PERSOONIA

Published by the Rijksherbarium, Leiden

Volume 11, Part 2, pp. 153-256 (1981)

Entolomasubgenera Entolomaand Allocybe in the

Netherlands and adjacentregions with a reconnaissance

of their remainingtaxa in Europe

M.E. Noordeloos

Rijksherbarium, Leiden

(With 51 Text-figures)

Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe are revised on account of personal

and studies from various The of observations on collections herbaria. types European

taxa, as far as they could be recovered, have been examined. Observations on

extralimital taxa are included. The infragenericclassification of Noordeloos(1981)is

51 followed. taxa are recognized, eight ofwhich are new, viz. Entoloma clypeatum f.

pallido-griseum, E. clypeatum f. xanthophyllum. E. clypeatum var. defibulatum;E.

E. f. leucocarpum, E. myrmecophilum var. atrogaleatum; E. gerriae; sericatum

saliciphilum,E. turbidum var. pachylamellatum.Ten new combinations are made, viz.

E. clypeatum f. hyhridum, E. politum f. pernitrosum, E. alnobetulae, E. alpicola, E.

anthracinum, E. atrosericeum, E. brassicolens, E. chionoderma, E. eximium and E.

In subflexipes. Keys, descriptions and plates are given for all species accepted. an

appendix insufficiently known taxa are enumerated and shortly discussed.

Contents

Introduction 154

Material, methods and presentation 154

Acknowledgements 154

Taxonomic part 156

Entoloma subgenus Entoloma 156

Key to the sections and subsections of subgenus Entoloma 156

Synoptical key to the species 157

Section Entoloma 158

Section Nolanidea 166

Section Rhodopolia 183

Subsections: Rhodopolia, 183; Typodochroa, 194

Section Polita : 209

Section Clitopiloides 217

Setion Turfosa 219

Extralimital species 227

Insufficiently known taxa 238

Entoloma subgenus Allocybe 25!

References 255

Index 258

153 154 Persooni a Vol. 11. Part 2, 1981

Introduction

Fries (1838) erected tribus Entoloma to accomodate the pink-spored agarics with a

tricholomatoidhabit. The concept of this taxon was generally accepted by later mycologists,

though on differenttaxonomic levels: as a subgenus ofAgaricus by Rabenhorst (1844: 508), as a

of and subgenus Rhodophyllus by Quelet (1886: 57) Romagnesi (1974a: 332, 1978: 66) or as a

Kummer genus in its own right by (1871: 23) and many later mycologists.

In Entoloma the present paper, Entoloma is considered a subgenus of the genus emend. Donk

in emended This differs (1948), a narrow, concept (Noordeloos, 1981a: 136). concept from that

of Romagnesi (1974a& 1978, I.e.) in the exclusion ofsection Excentrici, which is accommodated

in a subgenus of its own, viz. Subgenus Allocybe.

MATERIAL, METHODS AND PRESENTATION

Most species have been studied in fresh as wellas in driedcondition. Macroscopic descriptions

are based on personal observations on fresh material, completed by notes provided by others,

Dr. Dr. R. A. Maas Dr. Waveren many of them are supplied by C. Bas, Geesteranus, E. Kits v. and Mr. P. B. Jansen. Unless otherwise stated the colours offresh specimens are comparedwith

Munsell Soil Colour Charts, Baltimore.

Microscopical structures were observed and measured in water (fresh carpophores) or in a

solution in solution under 10% ammonia or ammoniac 1 % Congo Red (dried specimens), usually oilimmersion.

Spores, basidia and cystidia were observed and measured in squash preparations of minute parts of the lamellae. Hymenophoraltrama has been examined in transversal sections as well as

in squash preparations. The pileipellis has been studied on radial sections, using a standarised

method, viz. one section from the middleofthe pileal radiusand one from the centreof the pileus.

Pigments were studied on fresh material in radial sections ofthe pileus, mounted in a saturated

saltsolution (NaCl) to obtain plasmolysis, and on dried material on sections after boiling in

ammonia or KOH.

made the aid of Drawings were with of a drawingprisma. The magnification the figures are:

670. carpophores, natural size; spores, x 1000; all other microscopical details, x

Unless otherwise stated all material is kept at the Rijksherbarium, Leiden (L).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am to Dr. C. for his studies deeply indepted Bas guidance and encouragement during my in

Entoloma which resulted in the Sincere thanks are due to Prof. H. , present paper. Romagnesi,

Paris, for generously making available his rich herbarium and notes, and for the instructive

discussions we had during my stays in Paris. Prof. Dr. R. Kiihner, Lyon; Prof. Dr. M. Moser,

Innsbruck; Dr. E. Kits v. Waveren, Amsterdam; Dr. L. Tjallingii and Mrs. G. J. M. G. Tjallingii-

Beukers, Wageningen, and Mr. P. B. Jansen, Breda, are gratefully thanked for making available

important herbarium collections. Many members of the Netherlands' Mycological Society Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma ami Allocybe 155

(N.M.V.) supplied me with fresh and dried material, for which I am very much indebted.

Withouttheir help this revision would have been far less complete. Grateful acknowledgements

are made to the directors of the following herbaria for the loan of material: Nationale

Plantentuin Meise Botanical and Herbarium, van Belgie, (BR); Museum Copenhagen (C);

Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh (E); Conservatoire et Jardin Botanique, Geneve (G);

Botanical Museum, Helsinki (H); Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (K); Botanische

Staatssammlung, Munchen (M); Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle,

Paris (PC); NationalMuseum, Praque (PRM); Botanical Museum, Stockholm (S); Institute for

Systematic Botany, Uppsala (UPS), and the Herbarium of the Biological Station Dr. W.

Beyerinck, Wijster (WBS). I am indebted to the directors of the following institutions for providing working facilities: The HerbariumRoyal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Botanical Institute,

Copenhagen; Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Paris; Botanische Staatssammlung, Munchen;

Botanical Museum, Oslo, and Botanical Museum, Stockholm. Special help was received from

Prof. Dr. J. J. Barkman and EefArnolds, Wijster; Mr. H. Knudsen, Copenhagen; Prof. Dr. H.

Hertel and Mr. A. Einhellinger, Munchen; Dr. R. Watling, Edinburgh; Mme. Dr. J. Perreau,

Paris; Dr. D. N. Pegler, Kew; Konservator A. E. Torkelsen and Konservator G. Gulden, Oslo;

Dr. Z. I Dr. R. A. Maas for Pouzar, Prague. owe many thanks to Geesteranus, Oegstgeest,

for the artistic correcting the Latin diagnoses. Ruth vanCrevel, Leiden is gratefully thanked way she arranged the plates and prepared them for printing. Eva van Santen kindly corrected the

English text, for which I am very grateful. Hanneke de Wolf and Zonaida Hoek are gratefully thanked for typing out the manuscript. 156 Persoonia Vol. 11, Pari 2, 1981

TAXONOMIC PART

ENTOLOMA (Fr.) Kumm. emend. Donk subgenus ENTOLOMA

Agaricus trib. Entoloma Fr., Epicr.: 143. 1838. — Agaricus subgenus Entoloma (Fr.) Rabenh., Deutschl. — Kryptog Fl. 1: 508. 1844. — Entoloma (Fr.) Kumm., Fiihr. Pilzk.: 23. 1871. Rhodophyllus subgenus

Entoloma (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 57. 1886. Hyporrhodius subgenus Entoloma (Fr.) Schroet. in Cohn,

KryptogFl. Schles. 3 (1): 616. 1889. — Lectotype (Donk, 1962: 95): Agaricus prunuloides Fr.

Agaricus trib. Eccilia Fr., Syst. mycol. 1:10. 1921. — Agaricus subgenus Eccilia (Fr.) Loud., Encyl. PL:

998. 1829. — Eccilia (Fr.) Kumm., Fiihr. Pilzk.: 23. 1871. — Rhodophyllus subgenus Eccilia (Fr.) Quel.,

Enchir.: 62. 1886. — Hyporrhodius subgenus Eccilia (Fr.) Schroet. in Cohn, KryptogFl. Schles. 3 (1): 613. — 1889. Lectotype (Donk, 1949: 158): Agaricus politus Pers. ex Fr.

Rhodophyllus subgenus RomagnesiaSinger in Annls mycol. 41: 13. 1943. — Holotype: R. clypeatus (L. ex

Fr.) Quel.

Carpophores usually tricholomatoid, rarely collybioid or clitocyboid, mycenoid or omphalioid; pileus usually conico-convex with or without broad umbo, more rarely flattened,

cup-shapedor with central depression, hygrophanousor not, smooth or radially fibrillose, never

fibrillose-squamulose; lamellae usually deeply emarginate or adnate, rarely adnate-

subdecurrent;stipe usually fibrillous-aeriferously striate lengthwise, rarely smooth and polished;

sporesoften more or less isodiametrical, with basal facet or blunt dihedralbase; pileipellis a cutis

or ixocutis ofcylindrical hyphae, sometimes with ascending, clavate terminal cells, frequently

with gelatinised walls. Pigment usually intracellular, rarely membranal or encrusting.

Hymenophoral trama and pileitrama regular, made up of chains of relatively short (on the average 40-150 pm long) cylindrical or inflatedcells (cf. chains of sausages); clamp-connections

usually present and numerous in all tissues.

KEY TO THE SECTIONS AND SUBSECTIONS

OF SUBGENUS ENTOLOMA

la. Pileus weakly to strongly hygrophanous, often translucently striate, at least at the margin. . 2

b. Pileus not hygrophanous; margin usually not striate 7

2a. Vernal often associated with and shrubs; often species, rosaceous trees pileipellis an ixocutis, very

with intracellular Section 166 strongly gelatinised, pigment Nolanidea, p.

b. Not vernal; pileipellis a cutis, more rarely an ixocutis; pigment intracellular or encrusting . . 3

3a. 6-8 5-7 rather in Spores small, x pm, thin-walled, subglobular-multiangled outline, slightly

intracellular cyanophilous; pigment exclusively Section Turfosa, p. 219

b. Spores usually distincly larger and with more or less thickened, never cyanophilous walls . . 4

4a. Clamp-connectionsabsent; carpophoresclitocyboid;pileusconvexwith depressed toumbilicate centre,

striate coarsely radially fibrillose; stipe short, Section Clitopiloides, p. 217

b. Clamp-connections present; carpophores tricholomatoid, collybioid, omphalioid or mycenoid 5

5a. Carpophores omphalioid or more rarely collybioid, pileus often with depressed to umbilicate centre;

if intracellular Section 209 stipe smooth, as polished, not striate; pigment exclusively Polita, p.

b. Carpophores usually tricholomatoid;pileus usually with broad umbo,rarely with depressed centre, but

then striate membranal often stipe very distinctly lengthwise; pigment intracellular, or encrusting, or

combinations of pigmentation types present 6

6a. Pigment predominantly intracellular, often pale and diffuse . . . Subsection Rhodopolia, p. 183

b. Pigment predominantly membranal-encrusting,often with additional intracellular pigment.

Subsection Typodochroa. p. 194

7a. Vernal species, often associated with rosaceous plants; margin of pileus sometimes striate.

Section Nolanidea. p. 166

b. Not of never striate Section 158 vernal; margin pileus Entoloma, p. N(X)rdoloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 157

SYNOPTICAL KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SUBGENUS ENTOLOMA

refer those in the table numbers in brackets (numbers to Synopsis, 1, p. 158; means:

character present or not).

Pileus

colour

when moist brilliantly white or very pale, greyish or yellowish: (6), (7), 11, (12), (13), (16), (17).

with blue or blue-violaceous tinges: 3, 4.

with greenish tinges: 48.

surface

not hygrophanous, not or hardly striate when moist: I, 2, 3, (4), 5, 11, 12, 13, (41), 42, 43, (48).

shape

with depressed centre or umblicate: (14), (22), (27), (28), 29, 30, 31, (34), (35), (36), (37), (41).

