also in cloisonn incense burners of the time of ’ h Ch ien Lung . The C inese have no constellation Leo . i t S milar stars are , in Scy hic I art , found on the ibex and the horse and , in Assyria , upon lions . They much resemble the -fla s stars found upon Tibetan luck g , possibly pointing to the use of the objects as omens and Charms . The practice of using miniature lions as charms is universal in China to this day .

- S un do . i A g This name is not in use in Ch na . pair of lions , each with a ball

- beneath one of the fore paws , is placed before many temples of the Shinto religion

e s . in Japan . The Shinto pri st were originally worshippers of the sun Their religion , k - h li e the sun worship of the Egyptians , was much older than Budd ism , but in later r periods the two neighbouring beliefs have mutually bor owed many attributes . It is possible that the Shinto association of lions with sun-worship may have led to the ” - use of the term sun dog , current in Japan . ” o G . e . and i u 1 Bo k of the Beginnings , Mass y 1 Scythians Greeks. M n s 1 20 — B S RURNER S D ON E INCEN E , UNG PE IO R Z ' R (AUTHOR S COLLECTION)

SILVE SNUFF BOTTLE PAI OF IVO Y OPIUM BOXES R ' R 'R (AUTHOR S COLLECTION) (AUTHOR S COLLECTION)

MINIATU E B ON E LION AN D A CO EAN PU IFY HEA T PILL R R Z ' R R R (LION S MILK PILL) RECENTLY PURCHASED IN PEKING

Taj nat . rzo

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

his a e the snails crawled over head . L maism suggests that th lion had five large curls at the top of its head to simulate the

- l flags worn in the ancient head dress of high mi itary officials . ’ - Buddha said Upon the lion s head are five hair curls . l The middle one is a genera , and the others like unto his ” The - four flags . nine hair curls below are their support .

On referring to Egyptian mythology , we find that the two

- - lion gods wore a special feather head dress . Assyrian models ,

- tu B .C . not later than the seventh cen ry , show a sheath like — head dress which possibly began to be represented as curled a at about the s me time that the Buddhists , who originally - to represented Buddha with free falling , waved hair , began as ascribe to their deity , one of his superior marks , short and curly hair . Tufts of hai r on the legs of Chinese lion -statues have been

- mentioned . The well developed fringes on the legs of t Pekingese dogs are comparable to hem . The Assyrian lions were shaved when domesticated . Of the mane , only a frill or collar was left round the face ; on the body some tufts and bands of hair were left on the back , along the was flanks , and behind the thighs . The tuft left at the end of the tail fl‘

The r . . Book of the Lion , Si A Pease

1 22 ho o Z um bm m P ek i ng P , t , ) S S D ( SS , W EN HU (MANJU RI) BUDDHA RI ING ON A LION HUANG U NEAR PEKING s e m e was Hu u 4 7 y the E m eror u n i . ( i The ang S un was b ilt in $ 6 , b p Sh Ch h Th t pl ) re cen tly de stroyed by fire

Taj ace p 1 22

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN modern Pekingese dog came from Europe . In evidence of the fact that com munication with Europe existed at an early period it may here be mentioned that the name China is probably due to the country ’ s becoming known to the ’ Graeco- — 06 B C Roman world during the Ts in Dynasty (25 5 2 . .) — about the time of Ptolemy (247 222 A little later silk was introduced into Rome and Greece by the northern overland route . This overland caravan route became the thoroughly established during Han Dynasty , a hundred years before the Christian era . The profusion of silks which were worn by the wealthy Romans all came from the looms Han of in exchange for the products of the West , chiefly glass , steel , pottery , elephants , horses , and most probably , in View of the custom of including them as objects of exchange between states even at this early period , the pet dogs for which the Eastern Roman Empire and Greece were famous .

With the death of Ling Ti the Eastern Han Kingdom , u a which constit ted China , broke up into three p rts . These united for a short period only to be split into sixteen minor kingdoms which waged war among themselves for a period — 00 00 . six lasting roughly from AD . 3 4 No less than dynasties rose and fell before Buddhism introduced into China at the

B C . beginning of the first century . , became the dominating religion . By the year 420 of our era a decisive change was wrought the for China , full of the most important consequences for future of her literature and art and that was a Clear division of the groups of Chinese states into North and South — Dynasties the whole north , the ancestral seats , being taken over by Tartar conquerors . The Emperors of pure Chinese stock now moved their capital down to the lately civilized south . This separation , with relatively long intervals of peace between the two 1 24 HI STORICAL REFERENCES TO PEKINGESE TYPE — as t A.D . 8 60 sections , l ted nearly two cen uries , down to 5 9 5 , when the reunion of China was cemented under Yang Ti .

In these two full centuries Chinese culture , including poetry ”

was . and art , entirely recreated After the almost simultaneous blotting out of the Roman a the and Han Empires , the Tart rs and Huns largely blocked trade - route and cut offpeaceful traffic to a period as late as the middle of the fifth century of our eraf T Com m unications then for a second time became possible up to the end of the ’ A D T ang Dynasty ( . . when they were again disjointed by the spread of Islam , which no doubt interfered with ambassadorial and trading missions to China , but did not necessarily completely interrupt exchange of dogs . Islam , it Katm ir is true , classes dogs as unclean , but , the watchdog , was admitted to heaven by Mohammed for guarding the

Seven Sleepers . The Turks were not averse to presents of rare canine specimens . In the seventeenth century they

" succoured starving dogs and used dogs for hunting . The women , too , prized and reared Maltese dogs . The Venetian Ambassador in Constantinople wrote to the Doge and Senate 1 8 in 5 3 that the Ambassador of Q ueen Elizabeth of England , in spite of all the opposition offered to him by the French ’ Ambassador , has this morning kissed the Sultan s hands . He has presented His Majes ty with a most beautiful watch set t - wi h jewels and pearls , two pretty lap dogs , thirteen pieces of silver gilt . T In 1 5 94 he wrote that two great sporting dogs were requested of the Venetian Government a ’ in the Sult n s name . The Doge and Senate appear to have ff 1 60 had di iculty in satisfying the Sultan , for in 7 the Venetian Ambassador at the English Court wrote that he would execute the order of His Serenity the Doge to buy two big

Fenollosa e e Art . . . , Epochs in Chines and Japanes , vol i , p 35 ” T Calendar of State Papers . Venice . 1 25 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

fierce dogs to be sent to Constantinople as a present from He the Venetian Government to the Turk . sent them in 1609 .

Against the Emperor Kao Wei , of the Northern Chi 6 — fe Dynasty , who reigned 5 5 5 7 7 , and with Ling Ti and a w w the others kno n to Chinese as the Madcap Monarchs , it is recorded ’ A D Hu In 5 65 . . the Emperor gave the name of Ch ih or He red tiger to a certain Persian dog . also gave it the rank and privileges of Chun Chun (Closely allied to those of a duke) . The dog was fed with the choicest meat and rice . as It w granted the revenue of a Prefecture . When the Emperor was mounted the dog rode upon a mat placed in ” front of the saddle . The Persian dog referred to must have been small to have ’ been able to ride on a mat in front of its master s saddle .

The others were very possibly sporting dogs , for it must be remembered that this monarch ’ s inordinate love of the chase a d in lost him both his kingdom n his life . It happened this way

The Emperor , accompanied by a favourite concubine , left Hsinchow a Ping Yang for in Sh nsi on a hunting expedition .

During his absence , troops from Peichow attacked Ping Yang . Three successive messengers were sent in hot haste to ask r for reinforcements , but the Secreta y of State reproved them ’ all for wishing to interrupt the monarch s sport . The m was i E peror hunting one even ng , and had just killed when a fourth messenger brought him the hews that Ping Yang was t had fallen . Kao Wei hen minded to go back imme diatel y , but his concubine successfully implored him to make one more drive . Upon his return he collected a great army , surrounded Ping Yang and endeavoured , by day and by ' eh San Kuo Tien Lu of the T ang Dynasty . 1 26

HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO PEKINGESE TYPE

u night , to storm it . His soldiers t nnelled beneath the walls of the city and a part of it fell to the ground , leaving a great oflicers breach easy to be stormed . The Imperial urged a general assault , but the Emperor ordered them to wait for the arrival of his favourite . The preparation of her toilet , however , caused such delay that the defenders were enabled to barricade the breach with beams . A few days later the

i - his m Emperor , accompanied by th s concubine and inisters , was watching a minor engagement , which finally turned his i against troops , with the result that the lady , be ng stricken

s . with panic , coun elled flight Her fears communicated them selves to the ministers and als o to the monarch himself . h his Notwit standing great superiority of troops , the Emperor — first Tai uenfu . fled to y and then to his capital , Changtefu s The e in turn fell into the hands of the pursuing enemy , and , s fleeing toward the Province of Shantung , the defeated

was . Emperor caught half way Finally , together with his ” was . concubine , he executed References to pet dogs are numerous in the T ’ ang history The Emperor of the Turkoman country visited the Honan Emperor in 609 and accompanied the Emperor Yang i Ti on an expedition to Korea . He married a Ch nese princess his His on return . successor sent an envoy with two dogs , 618 one male and one female , to the Emperor Kou Tzu ( ’ was 6 1 Their height about tsun (inches) , and their length ch ih

little . (foot) and a .T These dogs were of great intelligence was They could lead horses by the reins , and each trained to i ’ i light ts master s path at night by carrying a torch in ts mouth .

These dogs were born in the Eu Lin country . I ’ ’ u Y P i T ung Chien . ’ On TThis was probably the Chinese builder s scale . this scale one Chinese foot 10 i of Ch nese inches is equal to 1 2} British inches . These dogs were therefore c 7 } in hes high and 1 29 inches long . ’ ’ ed b A» 60 u D 1 T ung K ao , by Ma Tuan Lin (liv a out . 9 , in S ng ynasty) . and ’ n T ung Tie by Tu Yo . 1 27 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

Fu F0 The name Lin , also read Lin , may or may not be ’ ‘ ’ ecs ww vroN v the Chinese transliteration of , said to be the origin of the name Stambul , but these dogs certainly came from the West , and there is little doubt that Byzantium , now

Constantinople , the Eastern capital of the Roman Empire , was designated by the The last distinct record of a communication from the A D 1 1 Byzantine Empire is found in . . 37 under the Emperor

Hung Wu . It is interesting to note that by this time the U Chinese capital was definitely fixed at Peking , but that p to the middle of the seventeenth century the Chinese literati continued to call the small Imperial dogs by the generic name of Dogs of Eu Lin . Modern research has shown that the silk trade between the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire and China was cons idered to be of very considerable r as importance by the Cou ts of both China and the West , well as by the Turks and other fluctuating peoples through 1 whose country the trade passed . In 7 9 there arrived in China an embassy from Eu Lin bringing lions and spiral n horned sheep . The Byza tine Emperor at this time was

Leo the Isaurian . There are definite records of at least seven direct embassies from Eu Lin to China between the ’

A D 600 1 00 . years . . and 4 Seeing that the powerful T ang ’ monarchs , whose empire in the case of T ai Tsung stretched Eu westward to the Caspian , displayed great interest in the

Lin breed of dogs , it would not be surprising if later research were to demonstrate that numerous specimens of the breed ’ Hsianfu were imported to , the T ang capital , direct from

Byzantium . am and The success of the Moh medans interfered with , possibly put an end to the Byzantine trade which had been

l Art Cathay and the Way Thither, Yule , vol . i , p . 44 ; and Bushe l , Chinese ,

P 7 3 .

HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO PEKINGESE TYPE carried on for a long period over a land route , through deserts and over mountains , requiring a journey of two years through the heart of Asia . Silk and other valuable mer handise c may have filtered through after the Arab conquests , i but as the can ne race is unclean to the Mohammedan , it appears less likely that dogs were sent as presents to China from Eu Lin after its capture by the Arabs . The fact that shortness of nose is not recordé d as a special characteristic of these dogs appears to indicate that they were remarkable for their small size and intelligence rather than for other special characteristics . Early writers refer to the remarkable small Maltese pet dogs from Zapuntello and Malta as being an article of export throughout the Near Fu East . This fact makes it more than possible that Lin dogs were of the Maltese race , but whether , in these early as days , there were two or three varieties described in ” - - A.D 1 . 7 5 5 , short haired or long haired or maned , and ” n in size resembli g the ordinary weasel , is of course unknown . Comparison of the Japanese and Pekingese races at early periods should throw light upon the nature of the small dogs of the time , for , if both the modern Pekingese and Japanese dogs are derived from the same ancestral stock has of this period , and if there been little subsequent crossing of the breeds , their ancestor must then have closely resembled

- these two present day races . We now reach one of the most famous references to small

re ordedl that dogs in Chinese history . It is c the Emperor ’ who A D 1 — Ming of the T ang Dynasty , ruled from . . 7 3 7 5 5 , had a favourite wife named Yang Kwei Fei , whose beauty is historic . It happened one day that the Emperor was playing

’ E N Johnston s lian Toy Dogs and their Ancestors , by the Hon . Mrs . eville 0 Lytton , p . 3 . I 29 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN at chess with a certain prince . Perceiving that her Imperial was the t his master certain to suffer indigni y of defeat , wife , was t who an interested spec ator , contrived to loose her pet so the dog upon the board , that pieces were upset and the

am . g e ruined , to the great delight of the Emperor This dog was was W0 ronounCed white in colour , and named (p ’

. i Waugh) It came from the K ang country , one of the n ne Pam ir kingdoms founded by the Emperor Wen in the s .T ’ Possibly the famous poet Yuan Wei Ch ih of this period was referring to this dog when he wrote the couplet quoted in K ’ ang Hsi ’ s dictionary

W0 How fierce is proud ,

Though still in his slumbers .

’ ’ The Emperor K ang Hsi s dictionary refers to the character ” W0 t a was , and states hat this n me applied to a race of was small dogs . The name probably in general use towards ’ the close of the T ang Dynasty . The first occasion on which the Ssuchuan pai I pro

e to a Stat d h ve been white in one only of many references .

n Eu Min . T Kua g Shih Lai , by Ho Hsi

Bai Do . u I g The Oldest generic name for small dogs is pai , prono nced in the ” n e a cient dial ct of Shansi approximately bye . It is recorded from the Han 100- 2 00 B m O- dynasty, .C . The mongol na e for pet dogs is N hai . The Thibetan is

’ a D 166 —1 The famous diction ry compiled under the Emperor K ang Hsi (A. . 2 7 23) q uotes two Old encyclopaedias as considering the word pai to refer to

( I ) A dog with short legs . Quotation from the Shuo Wen . Han Dynasty . About

A D. I 0 . 5 .

2 . K . ( ) A dog with a short head Quotation from the wang Yun , Sung Dynasty bo A D t a A ut . . 1000 . This authori y states th t the above character was also pro ’ nounced — in p ai pronounced pie English . ” - . K . A D . 1 000 . (3) An under table dog wang Yun , Sung Dynasty This - authority als o states that bai refers to a short headed dog .

H s in 1000 igh table have been used China for about years only . This quotation makes reference to small tables similar to those whose use survives in Japan to the e n pr sent day, so that the writers may be take to mean that bai refers to a race of " - - a small dogs which were generally short legged as well as short he ded . a - It will therefore be noted th t the character referred to a short legged dog from , at 1 3 0

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN the second in Chinese history of the five periods of peace

which allowed literature and art to flourish . For half a was century the country torn by internal strife , which resulted five in the establishment of successive dynasties , each lasting s for not more than ten years , and each ready , if occa ion ’ ff Hsianfu o ered , to change its capital city from , the T ang 6 metropolis . In 9 9 these warring dynasties gave place to

the great Sung Dynasty , which , for nearly two hundred

years , ruled in peace in both North and South China ,

and still continued to rule for another hundred years , at its Hangchow capital in South China , while desperately

fighting in the North with the Mongols , who finally over

threw it .

