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Introduction to Computer Technology

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Introduction to Computer Technology Introduction to Computer Technology Engr. Naveed Jan Assistant Professor Electronic Technology 1 General Class Rules • Your Class attendance is very Important. – Please try to come in time. If you come to the class after 10 minutes, you will be marked absent. – If marked absent, please do’t coe to e as your absence in the class may not be converted into presence. • Submit your assignment on time. • Copied assignments will not be accepted. 2 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 1 of 32 Geeral Class Rules Cot’d • Switch your cell phones off. • Contact your CR for notes. • There will be Surprise Graded Quizzes in every Chapter. Be prepared ! • Your Sessional Marks will be calculated from your Quizzes and Assignments. 3 Grading Criteria • Assignments 10 • Quizzes 10 • Presentation 05 • Mid Term Exam 25 • Final Exam 50 4 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 2 of 32 Introduction to Computer Technology • Course Number: ELT 113 • Credits: 3 +1 • Time: Monday (0930-1230) • Classroom: Class Room 2 • Prerequisite: None • Instructor: Naveed Jan • Office: Faculty office 3 • email: [email protected] • Office Hours: Monday-Thursday 9AM-2:00PM • Objective: Introduction to computer science through extensive course projects. 5 Introduction to Computer Technology • Textbook: P. Norton, Peter Norton's Introduction to Computers, 7th Ed., McGraw- Hills • Reference: G. B. Shelly, T. J. Cashman, and M. E. Vermaat, Discovering Computers 2004, Thomson Course Technology, Boston, MA, 2003. • Reference: M. M. Mano, Computer Engineering: Hardware Design, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1988. • Reference: J. G. Brookshear, Computer Science: An Overview, 7th Ed., Addison Wesley, Reading, MA, 2003. • excellent World Wide Web address: to look up computer terminology online http://www.pcwebopedia.com, http://www.whatis.com • excellent World Wide Web address: to search companies, products, and events http://www.google.com, http://www.yahoo.com, http://www.msn.com • Projects: will be assigned every week or every other week • Examinations: 6 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 3 of 32 • Chapter 1: Introducing Computer Systems • Lesson 1A: Exploring Computers and Their Uses • Lesson 1B: Looking Inside the Computer System 2 • Chapter 2: Presenting the Internet • Lesson 2A: The Internet and the World 3 • Lesson 2B: E-Mail and Other Internet Services 5 • Computing Keynotes: Creating Your email and Own Web Page • Chapter 3: Interacting with Your Computer • Lesson 3A: Using the Keyboard and Mouse 6 • Lesson 3B: Inputting Data in Other Ways 7 • Chapter 4: Seeing, Hearing, and Printing Data • Lesson 4A: Video and Sound 8 • Lesson 4B: Printing 9 • Computing Keynotes: Buying Your First Computer • Chapter 5: Processing Data • Lesson 5A: Transforming Data into Information 10 • Lesson 5B: Modern CPUs 14 7 • Chapter 6: Storing Data • Lesson 6A: Types of Storage Devices 15 • Lesson 6B: Measuring and Improving Drive Performance 16 • Chapter 7: Using Operating Systems • Lesson 7A: Operating System Basics 18 • Lesson 7B: Survey of PC and Network Operating Systems 19 • Chapter 8: Working with Application Software • Lesson 8A: Productivity Software 20 • Lesson 8B: Graphics and Multimedia 22 • Chapter 9: Networks • Lesson 9A: Networking Basics 23 • Lesson 9B: Data Communications 26 • Chapter 10: Working in the Online World • Lesson 10A: Connecting to the Internet 38 • Lesson 10B: Doing Business in the Online World 28 • Computing Keynotes: Professional Certification Programs 8 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 4 of 32 • Chapter 11: Database Management • Lesson 11A: Database Management Systems 29 • Lesson 11B: Survey of Database Systems 30 • Chapter 12: Development of Information Systems • Lesson 12A: The Basics of Information Systems 31 • Lesson 12B: Building Information Systems 32 • Chapter 13: Software Programming and Development • Lesson 13A: Creating Computer Programs 33 • Lesson 13B: Programming Languages and the Programming Process 34 • Chapter 14: Protecting Your Privacy, Your Computer, and Your Data • Lesson 14A: Understanding the Need for Security Measures 35 • Lesson 14B: Taking Protective Measures 36 • Computing Keynotes: Computer Viruses 9 Chapter 1A Introducing Computer Systems 10 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 5 of 32 The Computer Defined • Electronic device • Converts data into information • Modern computers are digital – Two digits combine to make data (0, 1) 11 What is a Computer? • A computer is an electronic device that process data, converting it into information that is useful to people. • A computer is controlled by the programmed instructions, which give the machine a purpose and tell what to do. 12 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 6 of 32 The Computer Defined • Older computers were analog – A range of values made data 13 The Computer Defined • Older