Lamellae

colour

with distinct least when 7. yellow tinge, at young: 2,

with slight green tinge: 48.

brown sometimes with 37, 40, 46, 47. distinctly or grey, only slight pink tinge: (22), (29), 39,

thickish: 33.

Stipe

colour

yellow: 7, 34.

greenish: 48.

violaceous: 36.

surface

smooth, as if polished, not striate: 27, 28, 29, 30. 47.

Smell

aromatic, like toffee, cumarine: (33).

ursinum: fetid, like rotten cabbage or Allium 41.

nitrous, like chlorine: 14, (23), (24), (27), 28.

Basidia

In majority 2-spored: 30.

clampless: 9, 31.

Cheilocystidia

present: 17.

Pigment

encrusting at least the narrowest hyphae of pileipellis and pileitrama, often in addition intracellular

pigment present: 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 40, 47.

Fruiting period

exclusively vernal: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13. Vol. 158 P E R so o N I a 11, Part 2, 1981

TABLE I

of the of Entoloma Entoloma treated in the Synopsis taxa subgenus present work

E. Section Entoloma 25. majaloides p. 205

. lividum 26. sordidulum 1.1 E. p. 159 E. p. 207

160 2. E. sinuatum p. 160 Section Polita

3. E. madidum p. 161 27.27. E.E. politum

4. E. nitidumnilidum 164 f.f. p. politum p. 210

Section Nolanidea 28.28. f. 211 pernitrosum p.

5. E. 29.29. E. caccabus 213 clypeatum p. E. f. clypeatum p. 167 30.30. E. bisporigerum p. 215

f. 171 Section 6. f pallidogriseum p. 171 Section Clitopiloides

7. f. 172 31. E. 217 xanthophyllum p. costatum p.

Section 8. f. hybridum p. 173 Turfosa

9. 173 32. E. turbidum var. defibulatumdefibulatum p.

E. 174 10. aprile p. 174 var. turbidum p. 220

11.11 E. 176176 33. . niphoides p. var. pachylamellatumpachylamellatum p. 222

E. E. vinaceum 12. saundersiisoundersii p. 178 34.

13. E.E. sepium p. 181 var. vinaceum p. 223

Section 35. 225 Rhodopolia varvar. fumosipesfumosipes p.

Subsection 36. var. 226 RhodopoliaRhodopolia violeipes p.

14. E. nidorosum 184 Extralimital p.

lividoalbum 37. 15. E. p. 186 E. alnobetulae p. 227

16. 188 38. E. E. speculum p. E. alpicola p. 227

E. 17. E. leucocarpum p. 189 39. anthracinum p. 228

18. E. subradiatum 191 40. E. alrosericeumatrosericeum p.p. p. 229229

19. E. 192 41. E. brassicolens 229 sphagneti p. p. 229

Subsection 42. E. 230 Typodochroa inocybeforme p.

20. E. myrmecophilum 43. E. prunuloides p. 231

var. myrmecophilum p. 196 44. E. pseudoturbidum P-p. 232

198 233 21. var. atrogaleatum p. 45. E. rhodopolium p.

E. 22. E.E. gerriaegerriae p. 199 46. E. subflexipessubflexipes p. 233

E. sericatumsericatum 47. E. 234 23. venosum p.

48. E. f. sericatumsericatum p. 201 viridans p. 235

24. f. saliciphilum p. 203

ENTOLOMA SECT. ENTOLOMA

Agaricus tribus Entoloma sect. Genuini Fr., Epicr.: 143. 1838. — Entoloma sect. Genuini (Fr.) Quel, in

Mem. Soc. Emul. Montbeliard, ser. II, 5: 116. 1872. — Rhodophyllus sect. Genuini (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 57.

1838. — Lectotype (Donk 1962: 95): Agaricus prunuloides Fr. — Rhodophyllus sect. Nitidi Romagn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 53: 326. 1937. Lectotype (design, mihi):

Rhodophyllus nitidus (Quel.) Quel. — Rhodophyllus sect. Madidi Romagn. in Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 43: 332. 1974. Holotype:

Rhodophyllus madidus (Fr.) Quel.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores usually robust and tricholomatoid; pileus not

of hygrophanous, non-striate; spores (sub-) isodiametrical; pileipellis an ixocutis made up cylindrical hyphae with distinctly gelatinized walls, with intracellular pigment; appearingin late summer and autumn. Noordeloos: Enloloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 159

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SECTION ENTOLOMA

la. Pileus and with blue 2 stipe or green tinges

b. Pileus and stipe without blue and/or green tinges 4

2a. and lamellae with distinct in woodlands E. 235 Pileus, stipe green tinges, (?). . . . viridans, p.

b. Pileus and stipe with blue tinges 3 3a. Habit thick-set, typically tricholomatoid; length of stipe usually not exceeding diameter of pileus; in

grasslands E. madidum, p. 161

b. Habit more slenderly tricholomatoid, sometimes almost mycenoid, length of stipe usually 2-3 times

E. diameter of pileus, in damp coniferous forests, rarely in frondose forests. . . nitidum, p. 164

3a. Lamellae when young with yellow tinge, often still visible at the margin of the pileus of old specimens;

1.2 spores subisodiametrical,8-11.5 fim long, Q > on the averageper collection; in frondose forests on

rich soils E. lividum, p. 159

b. Lamellae without yellow tinges 4

4a. 6.5 1.2 the in frondose forests in lowlands. Spores 8-11 x 8( 9) pm, Q> on average per collection,

E. sinuatum, 160 p.

b. 6.5-8 = 1.05 the in in Spores 6-8(-8.5) x ftm. Q 1.1 on average per collection; grasslands mountanous

and boreal habitats E. 231 prunuloides, p.

1. ENTOLOMA LIVIDUM (Bull. ex St.-Am.) Quél.

Figs. 1a-c

— Agaricus lividus Bull., Herb. Fr.,pi. 382. 1787. Agaricuslividus Bull, ex St.-Am., Fl. agenaise: 580. 1821.

— Entoloma lividum (Bull, ex St.-Am.) Quel, in Mem. Soc. Emul. Montbeliard, ser. II, 5: 116. 1872. —

Rhodophyllus lividus (Bull, ex St.-Am.) Schroet. in Cohn, KryptogFI. Schles. 3 (1): 617. 1889.

— SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS. —Cetto, Funghi Vero 1: 237. 1975. Dahnke & Dahnke, 700 Pilze:

— sel. — 256. 1979. Fries, Icon. fung.,pi. 90 fig. 3. 1867. Gillet, Hymen. Fr.: 401, pi. 271. 1874. — Lange.J., — Fl. agar. dan. 2: pi. 74 C. 1936. — Marchand, Champ. Nord & Midi 1: pi. 26. 1971. Richon & Roze, Atlas

— — Champ. Com. Ven.: 90, pi. 35. 1888. Ricken, Blatterpilze: 284. 1913. Romagnesi,Nouv. Atl. Champ. 1; pi. 76. 1956.

CHARACTERISTICS. 210 —Carpophoresvery robust; pileus up to mm broad, ivory grey, leather

brown lamellae when white in or greyish brown; tinged yellow, particularly young; stipe upper

downwards with part, (sub-)concolorous pileus; spores 8.0— 10.4(—11.5) x 6.8-9.3 pm, Q= 1.15- 1.2 the collection. on average per

Pileus 210 up to mm broad, conico-convex or convex then expanding, often irregularly

flattened with broad umbo,with lobedand undulating marginal zone, with involutemargin, not

hygrophanous, not striate, pale grey-brown, greyish-ochraceous or yellowish brown (2.5 Y 7/4,

10 YR 8/3, 7/3,7/4,6/3,6/2), smoothand glabrous on limb, particularly atcentre with micaceous patches alternating with arachnoid-fluffy spots, often becoming radially fibrillose or rimose,

sometimes splitting up radially and showing pileal trama in-between, even appearing pseudo-

= squamulose in exposed pilei. Lamellae L 70-100, 1 = 1-3, crowded, adnate or emarginate,

segmentiform, rarely ventricose, yellowish when young then salmon pink to reddish brown, often retaining yellow colour near margin of pileus (2.5 Y 8/3, 10 YR 8/3, 7.5 YR 8/3, 8/6, 7/4),

sometimes concolorous 40-140 7-32 veined, with entire or coarsely serrulate, edge. Stipe x mm, cylindrical, often flexuose, taperingor broadeningtowards base, solid, rarely becomingfistulose

with age, upper part (almost) white downwards concolorous with pileus, innately to, sometimes, downwards Flesh coarsely fibrillose, at apex sometimespruinose, glabrous. white, rather firm, in pileusresisting the knife. Smellstrong, often somewhat acidulous-nauseating, farinaceousor like 160 Persoonia - Vol. 11. Part 2, 1981

with of burnt of Hebeloma that of cucumber or raphanoid faint component sugar (like that

sacchariolens). Taste nasty and rancid-raphanoid.

6.8-9.3 = = Spores 8.0-10.4(-l 1.5) x /tm, Q (1.0-) 1.05-1.2-1.3, L-D (0-)0.6-1.5-2 /mi, 6-

in angled side-view. Basidia 35-58 x 10-16 /mi, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Hymenophoral trama

ofinflated x 8-35 a thin cutis ixocutis regular, made up cells, 45-170(-250) /mi. Pileipellis or or

with 2-5 /mi wide cylindrical hyphae strongly gelatinised walls, with pale brown intracellular

to made of inflated 12- pigment, subpellis weakly distinctly developed, up cells, 47-90(-120) x

32 /tm with pale brown intracellularpigment. Pileitramaregular in limb,at centre ofpileus more made of inflated or less interwoven and very compact, pseudoparenchymatical, up short, cells,

120 wide. Vascular in of certain up to /tm long, 8-35 /tm hyphae numerous trama specimens.

Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues studied.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In frondose forests, in the Netherlands on heavy, clayey soils northwards alongthe greatrivers, rare. Widespread (own observations and lit.) in entire Europe, reaching southern Scandinavia. Sept.-Dec.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—N ETHERLANDS: prov. Gelderland: Doetinchem, Hallesche weg,

Sept. 1935, A. S. C. Schweers . Buren, loam-pits, 1 Dec. 1968, F. Tjallingii; prov. Utrecht, Driebergen,

Werkhoven, 12 Oct. 1978, J. Schreurs.

Le 9 C. Bus 6618; 3 Oct. M. E. BELGIUM, prov. Namur, Ave-et-Auffe, Roptai, Sept. 1975, idem, 1977,

Noordeloos501. — G ERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC: Bentheim, Samelrot-forest,25Sept. 1977, P. B.

Jansen. — FRANCE, Dept. Seine & Oise, Luzarches, 8 Sept. 1948, H. Romagnesi48.359 (herb. Romagn.,

PC); For6t de Carnelle, 18 Sept. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 451; Forfit de Marly, 18 Sept. 1977, M. E.

Noordeloos 453.

Entoloma lividum is easily recognized by its robust habit, the non-hygrophanouspileus with

micaceous spots and by the yellowish lamellae. Entolomaclypeatum forma xanthophyllum differs

in its smooth, distinctly hygrophanouspileus without micaceousspots, the habitatand its strictly

vernal occurrence.

E. Entolomasinuatum has often been consideredto be a synonym of lividum,particularly by the authors influenced by Quelet. Romagnesi (1978: 105 107) described, however, a find of an

Entoloma which resembles very much our concept of E. lividum, but which differs in some

important characters such as the colour ofthe pileus and lamellaeand the smell. Dr. F. Tjallingii

Entoloma found one specimen of an at Hemmen, Netherlands, that agrees very well with

Romagnesi's concept ofwhat he considers to be the true E. sinuatum. The Netherlands' find is

described below.