A.D 0 About the year . 99 an official in Ssuchuan gave the ’ Emperor T ai Tsung of the Sung Dynasty a Lo - chiang dog ’ named T ao Hua (peach flower) from Ho- chow (about fifty was miles north of Chungking) . It extremely small and very

. w intelligent It followed the Emperor every here . When was there an audience the dog preceded him , and by its bark ’ announced its Imperial master s arrival . When the Emperor ’ T ai Tsung was ill it refused to eat . When the Emperor died its the dog manifested sorrow with tears and whining . The palace eunuchs endeavoured to train the dog to precede the new Emperor , but without success . The Emperor caused to be made an iron cage with white cushions in sign of mourning , was a and this , containing the dog , c rried in the Imperial ’ the chair to his master s tomb . There the dog died , and Emperor Chen Tsung (a faithful disciple true to the Con fucian doctrine) issued a decree ordering it to be wrapped in the cloth of an Imperial umbrella and buried alongside of its ” master . The historical record from which this reference is taken

. xxx . Yuan Chien Lei Han , vol c vi I 3 2 - D SHORT COATED PEKINGESE . MO ERN

- s acx or CHINESE HAND MIRROR . n o KUANG p m uon (ABOUT PAINTED ON se

e 1 2 To /ac p . 3

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN reigning at Chengtu during the period of the five dynasties 9Wfl ® f During the Yuan Dynasty ( 1 206 the Mongol Em t set pero s , following the example them by Assyrian monarchs

two thousand years previously , prided themselves on their

menageries , and Marco Polo records that lions roamed the

courts of the Peking palace . It was the custom of the Emperors on the days when they give feasts in honour of the Princes and High Oflicials ’ to take out at the Ten Thousand Years Hill (the Coal Hill) — — all the beasts tigers , leopards , bears , elephants parading s them one by one before the guests . After the e were brought

the lions . These beasts are small and short in body . They the - are astonishingly like golden coated , nimble dogs which are commonl y bred by people themselves in their own w see homes . All animals , hen they the lions , are terrified . ” n Their a ger is more fearsome than that of all other beasts . T It is just possible that some of these golden - coated nimble dogs were introduced into Europe during this

period , for , during the latter part of the Yuan Dynasty ,

Chinese princes were received by the papal court at Rome ,

and Franciscan missionaries had established some forty.

bishoprics in the Celestial Kingdom . Marco Polo visited saw n China , Hangchow , and left us the one accou t of m edimval China that is at all trustworthy . Christianity had h N e probably penetrated China at a muc earlier period . s torian bishops are known to have been appointed in the first r qua ter of the eighth century .1 A further reference to a golden-coated dog probably l r be ongs to this period . A Chinese chronicler says The e

’ — Shu P u . c . Pei Wai Chai Hua , vols xcv ’ ” ' n 1 Jih Hsia Chiu Wen K ao , Chuo Ke g Lu. ” the Wa h er ul . 10 1 Cathay and y T ith , Y e , vol i , p . 3 . I H HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO PEKINGESE TYPE was a civilian nam ed Shen Heng Chi who bred a Chin

- k . was Ssu (lit . golden sil ) dog in his home This dog not

was . h more than one foot long , and very intelligent W en r guests were presented the dog lay beneath the table . Afte the dog had been reared for three years the owner fell ill .

The dog in sympathy refused to eat . After a few days the master died . The dog showed signs of excessive grief when as ffi coflin was the corpse w put in the co n . The kept in the the home for one year , during which time dog always lay was beneath it . When the corpse being removed for burial the dog beat its head with such violence against the coffin ” that it died . After the overthrow of the degenerate line of Kublai Khan 1 68 in 3 , no European penetrated into China for nearly two hundred years . The cult of the race of pet dogs seems to have fluctuated with the interest taken in the breed by the

Emperors . During the Ming Dynasty ( 1 368 there is no mention of kennels in the list of Imperial stables , etc . , and it seems probable that pet dogs were altogether out of fashion . The Sons of Heaven appear to have interested themselves - n specially in cat breeding , a hobby against which , in Engla d , was as there a prejudice during the Middle Ages , cats were associated in the popular imagination with witchery and i other diabolical agencies . Some of the Ch nese Emperors carried their enthusiasm for cats to remarkable excess , for Yii his the the eunuch Liu Jou , writing reminiscences under last three Mings , puts on record that There are three or m en - t four , body servan s of the Emperor , whose special business is the feeding of those cats which have oflicial rank s or are famou . Upon all of these cats the Emperors have s ff be towed their a ections one above the other . Awaiting the ’ Emperor s grant of names and oflicial rank ordinary male e cats are called pag s , while emasculated cats are called old I 3 S DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

’ ’ father , the analogue for the female being old maid . The pay given to the eunuchs for upkeep of each cat is according ’ it to s rank . So noisy are the cats that all the Emperor s sons and daughters at childhood are continually brought to sick co ness , even unto death and who is there that dares to m plain If there had been some places near the dwelling- house in which the cats could have been confined it would have been a good thing . We have heard that , because their sons and grandsons grew up in the palace under nurses , and loving only one wife , do not realize the importance of the rearing of children and of obtaining sons , the Imperial anecs tors bred cats and pigeons . Over the doors also they hung 1000 sons so snake characters , pictures of boys and the hundred , that when the Emperor should see the inscriptions and the rear ing of the cats and pigeons there might be brought to his atten ” n tion the importa ce of the rearing of numerous children .

Dr . Macgowan , arguing from the facts that cats are not included among the six domes tic animals recorded by the early Chinese nor among the zodiacal constellations , suggests was that the cat domesticated at a late period in China .

- Yuen chuang , the pilgrim monk who in the seventh century ’

A.D . returned after sixteen years wandering in India , brought cats with him to protect his collection of Sanskrit Buddhist

- books from rat gnawing . That account , supposedly of the first n the introduction of cats , is , however , somewhat u dermined by : following anecdote of Confucius Tseng Shen and Min Tzu , canonized disciples of the Sage , were listening outside to the as music of the Master , who , was his wont , was soothing i h mself by the lute that he loved so well , when suddenly the strain was changed . On entering and inquiring what the change meant they were told by Confucius that he had n seen a cat maki g for a rat , and that he had struck up ” M h Aflairs 1 ing Kung S ih , Palace of the Ming Dynasty, vol . 1. I 36

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN is modest and full of gravity , being veiled so that no part is : naked except the face they adorn their heads , especially the more noble sort (and those that live at Court) with divers s hi wreath and fillets beset with precious stones , w ch add a wonderful splendour . Their vests interwoven with flowers , i birds , and the l ke ornaments , trail at their feet , but yet so that what they esteem their chief beauty is not obscured , and * to pass away their time , they sport with little dogs , birds , ” and such delights . The breeding of dogs within the precincts of the Imperial

Ancestral Temple was prohibited . Under the Emperor Wan 1 6 Li ( 5 3 in spite of this prohibition , a certain eunuch named Tu secretly kept a small hai - bah T or hsieh -bah

’ The French version reads cats . - or - The a THai Bah( Ai Balz) Dog. n me bai is found lengthened by either of the ” " ” Of three characters ai , hai , or hah . these ai and hai appear first in ” - - the Ming period , during which the generic name was hai pah or ai pah . The ” hai n character used for ai means short . That for in the Mi g word hai — pah dog was either a character meaning sea all lions and mythical monsters — are even now considered by superstitious Chinese to belong to the sea or one ” m n i . meaning unicorn , an ani al often confou ded with the Buddh st lion The o - sea i i drag n world underneath the is part of prim tive Ch nese mythology , and the - i Chinese spirit lion was classed as one of the fabled nine dragon ch ldren . The lion

- unicorn or hsieh chai is found embroidered on the robes ofcensors and judges , and i - r indicates the fifth grade of official rank . The hs eh chai is also found , but ve y rarely , in place of the lions outside a Buddhist temple . In Shantung the name for the small

‘ faie nce dogs (the origin of which is anterior to the introduction of Buddhis m into u fire - China) which g ard the corners of all important roofs against , is hai bah dog — l " literally sea sma l dogs . The term hah-bah dog does not appear previous to the Ching or Manc hu " a t n l Kha- -i u e Dyn s y . The Ma chu name for the sma l dog species is per , prono nc d ha- - h- per i. Laufer considers the term ba pah to be of Turkish origin . It seem s not unlikely that the Manchu influence has brought about the use of a word con u ha- -i - -rh m - -rh fo nding per and hai bah , and modifying each to the na e hah bah i al which means , in colloquial Pek ng dialect , to limp , to roll in the w k . This word ne e a the would , to the u ducated Chinese , have some sort of m aning applic ble to e -bah slightly rolling gait encouraged in the Peking se breed , while the word hai or - - i a ev . Kha per would convey little , or no meaning wh tso er r l s The e appears to be little doubt , a though there are no written record on the ” a the e Kua e bah-t h point , th t common st vernacular name in the Tao ng p riod was , dog . This appe ars certain from the testimony of living witnesses and from the 1 3 8 HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO PEKINGESE TYPE

s [lit . unicorn scratch or cramble dog to which was he attached . This came to the knowledge of a certain chief eunuch of the Board of Punishments well- known for his relentless severity . He threatened to inform the Emperor i was douceur of th s crime , but dissuaded by a of something over 1000 taels in silver . It was during the Ming period that modern European

‘ traders first entered into trade relations witir the Chinese — 1 1 6 the Empire the Portuguese in 5 , the Spanish from 1 the h 1 60 the Philippines in 5 7 5 , Dutc in 4 , and English in the dying days of the dynasty in 1637 ; the Portuguese a traded solely at Canton , the Sp nish permitted the Chinese to trade with them at Manila , and the Dutch and English traded at first at Amoy and in Formosa . From as early as the Sung Dynasty direct foreign trade with the Chinese capitals had been but slight . Merchant caravans from the seven or eight kingdoms on the western frontier of China were allowed in under pretence of being ambassadors bearing tribute to the Chinese Emperors . They brought public letters forged in the names of the sovereigns e s th y profe sed to represent , with jade , diamonds and similar a merch ndise suitable for such arduous overland trans port . In exchange they received lavish entertainment and pres ents the far exceeding value of their own . The Jesuit records of — occurren ce of eight dogs in certain illustrations of the breed apictorial pun on the e r i has n -r Chin se wo d for e ght which the same sou d , bah h. e e The Chinese are so w ak in exact d finitions and scientific distinctions , that it is difficult to decide the question as to whether bah -rh or hah-bah has the wider a signific nce at the present time . Both terms are commonly used in Peking to denote an e y small pet dog of any breed , Chines or foreign but the Chinese readily use the -ze -sze ualificative ba- words Shih or Lo as q of the erh dog , meaning lion

- or pug small dog ; yet they refuse similarly to qualify the hah bah dog . This appears to indicate that the bah -rh dog is the broad stock from which the Chinese o the ff c nsider the lion dog and pug dog to be minor o shoots , while the term hah a e e bah may be taken to comprise wh t is probably an amalgamation of sev ral varieti s , which were probably fairly distinct in the Tao Kuang period and are now roughly e comprehended in the English br ed named Pekingese . DOGS or CHINA AND JAPAN the early part of the seventeenth century refer to these sham

embassies , and state that the Chinese themselves are quite

aware of the imposture , but they allow their Emperor to be befooled in this manner as if to persuade him that the whole ” world is tributary to the Chinese Empire . There 18 said to be a record in the Peking palace archives ’ — to the effect that during the reign of K ang Hsi ( 1 662 1 7 23) ’ Fu or Ch ien Lung , a high official named sent a Chin Mao h - - i S ih Tzu (golden coated lion dog) to the Emperor . K rcher , 1 66 writing about 7 , figures the monarch of the China ’ Hsi Tartarian Empire , who must have been K ang , and a short - coated dog of spaniel size having a long nose and

. has straight legs The dog wears a collar with bells , and a its ear ring , with a bell attached , through .T Forty- two years later Peter the Great sent an embassy to ’ was the court of the Emperor K ang Hsi . It received with greater honour than has been shown to any other embassy

. its ari ival before or since In its records we read that on , by was the land route , at Peking an envoy sent by the Chinese the ale a Emperor to welcome Ambassador . The gg da ff remained for the space of three hours , talking on di erent

. t subjects The minister , it seems , was a great spor sman . ’ see He asked to the ambassador s dogs , which were a few h greyhounds and some Frenc buckhounds . He was desired a to receive , in a present , any of them which ple sed him best , but he would accept only a couple of greyhounds . Novem ber 29 . The ambassador at the same time delivered as the to the Mandarin , a present from himself to Emperor , n several toys of value , a fine ma aged horse , some greyhounds and large buckhounds . was Everything entered in a book very exactly , even the

h the h 2 . 4 Cat ay and Way T ither , vol . iv, p . 43 ’ i ured O ilb s g in both John g y and the French translations . 140

HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO PEKINGESE TYPE

names and qualities of each particular dog . There was also tied about the neck of each dog a yellow silk cord drawn through a hole in a little bit of wood which hung from the ’ as dog s neck a mark of its belonging to the court . The Chinese in general are very fond of little harlequin dogs that

play monkey tricks . A servant of ours had one of that kind ” which he sold for an hundred ounces of silver . ’ K ang Hsi allowed the Jesuit m issionarie9 ~ to build their

cathedral near the palace in Peking , and this appears to be the most likely period for introduction of the Peking races of s dogs to Europe from China or Japan , for specimen must have been procurable in the Chines e capital and provincial

i In speaking of the local products in Pek ng , a book of the ’ — Ch ien Lung period ( 17 36 1 7 96) says that the city is noted its Fu for its Persian cats , which are of great size , and for sm all Ling dogs , which are extremely .T Peking and the province of Chili did not cease to be famous for their cats i é Grosier 1 8 1 with th s period , for the Abb states in 9 , The as cat , in China in Europe , is the tender object of predilection e and the favourite of the g ntler sex . Those of the Province of Pechili have obtained preference over all their rivals by

their pretty ways and by their fine coats . The Chinese

ladies never allow them to leave their apartments , where the most delicate of nourishment and the tenderest of care are

lavished upon them . These cats are of a pure white , their k coat is very long , the hairs fine and sil y . Their ears are

pendent . They do not catch mice , and leave this ignoble the cats i chase to / of vulgar race with wh ch , be it noted , China ” is abundantly supplied . I

’ “ ” ’ ’ n . 1 . 8 1 Ism a loff Pi kerton s Voyages , vol v i , p 3 Bell s Travels in Asia y s ” 1 1 Embassy to Kamhi , 7 9 . i T Jih Hsia Ch n Wen K ao .

C . . 2 . I rosier De la Chine , vol iv, p and 5 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN It seems probable that it was from the Ch ’ ien Lung period that the Chinese began to call these dogs Peiching Kou or Pekingese —aname which is now in common use through

out China . No Pekingese appear to have been mentioned or ’ c at 1 2 re orded by Lord Mac r ney s Embassy to Peking in 7 9 , and the first authentic importation into England took place

1 860 . in . None were shown until some years later The oflicial records of the later periods of the Ching or n and Manchu Dy asty have not yet been compiled published , but it is probable that they will have nothing to say of the ’ pigeons of the Emperor T ao Kuang and of the dogs of his

- consort , matters well known to modern hearsay , but not considered by modern Chinese historians to be of fitting

importance for historical record .

142

CHAPTE R V III

EVOLUTION OF THE PEKINGESE TYPE

e RS of the Peking se breed of dogs , a breed

- which , to the eye of the present day European , bears a closer resemblance than do the Chinese - ask and the European lion dog to the King of Beasts , will themselves such ques tions as How far back can the Pek inges e type be traced What is the origin of the breed and of its distinctive points P When was it first remarked as a distinct type by the Chinese ? What is the date of its first importation into Europe Knowledge of the existence of short and square

B C . dogs a thousand or more years . is scarcely evidence definite enough to justify a positive statement that small dogs so Use existed in China at quite remote a period . of the name pai for a short - legged and short -headed type of dog ” the which belongs under table , at the end of the first

A.D . . century is , however , evidence which speaks for itself That this type of dog was outdone by the dogs imported f i l ” rom Ful n or Fo in , in both superior intelligence and en minuteness of size , appears perfectly clear from the thusiasm with which the arrival of these dogs , which were was not unlikely of the then current Maltese breed , welcomed . As s e regards the points of the e dogs , Chin se writers of the T ’ ang Dynasty would probably have likened them to lions had there been a striking res emblance or if any of them had

- been particularly shaggy coated , but they did not . No clear 143 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN similarity to lions is recorded before the time of Kublai The - 1 1 Khan . first Chinese mention of a lion dog in 37 (Southern Sung Dynasty) probably dealt with the long coated variety almost invariably referred to by the Chinese ” - was when they use the term shih tzu , and a dog of fair size , for it followed and attacked a murderer . As the Chinese Imperial breed has ancestors which came from Byzantium and were very possibly connected with the s o Maltese of the period , it is of intere t to add a few n tes summ arizing what is known of that breed in Europe . A D On the final division of the Roman dominions in . . 395 ,

Malta was assigned to the Empire of Constantinople . The n Ho . Mrs . Lytton , in her book on Toy Dogs and their s Ancestor , points out that there were two Melitas (Malta " and Zapuntello ) famous for their dogs among the ancients , l re and that they had two breeds , both sma l , one somewhat sembling the modern Maltese and the other Pomeranian in type . Without entering too deeply into the relationships is of the old type of Maltese dogs , it of interest to quote one or ’ L on s two references from The Hon . Mrs . ytt careful collee as tion . The dogs of Melita were very famous pets , and were bred by the men and women of both Rome and Greece . r There are numerous references to the breed , both in poet y Difliculties and prose . of transport and absence of shows , d no doubt , caused the breeds to have consi erably less type than modern breeds of dogs , but early references are almost a un nimous in describing the specimens as being very small . Aristotle describes the marten as being about the size of a Athenodorus Maltese dog of the little , tiny sort . remarks that the Sybarites cared for nothing but Maltese puppy dogs Acterius and effeminate men . , Bishop of Amacia (about

has e t This town in Italy been conn c ed through history with the breed , possibly from a reference given by the unreliable naturalist Pliny 1 44

