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Los Quironómidos Fósiles Como Paleoindicadores De Cambios Climáticos Durante El Tardiglacial Y Holoceno En Patagonia

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Los Quironómidos Fósiles Como Paleoindicadores De Cambios Climáticos Durante El Tardiglacial Y Holoceno En Patagonia Tesis Doctoral Los quironómidos fósiles como paleoindicadores de cambios climáticos durante el Tardiglacial y Holoceno en Patagonia Scagliotti, Juan José 2014-12-04 Este documento forma parte de la colección de tesis doctorales y de maestría de la Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, disponible en digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. Su utilización debe ser acompañada por la cita bibliográfica con reconocimiento de la fuente. This document is part of the doctoral theses collection of the Central Library Dr. Luis Federico Leloir, available in digital.bl.fcen.uba.ar. It should be used accompanied by the corresponding citation acknowledging the source. Cita tipo APA: Scagliotti, Juan José. (2014-12-04). Los quironómidos fósiles como paleoindicadores de cambios climáticos durante el Tardiglacial y Holoceno en Patagonia. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Cita tipo Chicago: Scagliotti, Juan José. "Los quironómidos fósiles como paleoindicadores de cambios climáticos durante el Tardiglacial y Holoceno en Patagonia". Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 2014-12-04. Dirección: Biblioteca Central Dr. Luis F. Leloir, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires. Contacto: [email protected] Intendente Güiraldes 2160 - C1428EGA - Tel. (++54 +11) 4789-9293 UNIVERSIDAD DE BUENOS AIRES Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Los quironómidos fósiles como paleoindicadores de cambios climáticos durante el Tardiglacial y Holoceno en Patagonia Tesis presentada para optar al título de Doctor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en el área Ciencias Biológicas Juan José Scagliotti Directora de Tesis: Dra. Julieta Massaferro Directora Asistente: Dra. Andrea María Josefa Coronato Consejera de Estudios: Dra. Nora Irene Maidana Lugar de trabajo: Instituto de Limnología “Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet” (ILPLA), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Buenos Aires, 2014 Los quironómidos fósiles como paleoindicadores de cambios climáticos durante el Tardiglacial y Holoceno en Patagonia RESUMEN En esta investigación se presentan los resultados del estudio de los registros de quironómidos fósiles de Laguna Potrok Aike (Santa Cruz, Argentina) y de Lago Lepué (Distrito de los Lagos Chilenos, Chile), obtenidos a partir del análisis de testigos sedimentarios lacustres, los cuales se extienden hasta los 15500 años cal BP y los 17500 años cal BP respectivamente, abarcando el Tardiglacial y Holoceno. El estudio realizado en Laguna Potrok Aike constituye uno de los registros más completos de quironómidos fósiles de la estepa patagónica austral abarcando el Tardiglacial y el Holoceno. Este trabajo permitió identificar la presencia de 3141 restos de cápsulas cefálicas de larvas de quironómidos representados por cuatro morfogéneros pertenecientes a las subfamilias Chironominae (53%) y Orthocladiinae (47%). En este registro se observa una clara alternancia en las abundancias de los ensambles de quironómidos asociada a cambios en el nivel del lago, los cuales reflejan variaciones en las condiciones hidrológicas locales. Durante el Tardiglacial se observa inicialmente un intervalo más seco, seguido de uno más húmedo, aunque para todo este período el nivel de las aguas y la humedad habrían sido mayores a lo registrado durante la mayor parte del Holoceno. Si bien se detecta una perturbación contemporánea al YD, dicha señal no puede ser interpretada como una respuesta a un descenso en los registros térmicos, probablemente debido a que la fuerte influencia de las precipitaciones y los vientos en la distribución de los ensambles de quironómidos en Potrok Aike enmascaran la señal climática durante este intervalo. Tampoco se registran otros eventos fríos como el ACR o el HMCR. Los cambios más pronunciados en el ensamble de quironómidos de Laguna Potrok Aike se observan a partir de los 8700 años cal BP, evidenciando el inicio de una etapa de sequía extrema, durante la cual se alcanza el nivel más bajo de las aguas de todo este registro. A partir de los últimos 5000 años cal BP se detecta un período de oscilaciones, con alternancia de pulsos húmedos/secos durante los cuales el nivel de las aguas fue altamente variable. El registro de quironómidos de Lago Lepué arrojó un total de 1818 restos de cápsulas cefálicas de larvas de quironómidos, representados por las subfamilias Chironominae (57,53%), Orthocladiinae (26,67%), Tanypodinae (14,96%), Prodiamesinae (0,55%) y Podonominae (0,28%). Los cambios en los ensambles de quironómidos fósiles de Lago Lepué responden principalmente a cambios