Entolomaprunuloides is also closely related to E. lividum. Its main differences are the slightly

smaller dimensions of the carpophore, the lack of yellow in the lamellae, the habitat and the

in distinctly smaller, more isodiametrical spores. Entolomaprunuloides seems to occur mainly

mountainous and boreal habitats and has not been found yet in the Netherlands.

Pale-coloured taxa in section Nolanidea, viz. E. clypeatum f. pallidogriseum. E. saundersii and

E. sepium differ from E. lividum among other things in the strictly vernal appearance and the

habitat.

2. ENTOLOMA SINUATUM (Bull. ex Fr.) Kumm. —Figs. 2a-c

— Agaricussinuatus Bull., Herb. Fr., pi. 579 fig. 1. 1793. Agaricus sinuatus Bull, ex Fr., Syst. mycol. 1: 197.

1821. Entoloma sinuatum (Bull, ex Fr.) Kumm., Fiihr. Pilzk.: 98. 1871. — Rhodophyllus sinuatus(Bull, ex

Fr.) Quel., Fl. mycol. Fr.: 179. 1888.

SELECTEDICONES&DESCRIPTIONS. —Bull., Herb. Fr.,pl. 547fig. 1.1791 (as A. phonospermus). —Cooke, 111

Br. Fungi, pi. 316(310). 1884.—Romagnesi in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 94: 106-107, fig. 2. 1978. Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 161

and Figs. 1a-c. Entoloma lividum. Habit spores (1a from Jansen,25 Sept. 1977; 1b-c from Schreurs, 12

Oct. 1978).

Figs. 2a-b. Entoloma sinuatum. — Habit and (all figs. from Tjallingii 20 spores , Aug. 1966). 162 Persooma Vol. 11. Part 2, 1981

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores robust; pileus up to 100 mm broad, pallid ochraceous or

115 pallid grey; lamellae white then flesh pink; stipe x 15 mm, whitish above, brownish below;

= 1.2 the smell farinaceous; spores (8. l-)8.7-10.4 x 7.6-8.1 (-9.7) pm,Q on average per collection;

in frondose woods on clayey or loamy soil.

Pileus 100 mm broad, irregularly conico-convex with blunt umbo, with involutemargin, non-

ochraceous hygrophanous, non-striate, pallid with very pale grey spots, somewhat greasy/viscid

when moist, minutely fibrillose-subfelted at margin. Lamellae rather crowded, somewhat

15 thickish, adnexed-adnate,segmentiform up to mm broad, flesh colourwithslight brown tinge,

with entire or serrulate concolorous edge. Stipe 115 x 15 mm, cylindrical, slightly tapering

downwards, upper half white, more brownish towards base, with brownish cream fibrillose

striation, with scattered short erect fibrils all over. Flesh creamy white, not really firm but with

fibrous inner part, particularly in stipe (Romagnesi, I.e.: 'moelleux'). Smell somewhat alkaline-

farinaceous. Taste not noted.

7.6-8.1 Spores (8.1-)8.7 10.4 x (-9.7) pm, Q= 1.05-1.2-1.3, L-D = 0.6-1.4-2.3 /mi, 5-6-

in side-view. Basidia angled 28-43 x 8—15 /«n, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Hymenophoral trama

regular, made up of inflatedcells, 27-80 x 12-25 //m. Pileipellis a thin ixocutisof 2.5-5 pm wide

interwoven in hyphae with gelatinised walls, without any visible pigment. Pileitrama centre of

in wide pileus, more regularly limb, very compact, made up of cylindrical up to 17 pm hyphae,

with mixed up inflated cells, 45—95(—1 10) x 14-28 /mi, in upper layers some pale intracellular pigment observed. Vascular hyphae scarce. Clamp-connections numerous inall tissues studied.

in HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —The Netherlands' collection was made a frondose forest on

clayey soil withdense undergrowth ofSymphoricarpus rivularis (a garden-escape).The locality of

the only French collectionis unknown. Judging from Cooke's plate E. sinuatum occurs in Great

Britain as well. June-Aug.

COLLECTIONS —N 20 F. EXAMINED. ETHHRLANDS: prov. Gelderland, Hemmen, Aug. 1966,

Tjallingii.

FRANCE, loc. & coll. unknown (Paris-region?), 20 June 1977 (herb. Romagn., PC).

E. E. As is pointed out above inthe discussion under lividum, sinuatum is very closely related to

the formerspecies, but seems to differ in the lack ofyellow in the lamellae,the slightly paler pileus,

the French also in the the far less firm flesh of the stipe and, according to the notes on collection,

smell. As there are only two collections, (the Netherlands' collection consists of one old fruit-

the existence of a body) more information is needed for a more definite conclusion on true E.

sinuatum, different from E. lividum.

Entoloma prunuloides differs from E. sinuatum as described above in smaller, more

in the and the habitat. isodiametrical spores, habit,

3. ENTOLOMA MADIDUM (Fr.) Gill.—Figs. 3a-c

Agaricus madidus Fr., Spicilegium:6. 1836. —.Entoloma madidum (Fr.) Gill., Hymenom. Fr.: 399. 1874. —

Rhodophyllus madidus (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 58. 1886.

? Entoloma madidum f. farinosum Largent in Madrono 22: 366. 1974.

- : Agaricusbloxami Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. 11,8:399.1854. .Entoloma bloxami (Berk.& Br.)

Sacc.,Sylloge5:684.1887.—Entoloma madidum var. bloxamii(Berk. & Br.) Largent/'nMadrono22:368.1974. — SELECTED ICONES & DESCRIPTIONS.—Bres., Iconogr. mycol. 11: pi. 548 fig. 1.1929. Cetto, Funghi Vero 1 — 249, pi. 96.1975 (as E. bloxami).. —Christiansen inFriesia9:310 311, fig. 5.1970. Hinhellinger/n Ber. Bayer.

— — bot. Ges. 41: 106. 1969. Fries, Icon. sel. Fung.: pi. 91 fig. 3. 1867. Konr. & Maubl.,Icon. sel. Fung. 2: pi Noordel(X)s: Enloloma .subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 163

— 188. 1932. — Konrad in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 39: 34-35. 1923 (as E. bloxami). Massee in Grevillea 22: 79.

1892. — Largent in Madrono 22: 366-368. 1974. — Lange, J. in Dansk bot. Ark. 2 (11): 29. 1921.

dark CHARACTERISTICS. Habit tricholomatoid;pileus and stipe blue, fading with age, often of turningbrown, particularly at centre ofpileus; length ofstipe almost the same as the diameter in the pileus; spores (7.0—)7.5—8.7 x 6.5-8.1 /im; grasslands.

Pileus 33-67 mm broad, convex with weak, broad umbo,with slightly involute margin when

young, later straight, thickfleshed, non-hygrophanous, at first greyish blue (Meth. 22E3, 23E3) later brownish with at centre more grey-violaceous (10E2,9E3), becoming more age, particularly

of pileus, when fresh sometimes with whitish pruinose surface, dry or subviscid when old,

sometimes rather coarsely radially fibrillose, particularly at margin. Lamellae L= about 140, 1

=0 1 ( 3), crowded, free, narrowly ventricose, pale then salmon or flesh-coloured, with entire,

concolorous edge. Stipe 40-65x19-21 (apex) x6-13 (middle) mm, distinctly tapering

downwards, steel-blue or greyish blue-violaceous, whitish or yellow at base, fibrillosely striate

Flesh in 13 under inner white. Smell lengthwise. pileus up to mm thick, firm, greyish surface, parts and taste variable, indistinct to strongly farinaceous.

= Spores (7.0—)7.5—8.7 x 6.5-8.1 /jm, Q= 1.0—1.1—1.15(—1.2), L-D 0-0.6-1.5 /mi, subglobose-

isodiametrical, 5-7(-8)-angled in side-view. Basidia 22-39x6.5-12 /mi. Cystidia none.

trama made 4-18 Hymenophoral regular, up ofcylindrical cells, 45—120(—150) x /im. Pileipellisa

thin ixocutis of 2.5-4 /im wide cylindrical hyphae with gelatinised walls with bluish intracellular made pigment; subpelliswell developed, about 100-120 /im thick, up ofshortcylindrical cells, 25—

60 cells. x 12-25 /mi. Pileitrama regular, made up of cylindrical to inflated 70-120 x 6-18 /mi,

with bluish brown intracellularpigment in upper layers only. Vascular hyphaepresent. Clamp-

connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.- -In grasslands; in the Netherlands found in poorly manured

grassland on clayalong the river Rhineandin Juniperus communis- -dominated heath. According to the literature widespread in entire North-Western Europe. Sept.-Nov.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—N ETHERLANDS: prov. Overijssel, Rijssen-Markelo, 14 Nov. 1975,

B. de Vries 3208 22 Oct. C. (WBS); prov. Gelderland,Wageningen, Binnenveld, 1955, P. J. Kuiper.

GREAT BRITAIN , Warwickshire,Twycross,NOV. 1851, A.Bloxam (holotypeofAgaricusbloxami,,K).

— FRANCE, dept. Doubs, Lougres, 13 Sept. 1955, H. S. C. Huysman.

& Br.: Notes on the type of Agaricus bloxami Berk.

The holotype consists of 4 longitudinal sections of one (or more) fruit-bodies and a drawing, is the glued on a piece of paper. The state of the material too bad for a critical evaluation of

in tissues. Only the spores could be measured: 6.5-8.5x6.5-8.0 pm, 5-8-angled side-view, isodiametrical.

and The description of Berkeley & Broome the size and shape of the spores are sufficient

the A. Fr. evidence to reduce Agaricus bloxami to synonymy of madidus

bloxami of madidum account of Largent (1974b: 366-368) distinguished A. as a variety E. on a

in 8-10 in 6.5-8 in supposed difference spore-size, viz. pm long var. bloxami against pm long var. madidum. This is not supported by the type-study.

Russula Fries (1836:6) described A. madiduswith a strong, pungent smell like that of foetida.

Later authors record various smells, such as weakly to distinctly farinaceous, spermatical

the lattersmell that (Einhellinger, I.e.) or faintly carbolic (Christiansen, I.e.). Only comes near mentionedin theoriginal description ofFries. Forthis reason Largent(1974b, I.e.) described anew forma, viz. f. farinaceum to distinguish the current concept of E. madidum from the original of

Fries. I hesitate to follow this proposal, as smell often is a precarious criterion to distinguish taxa, and furthermore because a form of E. madidum with fetid smell never has been recorded after

Fries's. 164 Per soon I a Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

4. ENTOLOMA NITIDUM Quél.—Figs. 4a-c

R. A 11: Entoloma nitidum Quel, in C. Ass. franc. v. Sci. 391. 1882. — Rhodophyllus nitidus (Quel.) Quel.,

Enchir. 58. 1886.

Entoloma haastii Stevenson in Kew Bull. 16: 224. 1962

MISAPPLIED — sel.: 94 4 Fr. NAME. Agaricus ardosiacus Bull, sensuFr., Icon, pi. fig. 1867, Cooke, non 1821

nec Ricken, Bres.

SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS.—Cetto, Funghi Vero 3: 981. 1979. — Dahnke & Dahnke, 700 Pilze:

— dan. 2: — Florak Beih. Nova 26. 1973 248. 1978. Lange, J., Fl. agar. pi. 74A. 1936. in Hedwigia43: (as E.

haastii). — Horak in Sydowia 30: 55. 1978 '1977' (as E. haastii). — Horak in Beih. Nova Hedwigia 65: 276.

1980. — Ricken, Blatterpilze: 282.1913. — Romagn. & Favre in Rev. Mycol.3: 73-75, f. 9, pi. 2 fig. 3,4. 1938.

Ber. 27: 1947. — Schaeff. J. in Bayer, bot. Ges. 222.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophoresslenderly tricholomatoidto almost mycenoid; pileus conical

at first then convex, always with broad, often conical umbo, dark blue-grey; stipe concolorous

with but with attenuated, almost whitish or pileus or slightly paler, cylindrical always rooting, yellowish base, in forests.

