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L'évolution De « Taiji Quan De Famille Chen » Peut Être Classée En Quatre

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L'évolution De « Taiji Quan De Famille Chen » Peut Être Classée En Quatre L’évolution du Taiji quan de la famille Chen Dans cet article, le docteur Chin nous présente les grandes lignes du développement du style Chen de Taiji quan. Le docteur Chin "poussant les mains" avec le maître Wang Xi'an I) La migration du clan Chen La famille Chen a migré en 1374 sous la direction de Chen Bu 陈ト. Ce déplacement du clan Chen s'est fait depuis la province du Shanxi 山西(district Hongtong 洪洞県, village Dahuaishu, Dahuaishucun 大槐树村) jusqu'au district Wen (wenxian 温県)de la province du Henan 河南省, la communauté s'établissant dans le village Changyang (Changyangcun 常阳村) (actuellement Chenjiagou 陈冢构) où le style Chen de Taiji quan est né. Il semble qu’il existait à cette époque une "boxe longue Taiji en 137 mouvements" (taiji chang quan 137 shi 太极长拳一百三十七式). (Note 1) II) La période de la formation de Taiji quan de la famille Chen Durant la période antérieure à Chen Wangting, (陈 王 庭) le nom du général Qi Jiguang (戚繼光) (1528-1587) revient souvent ainsi qu'un des textes de son traité militaire, le Ji xiao xin shu (紀 效 新 书), Le canon de la boxe (Quan Jing, 拳 经). Chen Wangting (陈 王 庭, 1600-1680) de Chenjiagou s'en serait inspiré pour créer le style Chen de Taiji Quan tout en se référant également à un livre classique du Taoïsme, le Livre de la cour jaune (Huangting 黄 庭). L’entraînement comportait à cette époque plusieurs formes désignées aujourd'hui de la façon suivante : Boxe longue Taiji (Taiji changquan 太極長拳) en 108 mouvements, Taiji quan des treize techniques en cinq enchaînements (Taiji quan shisan shi wu lu 太極拳十三势五路) et enfin l'enchaînement des poings canons (yi lu paochui 一路 炮拳) (cf. note 1). D’après le Recueil de la boxe et des armes de la famille Chen (Chen shi quan xie pu 陈氏拳械譜) conservé à Chenjiagou, avant la 14e génération, le Taiji quan, le Taiji quan comportait « les sept luquan (enchaînements) créés par Chen Wangting » 陈王 廷造七路拳 : 1) Toutao shisanshi (premier enchaînement des treize techniques) comptant 57 mouvements; 2) Ertao (deuxième enchaînement) en 27 mouvements ; 3) Santao (troisième enchaînement), encore appelé dasitao chui (grand enchaînement qui martèle en quatre parties), avec 25 mouvements ; 4) Sitao (quatrième enchaînement), encore appelé hong quan (boxe rouge) en 23 mouvements ; 5) Wutao (cinquième enchaînement) en 29 mouvements; 6) Paochui jiazi (forme du poing canon) en 36 mouvements; 7) Chenjiagou lao taijiquan pu (partition ancienne du Taiji quan de Chenjiagou) en 39 mouvements. III) La période de la codification bien constituée et de la transmission hors de la famille Chen Dès la fin du 18e siècle et au début du 19e siècle l’ensemble des enchaînements a été transformé : Chen Changxing ( 陈 长興, 1771-1853) créa, à partir de transmission précédente, le « premier enchaînement de l'ancienne grande forme (laodajia yi lu 老大 架一路) ainsi que le « deuxième enchaînement de l'ancienne grande forme» (laodajia er lu 老大架二路 ou paochui 炮捶). De son côté, son cousin Chen youben (陈有本, 1780-1858) créa les deux autres enchaînements dits de la « petite forme» (xiao jia) : le « premier enchaînement de la petite forme » (xiaojia yi lu 小架一路) et le « second enchaînement de la petite forme (xiaojia er lu 小架二路). Enfin, Chen Qingping (陈清萍, 1795-1868), un élève de Chen Youben qui s'installa dans le village de Zhaobao (situé à deux kilomètres et demi au nord-est de Chenjiagou) créa le style de Zhaobao (Zhaobao jia 趙堡架) dit « xiaojia du petit cercle » (xiaojuan 小圈). IV) La période l’âge d’or et le classement au patrimoine immatériel de l’humanité Chen Zhaopi (陈照丕, 1893-1972) édita en 1935 son livre A la source du style Chen de Taiji quan (Chenshi Taiji quan huizong 陈氏太極拳滙宗) avec la présentation de « 74 mouvements (ou "postures" shi) ». Ses élèves de Chenjiagou firent connaître son enseignement à partir de 1985 par le biais de nombreuses publications codifiant la "forme ancienne" (laojia) du style Chen qui comporte deux enchaînements : Chen shi Taiji quan laojia