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN ” before their eyes . At Lyons in Gaul they were sold for ” ten gold pieces each , and at Bologna for forty pounds . 1 88 In 5 Harrison speaks of the Maltese , the smaller they be and thereto ifthey have a hole in the fore part of their ” heads the better they are accepted . This appears to be the ‘ first European reference to the stop now characteristic of

- all the breeds of Chinese toy dog . Overland communication between China and the Byzantine

Wu A.D 1 1 . Empire existed up to the time of Hung in . 37 Constantinople was taken by the Turks in 1 45 3 exchange of dogs may therefore have taken place up to this period , but ’ has not been recorded since the T ang Dynasty . The literati continued to call the small race of Imperial dogs Fu- lin or Folin dog up to the middle of the seventeenth century . This may have been a piece of the literary conservatism common among Chinese writers . The name would , no doubt , have persisted still longer had the breed continued unchanged . From the latter part of the twelfth century two other breeds — the long - coated Chinese Lion- dog and the Lo - chiang dog was were known to the Chinese . Probably no race called Pekingese in China much earlier than the seventeenth n s ce tury , though the Imperial court had taken up re idence at

Peking about the middle of the thirteenth century . The people - of Peking have no special distinctive name for the

Pekingese type of dog . This presumably is evidence in favour of its having always been the predominating type among

- orce the pet dogs of the city . No paintings on porcelain or p s lain model of the Pekingese type , dating from earlier than

n . the beginning of the nineteenth century , are know to exist has - It been suggested that the Japanese toy dog , whose a import tion to Japan dates from the seventh century , indicates

D 1 2 Toy ogs and their Ancestors , pp . 3 . 3 1 46 P E K INGE S E DOG F ro m an I m p e rial Dog Book P ai nte r unk no wn

WHI TE P E KI NGE S E

F ro m an m e r al D P nt r unkn n I p i og Boo k . ai e ow

EVOLUTION OF THE PEKINGESE TYPE

t the nature of the Pekingese breed of hat period . This v argument , howe er , must not be given undue weight , for there has been much communication between the Chines e and Japanese courts at subsequent periods . It is quite pos sible that the modern Japanese spaniel has varied from the

-and- k s black white Pe inge e , common in Peking , only within

1 6 . . recent years . In 8 7 Dr W Lockhart wrote that a small - - - - d m m inent- black and white , long legged , pug nose , p eyed dog was one of the two kinds of Pug in It has been remarked that the Japanese is more apt than the Pekingese to breed true . The Lo - chiang dog was a pai dog and consequently ” - - A D 1 000 . small , short headed , and short legged before . . It was very possibly the Chinese pug and appears to have been fashionable at the Chinese court from the beginning of the eighth century to the middle of the eleventh century possibly even to the removal of the capital from Hsianfu to

A.D . 1 1 . Peking , about 5 3 1206—1 two During the Yuan Dynasty , 3 33 , there are refer ” ences the - to golden coated dogs , which , on one occasion , i l are called n mble dogs , common y bred by people them ” in n selves their own homes . Duri g the Ming Dynas ty 1 —1 - ( 368 628) lap dogs appear to have been out of fashion . For the first two hundred years China was practically closed to Europeans . Cats appear to have taken the place of dogs in Palace popularity That the dogs were still bred appears certain however . The lion is tawny like the golden r eriod coated nao dog , rema ks a book of the p .T n The Manchus captured Peki g in 1644 . They favoured the Jesuit priests and allowed a limited amount of trade with

” - - On ul ne e Pu se Dr. . . G the Sk l of the Chi s g no d Spaniel or Lap dog , by J E ray ,

Proc 2001. oc 1 0 F . S ., 867 , p . 4 .

T Pen Tsao Kang No . 147 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN i foreigners . Jesuit priests were resident at the Court in Pek ng , the and Kircher , writing in first days of the Dynasty , remarks that the noble ladies to pass away their time sport with little ” dogs , birds , and such delights . a en The Manchus , being of Mongolian origin , natur lly couraged the Lam aist form of Buddhism . Thibet had been 16 1 6 l conquered in 45 , and in 5 3 the Da ai Lama paid a visit to the Emperor in Peking . The popularity of small lion like dogs at their court appears to have been stimulated by reasons of state in addition to that affection for animal curiosities which has been common to the courts of both

East and West from the earliest times . The Manchu Em t flatterers pero s , surrounded by a horde of sycophants and , and kn own as the personifications of the S un and Sons of

Heaven , were the last to diminish the importance of any practice which would bring them into association with the

Buddhis t deities . l The Tibetan grand lamas encouraged this simi itude . According to Chinese authorities they originated the Manchu dynastic name , basing it upon the name of Manjusri Buddha , the Chinese Wen Shu , who is always represented in Chinese sacred literature as riding upon a lion . According to report was handed down by the ancients , the Manchu power strengthened from the tim e that in sending state dispatches the Tibetans honoured ’ the Manchu Emperors by calling Hsi them the Man Chu Li (Manjusri) Emperors , which name in the Buddhist Gospels denotes Wen Shu A Chinese scholar suggests that the sending of lion - dogs to Chinese Emperors by the Tibetans symbolized presentation S of lions to Wen hu Buddha .

The early Manchu Emperors were extremely fond of sport , i and spent much of their time in hunting and shoot ng . They

a ’ ’ Complete Chines e Geography Ch ung HuaTibi Ch uan Chih

EVOLUTION OF THE PEKINGESE TYPE

kept numerous dogs for the pursuit of deer , tiger , and bear

- in their parks , and even used hunting lions . It is , therefore , not surprising that the court ladies took special interest in — pet - dogs arace which is considered by the Chinese of Peking to be specially associated with the Manchus . In the north Manchurian home of the dynasty breeds of toy-dog still

wifh mai Association of the Manchu Emperors La sm , with n - Ma jusri , whose hah pah dog was transformed into the i was mighty lion upon wh ch the Buddha accustomed to ride , and with the numerous Lamaist monuments of spirit - lions ’ ’ cast or chiselled during the days of Ch ien Lung and K ang was u Hsi , suggests that it d ring early Manchu days that the ” golden- coated nimble- dog of Peking became modified by a combination of the characteristics of the breeds existing in its Peking and in Manchuria , to something of present form . The cult of the lap - dog in China appears to have reached — its chief development during the Tao Kuang ( 1 82 1 1 85 1 ) period . The Chinese will explain that the Manchu nobles and ladies never had greater surplus of rents and face -powder money to send to the Old Home in Manchuria than during was the Tao Kuang period , and it possibly then that the ” - — sleeve dogs , stunted dwarfs of any breed known to exist to this day at Aigun and Hsia-kwei in Northern Manchuria

The following is from a reliable Chinese correspondent : A breed recognized as - - - ev an and all . a sle e dogs exists at Aigun in Hai Lung Ki g , in the vicinity I h ve a friend

- - I r i . are who is a native of Lan , where , he says , sleeve dogs are ve y plent ful They i very small and extremely intelligent . They can take th ngs with their mouths as

m en . do with their hands They know how to sit , beg , roll and to do other tricks . O t t wing to heir small size and weakness , they are always defeated by ca s , when caused to fight with them . i i Most of the rich persons , managers of shops , or those of such ncl nation keep i these dogs . Dur ng the period when big sleeves were fashionable , these dogs were ’ s - kept in the sleeve and were called sleeve dogs . At the present time , however , ’ - Pa- - Pa- they are called Pen Lo (lump forehead) Erh , or the Shih tsu Erh (lion - i Paerh) . The name sleeve dogs has d sappeared . 149 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN — were imported into Peking . After nearly a century of ta peace and prosperity , the inhabi nts of the capital had become r and rich , food stood at less than a qua ter of its present prices , was the cost of living was extraordinarily low . It possibly ’ at this period , if not at the time of Lord Macartney s visit to ’ 1 Ch ien Lung in 7 95 , that England first heard of Chinese ” - sleeve dogs , and of the curious custom connected with na e — a their m name , by the way , which is now unknown to

- i dog fanciers in Pek ng . Dogs do not appear to have been carried in the sleeves in Peking within the last seventy years , for the late Empress Dowager objected to the artificial dwarfin g of such small dogs , which are always in the nature a of freaks . Broad sleeves have been out of f shion in Peking since 1900 . s It doe not , however , appear at all certain that the custom of carrying dogs in their sleeves originated among the Chinese Of the shock or comforter (now called Maltese) dogs Dauben ’ ” Buffon s ton , a commentator on Histoire Naturelle , remarks These dogs were very fashionable a few years ago , The following are average measurem ents of this kind of dog Length of body Height of body

Length of leg . m t ed i (Measure en s convert from the Ch nese .)

Tail , together with fringe . about 3 in . Coat : Sam e as the Pekingese Pa-Ei'h Kou - - Liang coated and short coated . a Head Upper part rect ngular and under part round . The forehead is high mouth very short bridge of the nose pressed inward tip of the nose tilted upwards panther eye car like the a Th le f of the apricot . e head may be generally described as a ’ lion head . From the above it appears that there is practically no difference between these i a- dogs and the Pek ng P Erh dog . This kind of dog produces only one or two in each litter In the city of Kirin - - itself there are many long mouthed large PaErh dogs . It is unknown whether sm all ” specimens of this breed of dog exist there . ’ o James Watson s The D g Book . I 5 0

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN known in China as the Old Buddha — more of the prestige rendered to the Lamaist Buddha by the might of his super natural leonine supporters .

h i Court sa s Miss Carl , who spent ten mont s at the Ch nese , y . was that the Empress , being an artist , chiefly interested in breeding to colour and in developing symmetrical markings on was her dogs . She most desirous of securing a white forehead spot and symmetry of saddle -mark upon the back of her specimens . She strongly deprecated the development of any as nose or abnormality of form , such very bowed legs , short , protruding tongue . One of the favourite dogs of the Empress was - she of the long coated variety , which called Tibetan . The Empress Dowager was not successful in breeding this somewhat delicate race . o - Miss Carl saw S me of the Imperial dog books . The only dog described as a sleeve - dog was a short - coated variety of very small size . The Empress Dowager objected strongly an h to stunting in Pekingese or y ot er breed . Europeans appear to have first remarked the Pekingese breed of dogs on the occupation of the Chinese capital in 1 0 i r 86 . The finding of a small Pek ngese dog (afterwa ds o t christened L o y by Capt . Dunne at the destruction of its the Yuen Ming Yuan Palace by the Allied troops , and r subsequent presentation to Q ueen Victoria , are matte s of history . At least six specimens appear to have reached ff England during this period , but the only o spring of the dogs then imported appears to have been that of the pair secured by

Lord John Hay . 1 861 k Dr . Rennie remarks in that the breed of Pe ing dogs was a very peculiar one something between the King ” a Charles and the Pug . He st tes that many of the dogs were forcibly taken from their owners during the occupation ' the Fu Ofthe city . He also describes a visit to Lung Ssu , 1 5 2 EVOLUTION OF THE PEKINGESE TYPE

where he purchased one of the little dogs peculiar to Pe ” — ai - - a king , and p d about two and half dollars (then about ten “ n dollars fi shilli gs) for it , another being bought for twenty The difficulty of obtaining dogs from the palace prior to the 1 00 Boxer troubles in 9 , together with the long voyage to

Western Europe , accounts for the fact that few palace speci mens were imported prior to the death of the late Empress 1 1 Dowager in 1 9 . Af n ter the Boxer trouble , on returning to Peki g from Mrs Shansi , the Empress Tzu Hsi presented . Conger , wife of the American Minister , with a pair of the palace dogs . She also gave one to Miss Carl , who painted her portraits , one of ’ i s Shadz a wh ch includes the Empre s s favourite dog (lit . fool

1 1 1 - At the funeral of the Empress Dowager in 9 , Moo Tan - - its (Peony) , a yellow and white dog with a white spot on was coflin forehead , led before her by the chief eunuch , Pi w set Hsiao Li , in obedience to the precedent hich had been nine hundred years before , when the favourite dog of the ’ Emperor T ai Tsung of the Sung Dynasty was led in state to ’ his . master s tomb In due accord with precedent , too , the ’ late Empress s dog was supposed to have died at the time others state that it was sold by one of the eunuchs . Fu o The Lung Ssu Temple , menti ned by Dr . Rennie , is six now the scene of a fair held for days in every month . Hu It shares with the Kuo Ssu , another old Lamaist temple , the distinction of being the only Chinese market for Pek in ese g dogs , and is regularly attended by eunuchs from the palace , who often sell inferior dogs at prices varying from a i i few to about th rty dollars . The story is current in Pek ng of the much-prized European pet of the Imperial breed which was stolen and ultimately redeemed from a Chinese owner .

e 1 86 D . F . Rennie , Peking and the Peking se , John Murray , 5 . I S3 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

It was proved on investigation that the cherished treasure had changed hands at the Lung Fu Ssu dog- cheap indeed at about sevenpence (thirty cents) . Dogs of good breed still exist in Peking but native interest in them has dwindled with the diminishing power of their the Imperial protectors , and with the increasing poverty of e f Manchu nobles . It app ars likely that unless a power ul t reaction sets in wi hin the next few years , the present dearth of good specimens will reduce the race in Peking to a dodo - like extinction .

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

that the appearance of the nose is as if cut with a knife slicing t downwards on the front plane of the forehead . In his type , the face should be as rectangular as possible Ssu fang ’ li - erh and not long and oval - shaped ch ang hua li - erh ’ The apple- headed p ing - kuo nao- tai type of dog is broad has from the face to the back of the head , a domed forehead ,

the front of the skull protuberant , and the eyes less far apart . This shape is reminiscent of the King Charles and Blenheim ” t spaniel ype rather than that of the English Pekinges e . It seems likely that these points are characteristic of two

distinct varieties which have , in modern times , been crossed t through pauci y of really good specimens of either breed . Among the colours best liked are

" ( 1) The tortoise - shell face i ai ming li - erh considered attractive on account of simulation of laughter (2) The three -flower face san hua li - erh which is black

round the eyes , yellow on forehead , and white round the mouth and “ ’ (3) The head black ( wu t ou with the remainder of

the body another colour .