Pileus (20 )26 40( 45) mm broad, conical then campanulate finally convex with broad, often

with involute when conical umbo, margin young, non-hygrophanous,not translucently striate,

with darkgreyish blue, often almost black at centre,only very slightly fading age, (Meth. 22F(3-)2

to 23F1),strongly silky-shining, often fairly strongly radially fibrillose, smooth. Lamellae L=28-

32, 1 = 1 —3(—7), almost free to narrowly adnate, ventricose, pale then pink, finally with slight

with brown tinge, entire, concolorous edge. Stipe (30—)65—75(—85) x 2.5-5.0 mm, cylindrical with with often whitish tapering,almost rooting base, concolorous pileusor slightly paler, or yellowish

atbase, innately fibrillosely striate lengthwise, sometimestwisted. Flesh blue in cortex, innerparts

white, more or less firm. Smell weak, slightly farinaceous or more raphanoid. Taste none.

Spores (6.9-)6.5-8.7 x (5.8-)6.4-7.5(-8.1) /im, Q= 1.0-1.1-1.15, (-1.2), L-D =0.0-0.6-

1.2 in /mi, 6-8-angled side-view, relatively thin-walled,subglobose with large, hyaline apiculus.

made Basidia 24-36(-43) x 7.5-12.5 //m, 4-spored. Cystidia none.Hymcnophoral trama regular,

up ofinflatedcells, 36-95(110)x 7-28 /mi. Pileipellisa thin cutis of radially arranged, 2.5-6 /mi wide, cylindrical hyphae with abundant blue intracellular pigment; subpellis usually well

differentiated, made up of swollen, inflatedcells, 25-60(-78) x 20-35 /

pigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of inflated cells in chains, 60— 125(— 149) x 12-27 /mi. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues. FIABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—In moist coniferous forests, rarely also in frondose forests,

in Western probably with a preference to richer soils, not very common but widespread and NorthernEurope, S. America and S. E. Asia (Horak, 1973: 26; 1978: 55; 1980:276). Sept.-Oct.

COLLECTIONS —N ETHERLANDS: 11 Oct. EXAMINED. prov. Gelderland,Vorden, Eikelenkamp,

S. C. 16 Oct. d. Noord- 1947, H. Huysman; prov. Utrecht, Baarn, 1938, H. J. v. Laan; prov.

Brabant, Eindhoven, Eckart, 5 Oct. 1970, F. Benjaminsen and 29 Sept. 1973, F. Benjaminsen; prov.

Verschueren. L m b u r Linne, 2 1969, J. i g , Sept.

SWEDEN, Uppland, Femsjo, 8 Sept. 1973, H. S. C. Huysman. — GERMAN FEDERAL

REPUBLIC: Teutoburgerwald,Beller Holz, 4 Oct. 1976, M. E. Noordeloos202;Bayern Wertheim N. of

— A Bus 2 Oct. 1962, C. Bus 2762. u S T R I A St. Georgen am Attersee, 28 sept. 1962, C. 2715. Augsburg, ,

conical Entoloma nitidum is a beautiful species, easily recognised by its slender habit, or

umbonate pileus, slender, stipe with tapering base and in particular by its deep steel blue to blackish blue colour. It can be distinguished from the closely related E. madidum by the slender

and the habitat: E. nitidum in whereas E. madidum habit also always grows forests, prefers

The latter become grasslands. species also has a tendendy to paler and more brownish with age. Noordeloos: Entoiama subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 165

Entoloma madidum. — Habit and from de 14 Nov. 1975; 3b from 22 Figs. 3a-c. spores (3a, c Vries, Kuyper,

Oct. 1955).

nitidum. — Habit and from Noordeloos 202; 4b from Noordeloos Figs. 4a-c. Entoloma spores (4a, c 1036).

Entoloma nitidum can be distinguishedfrom other dark blue colouredspecies ofEntoloma by its

the small, isodiametrical spores, simple pileipellis, viz. a cutis, macroscopically reflected by

smooth pileal surface, and also by the 'barrel'-shaped tramal elements and abundant clamp-

connections, which place this species in subgenus Entoloma. Most other blue-coloured species of

Entoloma the and other characterized belong to subgenus Leptonia are among things by acomplex pileipellis, usually a trichoderm or pallissade/hymeniderm, and by the lack ofclampconnections. 166 Pf. rsoonia Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

I with Horak in E. in E. there agree (1980: 276) placing haastii the synonymy of nitidumas is a

perfect resemblance in macroscopical and microscopical characters.

I had the opportunityto study also some collections ofE. nitidum from Chile. These turnedout

be identical to completely with the European collections studied by me.

ENTOLOMA section NOLANIDEA (Fr.) Quél

/IganVmsubtribus Nolanidei Fr., Epicr.: 146.1838. — Entoloma section Nolanidea (Fr.)Quel. in Mem. Soc

Emul. Montbeliard,ser. II, 5: 118. 1872. — Rhodophyllus section Nolanidei (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 59. 1886. —-

Lectotype (Singer 1951: 622): E. clypeatum (L. ex Fr.) Kumm.

Rhodophyllussection Clypeati Romagn. inBull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 53: 326.1937. — Lectotype (design, mihi):

R. clypeatus (L. ex Fr.) Quel.

Rhodophyllussection Apriles Kiihn. & Romagn.,Fl. anal.: 196.1953.(nom. nud.). — Rhodophyllussection

AprHesi(Kiihn.& Romagn.)exRomagn.in Bull. mens.Soc. linn. Lyon 43:332.1974 — Holotype: R. clypeatus

(L. ex Fr.) Quel.

Rhodophyllus subgenus Romagnesiai Sing, in Ann. mycol.41: 13. 1943. — Holotype: R. clypeatus (L. ex Fr.)

Quel.

EXCLUDED NAMES.—Rhodophyllus section Nolanidei sensuRomagnesi in Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon. 43:

332. 1974. — Lectotype (Romagn. 1974a: 332): R. nidorosus (Fr.) Quel.

Entoloma section Nolanidei sensu Largentin Mycologia66:999.1974. — Lectotype(Largent 1974b:999): E. rhodopolium (Fr.) Kumm.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores medium-sized to large, usually fleshy and with

tricholomatoidhabit;pileus white, palegreyish, yellowish orbrownish todark brown or sepia with

grey or olivaceous tinges, usually distinctly, but sometimes weakly or hardly hygrophanous; firm and white lamellaeadnate-emarginate, rarely subdecurrent; stipe usually fleshy, to grey or

grey-brown; smell andtaste farinaceous; spores isodiametricalto slightly elongate in outline,(5 )6 in walls often to polyangled side-view; pileipellis a well-developed ixocutis; hyphal distinctly gelatinized; pigmentationintracellular in pileipellis; in the white taxa absent; clamp-connections

mostly present, exceptionallyabsent from hymenium; strictly vernal, often associated with either rosaceous trees and shrubs or with Ulmus spp., in large groups, often in fairy-rings. (January-) February to June.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SECTION NOLANIDEA

ochraceous la. Pileus moderatelyto rather dark grey-brown or sepia, sometimes with yellowish or tinges,

white 2 strongly hygrophanous; stipe to grey yellowish,rarely b. Pileus pale: greyish,yellowish, brownish or white;hygrophanous ornot; stipe white or

with 5 tinged grey

2a. Flesh in of surface when apex stipe guaiac-positive; pileal glabrous,satiny radially dry; stipe fistulose;

flesh brittle 3

surface at centre felted and b. Flesh in apex ofstipe guaiac-negative;pileal especially becomingaeriferous,

when into crust-like flesh firm .... 4 rugulose especially dry, easily breaking up patches;

3a. flesh and striate to or of Stipe fistulose already when young; in pileus stipe fairly brittle;pileus up j j radius; in woods under Ulmus...... E. aprile, p. 174 b. Stipe narrowly fistulose and flesh more firm,especially in pileus; when moist outermost margin ofpileus 173 striate or not, under various Rosaceae E. clypeatum f. hybridum, p.

4a. white with in middle to distinctly, Stipe or tinged grey or grey-brown,especially part, weakly rarely coarsely striate; basidia clamped E. clypeatum f. clypeatum, p. 167

b. Stipe rather dark grey-brown and coarsely striate lengthwise; basidia clampless

E. clypeatum var. defibulatum, p. 173 Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Enloloma and Allocybe 167

5a. Pileus brilliantly white, marbled with pink only when watersoaked; flesh white, not changingcolour

when bruised insects, E. 176 by at most slowly turning yellowish niphoides, p.

brownish b. Pileus white only when young, later always distinctly pigmented: pale greyish, yellowish, or

ochraceous 6

6a. specimens often Pileus not hygrophanous, at least when young covered with a fugaceous veil in mature

forming a characteristic pattern of silverish arachnoid patches on a grey or greybrown, smooth and

10.4— = shiningbackground; spores large and rounded, 12.7(—14) x 10-12 /im,Q 1.0-l.l;appearingvery

early in spring under Ulmus...... E. saundersii, p. 178

b. Pileus weakly but distinctly hygrophanous,without veil; spores narrower and more heterodiametrical;

under rosaceous plants 7

7a. Flesh in of flesh colour when bruised or in insect-holes apex stipe guaiac-negative; white, not changing etc.Pileal margin often distinctly striate when moist, under Malus, Crataegus etc 8

b. Flesh in of flesh white reddish in insect-holes or when apex stipe guaiac-positive, changing to yellow

often with reddish shade, in dense of Prunus otherwise bruised, pileus pale, a yellow frequent copses

spinosa but also in orchards, gardens etc. under Malus, Pyrus and Prunus, rarely met with Crataegus

E. sepium. p. 181

8a. Lamellae moderately crowded, thin, adnate-emarginate, pale grey or whitish then pink; stipe white to

E. f. 171 grey clypeatum pallidogriseum, p.

b. Lamellae fairly distant, thickish, adnate-subdecurrent, yellow only late with pink shade; stipe white

soon yellow as lamellae E. clypeatum f. xanthophyllum, p. 172

5. ENTOLOMA CLYPEATUM (L. ex Fr.) Kumm.

f. CLYPEATUM—Figs. 5a-d

— 2: — Agaricus clypeatus L., Syst. plant. 1174. 1753. Agaricus clypeatus L. ex Fr., Epicr.: 146. 1838.

98. — Entoloma clypeatum (L. ex Fr.) Kumm., Fiihr. Pilzk.: 1871. Rhodophyllus clypeatus (L. ex Fr.) Quel., — Enchir.: 59. 1886. Hyporrhodius clypeatus (L. ex Fr.) Schroet. in Cohn, KryptogFI.Schles.: 616. 1889.

Agaricus phonospermus Bull, ex Merat, Nouvelle Flore Env. Paris, 2e Ed.: 76. 1821.

Agaricusfertilis Pers. ex Fr., Syst. mycol. 1: 197. 1821. (pro parte).

— A. SELECTED ICONES.—Romagnesi, H., Nouv. Atl. Champ. 1: pi. 77b. 1956. Cool, C. & v. d. Lek, H. A.,

Paddestbk., 3e Druk, 2: 105 fig. 49. 1935. — Marchand,A., Champ. Nord & Midi 2: pi. 119. 1973.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Carpophores in general robust with very firm flesh, dark-pigmented

pileus and pale, white to grey, fibrillosestriate, solid stipe. Gregarious often fasciculate under or

near rosaceous trees and shrubs.