yilu(老架一路) et Chen shi Taiji quan laojia erlu(老架ニ路). Chen Zhaopi Chen Fake 陈发科 (1887-1957) créa son style, dès 1928 à Beijing (Pékin), qui fut ensuite développé par son fils Chen Zhaokui (陈照奎,1928-1981). Deux élèves de Chen Fake, Shen Jiazhen (沈家桢, 1891-1972), et Gu Liuxin (顧留馨, 1908-1990) publièrent en 1963 un ouvrage intitulé Chen shi Taiji quan 陳式太極拳. Ce livre a immortalisé les 81 mouvements de la première forme et les 71 mouvements de la seconde forme (encore appelée "poings canons", paochui). Actuellement, il est courant de qualifier cette pratique de "forme nouvelle" (xinjia 新架) pour la différencier de celle transmise par Chen Zhaopi. Mais on doit faire attention à ne pas confondre cette "forme nouvelle" avec les formes développées à la suite de Chen Youben et de Chen Qingping citées au paragraphe III qui sont parfois également désignées de cette façon. Les enchaînements à mains nues les plus classiques du style Chen : Ci-dessous nous citons les enchaînements principaux en indiquant à chaque fois le nombre de mouvements : I) Chen shi Taijiquan laojia yi lu (老架一路七十四式 , 1er enchaînement de la forme ancienne) ou Chen shi Taijiquan (74 mouvements). 2) Chen shi Taijiquan laojia er lu (老架二路, 2e enchaînement de la forme ancienne) ou paochui (41 mouvements). 3) Chen shi Taijiquan xinjia yi lu (新架一路ハ十三式, 1er enchaînement de la forme nouvelle) ou Chen shi Taijiquan (83 mouvements). 4) Chen shi Taijiquan xinjia er lu (新架二路七十一式, 2e enchaînement de la forme nouvelle) ou paochui (71 mouvements). 5) Chen shi Taijiquan xiaojia yi lu (小架一路, 1er enchaînement de la petite forme) (66 mouvements chez Chen Youben 陈有本, 64 chez Chen xin 陈鑫, 74 dans des versions plus récentes). 6) Chen shi Taijiquan xiaojia er lu (小架二路, 2e enchaînement de la petite forme) (37 mouvements chez Chen Youben, 48 dans une version plus récente). 7) Chen shi taijiquan jingcai taolu 陈式太极拳竟赛套路, forme de compétition en 56 mouvements. On a recensé 129 catégories 拳種 dans les arts martiaux (ou wushu) chinois 中国武术 suite au recensement national entrepris en 1986. Ce chiffre est encore cité en 2007 par le professeur pékinois Kang Gewu 康戈武, auteur de L’encyclopédie des arts martiaux chinois 中国武木实用大全. Il reste donc toujours valable. Par exemple, le Taiji quan n’est qu’une des 129 catégories de wushu. A l’intérieur de cette catégorie dite Taiji Quan, il existe les styles différents, les plus connus étant les styles Chen 陈式, Yang 杨式, Wu 吳式, Wù 武式, Sun 孙式 et Chang 常式. Dans un même style, les différents maîtres renommés peuvent créer leurs propres écoles où les formes et les enchaînements sont également variés. Citons les exemples plus connus pour le style Chen : 1) Les poings canons (paochui) du maître Hong Junsheng 洪均生 (陈式二路炮捶六十四式) en 64 mouvements. 2) L'ouvrage Paochui » de Gu liuxin 顧留馨 (陈式太極拳第二路, 炮捶, Editions Haifeng, Hong Kong, 1985) présente cet enchaînement dans une version avec 79 mouvements (cette version est peu connue ; en revanche les 71 mouvements que Shen Jiazhen 沈家桢 a décrit, avec pour coauteur ce même Gu liuxin, dans le livre Chen shi Taiji quan publié en 1963 sont considérés comme la référence classique par la majorité des pratiquants.) 3) Le style Chen de Taiji quan simplifié (陈式简化太極拳) de Tian Xiuchen 田秀臣 en 36 postures (popularisé en 1982). 4) Le style Chen de Taiji quan en 38 mouvements (陈氏三十ハ式太極拳) de Chen Xiaowang 陈小旺 (popularisé en 1986) 5) Le style Chen de Taiji quan en 13 mouvements (陈式太極十三式) de Chen Zhenglei 陈正 雷 (diffusé à partir de 2003). Ce dernier à également créé "L'essentiel du style Chen de Taiji quan" (陈式太極精要十ハ式) en 18 mouvements. 6) Le Taiji quan de synthèse (综合太極拳) du maître Wang Xi'an 王西安 en 42 postures. 7) Le style Chen shi xinyi hunyuan de Taiji quan (陈式心意混元太極拳) style développé par le maître Feng Zhiqiang 馮志强. Dr. Shing-pok CHIN Ecrit le samedi 4 août 2011 (Note 1) Note de la rédaction : Il faut remarquer que le nom "Taiji quan" n'a été adopté que tardivement _ c'est-à-dire au début du XXe siècle _ par les boxeurs de Chenjiagou. En effet, aucun document ancien du clan Chen ne mentionne ce nom ou fait même explicitement référence à la théorie métaphysique du Taiji. www.shenjiying.com .
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