computers were analog – A more manageable type -- the old-fashioned slide rule 14 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 7 of 32 Generation of Computers • Can be divided into six generations • Every new generation has dramatic improvements compared to previous one • Improvements were the result of – Technology used for building computers – Programming languages used – Computer systems internal organization 15 Generation of Computers The Mechanical Era (1623-1900) First Generation Electronic Computers (1937- 1953) Second Generation (1954-1962) Third Generation (1963-1972) Fourth Generation (1972-1984) Fifth Generation (1984-1990) Sixth Generation (1990-till date) 16 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 8 of 32 Generation of Computers • The Mechanical Era (1623-1900) – Mathematicians who designed and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. – The first multi-purpose, i.e. programmable, computing device was probably Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, which was begun in 1823 but never completed. – A more ambitious machine was the Analytical Engine. It was designed in 1842, but unfortunately it also was only partially completed by Babbage 17 Generation of Computers – George Scheutz read of the difference engine in 1833, and along with his son Edvard Scheutz began work on a smaller version. By 1853 they had constructed a machine that could process 15-digit numbers and calculate fourth-order differences. Their machine won a gold medal at the Exhibition of Paris in 1855. – Some other examples include abacus ( 3000 BC), Pascaline (17th century) etc – Punch cards (1890) also developed that were used for data input, output, and storage 18 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 9 of 32 Generation of Computers • First Generation Electronic Computers (1937-1953): – Vacuum tubes for circuitry – Magnetic drums for memory – Big size normally taking up entire rooms – The first generation of computers used machine language or 0s and 1s. – Examples are the UNIVAC and ENIAC 19 Generation of Computers • Second Generation (1954-1962 ): – Invention of transistors which replaces vacuum tubes – The transistor made computers smaller, less expensive and increased calculating speeds. – Memory technology was based on magnetic cores which could be accessed in random order – These machines used assembly language – E.g. TADIC, IBM 704, IBM 7030 20 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 10 of 32 Generation of Computers 21 Generation of Computers • Third Generation (1963-1972) – Transistors were replaced by integrated circuits(IC) on silicon chip (LSI and VLSI) – One IC could replace hundreds of transistors – This made computers even smaller and faster – semiconductor memories starting to be used instead of magnetic cores – They were characterized with high-level programming languages which required logic such as BASIC, Pascal, C, COBOL, and Fortran – Examples: Intel 4004, Intel 8008 etc 22 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 11 of 32 Generation of Computers 23 Generation of Computers • Fourth Generation (1972-1984) – Silicon Chips (Large scale integrated circuits)=LSI and VLSI – At this scale entire processors will fit onto a single chip – Two important events: the development of the C programming language and the UNIX operating system – Popular inventions include word processors, video games , laser printers, inkjet printers, spread sheets, cell phones, walkman, MS-DOS – Examples: APPLE 1, IBM PC, MACINTOSH etc 24 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 12 of 32 Generation of Computers • Fifth Generation (1983-1990) – Silicon Chips ( Very Large Integrated Circuits) VLSI – Characterized mainly by the acceptance of parallel processing – Many processors working on different parts of a single program. – Popular inventions: CD-ROM, Windows programs, first 3D video game – Examples: IBM PC-AT, Intel 80486, video toaster 25 Generation of Computers IBM PC-AT 1984 26 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 13 of 32 Generation of Computers Sixth Generation (1990- Present) • Transitions between generations in computer technology are hard to define, especially as they are taking place. • Some changes, such as the switch from vacuum tubes to transistors, are immediately apparent as fundamental changes, but others are clear only if you look backward. • Many of the developments in computer systems since 1990 reflect gradual improvements over established systems, and thus it is hard to claim they represent a transition to a new ``generation'', but other developments will prove to be significant changes. 27 Generation of Computers • Some popular inventions are WWW, HTML, Web TV, DVD, YouTube etc • Examples: • Power Book by apple (1991) • Pentium microprocessors by Intel (1993) • Sun Ultra workstation (1996) • And many more like core processor etc 28 Engr. Naveed Jan Page 14 of 32 Types of Computers Types of Computers on the basis of size and working principle Personal Computers
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