Pileus (20—)35—90(—120) mm broad, conical to conico-convex thenexpandingto plano-convex, rarely plano-concave with weak to pronounced conical umbo, with margin involute and with with expandingonly in late stages, marginal zoneirregularly undulating and/or splitting age, hygrophanous, when moist rather dark sepia, grey-brown sometimes with yellow of olivaceous tinge (10 YR 4/2, 4/3, 3/3 also 10 YR 5/2, 5/3) slightly paler towards margin, outermost margin

obscurely translucently striate or not, dry or slightly greasy to touch, never viscid, (coarsely)

innately radially fibrillose, sometimesrimulose, drying with radial streaks and/or irregular spots

less YR or moreor regularly centrifugal towards a pale grey-brown (10 5/4,6/4,6/3,even 7/3,8/3, 81A fibrillose with Meth. 4B4,3B3or4B3, Expo61 A, E or F, (90A)), radially satiny atcentre often

aeriferous patches alternating with minute dents (poducing a pock-marked impression), becoming feltedand rugulose, when exposed often rimose and/or pileipellis breaking in irregular

flatscalesand/or crust-like patches and flesh showingin between.Lamellae40-70,1 =(1 —)3—5—7,

adnate mostly emarginate. segmentiform, also in large specimens more rarely ventricose and then

broad, then sordid or brownish flesh colour (10 up to 15 mm pallid grey or grey-brown, pink, pink YR 7/2: 2.5 Y 7/2, 6/2 then 10 YR 6/2, 7/2, 7.5 YR 5/4, 6/4, 7/4or 10 YR 6/3) in large specimens -Vol. 11, Part 2. 1981 168 Persooni A

from Entoloma — Habit and from Noordeloos 5b Figs. 5a-c. clypeatum var. clypeatum. spores (5a, c 306;

Karman , 11 May 1966). N(x>rdeloos: Enlohma subgenera Entoloma anil Allocybe 169

often slightly hygrophanous and/or transversely veined, with minutely to coarsely serrulateedge, concolorous with sides. Stipe 45—90(—150) x (5—)7 15( 18) mm, straight or irregularly flexuose, taperingdownwards orcylindrical, sometimessubbulbose,in fasciculate specimensoften forming

firm, white or in a common bulbousbase, solid, often with a grey grey-brown tingeespecially the middle,weaklyto distinctly striatelengthtwise with greyish fibrils, sometimesfibrillosely grooved,

in glabrous.Flesh white orwithgrey tinge corticallayers, ratherfirm, subcartilagineous near pileal surface Smellfarinaceous.Taste farinaceouswith rancid (resisting a knife). aftertaste. Spore print rather dark brownish pink (7.5 YR 6/4, rarely 5/4).

Spores(8.7-)9-ll(-11.5)x(7.4-)7.8-9.0(-9.8)/mi,Q=l.l-1.2-l.3(-1.4),L-D =(0.5-)l-1.7-

2.5(—3.0) pm, subisodiametrical to slightly oblong, (5-)6-7 angled in side-view, with very blunt

5d. Entoloma — Habit and Fig. clypeatum var. clypeatum. spores (all figs. from v. Brummelen, 20 May

1979). 170 Per soon I a Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

11-17 basal facet. Basidia (27-)35-54 x pm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Hymenophoral trama

made of inflated x 12-27 350 regular, up (strongly) cells, 27—85(—110) pm. Pileipellis an up to pm

thick ixocutis of more or less radially arranged,2-7 /mi wide cylindrical hyphae embedded in a

gelatinuous matter, sometimes with ascending, slightly widened terminal cells, with easily

desintergrating walls, with brown intracellular pigment. Pileitrama regular, made up ofinflated

with intracellular in cells, 30 95(—120) x 7—26 /mi, pigment upper layers. Clamp-connections abundant.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—Gregarious, often in small bundles growing in large fairy rings,

under or near rosaceous plants, in the Netherlandsvery commonunderCrataegus monogyna and cultivated Malus, Pyrus, Prunus etc. Widespread in entire Western Europe from the beginningof

April up to June.

— N F COLLECTIONS EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS: prov. r i e s 1 a n d , Weststellingwerf, Steggerda, 19

D h May 1960, C. Bas 1883. prov. r e n t e : Roden,camping'Dorado', 21-24 May 1976 ,J.Schreurs; Rolde. 6

1977, J. Schreurs: 13 June 1977, J. May Assen, Asserbos, Schreurs: prov. Overijssel: Diepenveen,

Keizers- en Stobbenwaarden, 28 G & H. Fortmond 23 M E. May 1972, Piepenbroek; (Wijhe), may 1976,

Noordeloos 154, 155, 156; Boekelo, May 1977, G. H. Jonker; Flevopolders: Roggebotszand, 8 May

1977,G. Boezewinkel <£ 11. Langevoort-Dul;Drontenermeer,Strandbosjes, 22 May 1976, G. Boezewinkel & H.

Langevoort-Dul;at the shore ofVeluwemeer between Kampen and Elburg, alongcycling-track, 14 May 1977,

M. E. 'De //. Noordeloos 332, 333, 334, 335, 341: prov. Gelderland: Voorst. Poll', 24 May 1970, G. <«

W Piepenbroek; ageningen, 26 May 1963, A.J. P. Oort;prov. Utrecht :Zeist, 3 May 1955, C. G. F. Schiitz;

Amersfoort, 6 June 1969, A F. M. Reijnders; Bunnik, Fort Rijnauwen, 22 April 1972, E. Arnolds 658;

Harmelen, 9 May 1977, R. Elders; prov. Noord-Holland: Velzen, 'Duin & Kruidberg', 14 May 1977,

A.G. Beckers; Alkmaar, AlkmaarseHout,29May1976, F. A. vanden Bergh; Castricum, dunes ofAmsterdam

2 A. Water Supply, May 1977, F. vanden Bergh; Castricum, Geversduin, 15 May 1955, G. D. Swanenburg de

Veye; Ankeveen, Loodijk, 22 May 1968 and 19 May 1972, J. Daams; Kortenhoef, Vreelandse weg, 1 May

1972 and 11 May 1972,7.Daa/ns, Vogelenzang,dunes, 12May 1962,7. vanBrummelen 1453,and 13 May 1958,

C. Bas 1430; Heemskerk, dunes, 15 May 1958,7.van Brummelen; Overveen, dunes, 15 May 1963 and 20 May

1979. J. van Brummelen, 12 May 1962,7. van Brummelen 1454, 2 May 1965,7. van Brummelen 1907, 19 May

1969,./. Brummelen De C. Bas Den van 2726; Zilk,13 May 1968, 1429; Helder, 28 May 1970,7. Geesink; prov.

A. Zuid-Holland: Wassenaar, dune area 'Kiifhoek'and 'Bierlap', 6 June 1951, R. MaasGeesleranus

7710, 20 May 1951, R. A. MaasGeesteranus 77 14, 8 May 1952, R. A. MaasGeesteranus 8500, 18 May 1966, c.

2 R. Bas46 30, June 1973, C. Bas6018,9 May 1973, Miss van Crevel, 8 May 1977, M. E. Noordeloos323,324,325,

72(5,327,32#am/329.Leiden,LeidseHout, 18 May 1955. C. Bas 754. 2 1 May 1955 ,H.S.C. Huijsman; Leiden

Nieuweroord, 25 May 1955, R. A. Maas Geesteranus 10370, 26 March 1961, R. A. MaasGeesleranus 13505,16

June 1961, R. A. Maas Geesteranus 13510; Voorne, Oostvoorne, dunes, 7 May 1964, C. Bas 4048; Voorne.

Weeversduin, 11 May 1977, J. J. Barkman & 7. vanAlphen; 's-Gravenzande, Staelduin,26 May 1977, C. Bas

5232 and 5234: Den Haag, Zuiderpark, 11 May 1966, 25 June 1967, spring 1971, 7. Karman; Noordwijk,

R. A. Leeuwenhorst,2I May 1955, MaasGeesleranus 10364; prov. Z e e 1 a n d , Wemeldinge, 15 May 1968,7.

A. C. Peters; prov. Noord-Brabant: Leur, Oostpolder, 26 May 1958, P. B. Jansen; Gilze-Rijen,

6 P. B. steenfabriek, May 1977, Jansen; Eindhoven, garden, 3 June 1976, M. E. Noordeloos 160; prov.

L i m b u r St. Pietersberg, Maastricht, 20 May 1950, R. A. Maas Geesteranus 6982 and 6983. g ,

FRANCE , BanlieuedeParis,26 April 1977, M. E. Noordeloos303and 304; Foretd'Acheres,26 April 1977,

M. E. Noordeloos 306; ForSt Barbeau, 1 May 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 329; Fore! de Fontainebleau, 1 May

1977. M. E. Noordeloos 321.

The main characteristics of E. clypeatum f. clypeatum are the rather robust, firm-fleshed

carpophores with dark pigmented pileus, which is often not completely smooth, but always

distinctly hygrophanous. Besides, the flesh at apex of stipe does not turn greenish-bluish with

Guaiacwithin 10 minutes(negativeGuaiac-reaction).This ischaracteristic alsofor allother forms

E. and varietiesof clypeatum described here,except for formahybridum. Entoloma aprile differsin

its more slender,brittlecarpophores, itspositive guaiacreaction and the lack orscarcity ofclamp- Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 171

connections, particularly in thecovering layers. Other forms of E. clypeatum describedbeloware a

with pale form (forma pallidogriseum) and a form predominant yellowish tinges (forma xanthophyllum).

From fieldobservations it isevident that there is some connectionbetween E. clypeatum and its variants and rosaceous plants. Only exceptionally specimens have been observed growing under

such Cercis or near representatives of other families of higher plants, a siliquastrum

(Papilionaceae). In the Netherlands E. clypeatum very commonly grows under Crataegus

in thecoastal dunes,but also inplanted hedges, parksetc. So far no records monogyna , particularly

that is = a shrub are available of E. clypeatum growing under C. laevigata ( C. oxyacantha),

Netherlands. common in the eastern parts of the

and autumn The records in literature of E. clypeatum and related taxa found in summer

of members of section such as E. probably are based upon misinterpretations Rhodopolii,

ofthe lividoalbum.So far I have not come across reliablerecords ofa second fruiting period of any vernal members of section Nolanidea.

6. ENTOLOMA CLYPEATUM (L. ex Fr.) Quél.

forma pallidogriseum Noordeloos, forma nova

— A forma typica differtpileo pallidegriseo vel pallidebrunneo-griseo, in sicco albicante. Holotypus: M. E

Noordeloos 307 , 26-IV-1977, 'ForSt d'Acheres, dept. Seine & Oise, France' (L).

CHARACTERISTICS.—Pileus very pale grey to very pale greybrown, turning white on drying;

then white; flesh firm, white, not red with in lamellaepale grey greyish pink; stipe becoming age or insect-holes; smell farinaceous.

Pileus 31-40 mm broad, conico-convex when young, then expanding to plano-convex with

weak, broad umbo,with margin slightly involutewhen young then straight, hygrophanous,very

when moist YR pale grey or grey-brown (10 7/3,7/2), pallescent on drying to almost white (about

10 YR 8/2 or 8/3 or paler), translucently striate at margin and subviscid when moist, innately radially fibrillose on limb when dry, and at centre with a pattern of aeriferous subfelted- subrugulose patches. Lamellae L =35-40, 1 = 1 3( 5), moderately crowded, broadly adnate to

when later slightly emarginate, segmentiform oronly slightly ventricose, pale young, greyish pink with concolorous (7.5 YR 8/2-7/2 or more grey), slightly crenulate, edge. Stipe 50-70 x 7-10 mm, cylindrical, often flexuose, white when fresh and young, later sordid white, minutely to fairly coarsely innately fibrillose-striatelengthwise, solid. Fleshwhite, very firm. Smelland taste weakly to distinctly farinaceous. characters for the considerable less abundant Microscopical as in the type-form, except intracellular pigment in pileipellis.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —On clayey and sandy soils, river dunes, new polders, etc., always near Crataegus monogyna or Prunus. Apil-June.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—N ETHERLANDS: prov. Overijssel, Fortmond forest reserve between

Olst and Wijhe along river IJssel, 11 June 1977, G. Piepenbroek-Grooters and H. Piepenbroek;

IJsselmeerpolders, Oostelijk Flevoland, on sandy shore of Veluwemeer between Kampen and

Elburg, 21 May 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 336.

