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From the Silurian of Sardinia (Italy)

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From the Silurian of Sardinia (Italy) Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana Modena, Novembre 1999 Taxonomy an devolution of Kockelella (Conodonta) from the Silurian of Sardinia (Italy) Enrico SERPAGLI Carlo CoRRADINI Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia KEYWORDS- Conodont Kockelella, Taxonomy, New taxa, Silurian, Sardinia. ABSTRACT- Relatively abundant specimens ojKockelella found in Sardinia permit a revision ofmany taxa ofthis important genus and an attempt at a more complete reconstruction ofthe phylogeny ofthe whole group. Besides the two new taxa recently (1998) proposed by us (K. maenniki and K. v. ichnusae), which are here re-described and re-discussed, a new subspecies, K. absidata sardo a ofthe K. absidata group, is proposed. Furthermore the reconstruction ofthe apparatus ojK. crassa is presented. The biostratigraphic value ofthe taxa ofthe genus Kockelella is also stress ed. RIASSUNTO- [Tassonomia ed evoluzione del genere Kockelella (Conodonta) nel Siluriano della Sardegna (Italia)] - Un numero abbastanza elevato di Kockelelle provenienti dai terreni siluriani della Sardegna ha permesso di effittuare una revisione di diversi taxa di questo importante genere e di tentare una più completa ricostruzione della filogenesi del gruppo. Oltre ai due nuovi taxa proposti recentemente da noi (K. maenniki e K. v. ichnusae), che vengono qui ridescritti e ridiscussi, viene anche proposta una nuova sottospecie, K. absidata sardoa, del gruppo della K. absidata. Inoltre è presentata la ricostruzione dell'apparato di K. crassa. Viene infine discussa l'importanza stratigrafica dei diversi taxa del genere Kockelella. INTRODUCTION THE PHYLOGENY OF KOCKELELLA Research in Sardinia during the past three decades The fìrst reconstruction of the phylogeny of by one of us (E.S.) and more recently, by a team from Kockelella was presented by Barrick & Klapper in their Modena University in connection with the preparation authoritative paper of 1976. Subsequently, the problem of the ECOS VII fìeld trip, has allowed the recovery, has been discussed by Kleffner (1994), with regard to from about 70 samples, of conodont elements some Wenlockian forms, and by Fordham (1991), who, belonging to severa! taxa of the genus Kockelella. More in his cladistic reconstruction of the whole Silurian precisely, 673 Pa elements, hundreds of Pb (187), M conodonts, also presented a phylogenetic tree for the (236), an d numerous ramiform elements (918) no t yet Kockelella-Polygnathoides Group (p. 9, Fig. 2d). assigned (Tab. 1), have been identifìed. lt is well known (Sweet, 1988) that the oldest species The large number of specimens of Kockelella of genus Kockelella evolved during the middle of elements stimulated us to revise the many taxa of this Llandovery, probably from species like Ozarkodina important Silurian genus and to attempt a more abrupta (Aldridge, 1972) and the last species became complete reconstruction of the phylogeny of the group. extinct within the Pol. siluricus Zone. With the present Kockelella, fìrst recorded by Serpagli (1967) from study, the number of taxa assigned to Kockelella Sardinia, have been recovered from Silurian sediments increases from twelve to sixteen. Therefore, we try to either in the "Orthoceras limestone" facies contribute to the understanding of the phyletic (Fluminimaggiore Fm) of the SW or in the "Ockerkalk" relations within the genus Kockelella as inferred from facies of the SE. As has been summarised by Ferretti & the Sardinian sequences as well as from the literature. Serpagli (1996), two distinct types of Silurian Three main lineages, mainly based on the Pa successions occur in Sardinia and are similar to the element, can be recognised, all originating from the sequences exposed in Bohemia and Thuringia, common ancestor K ranuliformis (Text-fìg. 1). respectively (see also Corradini & Serpagli, 1999, this One lineage starts in the latter part of the K volume). ranuliformis interval Zone with K walliseri (early forms) The stratigraphic distribution of Kockelella species evolving from K ranuliformis by developing a latera! is related to the biozonation proposed by Corradini & process adjacent of the cusp. K walliseri lasted up to Serpagli (1998) and discussed further in this sympo- the K crassa Zone, without producing any important sium volume (Corradini & Serpagli, 1999). descendant. In fact, both K cf. stauros sensu Bischoff, 276 E. SERPAGLJ, C. CORRADINI 1986 and K corpulenta became extinct soon in the K v. variabilis evolved from K stauros through late Oz. s. rhenana Zone. The fìrst became differentiated bifurcation of lateral processes and restriction of the through a more developed lateral frocess; the second basai cavity to the area under the processes. At the base through a robust blade bearing aterally expanded of the Oz. exc. hamata Zone, i t produced K v. ichnusae, denticles similat to transverse ridges. in which one lateral process became simple and sub- Also in the K ranuliformis interval Zone, a rounded, and denticles nearly completely fused just population of K ranuliformis started to develop ridge- anterior to