The shape and insetting of the nose , the most distinctive the feature of race , are perhaps of relatively less importance i is in Ch na , where the objective of the breeder not necessarily

- altogether snub nosed , than in the West . Chinese breeders insist that the best shape for the tip of the nose is that of Ru- i the y , a Buddhist emblem in the nature of a sceptre , ffi whose shape and significance are equally di cult of definition . Ru- i The name refers to the boss at the end of the y , which is very similar to another and rather more fixed standard of shape , that of the Chinese conventional cloud . This latter is the nose outline found in most of the bronze Chinese lions . When the nose is somewhat depressed at the tip , 1 5 6 — — PE K I NGE S E DO G BY T S O U Y I - KW E 1 168 6 17 66

ce - n s te r O fBo ard o fRi es F ro m an m e r al Do Bo o k Vi Mi i t . I p i g

CH I N E S E P UG

’ F ro m an I m pe rial Dog Book T sou Y l - Kw e i K an g H S I pe rio d

POINTS OF THE CHINESE PEKINGESE TYPE giving a rounded or somewhat hooked expression , the name

- sheep nose is applied . If very pointed at the tip , with the e side lob s somewhat depressed , the dog is said to be tortoise - T nosed . The nose must , of course , be black tipped . here is as u thou hl doubt to whether this is the case with the tong e , for g the tongue of the Chines e chow-dog must be like as if he ” n had been drinki g ink , this does not appear to be essential in ” n “ is the Peki gese . The encouragement which th point does obtain is said to be due to the Opinion held by Chinese breeders in Peking that dogs with spotted or black tongues are more easily saleable to Europeans . The tongue of a

- well bred dog should , from birth , have a tendency to project fre a little to the right or left of the mouth . This point is quently illustrated in the Dog Books , and though dis coura ed g by the late Empress Dowager , is much valued by the i majority of Ch nese . It may be mentioned that the Lamaist hou —a mythical animal very similar to the lion— is represented with an inordinately long tongue , the possession Of a similar characteristic being also one of the thirty -two u Superior Marks of Buddha . The tong es of Chinese dogs are often rendered permanently long by forcible stretching during puppyhood . In this case , the tongue projects in the middle of the mouth . This is considered a bad point . A and very long tongue is sometimes the result of pneumonia , ” the Chinese refer to it as a strangled ghost Tiao Sze Kwei on account of the fact that in Chinese plays the masks used to represent the ghosts of the garotted or hanged are made with protruding tongues of extraordinary length . An interesting phenomenon is the fairly frequent appearance

- - of very large Sized dogs , nearly always with fine head de velO m nt - p e . This is said to be encouraged by over feeding ; but the occurrences appear to be throw- backs to large- sized ancestral stock . If of male sex , these are never used for I 55 7 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

’ r - n breeding , but become gua d dogs for the owner s ke nel , which often among the breeders of the palace contains as i many as twenty dogs . The eunuchs also use them to a certa n

- fi h in extent for dog g t g. The ears should be placed well behind the middle axis of a and the forehe d , not too high on the skull , should be well feathered (not turned outwards in front) , giving the appearance of a rake pah-tzu nor yet projecting at the side chaio ” - tzu , or horn ear) . Other bad points occasionally found in China are sesamum- seed ear chih- ma- erh or prick

- ear . ) , or the ear sharp pointed and pushed forward The mouth and cheeks may be somewhat round and dump ” - - - ling like , not under shot as to the lower jaw Ti kai tien , earth covers the heaven The lower jaw and chin should “ - ha- be well developed , not frog like ( mah There should not be projection of the upper and lower lips and gums cherh those in to The best mouths , of course , are which the lower part of the face is in the same plane as the front of the ear tao ch ’ ieh tsui The Chinese liken the eyes of their best specimens to the

Yii - - fi h Loong Ching dragon eye fish or gold s . They should be very large , lustrous , and prominent , with the iris ” - - - broad and of old gold colour bi chi yen erh , water chestnut eyes) . If showing rather more white they are called leopard eyes . Ideal body development— next in importance to that of the — - defined ai head requires a well w st , slightly concave (sycee

like) back , a short , compact and sturdy body , front legs shorter than the hind legs , with the object of producing a rolling

gait , which should , however , be steady and free . This gait is compared to the movement of the plentifully finned gold - and fish . The fore legs should be short , not straight stick ’ like chih pang t ui the hind legs should not be bent and 1 5 8

POINTS OF THE CHINESE PEKINGESE TYPE

- - hoop like . The fore legs should be turned slightly outwards r at the shoulder , and there must be a slight curvatu e thence wlich d down to the toes , should turn somewhat outwar s , but not enough to produce the serious defect called crab ” - toes . The curvature of the fore legs must not be ex a erated gg , for in such cases there is usually a deficiency of i as bone . This fault is somet mes so pronounced to produce ’ the state of sitting tiger pah- hu erh the dog tends to remain continually seated . Weakness of bone is one of the worst faults . Closeness of the legs is a similar fault , often produced through malnutrition during puppy is hood . A certain straightness of leg admissible in China among the best specimens of Pekingese dogs . Ex aggerated massiveness and curvature of leg- bone are not considered absolutely essential there . Some of the best Pekingese in China resemble the Japanese rather than the a s English v riety in straightne s of leg . Breeders in the Celestial capital associate the special a Pekingese type with the M nchus . Some of them say that the name ha- pa is a Manchu word meaning to roll in the walk , referring to the distinctive walk and gambols of the Pekingese breed . We might fairly conclude that at certain periods in Chines e history careful breeding was pursued , and that a tolerably was fixed type evolved . Some Chinese breeders state that early in the nineteenth century specialization had taken place to such a degree that eight distinct breeds , instead of the three now remaining , had been evolved . The occurrence , Tao during the Kuang period , of porcelains illustrating eight dogs— possibly a play on the name— is a confirmation of this theory . Much of the distinction between some of these breeds was in length and coloration of the coat and in mark i ' ings . In Pek ng , the dogs of this breed carry a coat com I S9 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

le el n p t y cha ged twice yearly . This change begins in March

with the shedding of the long winter coat . The short summer

coat is changed towards August . The shedding of the winter coat is more sudden and complete than in Europe on account of the more abrupt change from extreme cold to the hot

. its summer Consequently , the Chinese dog is apt to shed

coat in patches , like the camel , and the coat never attains the u luxuriance found in Europe . Some fanciers sed to send their dogs to the hills during the hot weather in order to

avoid this abrupt shedding of some of the coat , for heavy ” - feathering of the tail , a good ruff , shirt front , and fringe the behind the legs and on feet are fully appreciated . Some fanciers give their dogs linseed Oil in small doses with a view to securing brilliancy of coat . r n Of self colours , the Chinese consider th ee to be importa t

and . the apricot , the liver , the black The Chinese apricot fruit varies from a golden-yellow on the sunless side to a rich orange red shading into yellow on the sunny side . It is possible that this colour came into fashion on account of the famous Specimen owned by the Tao Kuang Empress . Among self- colours this is undoubtedly the most highly prized and ni k if it is accompa ed by a golden sil y gloss , the Chinese will make far greater allowance than the European for weakness in has h other points . So great been the appreciation of t is has combination , that it been embodied in a numerical couplet , “ ” S su Ha- nl Chin pah , which is proverbial and commo y in used in Pek g in the drinking game of Noria , which con sists in guessing the number of fingers extended by the two opponents . This couplet stands for the number eight , and “ ” the golden - coated hah- pah dog is caused to compare in ’ ’ ’ ” nk rarity with the ra t ou ping t ing t ai , the chief button of

D i This name dates from the Yuen or Sung Dynasty . ogs of th s colour are believed to have been extinct in China for the last sixty years . 1 60

POINTS OF THE CHINESE PEKINGESE TYPE

n m mandarin rank , a couplet which sta ds for the nu ber one

in the same game . At one period the Chinese made successful efforts to pro the duce white Pekingese dogs , free from white noses

and pink eyes due to albinism . These may date back to the the Mongol Dynasty , for Yuen Emperors appear not to have shared the Chinese Objection to white in animals through its recOrds t hat association with mourning . Marco Polo white horses were presented to Kublai Khan on New Year ’ s ’ in i Day , and this custom cont ued at least to the t me of K ang

Hsi.

- s i Among the parti colour , pride of place is given to torto se shell specimens these are followed in importance by yellow h and The and white , liver and w ite , black and white . Chinese have a picturesque way of describing dogs with special

markings as flowered dogs . The admiration in which an as imported dog , such the pointer , is held on account of its c markings , is very striking to the new omer in China . It is natural in a city of clans that there should be a tendency to specialize in particular colours among certain of the clans and s ‘ families . Thi would render certain colours and markings n more stable in China tha elsewhere . Similar circumstances may account for the persistence of the white spot commonly

found on the forehead of Pekingese dogs , and may throw light upon the origin of the Blenheim spaniels whose spot n ed is k own to have been characteristic in the original bre ,

though the point now rarely occurs . A white blaze upon the

forehead of a horse is believed to be unlucky by the Chinese ,

and they quote history to prove this . This point in small

dogs , however , is prized and encouraged by selective breeding . It may be recalled that one of the thirty -two superior marks of Buddha is between the eyebrows a little ball shining like snow . In this , we have , perhaps , the origin of the universal L 1 61 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN Chinese custom of wearing a piece of jade or other precious The r stone in the front of the hat . wearing of pea ls in this way to mark official rank was a special prerogative of the ’ n Ma chu Emperors , and can be traced to the T ang Dynasty A D ( . . The Emperors of that and other periods gave ff s o icial rank to their most prized specimen , and perpetuation of the Ting- Tzu (oflicial button) thus becomes easy of ’ explanation . A variation of the white spot is the case T ung T ’ien Bai White [spot"leading to heaven in which the spot spreads to a broad blaze on the forehead , sometimes continuing well over the back . fi It has been suggested that , because Chinese of cials and literati were inordinately proud of their huge horn -bound spectacles , the breeding of spectacles into the race of os Pekingese may have been favoured in China . It is p the sible , however , that recurrence of spectacled Sze Yen dogs was not subject to as much encouragement as is ” found among European breeders . The epithet four eyes , applied to a man , carries more stigma in China than in its a is Europe . In addition to connot tion of all that crooked , it bears a special omen of bad luck , derived from Fengshui , m and an implied comparison to the canine race . A ong the common people the term is also applied to the prig who wears Spectacles to ape the wisdom of the short -sighted old

of . man or - the too studious professor The wearing of spec taeles is a comparatively modern custom , and has never been

oflicial . as an Sign of rank It is , therefore , possible that , in the case of the white shirt - front - which is a point of minor importance in Chinese specimens , having no imagina tive meaning in China— this matter of the spectacles is liable to greater encouragement in Europe than it ever had in u China . Chinese breeders disting ish between specimens having the spectacle marks poorly developed an and those

1 62

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

’ from that of the others ku ti erh A hind -leg marking i d a i which is apprec ate , especially if p ired , is that in wh ch the lower part of the leg is of a distinctive colour with a narrow n ridge of another colour above it , givi g an impression of the ’ ’ Chinese trouser t ao k u ' Tiger-stripes on the coat after the manner of a tabby cat and are much appreciated . These , however , the prince attri character written in wrinkles upon the forehead , are butes rather of the short - coated or Pug type than of the k ” Pe ingese . Similarly , an elastic skin enabling the dog to be picked up by the scruff without pain , though existing d - to a more pronounce extent in the short coated type , is looked upon with favour . the has Within recent years , Imperial breed of dogs been made the sport of Chinese fashion . The Chinese occasionally the — cross the breeds of three races of dogs the lion , the pug , — and the Pekingese and it seems likely that the stock has from tim e to time been much varied by importation of new — blood from various parts of the vast Chines e Empire a u a fortunate circ mst nce , for the breed would , no doubt , be wanting in gameness and fail to possess the spirited and fear less carriage which are among the most important factors

its t h - in strong individuali y , had t ere been no cross breeding from a remote past , in the restricted environment of the

- Peking p alace . It is found that throw backs to a long

- haired type , or to a short haired pug ancestor , occur occasion ally even among Pekingese in Europe in the absence of a im contamination for sever l generations . It appears not probable that many ofthe dogs presented to the Emperors by officials and eunuchs in the Palace were obtained by cross

breeding . It must be explained that although at the end of the Manchu régime there must have been many hundreds of l dogs in the Palace , on y a few were under the eye of their 1 64 S D S —ERH LACQ UER PICTURE OF PEKINGE E OG , PAH KOU , ' ' S D 1 662—1 2 S K ANG H I PERIO , 7 3 (AUTHOR COLLECTION)

D D D D DOG D PANEL MA KE TH EE IVI E PLOWE S . TAO KUANG PE IO . AETER LU PAO R R R ' R S THE D. S xE S AND THE S HUN , PAINTER OF MING PERIO H ING T U (H ING PIGEON )

Taj ace p 1 64

CHA PTE R X

THE CHINESE PUG

HE origin of the European as well as that of the

- Chinese pug dog is wrapped in obscurity . Modern European trade with China by s eadates from about 1 1 6 a n 5 , when the Portuguese st rted tradi g at Canton . The n 1 a i 1 60 Spa ish traded in 5 7 5 from M n la , and the Dutch in 4 at Amoy and Formosa . Jesse suggests that pugs first came to England in the ’ early part of William I l I s reign ( 1 688 and were then called Dutch pugs .T At that time they were generally decorated with orange ribbons , and were in great request among the courtiers , from the King (a grandson of Charles I) ” - being very partial to them . During this period pug dogs and may have been imported direct to Holland , even to n i 1 662 Engla d , from Ch na and Japan , for in the Governor of

Formosa , after capture of Fort Zeelandia by the pirate Coxin a g , was released from imprisonment through measures taken personally by the Prince of Orange , who subsequently ’ n became William III of England . The Ki g s partiality appears ’ to have been due to the fact that the King s grandfather , his William I of Orange , owed life to the warning given , during his campaign against the Spaniards , by one of these dogs . Up to the introduction of the inquisition into the Nether lands William of Orange held high rank as governor of ” D 1 8 8 . Anecdotes of ogs , Jesse , 5 TThe first recorded use of the name in connexion with dogs occurs in 1 7 3 1 ” ’ " a ar . A nickname for a monkey or dog , Bailey, Ske t s Diction y 1 66 THE CHINESE PUG

c Holland , Zealand and Utre ht under the Spanish Govern 1 1 i ment . In 5 7 he took up arms aga nst King Philip of

Spain , and the incident recorded by Sir Roger Williams must have taken place between this time and the recall of

Alva in 1 5 7 3 . The Portuguese may well have introduced n the Chi ese pug into Europe , and the dog in question may have been secured from Portugal .

~ - t e The Prince of Orange being retired in the camp , w Julian Romero , ith earnest persuasions , procured licence of ’ u d Alva the D ke to hasard a camisado or night attack , upon the Prince . At midnight Julian sallied out of the trenches with a thousand armed men , mostly pikes , who forced all the guards that they found in their way into the place of arms ’ before the Prince s tent , and killed two of his secretaries . i The Prince h mself escaped very narrowly , for I have often heard him say that he thought but for a dog he should have e been taken or slain . The attack was mad with such resolu tion that the guards took no alarm until their fellows were running to the place of arms with their enemies at their heels , when this dog , hearing a great noise , fell to scratching and an and crying , awakened him before y of his men and though the Prince slept armed , with a lackey always holding one of his horses ready bridled and saddled , yet at the going out of his tent with much ado he recovered his horse before the enemy arrived . Nevertheless one of his equerries was s as slain , taking hor e presently after him , were divers of his servants . The Prince , to show his gratitude , until his dying ’ dav Of h kept one t at dog s race , and so did many of his friends and followers . These animals were not remarkable for their beauty , being little white dogs , with crooked noses , called camuses (flat

1 61 8 . Actions in the Low Countries , Sir Roger Williams , printed am ures C . The French word camus means a person having a short and flat nose . Used of the dogs of Artois and Boulogne which were varieties of carlin I 67 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

an ts ff c The m i poin of di eren e between the European pug , i S Blenhe m Spaniel , and King Charles paniel are the result of n modern specialization , rather than of a cient individuality . It is impossible to distinguish the skull of a Terrier from s that of a Spaniel , or either of the e from the Pariah Dog of ” as a India , or the Mongrel Cur it is called in Engl nd , " wrote a learned zoological authority in 1 868 3 It would be interesting to secure a scientific opinion on the skulls of these breeds as developed at the present time . There appear to have been very few references to European short - mouthed o - ni d gs , exclusive of the bull dog , previous to the neteenth n s ce tury . The first mention of abnormally short nose occurs 1 Y at - in 845 . ou t speaks of the new short nosed typ e as an innovation The King Charles Spaniel of the present day z as is materially altered for the worse . The mu zle is almost and fr as short , the o ehead as ugly and prominent , the veriest - has bull dog . The Blenheim Spaniel degenerated of i late . The species may be distingu shed by the length and l si kiness of the coat , the deep fringe about the ear , the full l ” and moist eye and the blackness of the pa ate . T Chinese records prove the existence of short - mouthed

the 00 B.C and m dogs in time of Confucius , 7 . , si ilar dogs

s 00 B .C . as were u ed for sporting purposes in Shansi , 5 But to shortness of coat there is no evidence indicating the period am it was developed in the Chinese pug . The Chinese n e for ” the -sz e pug breed is Lo , and it is interesting to note that

- ras s e (little short coated dogs with black and éc é no e) . Term probably deriv d from " ” l cam sci i cam usa ictionn Ita ian o o or Span sh . D . Littré . ’ u 1 60 1 1 6 M rray s Dictionary quotes . Holland Pliny, 33 , The former ’ e the are cam oise r . 1 86. have flat nos s , other flat and nosed upwa d 3 Chaucer , ’ ’ ' e R was u 1 1 . Cham bers s Reev s Tale, ound his face and cam se was his nose . 7 5 ’ s v The r are u . Cycl . . . , Tarta s great admirers of cam s beauties N d The Hon . Mrs . eville Lytton says , A white toy spaniel survive till the time " ” of Queen Charlotte . Toy Dogs , p . 39 .

Pr c . 2001 S oc. 1868 . 10 . o . , , p 5 t 8 T Toy Dogs and their Ancestors , Lady Lyt on , p . 9. 1 68

THE CHINESE PUG the same characters are used to designate the old name of e Russia up to the Tao Kuang period . This sugg sts that the breed came from Russia . It may be suggested that breeders who have been able to secure such extraordinary special characteristics as those of the Pekinges e found small ffi s di culty , e pecially in a hot climate , in evolving a short coated race from the short - legged and short - headed

‘ 1 00 B.C seem s likel 011 pet dog existing years . It y , the opinion of authorities who have studied the question almost entirely from the European standpoint , that European pugs

the offs rin i . 1 88 1 are _ p g of Ch nese ancestors Vero Shaw ( ) says It is my firm opinion that the origin of the present is - Pug Dog nothing but the common English fawn coloured , smooth - coated terrier bitch crossed with a little jet- black i Ch nese terrier , of which I also have seen some they have ” the short nose and high head , and very curly tails . s s Mr . Wat on states that , at the outset , the be t English pugs t l were of Dutch origin , and hat the Wi loughby strain came

s . from St . Peter burg He says in support of the theory that the pug came originally from China , We have in the pug a dog which in his peculiarities has no counterpart in any - has European dog . The bull dog a short face , and was - r square headed , with cropped ea s and a straight tail , when the was ff pug first known , and had an entirely di erent tempera ” ment from the pug . s 1 86 1 8 All the English pug of prominence from 5 to 95 , 1 880 1 00 also all our best pugs from to 9 , trace to Click , a ” dog of pure Chinese stock . T ’ The son of the owner of Click is quoted as stating Click s — — parents Lamb and Moss were Chinese beyond dispute . They were captured in the Emperor of China ’ s palace during

Vero Shaw, The Book of the Dog . ’ ” m e TJa s Watson s The Dog Book . 1 69 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

1 86 1 868 the siege of Peking in 7 or , and were brought to n England by the then Marquis of Wellesley , I think . A yhow , M rs . . they were given to a St John , who brought them as several times to our house . Alike two peas , they were solid apricot fawn , without a suspicion of white had lovely son heads and expressions ; but , unlike their , they were ” close to the ground , and a shade long in body .

