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Phytochemical Study and Anticancer Potential of High Antioxidant Australian Native Plants

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Phytochemical Study and Anticancer Potential of High Antioxidant Australian Native Plants Phytochemical Study and Anticancer Potential of High Antioxidant Australian Native Plants Author Sirdaarta, Joseph P Published 2016 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School School of Natural Sciences DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/1565 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365567 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Griffith University Phytochemical study and anticancer potential of high antioxidant Australian native plants Principal supervisor: Dr Ian Edwin Cock Co-supervisor: Dr Sarah Ashmore By Joseph P Sirdaarta B. Food Science and Nutrition (Hons) School of Natural Sciences Griffith University Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy On the April 11th 2016 Chapter 1 1 | P a g e Statement of Originality This work, entitled Phytochemical study and anticancer potential of high antioxidant Australian native plants, has not previously been submitted for a degree in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. Joseph P Sirdaarta April 11th, 2016 Chapter 1 2 | P a g e Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to thank the Lord Jesus Christ for giving me this opportunity to pursue my PhD. He has all my gratitude for his provisions and support through trying times. Furthermore, I would like to thank Griffith University for offering me the opportunity through scholarships to complete the program. I would like to thank my supervisors Dr Ian Cock and Dr Sarah Ashmore for their help and guidance. Specially, I would like to thank Dr Ian Cock for his invaluable help, mentoring, guidance and belief in me even during the most trying of times. I would say that without him, this PhD may not have been possible to accomplish. I would like to thank Ben Matthews from Smart waters (GC) for his guidance with the QTOF analysis. Also, I would like to thank Alan White for the use of his GC-MS head space equipment and his technical expertise during the analysis of results. I would like to thank Dr Giovanna (Jenny) Di Trapani and Professor Franck Clarke for the gift of JEG-3/JAR cells and to A/Professor Ann McDonnell for the gift of MG-63 and MC3T3-E1 cells. I would like to thank Dr Paran Rayan for her initial help in getting me started with the cell lines. I would like to thank Raja Vadivelu for his help with cell-imaging and the subsequent analysis. I am grateful to Tak Kim and A/Professor Qin Li for their collaboration with our group. Their financial help was timely during our crisis. I would like to thank my parents and my brother John for their financial assistance and support during this period of study. Chapter 1 3 | P a g e Publications Arising From This Thesis 1. Sirdaarta, J., Matthews B., I.E. Cock. : Kakadu plum fruit extracts inhibit growth of the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis: Identification of stilbene and tannin components. Journal of Functional Foods. 06/2015; 17:610-620. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.019. 2. Sirdaarta, J., Matthews, B., White, A., Cock, I.E.: The potential of selected Australian medicinal plants with anti Proteus activity for the treatment and prevention of rheumatoid arthritis. Pharmacognosy Magazine 05/2015; 11(42 (Supp 1)):S190-S208. doi:10.4103/0973- 1296.157734. 3. Sirdaarta, J., Cock, I.E.: The anti-proliferative properties of Australian plants with high antioxidant capacities against cancer cell lines. Pharmacognosy Communications 10/2014; 4(4):71-82. doi10.5530/pc.2014.4.8. 4. Sirdaarta, J., McDonnell, A.M., Rayan, P., Matthews, B., Cock, I.E.: High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of high antioxidant Australian fruits with antiproliferative activity against cancer cells. Pharmacognosy Magazine 01/2016; doi: 10.4103/0973-1296.179678. 5. Winnett, V., Boyer, H., Sirdaarta, J., Cock. I.E.: The potential of Tasmannia lanceolata as a natural preservative and medicinal agent: Antimicrobial activity and toxicity. Pharmacognosy Communications 01/2014; 4(1):42-52. doi:10.5530/pc.2014.1.7. Conference Proceedings 1. Sirdaarta, J. Cock, I.E.: Antioxidant and anticancer activities of Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu Plum). 3rd International Symposium on Medicinal Plants (ISMP), Petra, Jordan; 01/2012. 2. Sirdaarta J., Cock, I.E.: Anticancer activity and phytochemical profiling of Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu Plum) fruit extracts. The 15th International Congress of The International Society for Ethnopharmacology, Petra Jordan; 05/2015 Chapter 1 4 | P a g e Table of Contents ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 18 1.1 Natural Therapeutics: Historical background ........................................................................... 22 1.2 Plants and phytochemicals of therapeutic significance ............................................................. 23 1.3 Carcinogenesis .......................................................................................................................... 28 1.3.1 Cancer and its relationship to oxidative stress ...................................................................... 31 1.3.2 Cellular antioxidant systems and the relation to redox stress ........................................... 35 1.3.2.1 Glutathione system ........................................................................................................ 35 1.3.2.2 Other protein sulfhydryls .............................................................................................. 36 1.3.2.3 Thiols and disulphides .................................................................................................. 37 1.3.2.4 Thioredoxin system ....................................................................................................... 40 1.3.3 Cell processes governed by cellular redox state ............................................................... 41 1.3.3.1 Proliferation and differentiation .................................................................................... 41 1.3.3.2 Death ............................................................................................................................. 42 1.3.3.3 Regulated cell death (apoptosis) ................................................................................... 42 1.4 Therapeutical intervention in cancer: current cancer targets and chemotherapies .................... 45 1.4.1 Polyphenols as antioxidants .............................................................................................. 48 1.5 Current research into plants as a therapeutic agents ................................................................. 50 1.5.1 Neglect of Australian flora and medical significance ....................................................... 51 1.5.2 Genus Terminalia .............................................................................................................. 53 1.5.2.1 Australia Terminalia species ......................................................................................... 54 Chapter 1 5 | P a g e 1.5.2.2 Phytochemistry and anti-oxidant capacity of genus Terminalia ................................... 56 1.5.2.3 T. ferdinandiana phytochemistry and antioxidant properties ....................................... 62 1.5.3 Genus Tasmannia family Winteraceae ............................................................................. 65 1.5.3.1. Tasmannia lanceolata ................................................................................................... 66 1.5.4 Genus Syzygium ................................................................................................................ 70 1.5.4.1 Australian species: Syzygium australe (brush cherry) and Syzygium leuhmannii (riberry) 72 1.5.5 Genus Davidsonia ............................................................................................................. 72 1.5.6 Genus Elaeocarpus ........................................................................................................... 73 1.5.7 Genus Kunzea ................................................................................................................... 74 1.5.8 Genus Podocarpus ............................................................................................................ 75 1.5.9 Genus Acronychia ............................................................................................................. 76 1.6 Aims .......................................................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................... 79 2.1 Plant material ............................................................................................................................ 79 2.2 Solvent extraction ..................................................................................................................... 79 2.3 Qualitative phytochemical studies ............................................................................................ 80 2.3.1 Alkaloids ........................................................................................................................... 80 2.3.2 Saponins
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