FRANCE, dept. Seine & Oise, Forgt d'Acheres, 21 April 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 307 (holotype). 172 Pkrsoonia Vol. 11, Part 2. 1981

This of is distinctive. I it with pale form E. clypeatum very have seen growingintermixed typical

E. clypeatum, but got the impression that the carpophores originated from different mycelia.

However, the resemblance is very strong and 1 therefore consider the two conspecific.

Pale formsof E. clypeatum can be distinguished fromother pale-coloured spring-Entolomas as

follows: E. sepium differsin the non-hygrophanous, fibrilloseto micaceous pileal surface and by

the orange-red colour ofthe bruised flesh; E. niphoides differsin the brilliant white colourand E.

saundersii in the non-hygrophanous, greyish pileus with silvery micaceous patches and larger

spores.

7. ENTOLOMA CLYPEATUM (Fr.) Quél.

forma xanthophyllum Noordeloos,forma nova

A differt luteolo-tinctis. — M. E. Noordeloos 908 7-VI-1979, 'coastal typo pileo lamellisque Typus: , strip

de Netherlands' near Abbert, Oostelijk Flevoland, IJsselmeerpolders, (L).

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores robust, tricholomatoid, like in E. clypeatum f. clypeatum;

to with pileus creamy pale yellowish brown, lamellaedistant, somewhat thickish, distinct yellow

tinge; stipe white, fibrillosely striate; subcaespitose under Crataegus monogyna.

Pileus 30 broad, conico-convex then to with weakumbo, 90 mm expanding plano-convex very becoming very irregular with age with raised, undulatingmarginal zone, distinctly hygrophanous, YR when moist very pale yellowish brown (2.5 Y 6/4, 7/4, 8/4 to 10 YR 6/4 rarely 2.5 Y 5/4 or 10

5/4), pallescent on dryingto pale yellow oralmost white(paler than2.5 Y 8/2, also like Meth. 3A3-

3A2),smooth andsubviscid when moist, ondrying becoming minutelyradially fibrillose,at centre

subrugulose to subfelted. LamellaeL =40-50,1 = 1 -3-5, fairly distant, thickish, broadly adnate- with when emarginate, often long decurrent tooth, segmentiform to ventricose, yellowish young

(2.5 Y 8/4-8/2), then with faint pink tinge with very irregularly serrulate concolorousedge. Stipe white 60-100 x 5-25 mm, more or less cylindrical or flattened,mostly slightly broadenedat base,

Y striate subcostate when fresh, yellowish-creamy with age (2.5 8/2-8/4), fibrillosely to lengthwise,

firm in solid or with more or less spongy innerparts('moelleux'). Flesh white, tough inpileus, very stipe. Smell and taste strongly farinaceous-rancid.

Microscopical characters as in forma clypeatum, except for the intracellular pigmentation,

is which very pale in the pileipellis and in the hymenophoral trama.

HABITAT soil under so & DISTRIBUTION. —On sandy, probablycalcarous, Crataegusmonogyna;

far known only from the type locality where it was very abundant. June.

—N COLLECTIONS EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS, IJsselmeerpolders, Oostelijk Flevoland, sandy shore of

Veluwemeer between Kampen and Elburg, opposite recreation area 'de Abbert', 7 June 1979, M. E.

Noordeloos 908 (holotype) and 909.

in Forma xanthophyllum is very much alike forma clypeatum habit, surface of the pileus and

stipe and in the firm, white flesh. The striking yellowish colours of this collectionand thedistant,

slightly thickened lamellae made me consider it a distinct form. Confusion with E. lividum,

in another memberof genus Entoloma with yellowish lamellae is unlikely as this species grows

another autumn in habitat, viz. frondoze forest on rich, clayey soil and furthermore has a non-

coloured hygrophanous, differently pileus (see p. 159). Noordeloos: Entohma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 173

8. ENTOLOMA CLYPEATUM (L. ex Fr.) Quél,

comb. forma hybridum (Romagn.) Noordeloos, nov.

Rhodophyllus aprilis f. hybridus Romagn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 63: 201. 1947 (basionym).

CHARACTERISTICS.—Carpophores more or less intermediate between E. aprile and E. clypeatum: more slender than typical E. clypeatum, stipe less firm, narrowly fistulose, and pileal surface shining and smooth; Guaiac-reactionon flesh at apex ofstipe slowlyblue-greenwithin 10 minutes (positive).

Pileus30-60mm broad, convex with pronouncedumboto planoconvex with or withoutumbo, strongly to moderately hygrophanous, when moist dark brown, translucently striate at margin, subviscid, on drying pallescent in radial streaks to golden brown or grey-brown, shining, absolutely smooth. Lamellae moderately crowded, adnate-emarginate, pale brown then pink.

with rounded Stipe 60-100 x 7-13 mm, cylindrical or flexuose, usually equally thick, base, grey-

Flesh when brown, paler at apex and base, strongly striate lengthwise, smooth. pale watery grey moist, pallescent on drying. Smell faintly to distinctly farinaceous. Taste farinaceous-rancid.

Microscopical charactersas in the typical form,except for the less abundant clamp-connections in trama and covering layers.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—Near rosaceous plants; the Netherlands' collection was made in

Also recorded from France. coastal dunes under Crataegus monogyna and Ulmus spec. April- May.

—N COLLECTIONS EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS, prov. Zuid-Holland, Wassenaar, dune-area

'Meyendell', 8 May 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 326.

FRANCE, Paris, Exposition of Soc. mycol. Fr., 25 April 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 302.

The habit ofE. clypeatum forma hybridum viz. slightly more slender than typical E. clypeatum, the less firm, narrowly fistulose stipe, shiningpileal surface and slow positive Guaiac-reaction of the flesh of the stipe make this form somewhat intermediatebetween E. clypeatum and E. aprile.

The Netherlands' collectionwasmadeinthe same locality where typical E. clypeatum and E. aprile were growing.

9. ENTOLOMA CLYPEATUM (L. ex Fr.) Quél.

var. defibulatum Noordeloos, var. nov.

A varietate typica differt basidiis haud fibulatis, stipite griseo-brunneo, striato-costato. — Typus: J. v.

Brummelen 1279, 22-1V-1961, 'Overveen, Noord-Holland, Netherlands' (L).

CHARACTERISTICS.—Differs from typical E. clypeatum inclampless basidiaand coarsely striate, almost costate, brown-grey stipe.

when to with Pileus 40-90 mm broad, conico-convex young, soon expanding plano-convex broad, pronouncedumbooften situated within a central depression, with margin involute when young but straight later on, finally with strongly lobed and undulatingmargin, hygrophanous, when moist grey-brown (10 YR 6/3-5/3, Expo 81E, sometimes more yellowish, 2.5 Y 5/4), translucently striate at outmost margin, pallescent on drying to pale yellowish brown with slight

Y with grey tinge (about 5 7/3, Expo 72D), radially satiny, at centra innate, silvery grey, aeriferous patches on brown-grey background, sometimes even felted-rugulose or subsquamulose in 174 Persoonia Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

exposedly growing specimens. Lamellae L =40-60, 1 = 1-3, broadly adnate or emarginate, YR sometimeswith slight decurrenttooth,palecream when young (10 8/3—7/3), becoming pinkish

10 YR YR with age (between 7/3 and 7.5 7/3), with crenulate, concolorousedge. Stipe 50-S0 x 7-

to 15 mm, cylindrical or flattened(and thenbroadest side up 18 mm wide), tapering downwardsor

subbulbose, often fasciculate and several specimens forming a common bulbous base, with to YR sometimes 10 concolorous pileus or paler, (2.5 Y 6/2 10 7/3, YR6/3,5/3), moderately

to coarsely longitudinally striate-subcostate with silvery grey fibrilsalternating with brown-grey

streaks of background, often at darkest in middle part, rather firm, solid.Flesh sorded white in

inner parts of pileus and stipe, in cortical layers concolorous with surface, very firm. Smelland

taste strongly farinaceous; taste becoming very nasty cucumberish-rancid after mastication.

1.15-1.3 L Spores 9.3-11.5 x 7.0—8.1 (—8.7) pm, Q= 1.4, D= 1.0-1.5-2.3 /rm, multiangled,

subisodiametrical in side-view, base difficult to interprete. Basidia 40-60 x 14-15 pm, 4(-2)-

45- spored, clampless. Cystidia none. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of inflated cells,

120 70-150 thick ixocutis of x 9-20 pm. Pileipellis a well-developed /mi narrow, cylindrical, up

to 15 /rm wide hyphae with easily gelatinising walls, with brown intracellularpigment, at centre Pileitrama sometimes with more or less ascending, slightly swollen, clavate, terminal cells.

regular, made up of inflated cells, up to 140 /im long and 12-27 pm wide. Clamp-connections absent from all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —On sandy, calcarous soils, often near Prunus spp. or Crataegus

the in the monogyna, only known from Netherlands, viz. in the coastal dunes and Eastern Flevopolder, April-May.

— Noord-Holland: 22 COLLECTIONS EXAMINED. N ETHERLANDS: prov. Overveen, April 1961,

Brummelen 2722 and 19 J. van Brummelen 1279 (holotype); idem, 16 May 1969, J. van May 1969, J. van

Brummelen 2727; Zuid-Holland: 8 1970, C. Bas prov. Lisse, estate 'Keukenhof'; May 2510;

Voorschoten,estate 'ter Horst', 14 May 1973, C. Bas 6005; IJsselmeerpolders, Oostelijk Flevoland,

sandy shore of Veluwemeer between Kampen and Elburg, 14 May 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 355.

is characteristic with its striate, Entoloma clypeatum var. defibulatum a very variety coarsely

almost costate, relatively intensely coloured brown-grey stipe, irregular pileal surface and

habitat the other varieties of clampless hyphae and basidia. It occurs in the same sort of as E.

Entoloma differs in clypeatum. but seems always to be associated with Prunus or Crataegus. aprile

the smooth pileus, less coarsely striate stipe, clamped hyphae and its occurrence under Ulmus.

10. ENTOLOMA APRILE (Britz.) Sacc.-Figs. 6a-d

— Agaricusaprilis Britz. in Ber. naturhist. Ver. Augsburg 28: 149. 1885. Entoloma aprile (Britz.) Sacc.,Syll.

Fung. 5: 696. 1887. — Rhodophyllus aprilis (Britz.) Romagn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 63: 199, 1947.

MISAPPLIED NAME.—Rhodophyllusplebejus sensu Romagn. in Rev. Mycol. 2: 36. 1937.

SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS.—Marchand, Champ. Nord Midi 2: pi. 118. 1973. — Romagnesi,

Nouv. Atl. Champ. 1: pi. 77a. 1956.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores slender,brittle; pileus conical and only slightly expanding, rather dark brown; lamellae sordid brown pink or greyish pink; stipe fistulose, tinged a brown-

grey; smell farinaceous; clamp-connections rare.

Pileus 17—60(—75) mm broad,acutely conical to conical when young then campanulate,slowly expanding to plano-convex with pronounced, often conicalumbo, with margin slightly involute

in late in old when young, becoming straight only stages, with marginal zone usually regularbut, expandedspecimenssometimes irregular, undulatingandsplitting, strongly hygrophanous,when moist dark sepia, grey-brownor yellowish brown, not or only slightly paler towards margin (10 Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 175

6a-d. Entoloma — Habit and d, from Noordeloos 6b from 1173; Figs. aprile. spores (6a, 595; Piepenbroek

6c from Jansen, 7 May 1969).