A later importation which is well known , is that of black pug- dogs brought in 1 886 from the East by Lord and Lady beam Brassey in the S un . It is possible that the Chinese name for this breed is ia connected with the city of Lok ng , or Lochiang , about thirty miles north of Chengtu , the capital of Ssuchuan , which was famous for its dogs from the eighth to the eleventh centuries . Recent inquiries in Ssuchuan indicate that the has its name of the breed been forgotten in birthplace , and that even in this distant province the common nam e for the ” - — small short nosed dogs is now Ching kou or Pekingese . One of the most important characteristics of the Chinese -sz e Lo dog , is , in addition to universal shortness of coat , elasticity of skin existing in a far greater degree than with the ” Pekingese . The point most sought after by Chinese was breeders the Prince mark , formed by three wrinkles on the forehead with a vertical bar in imitation of the Chinese ” character for Prince . This same character is distinguished by the Chinese in the stripes on the forehead of the tiger , which , in consequence , is the object of superstitious venera tion among the ignorant . The button , or white blaze , on

was - sz e was the forehead also encouraged in the Lo dog , but as l not of the same importance the wrink es . Other points as such compactness of body , flatness of face , squareness of jaw and soundness of bone— are similar to those of as re at ds l Pekingese , except g the ears , which were smal 1 7 0

CHA PTE R XI

THE “ JAPANESE DOGS

HERE appears no doubt that the Japanese race of Its small dogs was introduced from China . name in ” Japanese is Chin , and the Japanese character representing this name is composed of roots denoting ” China and dog . Considerable intercourse had grown up between the as Eastern Chinese of Go and the early Japanese , at least far back as the fifth century . The Japanese started making a

A D 668 . serious study of Chinese institutions about . . A D 6 —686 During the periods of Tien Wu Ti ( . . 7 3 ) and ’ ’ — D . 6 Ch ih T ung Ti (A. 690 69 ) Korea and China constantly “ presented small pet dogs to Japan fi These dogs appear to as have been sent presents , first to Korea , and thence to

Japan . Eastern records also show that in the fifth month of the

u A.D year Tien Ping of Shen W Ti ( . the Prince of Hsin was Lo State (Korea then composed of three states , of which this was the Eastern , adjacent to Japan) sent his envoy , Chin

Chang Hsun , with a suite of forty attendants , to Japan for

an audience . They took with them as tribute one parrot ,

one thrush , one Ssuchuan pai dog , one hunting dog , an ass , and two mules T

- - ti - Jih pen Chi . Jih pen Hou Chi. Hs Jih pen Hou Chi . Wen Te Shih Lu .

i 1 1 . San Tai Shih Lu . Liu Huo Sh h . The Dog , Tokyo 9 5

- THsu Jih pen Chi . 1 7 2 THE JAPANESE D OGS

A D It is said that about the year . . 7 94 pai dogs became all somewhat dear in price in Japan , because ladies liked to possess specimens of the In the fourth month of the first year T ’ien Ch ’ ang of A D Chun HO Ti (Japanese Emperor . . the state of Yueh ’ s as Ch ien (a Japanese State) , sent four dog tribute , two of which were Tso Tan Ta W0 and two of the W0 Tzu " J ” breed W0 is si . .T Now the Tzu a Chinese p dog A brief reference to the history of European intercourse with Japan will be sufficient to indicate that in all probability specimens of the “ Japanese race of dogs reached Europe in the sixteenth century . The Portuguese captured Goa in 1 10 5 , and thence spread their trade throughout the East .

Trade relations with Japan were started in 1 5 49 . The e traders were much favoured , specially by the princes of the t island of Kyushu , and , for unate in the possession of Macao , Of rich in stocks European and Indian goods , quickly de

velo ed . n p a very considerable trade Kaempfer , the historia , who was physician to a Dutch embassy sent to the court of 1 6 1 the Emperor of Japan in 9 , says The [Portuguese"

Merchants , in exchange for their European and Indian com m odities as t ff dru s w , raw silk , fine s u s , gg , ines , artificial ’ ossess d and curiosities , became p of immense treasures , the ” 1 n golden marrow of the country . In 5 5 9 St . Fra cis

Xavier , one of the original incorporators of the Society of

Jesus , landed in Japan as a missionary . He was well received .

A very large number of Japanese were converted , among them were the princes of Bungo , Arima , and Omura . In 1 5 82 these princes sent some of their nearest relations with letters and presents to pay homage to Pope Gregory XIII . 1 86 Persecution began in 5 , but the Japanese , being anxious for commerce , spared the merchants . Kaempfer says

0 - Do 1 1 . i The g, Tokyo , April 9 5 TJih pen J Shih . I 7 3 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

The merchants married the daughters of the richest in habitants . The gold of the country was exchanged against ff t European and Indian curiosities , medicines , stu s , and o her k 00 things of li e nature . Upwards of 3 tuns of the precious ” metal were exported every year . The Dutch established a factory at Firando just previous

1 600 . 1 6 to In 37 , in consequence of a Portuguese plot was against the Emperor , the country closed by Imperial decree to all Portuguese intercourse . All Japanese returning from abroad were put to death . No boat whatever , of any tu was u ue na re , to leave Japan , and all Port g se were banished a i to Macao . Me nwh le , the Dutch had been making every ff ” e ort to forward their trade . No trouble , says Kaempfer , no expenses were spared to pleas e the Emperor upon whom i alone all the good or bad success of the r trade depended . The ’ most exquisite curiosities of nature and art were purchas d a and brought over for the annu l presents . The oddes t and scarcest animals in particular were brought up in the remotest kingdoms of Europe , Persia , and the Indies , to have where as withal to satisfy their demands , ridiculous and fanciful so they generally were , for animals strange in their nature , ” colours and shape , as perhaps never existed in nature . In 164 1 the Dutch were ordered to remove from Fit ando ’ Kaem fer s to Nagasaki , where their factory existed in p time . The period of British trade with Japan at the beginning of was s the seventeenth century brief . The Ea t India Company , successful in its competition with the Portuguese and Dutch was in India , making plans to gain a footing in the trade of s the Far East . Its efforts to oust the Dutch from the Japane e trade were not successful . Will Adams , who , arriving about 1600 , was the first Englishman to reach Japan , rose to great

’ " MacLehose Kaem fer s r . G S cheuzer . . p Histo y of Japan , by J . , J 1 74

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

t king of Fi ando , and which was kept , apparently at the ’ king s request , in the English factory .

1 61 . . April 4 , 7 Thomas the cook , lefte to attend on Mr t harebreand kn fe Tot on , being a felloe , threw a kitchen y at k n es the Balle , the y g dogg , which we kept in English howse, b m and stuck y to the hart that he fell downe dead presently .

He hath beaten many of our Japon servantes , and had lyke to n have kild one of our neighbors serva tes the other day . He

h m wrot . n ys not the man I took y for , and the Worll Compa y Yf ha n in his behalfe more than he deserveth . this had p ed t m e in the y of Foyne Samme , who esteemed this dogg much . urebasso yt might have cost us all our lives . I sent our j to exskewse the matter to the kyng , who sent me word he esteemed that the English man did it not of purpose , and b m therefore willed me not to punish y , for the deede being ” donne could not be undon , etc . Special efforts were made by the Company to open up trade ’ 1 62 with China . Writing in 7 from Batavia , the Company s ’ : the factors remark The third part of East India s trade ,

Japan and China , is more than all the rest , and seemeth offered only to the English . These mighty monarchies abound with riches , are civilized peaceably to respond with C all . Their lothing is silk , passable in summer , but in winter they are forced to bombast or wear ten coats one over the other. Considerations concerning the trade to China ” The were to be our next step . factors then recommended the Court of Directors to provide European toys for presents h to these princes to procure rarities t at others have not , to impress conceit of greatness in the vulgar ; a wild mastiff dog , because not common , has his attendants and is fanned from flies with as much observance as a principal personage . The factors complain that many of the dogs shipped to the

2 Diary of Richard Cocks , vol . i , p . 47 , Hakluyt Society . 1 7 6 THE JAPANESE DOGS

East by the Company grow faint and dielfor want of fresh water and too much salt meat aboard , fresh oaten meal or and ground barley is the only food for dogs , a chain and comely collar to grace them ought ever to be remembered .

A Turkey cock and hen given by Capt . Moreton were so much adm ired that a sleight Chinaman to make a friend 1 00 r alls by presenting them , would willingly buy the like at y ” of eight . Sir Rutherford Alcock ’ s opinion that the Merry Monarch was indebted to his marriage with a Portuguese princess (and thence possibly to Japan) for the race of spaniels cal led after him would appear to have consider r able justification , for it appea s not unlikely that even if the Japanese races of small dogs were not introduced indirectly through Portugal or Holland by the traders of those two countries before the arrival of their British competitors , some specimens may have been introduced during the brief period in which British traders were in high favour with Japanese rulers at the beginning of the seventeenth century . Fennel 1 8 1 a the i in 4 s ys of K ng Charles spaniel , This beautiful breed received its name from having been the favourite

- of that ill fated monarch Charles I , who rarely walked out ni without being attended by several of these spa els . They a t were bl ck and white , wi h curly hair , small rounded heads , ” short muzzles , long ears and webbed feet . T The sending of dogs as Imperial presents persisted in

Japan up to at least the middle of the nineteenth century .

The Commodore , upon subsequent inquiry , learned that as there are three articles which in Japan , he understood , always form part of an Imperial present . These are rice , dried fish , and dogs . Some also said that charcoal was

a e 161 2 1 61 . Calendar of St te Papers . East Indi s 5 , p . 4 9 7 , p . 37 4 ” D e T Toy ogs and their Anc stors , p . 3 7 . M 1 7 7 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

s always included . Why the e should have been selected , and

m . what they particularly sy bolize , he did not learn The as charcoal w not omitted in the gifts on this occasion , and four small dogs of a rare breed were sent to the President as ’ l the part of the Emperor s gift . We have observed a so in ’ public prints that two were put on board Admiral Stirling s ship for Her Majesty of England . The fact that dogs are always part of a royal Japanese present suggested to the Commodore the thought that one species of spaniel now in

. 1 61 England may be traced to a Japanese origin In 3 , when r Captain Saris returned from Japan to England , he ca ried to the King a letter from the Emperor , and presents in return for those which had been sent to him by His Majesty of

England . Dogs probably formed part of the gifts , and thus may have been introduced into the kingdom the Japanese

breed . At any rate there is a breed in England which is

hard to distinguish from the Japanese dog . The species sent as a present by the Emperor is by no means common even in

Japan . It is never seen running about the streets or following its s master on his walk , and the Commodore understood that ” e they w re costly . Records of the several Dutch embassies T to the Japanese

Emperors , which took place during the seventeenth century , h thoug enumerating the presents exchanged on each occasion ,

do not mention the giving of dogs . A record of cargo brought to England on certain of the ships of the East India

Company during this period does not mention dogs , but includes merchandise to the value of some thousands of i ” pounds under the general head ng of toys . 1 861 The Bishop of Victoria , writing in , remarks that like

e e I 2— U x 8 . . . nited Stat s Japan E p dition ( 5 3 Captain J C Perry , vol i ,

. 6 1 6 p 3 9 , published 85 . ’ " l Em ereur du e r D 16 6. T Ambassade vers p Japon , H n y rummond , 8 1 7 8

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

is the Japanese , and are dwarfed , it said , by the use of saki ” aspirit to which their owners are particularly partial . 1 8 2 al e Idstone , writing in 7 , states that Origin ly th ” - - King Charles was a liver and white dog . He thought the t t breed originated in Japan , and said hat the first impor ed n He Japa ese were pale yellow and white . also thinks that i r the Blenhe m comes from Japan th ough Spain . Mrs a . Hugh Fraser st tes that there are two kinds of lap : hi dog in Japan one , the Chin dog above mentioned , w ch she as refers to a degenerate King Charles , and a smooth ,

rather bald beast with spots , both kinds having prominent ” eyes . T

i s to R b u 6— V sit Japan and China , by o ert Fort ne , pp . 9 9 8 . ’ ” D m in . e 1 1 . T A iplo atist s Wife Japan , by Mrs Hugh Fras r, p . 9

1 80 CHAPTER XII

THE CHINESE LION DOG ~ ~

N studying the origin Ofthe Chinese lion- dog or shock n dog , an origin which appears to be closely con ected

with that of the Lhasa terrier , one or two points in the his tory of Tibet may be borne in mind . There is no recorded history of the country previous to the seventh h A.D . t e s century , people having been steeped in barbari m and devoid of any written language . The foundation of

was A.D . 6 2 civilized monarchy laid on the conversion , in 5 , of

- - am o Srong tsan g p , who introduced Buddhism and the art of He . A.D 6 . writing from India had founded Lhasa in . 39 was One of his wives an Imperial daughter of China . In 663 the Chines e took Lhasa and burnt the royal palace

- - - Another of the Tibetan kings , Khri srong Ide tsan , born A D 0 . . 7 3 , is famous on account of his strenuous support of

Buddhism . His mother was daughter of one of the Chinese

Emperors . 1 n In 25 3 Kublai Kha conquered all the east of Tibet . In 1 645 the Chinese again invaded Tibet and conquered the fi t a whole of the country , making the f h of the Dalai L mas , a 1 6 title which first came into existence in 5 7 , supreme monarch 1 6 of all Tibet . In 5 3 he was confirmed in his authority by the Chinese , and paid a visit to the Emperor in Peking . The 1 20 Chinese army again conquered the country in 7 , and established the present system of government . The Chinese lion-dog Shih -tzu kou is so called chiefly 1 8 1 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

its on account of the length and shagginess of coat . The

- Chinese readily apply the name to any long coated dog , l whether native or foreign , large or smal . Ramsay says that “ ’ ” in Tibet these dogs are called lags k yi (hand dogs) ,

because it is believed that , if a human being lays hands is upon a young eagle when freshly hatched , the bird trans ” formed into a dog of the Chinese pug breed . That the Tibetans should have selected their small lion dogs , and in accordance with the universal custom should have sent them as curiosities and presents to the Manchu scholar ’ ’ Emperors Ch ien Lung , K ang Hsi , and other sovereigns , as a flattering reminder of the Lamaist association of the e tu Dynastic name with Manjusri , the god of l arning , habi ally accompanied by a small pet dog capable of being transformed as t into a mighty lion his steed , seems perfec ly natural . There is evidence that the compliment was acted on in the spirit in was the which it given , for the palace eunuchs state that

Emperors were continually followed by their small dogs , and that their entrance to audiences was often announced by the barking of the accompanying dogs—a signal for all servants to hide themselves , or at least to avert their faces . It is not known when the Tibetan Lamas began to send

- to the Manchus small Tibetan shock or lion dogs , the earliest English representation of which appears in Mr . ‘ ’ ” Bryan Hodgson s Drawings of Nepalese Animals . The custom possibly existed in the early period of the Manchu

1 8 . 1 08 Dynasty , founded in 5 3 It ceased in 9 , when the Dalai Lama visited the Empress Dowager and presented her with several specimens , which were seen by foreigners who describe them as having been very similar to the breed of

- lion dogs then existing in Peking , and known by living testimony to have existed there for at least forty years

“ ” 1 18 0 Western Tibet . Lahore . 9 , PR 33 . 35 1 82

THE CHINESE LION DOG

s . previou ly A similar breed exists in Shantung , but there tu - - are two varieties of the Shan ng lion dog , one of lap dog

. 1 86 size , evidently referred to by Dr Lockhart in 7 when he n f wrote , From Shantu g is brought a beauti ul black , long - - l haired , long backed , long legged terrier , very much ike a ” and - black Skye , the other shock greyhound similar in all its respects to the European greyhound , except for shaggy