the cusp. The lineage ends with K v. ichnusae like denti cles o n the biade, giving raise to K latidentata, in the early Pol. siluricus interval (Text-fìg. l). which become exctinct before the end of the succeeding The third lineage includes three taxa and is Oz. s. rhenana Zone. characterised by Pa elements in which the cusp is always In the late Oz. s. rhenana Zone, K ranulifòrmis gave clearly differentiated from the other denticles. lt rise to more successful stock, which, aÙer having apparently evolved directly from K ranuliformis by provided forms with two small lateral processes (K increasing the number of denticles posterior to the main amsdem), evolved to Pa elements characterised by an denticle, which gradually become a true cusp. From K even more complex platform, which expanded into a absidata absidata, which is the ancestor of this stock, true posterior process (K stauros-K variabilis Group). evolved K a. sardoa through development of crowed Q) Pe. latialata l\ :o :L"' . ·····----tU- --- "'c: z .<: <( Poi. siluricus > .!2 o 0:: :o :o o lL "' "' o > ::J ...J A. ploeckensis :s:o _J ,!Q o Oz. exc. , c: :::::> '"' _J hamata z > Q) <( ----------------------------------------------··;'·"o ··- f= "O ' a. (/) ·"'c;; 0:: K. v. variabilis .o :..: o interval Zone ? (!) "' "' e:::> ------------- m- --- Ci) K. crassa co z <( Oz. bohemica Ci: ·c: w ---- G> --- -- ::;; "0 Q) .'!! :; o "'E I Oz. s. sagitta c"' o. Q) "' o "O " :::.::::u '' :.! o z _J <( o Oz. s. z o rhenana UJ o :s: z w I (/) K. ranuliformis interval Zone r---u--____..················ >- 0::: LlJ Pt. am. > amorphognath. o o z ::5...J Pt. celloni Text-fìg. l - Tentative reconstruction of the origin and phylogeny of the genus Kockelella based o n previous srudies (Barrick & Klapper, 1976; Kleffner, 1994) and o n the data from Sardinia. Relationship berween any branch of the tree and the K crassa stock remai n indefinite, as well as with K patu/a and irs possible descendanrA. ploeckensis. The occurrence of different taxa in Sardinia is shown in dark grey; dotted lines indicate highly speculative connections. TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION OF KOCKELELLA 277 denticles on the amerior process of the Pa element and BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL MEANING an anterior constriction of the basai cavity. K a. sardoa finally produced K maenniki by developing a long, The biostratigraphic value ofkockelellids has been denticulate lateral process. This lineage starts within the demonstrated by Walliser (1964) and Klapper & late Oz. s. rhenana Zone and survives imo the late Pol Murphy (1976), who used some taxa to name siluricus Zone, therefore including the youngest Kockelella biointervals. With the present study, this value is species before the extinction of the genus. enhanced because 3 of the new 4 taxa proposed (or re- More difficult to/lace in this phyletic scheme are proposed) here can be of great help in making the K crassa stock an K patula stock, which, we prefer biostratigraphic determinations. K crassa was to consider them as a separate groups, apparently not apparently a short-ranged species, limited the basai linked each other nor to the main tree. Gorstian. K maenniki also ranged briefly together with We believe that K crassa evolved from forms Poi. siluricus, but didn't survive through the latest part characterised by a wider platform (Kockelella sp. nov. of the nominate zone. Kockellella v. ichnusae and K a. A Klapper & Murphy, 1975 sensu Bischoff, 1986), sardoa have a slightly lower biostratigraphic which bears a few nodes on its inner side. This form significance, being the more successful among the new has a more or less rounded-subquadrate outline of the taxa (Text-fig.1). platform, which became almost quadrate in its descendant, K crassa, in which some variations in the pattern of platform demicles also occurred. This connection is, however, speculative, because of the wide stratigraphic gap between the two taxa. SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY Even more speculative are the relations between K patu/a and its possible descendams, which Fordham Ali studi ed specimens are stored in the Department (1991) indicates are Kockelella sp. nov. A Klapper & ofEarth Sciences (Palaeontology), Modena University. Murphy, 1975 an d Ancoradella ploeckensis. Therefore, we prefer to consider this stock as a separate group, apparently not linked to any other, as Barrick & KOCKELELLA ABSIDATA Barrick & Klapper, 1976 Klapper (1976, fig. 5) did. Based on the morphological differences of the Pa Looking at the Kockelella phylogenetic tree, as we and the M elements, two phyletically connected have tematively reconstructed it (Text-fig. 1), some subspecies can be distinguished in K absidata: Kockelella comments can be presented about the evolutionary absidata absidata Barrick & Klapper and K absidata history of the genus. sardoa n. spp. K a. sardoa evolved from K a. absidata After its appearance in the late Llandovery, probably in late Gorstian time (Text-fig.l). Specimens with derived from Ozarkodina abrupta-type forms (Sweet, intermediate features have been observed in samples 1988; p.97), the genus Kockelella lasted for about from the Oz.
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