YR striate 2/2, 3/2, 3/4, 4/3, 4/4, 5/4), translucently up to two-third of the radius, quickly and strongly pallescent on dryingalong radialstreaks to pale yellowishbrown (10 YR 5/3,6/3,6/4,7/3, 7/4, rarely 8/4) sometimeswith slightolivaceous tinge, with surface subviscid when moist, dry and absolutely smooth when dry, occasionally slightly rimose around umbo. Lamellae L = 30-60, 1

= adnate 1-7, narrowly to uncinate or deeply emarginateand then often with decurrent tooth, segmentiform to narrowly ventricose, rarely transversily veined, pale grey, then pink with brownish or greyish tinge, finally sordid brown-grey with pink shade (10 YR 8/2,7/2,6/3 then 7.5

YR 7/2, 7/4, 6/4, 6/2, 5/4) with minutely crenulateto coarsely serrulate, concolorous edge. Stipe

at bulbose 30-85 x 4-12 mm, cylindrical, often (slightly) broadened base, rarely (—16 mm thick), sometimes flattened, fistulose, brittle, easily splitting lengthwise, grey to grey-brown, rarely sordid white (10 YR 6/3, 5/3, 5/4, 4/3, 4/4 rarely 7/4), strongly fibrillosely striate lengthwise, sometimes base less Flesh almost costate, at usually more or smooth, pruinose at apex. relatively thin white with and brittle, when very young, soon grey tinge,particularly in cortical layers. Smell and taste strongly farinaceous-rancid. 176 P E R so o N I a Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

9.11 L-D =0.0-1.0-1.7 Spores 11.3(-11.7) x 7.3-9.6(-10.9) /jm, Q= 1.0-1.1-1.2(1.25), /im,

blunt in Basidia 40-68 13-16.5 multiangled(with very angles) side-view, almost isodiametrical. x

made /rm, (2-)4-spored. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama regular, up of subcylindrical to

inflatedcells, 48-110(—160)x 6.5-16 with pale brown intracellularpigment.Pileipellis an up

240 brown to /rm thick ixocutis of repent, cylindrical 4-10 /tm wide hyphae and intracellular

pigment. Pileitramaregular, madeupof subcylindrical toinflatedcells, 35-85(100) x 6.5-21 Clamp-connections rare, except in the hymenium.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In frondoseforests, frequently on sandy soils, under or near Ulmus,

rare but probably widespread in Western Europe. April-May(-June).

COLLECTIONS — N estate't 13 EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS, prov. Gelderland,Gorssel, Joppe', May

1979, H. Piepenbroek & G. Piepenbroek-Grooters 1171,1172,1173;prov. Zuid-Holland: Wassenaar,

dune-reserve 'de Bierlap', 2 June 1973, C.Bas6016,6017,idem 8 May 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 325;Oegstgeest,

in 21 H. 7 P. B. Jansen. garden, May 1969, Sleumer; prov. Noord-Brabant, Dorst, May 1969,

FRANCE: dept. Oise, bois Bonner, 24 April 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 300; dept. Seine & Oise, Foret

d'Acheres, 26 April 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 304 and 26 April 1978, M. E. Noordeloos 595, 596, 597, 598.

Entoloma aprileis taken here in thesense ofH. Romagnesi, whichin all probability is thesame as

that of Britzelmayer. I had the opportunity to study this species on collecting sites round Paris

together with Prof. Romagnesi, which proved to be very instructive. The most important

differenceswith E. clypeatumare theconical, thin-fleshed, strongly hygrophanous, smooth pileus,

the dark coloured, fistulose and brittle stipe, the habitat, and, microscopically, the scarcity of

clamp-connections in the hymenium. The association ofE. aprile with Ulmus is manifest, at least

the in and the Netherlands. with on collecting-sites France In some places E. aprile growstogether

E. clypeatum, e.g. in the coastal dunes near Wassenaar, prov. Zuid-Holland,the Netherlands, in

In mixed woods ofCrataegus monogyna and Ulmus sp. this habitat also some intermediateforms

have beencollected, describedabove as E. clypeatum forma hybridum. As noculturalexperiments

have been carried out, it is impossible to say whether this illustrates a case of hybridisation in

Agaricales or that it is an indication that E. aprile should also be considered as an infraspecific

taxon of E. clypeatum.

E. Sometimes aprile has a nolaneoidhabit andmay be confused withanother spring-Entoloma,

viz. E. vernum. Microscopically, however, the latter species is easily recognized by its encrusting pigments in the pileipellis and pileitrama and differently shaped spores.

11. ENTOLOMA NIPHOIDES (Romagn.) P. D. Orton.—Fig. 7

Rhodophyllusniphoides Romagn.wBull.Soc.mycol. Fr. 63: 198.1947.—Entoloma niphoides(Romagn.) P

D. Orton in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43: 64. 1960.

Rhodophyllus clypeatus var. niveus Quel, in C. R. Ass. franc. (Saint-Etienne, 1897) 26 (2): 448. 1898.

MISAPPLIED NAMES.—Entoloma speculum Fr. sensu Cooke, 111. Br. Fungi 3: pi. 342 (308). 1884-1886.

SELECTED ICONES. —Cooke, 111. Br. Fungi 3: pi. 342 (308). 1884-1886.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores brilliantly white; pileus smooth and shining; lamellae First pale, then vivid pink; stipe slightly striate lengthwise; flesh white, not changing colour when

bruised; smell strongly farinaceous; under Prunus spinosa.

Pileus20-145 mm broad, conical when then to young, expanding convex or plano-convex with

but later with large, rounded or truncate umbo, with margin involute when young straight on, Noordeloos: Enloloma subgenera Enloloma and Allocybe 177

— Habit and from Noordeloos Fig. 7. Entoloma niphoides. spores (all figs. 159).

when moist white marginalzone strongly undulatingwith age, weakly hygrophanous, or very pale

beige, sometimesmarbledwithgreyish or pinkish spots when water-soaked, slightly translucently striate at margin, subviscid, pallescent on drying to brilliantly white, sometimeswith slight ivory tinge at centre, strongly silky-shining, smooth. Lamellae L=about 40, 1 = 1-3, adnate to emarginate, segmentiform to ventricose, moderately broad, up to 10 mm, whitewhen young, then vivid pink, without any grey or brown tinge, occasionally veined, with entire or serrulate,

twisted concolorous edge. Stipe 45-80x4-15 mm, cylindrical, sometimes or flexuose and broadened towards base, white, only slightly striate lengthwise, solid, firm. Flesh white, not changing colour when bruised or rarely turning slightly yellowish, firm. Smelland taste strongly farinaceous.

= L-D = .4 Spores 8.0— 10.0(—11.4) x 7.6—9.3(— 10.8) /mi, Q (1.0-)l.1-1.2, (0-)0.6-l /

10-13 multiangled-subisodiametrical, in side-view withfairly bluntangles. Basidia32-46 x /im, 4- 178 Pkrsoonia Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

spored, intermixed with scattered 'skelerobasidia'. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama

made of inflated 45-132 14-27 ixocutis of regular, up cells, x /mi. Pileipellis an narrow, 4-6 pm

wide, cylindrical hyphae with strongly desintegrating walls, embedded in a gelatinuous matter,

sometimeswith more or less ascending, slightly swollen, up to 12 /im wide terminalcells; pigment

not seen. Pileitrama regular, made up of chains ofinflatedcells, up to 140 /im long and 10-29pm

wide. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. -In hedges and dense thickets of Prunus spinosa, rarely under

June. Crataegus monogyna, rare.

COLLECTIONS —N 'de 2 EXAMINED. ETHF. RLANDS: prov. Overijssel, Beerse, camping-site Roos',

June 1976, M.E.Noordeloos 159\prov.Z u i d - H o 11 a n d ,Wassenaar, dune-reserve'Bierlap , 1 June 1973,

R. v. Crevel and 2 June 1973, C. Bus 6015.

DANMARK, Isl. Mon, near Busene-village, 10 June 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 345.

to Entoloma niphoides is a beautiful species with brilliantly white carpophores. It seems be

E. from which it differs in the of and the closely related to clypeatum. mainly lack anypigmentation

smooth pileal surface. It is frequently found,however, growing together withE. clypeatumand E.

sepium,, butalways originating from different mycelia (fairy-rings!). Entoloma sepium differs in the

distinctly pigmented pileus, whichmay be very pale, and in the characteristic colour-changeof the

flesh when being bruised. Entolomaspeculum, anotherwhitish species, is generally smaller,prefers

different habitat and fruits later in the a year.

12. ENTOLOMA SAUNDERSII (Fr.) Sacc. —Figs. 8a-c

— Agaricus saundersii Fr., Hymenom. eur.: 192. 1874. Entoloma saundersii (Fr.) Sacc., Syll. Fung 5: 689

1887. — Rhodophyllus saundersii (Fr.) Romagn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 63: 195. 1947.

— Fr. 46. MISAPPLIED NAMES. Agaricus majalis sensuSaunders, Smith & Bennet, Mycol. 111.: pi. 1972.

SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS.—Boudier,Icon, mycol. I: pi. 93.1905-1910. — Romagn.in Bull. Soc

Fr. 67: in Atl. — mycol. pi. 97. 1951 (this is the same picture as Nouv. Champ. 3: pi. 234. 1961). Marchand,

Champ. Nord & Midi 2: pi. 120. 1973.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophoresfairly robust, tricholomatoid;pileus pale greyish-brownish,

not hygrophanous, often with a spotted surface of alternating smooth, shining and aeriferous,

micaceous patches; lamellae with grey or gray-brown tinges; white then tinged grey, strongly

striate-costate or even fissurate; spores large, 10.4—12.2(—12.7) x (9.3—)10.4 11,5(—12.1) /tm, (sub-)isodiametrical.

Pileus 32-110 mm broad, conical or irregularly convex with large umbo, then expanding to with plano-convex pronounced umbo, finally very irregularly shaped with undulating marginal involute zone, with margin when young, butstraight inlaterstages, not hygrophanous,not oronly in fresh and young specimens translucently striate, when young (sordid) white, soon pale grey-brown (10 YR 7/1—7/2 rarely 7/3), sometimes with ochraceous tinges, with veil-like arachnoid patches at margin, in young specimens sometimes entirely covered with silvery- whitish arachnoid fibrils, in elder specimens with irregularly spotted surface of grey-brown,

smooth, sometimes shining patches alternating with silvery whitish micaceous-aeriferous patches, in exposedly growing specimens pileipellis often strongly radially splitting and/or breaking in squamules. Lamellae L =about 50,1= 1-3-5, subdistant, deeply emarginate, often with decurrent tooth, thickish, broadly ventricose, up to 21 mm broad, pale cream at first then

YR sordid pink, becoming grey tinged with age (7.5 8/4-7/2), in large specimens often venose, Noordkloos: Entoloma subgenera Emoloma and Allocybe 179

Figs. 8a-c. Entoloma saundersii. Habit and spores (8a. from Noordeloos 283; 8b, c, from Noordeloos 284). 180 Perso on i a Vol. 11, Part 2. 1981

with concolorous 35-100 12-22 irregularly serrate, edge. Stipe x (5-) mm, rather irregular,

usually more or less cylindrical but also frequently tapering downwards or with broadened to bulbous sometimes flattened white when with base, and/or flexuose, young, then grey, greyish

brown or yellowish brown tinges, particularly near base, strongly fibrillose-costate lengthwise,

sometimes fissurate, at apex minutely pruinose, downwards smooth, solid. Flesh white in stipe, pale grey-brown in cortex of pileus and above hymenium, firm. Smell and taste strong, farinaceous.

10.4— x L-D =0.0-0.6- Spores 12.2(— 12.7) (9.3—)10.4—11,5(—12.1) /mi, Q= 1.0-1.15(1.2),

with in Basidia 1.2 pm, subisodiametrical, multiangled blunt angles side-view. 45-58 x 15.0-

18.5 pm, 4-spored. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up ofinflatedcells, (11.5—)25 100(—140)

8 x 17(19) pm. Pileipellis a thin ixocutis of cylindrical, 4.5-6(-7) pm wide, thin-walled hyphae

with intracellular pigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of inflated cells (50-)80-130x 8—18(—

with in 23) pm, intracellular pigment upper layers only. Clamp-connections present. HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —On clayey soils, preferably under Ulmus (in the Netherlands). IN

France known from under fruittrees (prob. Prunus) in orchards and growing under Rosa rare. ,

Often appearing very early in the season; Febr.-May.