’ ‘ Laufer Annzfis t coat . l quotes from the of Shan ung ” Province , There are various kinds of dogs . There are the n and barki g dogs with short muzzle thin legs , excellent hunters . There are the edible dogs with fat body , which are as served food and reared in large numbers . There is a kind the sm all from Western Foreign [country", low , , clean and ha- a cunning , with which you can play ; it is called p ’ dog . I How the breed came to be produced or originated is As in Thibet it impossible even to conjecture . the Tibetans resembled the Chinese in counteracting the cold by increase in the amount of clothing worn and not by

- - heating the living rooms , the production of long coated dogs as - w natural to the climate . Short coated dogs would have l had but sma l chance of survival . The association of Man

‘ a occasions was jusri Buddha with a sm ll pet dog , which on apt to be changed into a lion , may have suggested to the devotees of Lamaism the idea of breeding miniature lions as as something of a pious duty , a means of acquiring merit , as well an indirect strengthening of their creed . The Lamaists themselves say that their Tibetan lion- dogs are l to bred to resemble lions , and they , ike the Chinese , appear

- be willing to call any shaggy coated dog a lion dog . The first known use of the term lion- dog appears to

Proc . Z ool . S oc . 1 86 . , 7

T Chinese Pottery of the Han Dynasty, p . 267 . t 66 1 Book XXIV, sec ion on Products , p . . 1 83 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN refer to a specimen which was probably considerably larger hi than the Tibetan breed , but w ch , from the proximity of a Northern Kiangsu to Sh ntung , may have belonged to the - s race of lion dogs of both large and small specie , now found in the latter province . A D 1 1 1 r In the year . . 3 , unde the rule of the Emperor Kan

Tsung of the Southern Sung Dynasty , there lived near

Hsuchow , in Kiangsu , a magistrate , Dei Yen Cheng , to was whose judgment submitted the following case , having points in common with that in which Richard Macaire was brought to justice by the dog of Aubry of Montdidier , and ’ Ca arus with Plutarch s story of pp , watchdog of the temple ZEs ula ius of c p at Athens . In a lonely temple twenty li from the city dwelt a priest

and his . one servant He had two pets a cat , upon which was - he lavished much care , and a dog which well known on ” - account of its being a lion dog . It happened one day t had hat , during the absence of the servant , who been sent was to buy salt , the temple entered by a robber , who He was murdered the priest and got away . silently followed by the dog to his retreat whence , after two days , he made for the city , still followed by the dog . Upon reaching a frequented place the dog attacked him and would not be

off. t beaten When at last he gained the ci y , the dog again as attacked him , barking furiously . The dog was recognized was belonging to the priest , and the vehemence of its attacks was such that the murderer questioned on the point , and was failing to give a satisfactory explanation, apprehended ’ and , by the dog s guidance , taken to the temple . There the ’ was : priest s body found , guarded by the cat The murderer was taken to the city , tried by the magistrate and executed “ on full confession of his guilt fi

Yuan Chien Lei Han (quoting from the Yi Chien Chih 1 84

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN ’ i Hu (trans . Turkish) dogs wh ch nowadays are called ha ’ ’ ’ pa dogs . There is also the name pa rh dogs . The long haired among them are designated monkey- lion dogs ’ - The nao , a long haired yellow monkey) . people of the ’ locality call it Shih nung kou . It is to be noted that none but a literary or artistic Chinese would call the ordinary Pekinges e or the short - coated ” - pug by the name lion dog . This confusion of names is similar to that which exists in England in relation to the Happa dog— a name which to a Chinese is generic and

- - simply indicates a lap dog , which may be of pug , lion dog , or

Pekingese variety . Chinese breeders of these small dogs would no more confuse the names than a European breeder f would con use the English greyhound , the Italian variety , and the Borzoi . The Chinese lion Shih-tzu dogs are longer- nosed than ” - a the flat faced Pekingese . Perceval L ndon remarks that in Tibet itself the Tibetan terrier is a long- coated as little fellow with a sharp nose , prick ears , and , a rule , black ” from muzzle to tail , found but seldom in a pure state . T

They may be of any colour , but must be strong in bone ,

- - - short legged and large eyed . Like the Chinese Chow dog , ff sh they are a ectionate to their own masters , but y and u n distrustf l of stra gers . In China , the breed is nowadays sometimes crossed with Pekingese with a view to intro ducin g length of coat into that breed . The Empress Dowager found great difliculty in rearing the l r Tibetan dogs , which are somewhat de icate , being ve y a susceptible to pneumonia , and require more care th n the ” race usually known as Pekingese . Lion- dogs are figured in Old Chinese pictures in con

28a. Book L , p . ” T Lhasa , Perceval Landon , p . 387 . 1 86 THE CHINESE LION DOG

ntional hi n ve style . C nese pai ters no doubt found it rather beyond their powers to reproduce the shaggy face and to in give expression to a specimen which , the best of the breed , is so compact and long-coated that it is sometim es difficult a to distinguish head from t il .

1 87 CHAPTE R XIII

TOY DOGS IN CHINESE ART

O Chinese writer appears to have thought it worth while to record the precise points of the pet dog of

his day . The most important evidence obtainable on the exact characteristics of the ancestors of the Pekingese has breed to be gleaned from such illustrations on paper , silk , as porcelain , or lacquer are obtainable , and from the very rare modelled or sculptured reproductions of true dogs . It - a is , however , easy to over estimate the import nce of these s illustrations . As regards painting on porcelain it must be remembered that the pictorial work was carried out near the n 00 m potteries at Chin Te Chen in Kia gsi Province , 7 iles i south of Peking . It is unl kely that the pottery artists them aw i selves ever s the dogs they portrayed . They were work ng t n from ei her verbal descriptio s or pictures . In addition to this there were difficulties of reproduction of colour and form on porcelains usually made and painted by hand for cheap wholesale consumption . Pictures upon silk or paper are commonly imitations of the verv work of old masters , sometimes honest , but frequently made with fraudulent intentions . They have the charac teristic , remarkable to the European mind , of portraying in a conventionally fixed manner . Modern Chinese painters are so much slaves to style that a picture of some particular tree or rock will often be nine-tenths the tree or rock Ofan old 1 88

TOY DOGS IN CHINESE ART

s and l - the ma ter , will be allowed on y one tenth of charac tu teristics of the ac al subject . It must be mentioned that modern Chines e artists and picture dealers are the most inveterate imitators , counter the feiters and forgers in world . The western collector l usua ly falls an easy prey to their deceptions , which can only be guarded against by the closest of speciail zed study . Some years ago Frau Olga Wegener collected several pictures of The the famous local breed of dogs in Peking . Wegener was r collection exhibited in Ge many , and a small , but very l inaccurate cata ogue issued . The collection was acquired in s part by the British Museum , and , in con equence of this , too much reliance has been placed upon the statements of the collector regarding the authorship and dates of the pictures . As regards other collections , it appears more than possible that the Sung Dynasty (thirteenth century) Pomeranian ” Fukuota t Type of Dog , by Mao I in the Collec ion at is s Tokyo , genuine . No authentic painting of Pekinge e dogs older than the eighteenth century is known to exist outside t the palace in Peking . The Wegener pic ures , ascribed to 1 00 u Shen Chen Lin and said to date from 7 , are obvio s has counterfeits of recent date , for there been only one well known Chinese painter of this name , and his pupils now living in Peking testify to the fact that he died only thirteen h years ago . Chinese pictorial art as been almost dead for two hundred years , and to this fact must be ascribed the paucity of Chinese animal paintings showing individuality and artistic merit . The Chinese pictures are , for the most part , not portraits of individuals , but they more nearly ’ represent the artist s idea of typ e . The eunuchs of the palace endeavoured to obtain type pictures to which they might refer in the effort to improve ” 8 Toy Dogs and their Ancestors , p . 2 4 . 1 89 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN

their breeds , and consequently they caused scrolls portraying ai f large numbers of dogs to be p nted . Un ortunately , the was so painting talent upon which they could draw limited , that the results cannot compare with those which would be obtained if, for instance , British painters were commissioned to portray a similar number of specimens to be found in

England at the present time . — A well -known Chinese painter of dogs in Peking he had — been for years a pupil of Shen Chen Lin was asked to make a likeness of water-colours of one of the local Pekingese was specimens . The result recognizable as referring to this i dog on account of facial resemblance wh ch , apart from the somewhat conventional treatment as regards cheeks , went far to constitute something of a portrait . The treatment of

was . the body , however , altogether conventional The fringes ’ of the dog s front , ears , legs , and tail , were almost entirely O omitted , and the painter had bviously substituted the as crystallized Chinese artistic convention , it had been trans m itted to him , in place of a true likeness of the general form . a Miss C rl , who painted the late Empress Dowager with her two Pekingese dogs , remarks that the Old Buddha con sidered it more remarkable that these animals had been painted so that they were recognizable than that a good likeness of herself had been made . It is probable , therefore , that only asmall proportion of the reproductions of these dogs in Chinese art can be taken to be portraits or to have i more than an approximate resemblance to defin te originals . All Chinese are fond of sending small presents to their friends on auspicious occasions . The literary man loves to send a luck verse or picture having some happy allusion , as usually more or less veiled in classical lore , a charm or

‘ ’ afriend s omen , to herald good fortune on birthday or on the

New Year . Buddhism and superstition provide him with an 1 90

TOY DOGS IN CHINESE ART

am ple fund of allegories and sirniles upon which he freely is draws , and it to this custom that we owe most reproductions

of Pekingese dogs . When the Chinese scholar wished to fit

- some particular word into a well turned pictorial phrase , he t O found keen delight in perversely substi uting an bject which , its by the sound of name , or by the Chinese character , would delicately suggest the wish of the sender without reducing it ISH to the bluntness of bald prose . If his W referred to a i ” word sounding l ke lion , the cultured men of Peking

would be apt , especially if he were favouring one of the ” - fancy , to picture a member of the small breed of lion like

dogs which give his native city a certain degree of fame . The commonest form of token - presents in connexion with i s n Pek ngese porcelain was , at the beginning of the ineteenth ff- century , that of the snu bottle . The illustrations always re re have a distinct meaning , and are usually the pictorial p sentation - of some timely couplet or well turned lucky phrase . The picture - phrases must be apt allusions and also have literary merit . Some of them can be construed as standing for two or three separate good wishes . They often introduce m ff- lucky numbers . A co mon snu bottle illustration , which has — an European parallel , is a picture of three magpies the — Chinese name for magpie signifies joy-bird on a tree with i t the sun shining overhead . The w sh is One day hree joys Yi Tien San Hsi such as official rank and a first-born son to a proud father on his own birthday . Unfortunately ff- e these snu bottl s were carried in the pockets of their owners , so that authentic specimens have often lost the freshness of their illustrations through wear of the enamel . The phrases most frequently found illustrated are as follows

i Huan Tien Hs Ti .

Love Heaven Joy Earth . 1 9 1 DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN This antithetical couplet is figured by butterflies fl itting above children playing with cicadas or dogs . A picture of children flying a butterfly-kite is also used to symbolize joy below united with the much - loved wind

. Of s harp above The wish the sender is , May the happines ” of heaven and the joy of earth give you their united blessings . Another illustration is that of a Pekingese dog looking him up at butterflies floating above . The dog is here f r symbolical of joyful a fection , and the butte fly of heavenly bliss . Another illustration commonly found is that of an Old m an with a dog pictured on one side of a snufl - bottle and a child playing with two Pekingese dogs and a butterfly on the other . The wish is , May old and young live together in ” happiness . n It will be recalled that , according to Chi ese custom , probably a survival from tribal days , all the male line of a family inhabits one house or collection of houses so long as a parent or grand - parent of the family remains to link them with the past . On account of the survival of polygamy in h i C ina , and the slender years of the average Ch nese bride of groom , this custom is productive frequent trouble in even the best regulated of households , so that in the East a deli cately expressed hope that old and young may live together in peace and happiness is even more often appropriately auspicious and more intensely a heartfelt wish than in the

West , accustomed to the doctrines of monogamy and the

- unit home . Two other lucky couplets found on Pekingese snuff bottles throw a sidelight on this Chinese family custom . ii Chiu Shih Toong Ch .

Nine generations together live .

May nine generations live togethefin peace . 1 92

DOGS OF CHINA AND JAPAN T to a trite saying . hat most frequently found is perhaps the following ’ This motif symbolizes the superiority of man s wit over as brute force , and conveys an antithesis such that found in ”

he . t English proverb , The pen is mightier than the sword This is usually represented by a pair of Pekinges e dogs playing together , and forms an appropriate present from a husband to a wife naturally fond of dogs . The idea expressed is May we live together in united joy . — The chief hobby of the Emperor Tao Kuang ( 1 82 1 1 85 0) w as the breeding of pigeons . The Empress had a favourite and very celebrated Pekingese dog which on account of its colour was named Hsing- erh (apricot) and had a white button upon its forehead . This picture is by far the most frequent in connexion with illustrations of Pekingese

i . dogs , whether on paper , silk or porcela n It was favoured by loyal Chinese of the Tao Kuang period as flattering the i his exemplary devot on shown by the Emperor to wife . The h breeding of pigeons is universal in C ina . The flying of them with whistles attached is almost as much a national as has pastime in China the flying of kites . The picture special appropriateness on account of its being an expression ” of the other lucky phrase Love in heaven joy on earth .

A wish for united blessedness also exists , for the first half Ofthe Chinese character for the word pigeon introduces the connotation fit or appropriate in the sense of ” - well matched . ’ 1 8 1 m Shortly before 9 the E press Dowager s chief eunuch , Yin his Liu by name , lost three favourite Pekingese dogs s by a fire which destroyed the hou e in which they were kept .

These dogs were named , Sung To pine cone a black and white dog Chu Yeh bamboo leaf a red and white or yellow and white dog ; and Mei Hua ( plum I 94 PORCELAIN SNUFF BOTTLE CHINESE SNUFF BOTTLE (TAI S S S . FROM PEKING HIH, HAO HIH) TAO KUANG - SHIH TzU KU N HSIU CHIU . PERIOD LION ROLLS EMBROIDERED BALL

CHINESE SNUFF BOTTLE (TAI SHIH , SHAO SHIH) . TAO KUANG PERIOD

CHINESE SN UEE BOTTLES ( ECENT) ' R SAN YU T U (THREE ERI ENDs PICTURE)

Taj ace p . 1 94

INDEX

A- 2 1 6 CHEE , ceremony of, 7 Batavia , 7 Achee n e in A a _ 1 note , king of, 7 4 , 7 5 B ll , Travels si , 1 4 1 1 8 Adams , Will , 7 4, 7 5 Bernard of Clairvaux , Saint , 3 1 and note Be am ini Aigun , dogs of, 49 y , 7 9

2 2 1 E . 6 note Ainu , the , 4 , 5 , 7 Bicknell , Ethel , 9

A m ere 8 1 82 . S . uoted note j , king of, dogs sent to , , Birch , Dr , q , 9 O 1 0 note 1 6 1 6 Albrecht , scar , Black dogs , markings , 3 , 4 1 1 6 Alcock , Sir Rutherford , 7 7 Blenheim Spaniel , the , 5 the spot , 1 8 8 1 61 1 62 1 68 Alexandra Palace Dog Show , 7 5 , 5 , points of distinction , u i 8 - 6 Algonq ins , dog superstit ons , 7 Boar hunting , 5 , 5 7 - C . 6 1 1 Alpinus , , varieties , 5 , Bogaz Keui , sculptures, 3 ’ l 1 6 1 6 A va , Duke d , 7 Bologna , 4

1 1 Bonvalot G . 8 Ama Inu , the , 7 , , Across Tibet , 4 ” a Acterius 1 1 2 Am cia , , Bishop of, 44 , 45 Book of Rites , reference to , 3 , 1 Amoy , trade of, 39 8 Anahita , 95 Book of the Five Elements , 4 An- 1 hsi , lions from , 9 Borzoi dog , the , 7 5 An - 1 du hui , dogs of, 7 Bours , Madame , request for poodles ,

Anne , Queen , presents of dogs , 47 4s 8 Anon , book of, representations of fal Bower , Across Tibet , 4 n 6 1 00 1 co ry . 4 Boxer rebellion of 9 , 5 3 1 1 1 02 8 Anubis , , Boyle and Manning , Tibet , 3 AO Le u 8 1 6 1 0 , dog of , , 9 , 5 , 7 Brassey , Lord and Lady , 7 cited 1 S ee - Aristotle , 44 Breeding . Dog breeding

r W . 6 F . A kwright , , The Pointer , 5 Brinkley , Capt . , Japan and China , - 1 2 I 1 2 1 1 1 Aryans , dog veneration by the , , 3 , , , 7 , 5 1 6 1 6 3 . 3 Britain , dogs of, sent to Rome , ’ - i 6 2 Asoka , lion worsh p under , 95 , 9 dog s flesh used by cave dwellers , 4 - - baa- 1 2 Assur bani pal , reliefs of, British dogs , renown of, during the

