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Table of Content

1 Introduction: The , its People and its Civilization n

SECTION ONE: The Material Sources

2 Historical Sites between the Lamu Archipelago and Kilwa z.i Introduction: Archaeological Work in the Region 2.1 2.2 A Survey of Recorded Historical Sites on the Coast of Kenya 22 2.3 A Survey of Recorded Historical Sites on the Coast of 87

3 Key Sites and Chronology 3.1 Introduction 123 3.2 Gedi 126 3.3 Kilwa 143 3.4 Manda 171 3.5 Shanga 179

4 Historical Sites on the Islands of Zanzibar and Pemba 4.1 Zanzibar Island 193 4.2 Zanzibar Stone Town 209 4.3 Pemba 269

SECTION TWO: The Written Sources

5 Two Written Sources of the pre-Islamic Period 5.1 The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea (ca. 100 A.D.) 291 5.2 Claudius Ptolemy's Geography (ca. 150 to 400 A.D.) 292

6 Written Sources from the Islamic Period up to 1331 6.1 The Voyage of Tuan C'eng-Shih (before 863) 295 6.2 Buzurg b. Shahriyar of Ram Hurmuz (after 953) 296 6.3 al-Mas'udi (before 945) 298 6.4 al-Idrisi (1154) 299 6.5 Chao Ju-Kua on Zanzibar (1226) 300 6.6 Abu '1-Fida on Malindi, , Sofala (before 1331) 300 6.7 Marco Polo (before 1295) 301 6.8 Ibn Battuta on Mombasa and in 1331 301

7 Portuguese Sources 7.1 's First Voyage in 1498 304 7.2 Vasco da Gama's Return from India 1499 305 7.3 Vasco da Gama's Second Voyage 1502 306 7.4 The Anonymous Narrative of the Voyage of Pedro Alvares Cabral 1500 310 7.5 Ruy Lourenfo Ravasco in Zanzibar 1503-4 3" 7.6 The Expedition of Dom Francisco d'Almeida 1505 3"

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http://d-nb.info/1035024705 7.7 The Sack of Kilwa and Mombasa 150An Eye-Witness Account 317 7.8 Nuno Vaz Pereira's Settlement of Kilwa Affairs 1506 319 7.9 Diogo de Alcafova to the King of Portugal ijo6 321 7.10 Duarte Barbosa: An Account of the East Coast 1517-18 323 7.11 Gaspar de S. Bernadino: A Journey along the Coast in 1606 3x7 7.12 Father Joao Dos Santos: The Zimba Cannibals 1592-1593 329 7.13 Rezende's Description of Mombasa 1634 330

8 The Local Tradition 8.1 The Chronicle of Kilwa 336 8.2 The Swahili Chronicle of Kilwa 341 8.3 The History of Kua on Juani Island near Mafia 344 8.4 The History of Pate 345 8.j The History of Mombasa by Khamis b. Sa'id b. Shaykh al-Mumbasi 362 8.6 The Chronicle of Lamu 365 8.7 An Arabic Chronicle of Pemba 369 8.8 The Ancient History of Lindi 370 8.9 The History of Sudi 371 8.10 The Ancient History of Dar es Salaam 372 8.11 The History of Former Times in Bagamoyo 375

SECTION THREE: Analysis and Synthesis

9 Chronological Summary 9.1 The Pottery 379 9.2 The Mosques 384 9.3 The Mihrabs 385

10 Oman and the Swahili Coast 10.1 The Pre-Islamic and the Early Islamic Periods 391 10.1.1 The Pre-Islamic Period 391 10.1. z The Early Islamic Period 393 10.2 The Middle Islamic Period: Qalhat, Hormuz and the Shirazis of East Africa 397 10.2.1 Qalhat 397 10.2.2 Qalhat and Hormuz 398 10.2.3 The Breakdown of the Old Trade System and the Development ofa New Trade System 399 10.2.4 Shiraz and Kirman, Qays and Hormuz 400 10.2. f East Africa and the Shirazis 404 10.3. The Decline of the Coast of East Africa after the Portuguese Conquest and the Revival under Omani Rule 410 10.3.1 The Portuguese Conquest, the Decline of Portuguese Dominance and the Omani Rule until the Rise ofthe Al Bu Saidi 410 10.3.2 The Revival ofthe East African Coast under Al Bu Saidi Rule. The Period between Imam Ahmad b. Said and Sayyid Sultan b. Ahmad 414 10.3.3 The Revival ofthe East African Coast under the Al Bu Saidi. The First Period of Sayyid Said b. Sultans Rule (1804-1824) 419 10.3.4 The Revival ofthe East African Coast under theAl Bu Saidi. The Second Period ofSayyid Said b. Sultans Rule (1824—18^6) 423

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