climáticos, en especial a la temperatura y a variaciones en el patrón de precipitaciones. Durante el Tardiglacial, los ensambles de quironómidos muestran condiciones frías y húmedas, con un período de registros térmicos más bajos entre los 17500- 15500 años cal BP y uno más húmedo entre los 12500-9000 años cal BP, sin evidencias de reversiones climáticas significativas. A partir de los 8800, hasta los 6800 años cal BP se identifica el inicio de una fase más cálida y seca, seguida de un intervalo caracterizado por un progresivo aumento en las precipitaciones y un descenso en la temperatura, el cual se extiende hasta el presente inclusive. Al integrar los resultados de los quironómidos de Lago Lepué y Laguna Potrok Aike con estudios paleoambientales preexistentes en la región no se observa una clara señal en relación a un patrón de temperatura, aunque resulta claro que el régimen de precipitaciones de Patagonia, al menos durante el Holoceno, obedecería a cambios en la posición latitudinal de los Westerlies. Palabras clave: Patagonia, Tardiglacial, Holoceno, quironómidos, Westerlies, testigos sedimentarios lacustres, cambio climático. 2 Use of fossil quironomids as paleoindicators of climate change during the Lateglacial and Holocene in Patagonia ABSTRACT This research presents the results of the study of fossil chironomid records from Laguna Potrok Aike (Santa Cruz, Argentina) and Lago Lepué (Chilean Lake District, Chile), obtained from the analysis of lake sediment cores which extend to 15500 cal yr BP and 17500 cal yr BP respectively, embracing the Lateglacial and Holocene. The study in Laguna Potrok Aike is one of the few fossil chironomid records from Patagonian steppe, allowing the identification of 3141 fossil remains represented by 4 morphogenera belonging to the subfamilies Chironominae (53%) and Orthocladiinae (47%). Potrok Aike´s record presents a clear alternation in the abundance of chironomids genera associated with changes in lake level, reflecting variations in hydrological conditions. During the Late Glacial a drier interval was detected, followed by a wetter one, although along this period the water level and humidity were higher than those recorded during the Holocene. Despite disturbance is detected contemporaneously with YD, this signal can not be interpreted as a response to a drop in temperature recordings, probably due to the strong influence of precipitation and winds in the distribution of chironomid assemblages in Potrok Aike that mask the climate signal during this interval. There is also no evidence in this record of other cold events such as ACR or HMCR. The most pronounced change in chironomid assamblages from Laguna Potrok Aike is observed from 8700 cal yr BP, showing the begining of a period of extreme drougth, during which waters reached the lowest lake level according to this record. During the last 5000 cal yr BP, a period of oscillations is detected, alternating wet/dry pulses, during wich lake level was extremely variable. Lepué´s chironomid record yielded a total of 1818 head capsules remains of chironomid larvae, represented by the subfamilies Chironominae (57,53%), Orthocladiinae (26,67%), Prodiamesinae (0,55%) and Podonominae (0,28%). Changes in fossil chironomid assemblages from Lepué respond primarily to climate changes, particularly temperature and rainfall patterns. During the Lateglacial chironomids displayed cold and wet conditions, with a period of lower temperature between 17500-15500 cal yr BP, and a more humid period between 12500-9000 cal yr BP, with no evidence of significant climatic reversals. From 8800 to 6800 cal yr BP a warm and dry phase is identified, followed by an interval characterized by a progressive increase in precipitation and a reduction in temperature, which extends to the present inclusive. By integrating the results of chironomids from Lepué and Potrok Aike with existing paleoenvironmental studies from the region no clear signal regarding temperature pattern is found, although it emerges that the rainfall regime of Patagonia, at least during the Holocene, might be due to changes in the latitudinal position of the Southern Westerlies. Keywords: Patagonia, Lateglacial, Holocene, chironomids, Southern Westerlies, lake sediments cores, climate change. 3 AGRADECIMIENTOS A Julieta Massaferro y Andrea Coronato por aportar su conocimiento y experiencia en la elaboración de esta tesis. A Cecilia Laprida por facilitarme el laboratorio para poder finalizar la investigación. A Nora Maidana por sus consejos. A mis amigos y a mi familia, especialmente a Caro y a Sofi, por apoyarme y tenerme paciencia en este largo camino. 4 DEDICATORIA A Caro y a Sofi..... 5 INDICE Resumen………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………... 3 Indice …………………………………………………………………………………... 6 Nomenclatura y abreviaturas………………………………………………………….. 9 1. INTRODUCCIÓN Y ANTECEDENTES…………………………………...……10 1.1. Introducción a la
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