Assyria , the lion in , 94 Stuart period , 44 1 2 a Assyrian dogs , dogs of Asshur British Museum , MSS . represent tions - note 6 bani pal , 7 7 of falconry , 4 the Wegener s 1 22 1 8 A syrian lions , collection , 9 t h As ronomy, Japanese , symbol of the Budd a , distinguished from the human 1 1 1 2 1 - lion , 7 race , his thirty two superior Atar atis 1 1 s 1 61 1 6 g , goddess , 3 mark , , 2 Athenodorus cited 1 2 — 1 1 6 1 1 , , 44 Buddhism , laws of, 7 29 , , 7 ; 8— 0 Avignon , dogs of, 49 animal superstitions , 3 4 intro duced 1 into China from India , 9 , BAI 1 0 note 2 — dog , the , 3 9 , 95 9 7 introduced into Tibet , 80 1 8 1 Barking deer , Baa- i 61 2 6 8 rel efs , rubbings taken from , , Buddhist lion , the , 9 , 95 , 9 , 9 62 d 2 10 1 0 - 1 1 1 1 1 of the Han perio , 7 depicted , 4 , 7 , 4 I 97 INDEX

” W l h Ha- 1 60 1 61 Budge , a lis The Gods of the C in Ssu pah , , 1 1 n 1 88 Egyptians , 94 , 3 Chin Te Che potteries , ff 1 0 —10 Bu alo stories , 5 7 China , domestication of the dog in , u 1 1 0 — Buffon , Histoire Nat relle , 7 , 5 , 4 7 ; foreign policy influenced by 1 8 1 0 1 5 regard for dogs , 9 , , 5 ; dog 1 0 flesh 0—2 8 Bull , the Assyrian , 7 as food , 2 ; the dog in - 6 i 2 d Bull baiting in England , 45 , 4 relig ous ceremonial , 3 ; og r 2- 6 0 1 Burgess , Buddhist Art in Ind a superstitions , 3 3 , 4 , 4 dog e — 0 breeding in media val times , 47 5 Of 1 Burgundy , Duke of, 7 3 use the dog in the chase , 5 a 8 i 6 Buri l ceremonies , the dog in , 7 , 7 9 Buddh sm established in , 9 , 97 0 1 2 8 - 1 1 1 1 6 Bushell , Chinese Art , 9 , lion masques , 5 , division 1 28 Byzantine Empire , China and the , , and reunion of the dynasties , 1 6 1 2 1 2 1 2 8 4 4 , 5 silk trade of, ’ r w East Ind a Company s trade ith , E A 1 1 6 C S R , Augustus , and the ram , 3 7 uoted 1 1 88—1 Caesar , Julius , on dogs , q , 5 Chinese Art , toy do in , 95 8 1 f:e - — . uoted 6 note ossib wolf 8 Caius , Dr , q , 9 , 4 , 45 Chinese dogs , p origin , 6 ; 1 6 and n te 2- 6 Camuses , 7 o the Heavenly dog , 3 3 ; the I n 2 6 2 1 Canton , sale of dog flesh , , 7 ; Imperial breed , 44 1 lion artistic 1 0 —1 1 1 trade of, 39 Chinese , conception , 7 1 2 1 1 0 - Carl , Miss , in Peking , 5 3 , 5 , 5 3 , 9 Chinese lion dog , name applied to any - 1 —1 - 1 81 1 8 Cat rearing in China , 3 5 37 long haired dog , , 2 ; com ” 2 1 86 Cats , arrival in England , legends pared with the Pekingese , 0 1 nas concerning , 4 , 4 ; of the Ming Chinese Pottery of the Han Dy ty , 1 2 1 1 —6 6—8 61—66 6 period , 5 , 5 Persian , 4 Laufer , 4 , 5 5 , , 7 , 7 7 , 1 8 1 1 n te 1 8 imperial popularity , 47 7 9 , 9 , 7 o , 3 - 2 2 2 Cave dwellers , 4, 5 Chinese sacrificial animals , 9 6 i - 1 0 Ceylon , the lion in , 9 Ch ng kou , 7 ’ 1 6 1 0 Chang Ch ien , 9 , 9 Chou Hsin , Emperor , ’ ” 1 Po- 6 Chang family of nine generations , 93 Chou ch i , Diary , 7 ’ GOCl u 26 Ch ang Hsien , the , 3 Chow , the , flesh sed for food 1 0 La Scul ture 8 Chavannes , p en origin of the name , 5 ; use in 2 6 0 1 Pierre en Chine , 7 fowling , 9 , 7 ; tongue , 5 7 1 Chen , City of, 4 Christianity , belief regarding the dog , ’ K cited 1 8 Ch en , wong Yun , 7 3 ’ ’ 1 2 T ihi i uoted Chen Tsung , Emperor , 3 Ch ung Hua Ch uan Ch h , q , 1 1 0 1 8 Chengtu , 34, 7 4 68 Cibot Pére 22 2 Chia Hsiang , , , researches , , 3 ’ - rehefs 68 u Chiao Ch eng Chi , bas , Clans , Chinese , particular colo rs in 8 1 61 Chiao dog , dogs for , i - - 1 1 8 Ch ao tzu , horn ear , 7 Clay figures , use of, 7 , 7 9 ’ - vn Ch ien Hsi lin , General , Cleves Anne of, dogs , 45 ’ ” uoted I 1 6 1 0 Ch ien Lei Han , q , 7 Click , Chinese origin , 9 , 7 ’ 8 1 0 1 1 1 6 Ch ien Lung , Emperor , 5 , 4 , 49 , Cocks , Richard , in Japan , 7 5 , 7 1 0 1 61 1 62 5 Colouring , the white spot , , ; ’ Hu 1 6 ti ere stri es 1 6 Ch ih , dog , 2 g p , 4 1 1 1 60 1 61 Chili , cats of, 4 Colours , the Pekingese , ,

o . R . R Chilin , 47 C ndor , C , The ise of Man , 1 2 8 note Chin Chang Hsun , 7 7 i 2 1 1 80 1 1 6 1 68 1 Ch n dog, 4, 7 9 , Confucius , sayings of, 4 , , , 95 i 1 1 6 Chin Sh h , Emperor , 5 , a cat story , 1 98

INDEX

L e 62 1 FA CONRY , in Europ , ; in China , Goa , capture of, 7 3 62 6 68 6 i 2 , 4 , in Japan , 4 Goldfish , Chinese breed ng , 5 0 66 68 Faust , 4 Goshawk , use of the , ,

1 8 1 G . . E . cited 1 8 Fei Ti , , 9 ray , Dr , , 5 4 , 5 J ” 0 0 1 62 G . H . 2 6 2 2 Feng Shui , practice of, 4 , 47 , 9 , ray , J , China , , 7 , 3 3 , 34 , 4 1 Fennel , on the King Charles Spaniel , Great Britain , trade with Japan , 7 4 cited 1 1 6 , 7 7 7 Fenollosa h G , Epochs in C inese and reece , the lion in , 95 " 1 2 G n 8 1 1 2 Japanese Art , 5 reek art in Chi a , 97 , 9 , Fernam 20 - 1 1 Mendez Pinto , Greeks , dog worship by the , 6 n te 1 G Fleming , Abraham , 9 o , 45 reenwich Palace , 45 , 49 — 1 1 6 . 1 Firando , English factory at , 7 4 7 Gregory XIII , Pope , 7 3 - G 2— Fire worship , the lion associated with , reyhound , the , in China , 7 7 5 2 in Europe , 7 the small , 7 5 2 Five elements , superstition of the , 4 , measurements of specimens , 7 5

43 Greyhounds , depicted on the Han F0 1 1 o 6- 8 o i , lion of, 5 p ttery , 5 5 exp rt of Engl sh , 6 1 00 82 Foism , the lion in , 9 , 7 3 , 7 4 ; Irish , - . S ee Fu Griffis The N Folin lin , Corea Hermit ation ,

Foochow , 35 - Griflis . N Foot binding among Chinese women , , W E The Jap ation in I 1 8 1 note 37 . 3 Evolution , 7 1 R Formosa , trade of, 39 Groot , eligious Systems in China , 2 26 2 Fortune , Robert , Kaempfer , 5 , , 4 1 8 6 1 1 8 1 I C uoted 2 2 3 . 37 . 3 . 4, . 7 3, 7 4 ; rosier de la Chine , q , 3 , 4 , - 1 1 1 on lap dogs , 7 9 Visits to 4 ” 1 80 Grunwedel A. s Japan and China , , , Buddhisti che Stu ” ” 1 62 1 6 1 08 note Four eyes , epithet , , 3 dien , 62 68 6 G 1 1 0 Fowling piece , use of the , , , 9 ryphon , the Egyptian , e 68 Francis of Franc , 44 Guns used in hawking , 1 G Franciscans , the , 34 walior State , last lion killed in, rancolin 68 6 1 note F , the , , 9 9 ’ Fraser , Mrs . Hugh , A Diplomatist s ” 1 80 AC Y Wife in Japan , H KNE horses , 7 3 e 6 - 1 1 60 1 61 Fr derick IL , 2 Hah pah dog , the , 49 , , , Fu or F0 1 1 1 2 —1 2 1 8 1 8 1 86 Lin Lin , dogs of, 7 , 7 9 , 3 , 5 , - Hai Bah (or Ai Bah) dog , meaning of Fukuota 1 1 8 note College Tokyo , 89 the term , 3 1 Funeral ceremonies , Tibetan dogs in , Hairless dogs , 7 8 88 7 , Hakluyt Society , Travels of Peter " 6 n te Fung Shen Bang , Popular Book of Mundy , 4 o " 1 1 n te o a Superstitions , 4 o Han p tteries , relief bands , from L ufer , —6 6- 8 61—66 6 2 4 . 5 5 . , 7 . 7 7 . 7 9 . 9 8 1 1 note 1 8 95 , 9 , 7 , 3

G . al us tris . P . cited 1 2 8 p , 3 Handcock , Percy S , , , 4 0 note Gabriel Hounds , the , 4 u 1 2 1 Game Laws , modern , nknown in Hangchow , 3 , 34 66 6 China , 5 9 Hares , taken With hawks , , 7 Gaudhara 2 cited 1 6 , Court of, 9 Harrison , , 4 8 Geikie , Prof. , Geology , 2 Hastings , Warren , 9 2 Genghis Khan , 97 Hawking , introduced into Japan , e 8 6 —68 G orge III ., 5 in China , 5 200 INDEX

- n u t h 8 1 Hawk trai ing , Chinese and Japanese H n ing , C inese , with dogs , , 9 , 5 , 62 0 s bu methods , 5 de cription of an imperial nt , h 1 2 1 8 1 Hay, Lord Jo n , 5 93 under the Manchus , 4 , 49 the r e i 6 Head , , impo tance in br ed ng , Huo Bin , 9 1 1 6 88 8 5 5 , 5 ; the term apple Hydrophobia , , 9 1 6 headed , 5 2 I BN cited 20 Hearn , Lafcadio , 5 Batuta , , — 2 1 1 uoted 1 80 Heavenly dog , the 3 3 37 , 7 , 7 Idstone , q , 1 note I ennet 6 Heber , Bishop , 9 , the Spanish , 4 - 6 1 Hedge dog , the , 3 Imperial instructors , 93 - -burne rs li n- 1 2 1 Henrietta Maria , dogs of, 47 Incense , g shaped ,

Henry VIII , presents of dogs , 44 , 45 India , decline of Buddhism , 97 ” 60 1 0 8 note Calendar of State Papers , India art , the lion of, 1 0 1 0 - 1 1 1 - 1 1 Heraldry , the lion in , 3 , 7 Indo Persians , 9 cite d 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 Herodotus , , , Islam , exclusion of dogs , , , 5 , t 6 Her ford , Lord , 5

F . ournal 2 note I sm a loff s 1 1 note Hewitt , J . , j , 3 y , Emba sy of, 4 i 28 2 1 H nduism , legend of Manu , , 9 Iyeyasu , Emperor , 7 9 6 legend of the Heavenly dog , 3 , 37 ’ cited 2 P - 2 2 Hippocrates , , 3 JA AN , non use of dog s flesh , 4 , 5 Eu 2 2 6 0 1 Ho Hsi Min , Kuang Shih Lai , street dogs of, 5 , , 3 , 3 1 0 6 1 3 British trade with , 4 , 7 4, 7 4 , 1 1 1 1 1 6 Hodgson , Mr . Bryan , Drawings of 7 5 ; lion masques , 5 , ; ” i 8 1 82 Nepalese An mals , 3 , symbol of the lion in astronomy of, bo s 1 1 l Hol rn Hor e Repository , dog show 7 ion supports for imperial 1 1 8 throne , presents of dogs from Holditch 1 2 r , Sir Thomas , Tibet , the China , 7 ; t ade relations with 0 8 1 note 8 1 1 Mysterious , 3 9, 4 , , 7 , Portugal , 7 3 . 7 4 1 1 8 e Japanese dogs import d into England , - i 1 06 Hozan , lion worsh p at , -sacrifice 2 1 6 1 Horse , 9 Japanese toy dog , the , 4 , 47 cited alandhara 6 Hosie , Sir Alex ., , 5 5 J , Council of, 9 1 1 6 Hou , mythical animal , 5 7 James I ban on tobacco , dogs of, ” uoted 1 6 e Hou Han Shu , q , 7 4 , 47 ; dogs s nt to the East by , ’ 8 1 82 on 1 How Tien Ch uan , the , 34 , 3 5 7 4 , 7 5 , , ; Japan , 7 5 ’ ” ku aschke uoted Hsi ch ing chien , the , 4 J , q , 7 Tsoon 1 1 Hsi g, Emperor , 3 Java , dogs of, 3 Mintz u 1 66 Hsi Yang , greyhound , 7 5 Jesse , Anecdotes of Dogs , - 1 1 —1 1 1 Hsia kwei , dogs of, 49 Jesuits , the , 39 4 , 47 Hsianfu 1 28 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 , , 3 , 47 Jew , the , prejudice against dogs , , ’ ’ ” ar baa- 61 62 6 1 note Hsiao T ang Sh i , reliefs , , , 4 Jih Hsia Chiu Wen K ao , 34 , e 1 1 1 6 1 1 note Hsien Feng p riod , 5 , 5 4 1 1 8 Hsien , the , definition of term , 7 Jingu , Empress , - 2 . St . 1 0 Hsi kou , the , 7 John , Mrs , 7 LO 1 1 em Hsin , dogs from , 3 Johnson , R . Campbell , S itic 8 Hsiung nu , dogs of, Magic . 95 Han 1 l Elian 1 2 Shen , Shuo wen , 7 Johnston , the , 9 Hu 1 86 n 1 , dogs , Joh ston , on the Maltese dog , 45 Hu 1 ru Kuo Ssu temple , 5 3 Joyce [Pe " South American ” Archmolo note Huang Ti , 4 gy , 9 1 1 20 Huish , Japan and its Art , 7 9 Judah , lion of, ’ ” 1 6 t u uoted 8 Hung Wu , Emperor , 4 Jui ying , q , 20 1 INDEX

6 note 1 8 - Jung , the , , 3 on wolf origin of some 6—8 ha- a Juvenal , 34 Chinese dogs , ; on the p 1 8 1 86 dog , 5 , EM PFE cited 0 1 8 6 1 1 8 a 6 KA R , , 3 , 3 , 37 , 3 , 4 , , L uriya pillar , the , 95 , 9 I 1 1 cited note 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 9 Layard , , 7 7 ’ Fu title 1 8 1 K ai , , Lee , Modern Dogs , 7 9 1 10 Kamakura , court , 7 Legge , Chinese Classics , 9 , , 34 1 8 n Kan Tsung , Empe ror , 4 Leo , Constellation of, not know to 2- 0 1 2 0 Kang Hsi , Emperor , hunts of, 9 94 ; China , 9 , 1 0 1 2 8 dictionary of, 3 pictures of, Leo , the Isaurian , 1 1 1 0 1 1 e 8 3 3 , 34 ; embassies to , 4 , 4 L opard , the Chinese , 5 1 1 1 8—1 0 1 dogs of, 49 , 5 Leu , tribe of, dogs of, 5 r e o Kansu , the small g eyhound , 7 5 Lhasa , ceremony of the scap g at , 3 9 , 1 26 1 2 0 1 8 1 Kao Wei , Emperor , story of, , 7 4 founded , 1 1 8 1 Kathiawar , lions of, 9 Lhasa terrier , the , Katm ir 1 2 1 the watchdog, 5 Li Chih , poet , 3 3

C . 10 note Keller , , Lien , the , definition , 7 ” - 2 Linchinchow 1 Keng hsien , meaning of term , 3 , cats of, 37 - - - 1 8 1 - 1 Khri Srong Ide tsan of Tibet , Lin Ching , 37 ” 68 1 8 1 2 1 2 6 Kin Shih So , Ling Ti , Emperor , , 4, 1 6 e 1 8 King Charles Spaniel , the , points , 5 , Linna us , list of dogs , 5 1 68 1 - 8 1 01 1 6 ; possible Eastern origin , 7 7 Lion , the , dog lions , 97 , 9 , , 4 the 1 1 8 Kinsen , Emperor , veneration for guardians of tombs , ; Chinese 0 1 1 1 8—1 20 dog , 3 , 3 superstitions , charac cited 1 0 1 8 teristics Kircher , Athanasius , , 4 , 4 of Buddha possessed by h - 1 1 8 on C inese foot binding , 37 , 3 Klem entz 62 6 2 1 0 1 , , 3 Lion , the Buddhist , 9 , 95 , sym - 1 1 6 bolism 1 1 2- 1 1 Knife cut mouth , the , 5 5 , 5 of, 5 K0 1 n te e chih ching yuan , 4 o Lion , the Chinese , not indig nous , K I nn 1 1 0 1 oma , 7 9 , 9 the Chinese artistic idea , 1 2 Kou Tzu , Emperor , 7 0 1 80 1 0 1 0 —1 1 1 Kublai Khan , dogs of, 5 , 5 , , 93 , Lion , the Heraldic , 3 , 7 , 1 2 44 lions of, 9 Lamaism 1 6 adopted by , 97 fall of, 35 con Lion , the Lamaist , description , 9 , 97 1 8 1 1 2 1 1 2 quests , characteristics , , 2

Kun ah . K Mr. V l l . 8 1 0 1 gp T ing , , Lion , the Spirit , 97 , 9 , 2 Kupang , chiefs of, 5 Lion , the Tibetan , 99 Buddhist s a 1 1 00 1 0 1 Kyu hu , isl nd of, 7 3 representations , , - t Lion dog , breeding of the Tibe an , 5 3 l 1 1 8 1 8 1 LAMA , the Da ai , , 4 first Chinese mention of, 44 G Teshoo 8 1 8 1 8 Lama , the rand , 97 the , 3 , first known use of term , 3 , 4 note 1 8 —1 8 99 the two varieties , 3 5 i 6 100 1 0 - 1 1 1 1 6 Lama sm , the lion in , 9 , 97 , , 3 , Lion masques , 5 , 1 06 1 1 8 1 1 1 2 1 1 22 - l , , 9 , , ; teachings Lion pil ars , 95 ’ a 1 1 8 1 1 reg rding the symbolism of the Lions milk , legend , , 9 1 1 2 1 1 - 1 0 1 lion , , 3 under the Manchus , Lion stories , Buddhist , I 8 1 - h 1 —6 4 . 49 Lion wors ip , origin , 9 , 94 9 l Lhasa 1 1 86 1 06 Landon , Perceva , , 7 , stories , - 2 1 - k Lap dog , cult of the , 5 , 49 Li poo Board , Pe in , 3 3 u La fer , Bertold , Chinese Pottery of Lisle , Lady , poodles , 45 ” Han - 6 6— 8 Yu 1 the Dynasty , 4 , 5 5 , Liu Jou , 3 5 61 - 66 6 2— 8 1 1 LO 1 8 , 7 , 7 7 , 7 9 , 9 95 , 9 , 7 Yang (Honanfu) ,

INDEX

Old 1 2 Buddha , 5 3 , 5 Pheasants , taking of, with the hawk , ” O C ne etica 1 66 68 6 ppian , y g , 5 , Mongolian , 9 O e 2 1 22 oen rdeal , trial by , Chines customs , , Ph ix , 47 1 Pi Hsiao Li , eunuch , 5 3 ’ PA-ERH 1 n te 1 0 dogs , 49 o , 5 P i ngan , the , 7 1 1 2 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 Pai dog , the , 7 , 3 , 3 , 3 , 43 , Pigeon breeding, 47 , 5 , 94 ”

1 A .D . 1 1 n te 1 1 47 popularity in 7 94 , 7 3 Pinkerton , Voyages , 7 o , 4 - fa . note Pai Kuong , Abbot , vii 0 1 n 1 26 1 2 Palestine , superstition in , 4 , 4 Ping Ya g , , 7 ’ 10 Pobran 8 Pao Ch eng , stories by , 4 g, 3 1 2 1 Parsee rites , the dog in , , 49 Pointer , the British , 5 - P0 10 cited 1 note 0 1 Parti colours , points of appreciation , , Marco , , 4 , 5 , 5 , 5 9 , 1 61- 1 6 60 6 80 2 1 s 4 , 3 , 7 9 , , 9 , 34 de cription 68 Partridges , netting of, of an Imperial hunt , 93 1 62 1 2 Pearls , Chinese custom of wearing , Polygamy , 9 ” A. 1 Pease , Sir , The Book of the Lion , Pomeranian type , 44

Pope , Alexander , The Indian and his ” i 1 1 8 Pechil , cats of, 4 Dog , 3 ” 1 2 I Peiching Kou , term , 4 Porcelain , Tao Kung period , S9 ’ P u 1 88 1 1 Pei Wai Chai Shu Hua , paintings on , , 9 n te 1 o Portugal , trade with China , 39 pugs Eu 1 1 66 1 6 Pei Wen Yun , 7 from , , 7 ; trade with Japan , -flesh 2 Peking , sale of dog in , 7 ; the 2 2 Hatamen , 3 ; the temple of Erh Portuguese , lions possessed by the , 9 - P outiatini C . Lang , 3 5 3 7 ; national museum , , , 3 , 4 8 1 00 the Poutiatini 5 ; Lama temple , ; , Prince , 3 Pu 1 06 1 1 ff cited 8 1 Kung , ; cats of, 4 Pratt on the Tibetan masti , , 1 1 8 1 0 capture by the Manchus , 47 , 4 Prince mark , 7 1 0 1 siege of, 7 ; visits of the Dalai Pug , the Chinese , 47 early intro 1 8 1 1 82 1 66 1 6 Lama , , duction into Europe , , 7 ; 1 06 1 0 Peking Chien Men , the , possible origin in Szechuan , 7 2 1 Pekingese dog , the , breeding , 5 ; leg Pug , the English , Chinese origin , 3 3 1 22 1 66 1 6 fringes , historical references , or probable Dutch origin , , 9 1 2 1 1 6 1 0 3 ; evolution of the type , 42 , Pug type , the , 5 2 colouring , 4 , 7 1 1 6 the - 43 , 4 ; black and white , Pug nosed spaniel , the , 5 4 1 1 0 47 ; introduction into England Pugs , black , 7 1 2 1 1 —1 8 Pil rim es uoted 20 5 , 5 3 points of the , 5 5 5 Purchas his g , q , 1 8 1 F n Cushos 8 body development , 5 , 5 9 ; y , the , 3 i 1 60 1 shedd ng of the coat , colours , Pythagoras , teachings , 2 " 1 60 —1 6 1 6 1 6 4 ; spectacled , 2 , 3 ” o K 1 n te A L 66 68 Pen Tsa ang No , 47 o QU I , netting of, , - 1 n te uan si 6 Pen Lo dogs , 49 o Q g , dogs of, 2 - 6 uan tun 6 Pepys on bull baiting 4 Q g g, dogs of, 2 ; eating of -flesh 2 8 Perry , Megalithic Culture of In dog in , 7 , 2 ” donesia 2 2 , 4, 5

r . . C . U RAM AY 8 1 1 82 Pe ry , Capt J , nited States S , Western Tibet , ,

1 8 . Japan Expedition , 7 Rameses II , 94 ” i 82 C clo z dia 2 Pers a , demand for British dogs , ; Rees , y p , 4 i 1 lion worsh p in , 94, 95 ; dogs of, Ren Tsung , Emperor , 33 “ 1 26 1 1 n . and e ; cats of, 4 Re nie , Dr , Peking the P kingese , 1 2 I Peter the Great , embassy to China , 5 . S3 R 8 injaitzay , 3 2 cn4 INDEX

S t . 8 S huowen 8 Roch , , dog of, 3 , dogs of, ” ” R 8 1 and uoted ockhill , Life of Buddha , Shuo wen , the , q , 7 10 note note Sieber , Max , h 82 1 88 Roe , Sir Jo n , Silk pictures ,

. 1 1 2 128 Rolleston , Prof , Scientific Papers , Silk trade , Chinese 4, - 1 1 1 Romans , the , dog worship , dog Sinkiang trade route , 9 ” fl h 2 2 Sit in 8 es eaten by , 3 , 4 ; use of the g, 5 1 1 1 1 2 dog in the chase , 5 Sirius , , 1 6 0 1 Romero , Julian , 7 Sledge dogs , Chinese , 7 , 7 ” R 1 6 - 1 and note—1 2 1 6 ussia , pugs from , 9 Sleeve dogs , 49 5 , 5

Sluys , 7 3 - ADD cited 6 e A s 6 S AR , , Smith , Vinc nt ; A oka , 95 , 9 aki 1 1 80 ff- 1 1 1 1—1 , use of, 7 9 , Snu bottle , vogue of the , 5 , 9 93 , -fishin 1 I Salmon g, use of the dog , 7 9S Soo oon Choom boo Salvatico , Francisco , 7 3 , 7 4 p , 99

Sam e 0 S orreze . y monastery , Tibet , 4 , J , Roman de Leonardo da ” 1 2 6 1 San Kuo Tien Luch , Vinci , 3 7 cited 6 6 6 Saris , Captain , , 4 , 47 , 4 , 7 4 , Southwark beer garden , 4 ” 6 Sowerby , Journal , 1 6 6 w Sash , the , customs regarding , 3 Spain , dogs from , 5 trade ith 1 8 6 1 Scent in dogs , development , 5 , 5 , 5 China , 39 ci ted 62 6 Schrader , , Spaniel , development of the , 5 ; the 8 11 0 1 S ee also Scott , Walter , 4 modern Japanese , 47 . 1 1 1 Scripture , references to the lion , King Charles Spaniel 1 1 66 6 Scythians , 9 Sparrowhawks , , 7 ” S hadza 1 i 1 62 1 6 , dog , 5 3 Spectacles , breed ng of, , 3 - Shakespeare , non mention of tobacco , Speke , Travels to the Sources of the 1 6 uoted 1 1 0 q , 4 Nile , 3 uoted 8 - 8 Shan hai king , q , Spirit lion , the , 97 , 9 monuments , cited I Shang , Books of, , 9 4'9 ShanS i rov mce 1 6 1 2 , p of, dogs of, 3 , Spiti , wolves of, 7 1 68 6- 8 Sporting dogs , ancient Chinese , 5 5 1 -fles h 1 Shantung , dogs of, 4 dog from , Square dogs , 9 , 43 2 1 0 - - - am o 1 8 1 7 lion figures , 4 lion dog of, Srong tsan g p of Tibet , 1 0 1 1 1 1 Ssuchuan , dogs of, 3 , 3 , 3 3 , 34 , V 1 6 1 0 Shaw , ., The Book of the Dog , 9 7 ’ r 1 8 1 0 - - 8 1 0 She i Chen Lin , paintings of, 9, 9 Ssu ma Ch ien , , 1 1 8 Shen Heng Chi , dog of, 3 5 Stambul , 2 - 1 8 Shensi , greyhound of, 7 5 lion pillars Stirling , Admiral , 7 ” Of , 95 Stop , the , first European reference 1 note 1 6 Shi Chi , 4 to , 4 ” K uoted 6 cited 8 note Shih ing , the , q , 7 , 3 Strabo , , 7 ” 1 0 - 2 26 0 1 Shih , meaning of term , 3 Street dogs of Japan , 5 , , 3 , 3 S i - -Pa- 2 1 note h h tsu Erh dogs , 5 , 49 Strutt , Joseph , Sports and Pastimes t 1 1 8 6 Shin a , king of, of the People of England , 4 1 1 1 1 8 1 2 Shintoism , 7 the lion in , ; Stunting of dogs , discouraged , 5 - 1 20 note sun worship , Suinin , Emperor , 7 9 1 1 0 1 8 1 1 82 S unbeam 1 0 Shock dogs , 45 , 5 , , , the , 7 1 - 1 0 note Short dogs , 43 Sun dog, the term , 2 - 1 68 - 1 1 6 1 1 1 0 Short mouthed dogs , Sun myths , , 7 , 2 - 8 - Shot gun , use , 5 , 5 9 Sun worship , the lion associated With , - 1 1 6 1 - 2 1 Shuah Shih tzu , 1 9 1 20 5 INDEX

1 2 - Sung dynasty , dogs of the , 49, 3 Tsai kou , the , 5 ” 2 uoted 6 Sung Yun , pilgrim , 9 Tso Chuan , the , q , ’ ’ 1 1 6 1 note Sweden , heraldic lions of, T u Shu Chi Ch eng , 4 ’ 1 u ted 1 8 Sybarites , 44 Tung K ao , q o , ’ ’ 1 62 T ung T ien Bai , ’ B 1 0 2 2 TA LES , Chinese , height of, 3 Tungus , the , use of dogs flesh , ’ 1 28 6 T ai Tsung , Emperor , dog of, , Turfan , 3 6 Turkestan , falconry in , 2 , Takatoki 1 8 , Emperor , 7 Turks , dogs of the , 7 , ; presents of 1 2 1 2 Tang dynasty , imperial dogs , 49 ; toy dogs accepted by the , 5 , 6 - 1 2 1 2 1 1 . dogs , 5 , 9 3 historical Turner , Capt Sam , on Tibetan lore , 1 2 1 2 8 references to pet dogs , 7 , ’ 8 T zu S ee D T ang , Emperor , decrees of, , 9 Hsi , Empress owager 1 Tao Kuang , Emperor , pigeons of, 94

K vn . Tao uang period , dogs of the , , UCHENG l - 1 06 , ion worship at , 2 1 1 5 , 49 ; porcelains , 5 9 ; docking 1 1 1 Unicorn , the , 1 6 of tails , 5 Urbino , Duke of, 44 0 1 Tartar dogs , 7 , 7 0 Ussuri , 7 1 2 1 2 Tartar invasion of China , 4 , 5 ff 8 1 Tatsienlu , masti s of, VAMBERY u ted , q o , 7 Ten eranus C . g , , 3 1 2 Teshu 8 note Venice , presents of dogs from , 5 Lama , the , 3 , 99 Victoria , Bishop of, Ten Weeks in St . 1 02 Thomas , , Story of, ” ” 1 8 1 1 note Japan , 7 , 7 9 Thunberg , Japon , 3 re 6 8 Victoria , Queen , Pekingese p Ti barbarians , dogs of the , , 1 2 1 0 sented to , 5 Tibet , wolves of, 7 ; founding of, ; ‘ Manna Lisa m e Vinci , Leonardo da , the , la a b liefs concerning dogs , 39 , I 0 1 37 4 , 5 3 ; sledge dogs , 7 lore of, 8 1 1 1 1 6 9 , 99 lion masques , 5 , WADDBLL A 1 6 1 8 . . conquest in 45 , 4 early , L , Lamaism , 97 1 8 1 - 1 8 history , the lion dog pre Wan Li , Emperor , 49, 3

Vii . sented to the Manchu Emperors , Wang Honehun , 1 82 - 1 8 1 1 the modern lion dog , 5 Wang To , dog of, 3 1 1 2 1 1 - l 1 1 Tibetan lion , the , monuments , , 3 Water dogs , penalties for kil ing , 3 , 4 ” i 60 61 6 1 0 Tibetan mast ff, the , , , 7 , 7 7 , Watson , James , The Dog Book , 5 , — 7 9 83 1 69 - note Tien Kow , the heavenly dog , 33 , 34 Watts , Isaac , 45 66 O 1 8 Tientsin , hawking in , Wegener , Frau lga , collection , 9 0 1 0 Tientsin Treaty , 3 Wellington , Duke of, 7 ‘ kin shi of 0 h 1 8 Tiger , g p the , 9 Wen Shu , the C inese , 4 T i lath-Pileser cited 6 0 g , 94 menageries of, 9 White , on the Chow , , 9 , 7 , 7 7 ” - 1 6 o Ting Tzu , 2 n te - 2 8 Dr. L . 1 06 Ti Yang , Wieger , , Buddhism , 39 , I esasu 1 1 8 O Tokugawa y , tomb of, William of range , the pug popular - 6— 1 66 1 6 Tomb dogs , 7 7 9 with , , 7

u s 1 l . cited 2 1 Tong e of the Pekinge e , 5 7 Wil iams , Dr Wells , , 7 , 7 6 s 1 6 Tower of London , seraglio in , 4 William , Sir Roger , 7 1 88—1 1 6 Toy dogs in Chinese art , 95 Willoughby pug , the , 9 ” 1 8 W i Toys , Eastern trade in , 7 ilson , Antiqu ties of Afghanistan , 1 88 Trees , symbolism in , 95 ” rem a ne 8 W0 1 0 T y , Ban of the Bori , 7 , dog , 3 8 Wo 1 Tribute , dogs as , , 9 Tzu breed , 7 3 206