COLLECTIONS —NETHERLANDS: EXAMINED. prov. Gelderland, Geldermalsen, Deil, estate

'Noordenhoek', 13 May 1979, M. E. Noordeloos 900; prov. Zuid-Holland: Leiden, estate 'ter

Wadding',March 1977, C. Bas 7193, Leiden,along'Kanaalweg'2May 1973, C. Bus5995; 1 «&2 April 1974, c.

Bas6003,6004,6005; 17 March 1977, AC E. Noordeloos277,278,279;2\March 1977, M.E. Noordeloos280,

24 March 281,282,283,284; 1977, M. E. Noordeloos286;4 April 1978, M. E. Noordeloos591; 10 May 1979, M.

E. Noordeloos 899; Delft, Heempark, Arboretum, 2 Febr. 1977, P. J. Henneveld.

Entoloma is characteristic with its its saundersii a very species greyish colours and pileal surface

with Leiden spotted remnants of a sort of veil. The populationfrom the Kanaalweg at has been

studied several during subsequent years. It is a constant species, fruiting in every spring. The

numberof fruitbodies, however, is strongly affected by the weatherconditions.During the springs

of 1974 and 1977 the fruiting was extremely rich, so that the variability of the species could be

studied E. has extensively. Usually saundersii acharacteristic way of growing. The pileusexpands

already underground; consequently its surface is often covered with lumps of clay. The

and carpophores are in general very irregular compact, with very firm flesh and a strong

has farinaceoussmell. So far E. saundersii been foundexclusively under Ulmus on heavyriver-clay

in the Netherlands. According to Romagnesi (I.e.) the species is foundin France in orchards, but also in parks. Entoloma saundersii can easily be distinguished from all other vernal species of

the surface. Entoloma by the large, almost round spores and by pileal

Rhodophyllus hiemalisLazzari & Blanco in Bol. Gruppo micolog. G. Bres. 23; 105. 1980 (nom.

is invalid., no type design.) very likely a synonym. Their description and particularly the beautiful

photographs agree perfectly with my observations on the Netherlands' collections cited above.

Also the habitat under Ulmus and the early fruiting-period are similar. I do not follow the

suggestion ofLazzari & Blanco tocreate a new taxon for this fungus on account ofthe differences

with R. saundersii sensu Romagn. The arguments given, viz. different ecology, feeble Guaiac- reaction and early fruiting-period do not justify a new taxon, as the macro- and microscopic

characters given by Romagnesi, in particular those of the surface of the pileus and the size and

of his with shape the spores give no doubt onthe identity of material ours and,judging from their

description and illustrations, with that of Lazzari & Blanco. NOORDELOOS: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Ailocybe 181

13. ENTOLOMA SEPIUM (Noul. & Dass.) Richon & Roze.—Fig. 9

Agaricus saepius Noul. & Dass.. Champ, com. susp. ven: 155.1838. — Entoloma clypeatum var. saepium

(Noul. & Dass.) Poirault & Roze in Bull. Soc. bot. Fr. 27: 257-261. 1880. — Entoloma sepium (Noul. & Dass.)

Richon & Roze, Fl. Champ, com. ven.:92, pi. 36 figs. 15-18. 1880. — Rhodophyllus septus (Noul. & Dass.)

Romagn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 63: 196. 1947.

Rhodophyllus clypeatus var. murinusQuel., inC. R. Ass. frang. Av. Sci. (Saint Etienne 1897)26(2):448.1898. — Agaricusprunarii Schulz. in Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien 29: 496. 1878. Agaricus. clypeatus var. prunarii

(Schulz.) Schulz. in Verh. Mitt. Siebenburg, Ver. Naturw. 34: 30. 1884.

Rev. 2: 34. and MISAPPLIED NAMES.—Rhodophyllus prunuloides sensu Romagnesiin Mycol. 1937 sensu

Konrad & Maublanc, Icon. sel. Fung. 2: pi. 187. 1930 (pro parte).

Rhodophyllus acclinis (Britz.) Romagn. sensu Romagn. in Rev. Mycol. 2: 34. 1937.

— SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS.—Richon & Roze, I.e. 1888. Marchand, Champ. Nord & Midi, 3e

1: 27. 1974. the third edition Marchand the rather of the Ed., pi. (In replaced poor picture two foregoing editions by a much better one).

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores firm and robust; pileus pale cream, whitish-ochraceous or very pale brown, never brilliantly white, not or only weakly hygrophanous with very regular

lamellae brown innatelyfibrillosesurface; pale, never with a or grey tinge; stipe firm, solid, white; flesh firm, white, turning reddish-ochraceous when bruised; growing under rosaceousplants, particularly Prunus spinosa.

Pileus 25-110 mm broad, conical toconico-convex then expandingto plano-convexor flattened

involute with broad umbo,with margin when young, with marginal zone usually regular, only exceptionally irregularly undulatingand/or splitting with age, not or weakly hygrophanous,

reddish- greyish or yellowish creamy, greyish ochraceousor very pale brown, golden, rarely with ochraceous flush, particularly in exposedly growing pilei, not or only slightly pallescent on drying, rather regularly radially, innately fibrillose, in exposedly growing pilei sometimes rugulose-fluffy at centre and/or radially splitting, then often showing discoloured, reddish fleshin between the fibrils. Lamellae L=50-60, 1 =3-5-7, moderately crowded, deeply emarginate,

then without brown YR segmentiform to ventricose, thin, creamy white pink any grey or (7.5 7/4-

6/4), with subentireto coarsely serrulate, concolorousedge.Stipe 30-110x (5—)8 16( 24 at base)

broadened firm and mm, cylindrical, straight to flexuose, usually distinctly at base, very solid, minutely tocoarsely fibrillosely striate lengthwise, sometimes, particularly nearbase, with reddish yellow fibrils, apart from that smooth. Flesh firm, white, when bruised (insect holes) turning

10 with Guaiac- reddish-yellow, at apex of stipe quickly turning blue green (within minutes) reagens. Smell and taste farinaceous, not rancid.

= L- Spores (7.3—)8.0—10.7( 11.0) x (6.5 )7.9 10.0( 10.8) pm, Q ( 1.0-)l.05-1.15-1.2(1.25),

D = with (0.0-)0.6-l.l-1.7 pm, isodiametrical to slightly elongate, with 5-7 angles in side view, slightly thickened walls. Basidia 35-50 x 11-17 in some specimens frequently with thickened, hyaline walls. Cystidia absent. Hymenophora trama regular, made up ofcylindrical to

to 330 slighty inflated cells(32-)40-120(-140)x 8-20 ;tm. Pileipellis anup pm thick ixocutis made up of 1.5—5(—7) pm wide, cylindrical hyphae with pale intracellularpigment. Pileitrama regular, made of inflated 32 11-22 with intracellular in up cells, 120( 130) x pm, pale pigment upper layers only. Clamp-connections frequent.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—Solitary or caespitose, often growing in large fairy-rings in dense thickets and hedgesof Prunus spinosa, less frequent in orchards under fruit-trees (Malus, Pyrus,

Prunus), widespread in Western Europe, locally common, April-June.

Roos' COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—N ETHERLANBS: prov. Overijssel, Beerze, camping 'De 22

Bas Doorwerth, May 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 344; Stegeren, 27 May 1969, C. 5132; prov. Gelderland,

15 May 1966 and 17 May 1967, E. Nannenga-Bremekamp;IJsselmeerpolders:Oostelijk Flevoland, sandy coast of Veluwemeer between KampenandElburg, 21 May 1975, F. Tjallingii& G. Tjallingii-Beukers, 182 Pkrsooni a - Vol. 11, Part 2. 1981

— from 17 June Fig. 9. Entoloma sepium. Habit and spores (all figs. Kalff, 1965).

14 May 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 331, 332, 337, 338; Oostelijk Flevoland, Roggebotszand, 8 May 1977, G.

Boezewinkel& H. in 13 & 18 T. Langevoort-Dul;prov. Utrecht,Harmelen, garden, May 1979, Boekhout;

20 1979, J. Daams; Mook, 9& 17 prov. Noord-Holland,Ankeveen, Loodijk, May prov. Limburg, May 1965, 12 June 1966 and 21 May 1968, J. Kalff.

FRANCE: dept Oise, f6ret de Montmorency, 24 April 1077, M. E. Noordeloos 301; foret de

Fontainebleau, 1 May 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 320, 321.

The pale colours, the non-hygrophanous, very smooth pileus and the reddish yellow discolouration of the flesh are distinctive for E. sepium. Entoloma saundersii differs by the

E. differs spotted micaceous pileal surface, white flesh and larger spores; niphoides in its brilliantly white pileus. Pale forms of E. clypeatum, such as f pallidogriseum can be distinguished by their slightly to distinctly hygrophanous pileus, pale flesh with does not changecolour when

Furthermore have bruised andoften by a slight grey tinge in the lamellae. they a negative guaiac-

within 10 minutes. reaction of the flesh at apex of stipe, viz. not turning blue-green

Entolomasepium can be distinguished from pale-coloured taxa in section Entoloma, such as E. prunuloides, by its larger and more irregularly shaped spores, its vernal appearance and by its habitat. Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Enloloma and Allocybe 183

ENTOLOMA section RHODOPOLIA (Fr.) Noordeloos

Agaricus subtribus Rhodopolii Fr., Syst. mycol. 1: 195. 1821. — Rhodophyllus section Rhodopolii (Fr.)

Romagn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 63: 120. 1947. — Entoloma section Rhodopolia (Fr.) Noordeloos in

Persoonia 11: 137. 1981. — Lectotype (Noordeloos, 1981a, I.e.): A. rhodopolius Fr.

Rhodophyllus subsection Nidorosi Romagn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 53: 327. 1937. — Lectotype

(Noordeloos, 1981, I.e.): E. nidorosus (Fr.) Quel. — Rhodophyllus section Specularii Romagn.,Rhodoph. Madag.:42.1941. Lectotype(Singer, 1951:633): R.

speculus (Fr.) Quel.

Entoloma section Typodochroa Largent in Mycologia 66: 999. 1974. Holotype: E. platyphylloides

(Romagn.) Largent. — MISAPPLIED NAMES. Rhodophyllussection Nolanidei sensuRomagn. in Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon43:322.

1974. — Lectotype (Romagn., 1974, I.e.): R. nidorosus (Fr.) Quel.

Entoloma section Nolanidea sensuLargent in Mycologia 66: 999. 1974. — Lectotype (Largent, 1974, I.e.):

E. rhodopolium(Fr.) Quel.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Habit tricholomatoid; pileus white, brown, yellow or grey, usually

strongly hygrophanous;stipe fibrillosely striate lengthwise; pigment intracellularorencrusting or both of the in types pigmentation present at same time; fruiting summer-autumn.

KEY TO THE SUBSECTIONS OF SECTION RHODOPOLIA

intracellular Subsection 183 la. Pigment exclusively Rhodopolia, p.

b. Pigmentencrusting at least the narrowest hyphae ofpileipellis and pileitrama and particularly near the

sometimes in addition intracellular Subsection 194 septa, pigment present. . . . Typodochroa, p.

Entoloma subsection Rhodopolia Noordeloos, subsect. nov.

subsection 46. Latin Rhodophyllus Nidorosi Romagn.,Rhodoph. Madag.: 1941. (nom. nud., no diagn.).—

Lectotype: (design, nihi): R. nidorosus (Fr.) Quel.

Basidiomata characteribus sicut in sect. Rhodopolia sed pigmentis intracellulosis. —Typus: Entoloma

rhodopolium (Fr.) Quel.

— CHARACTERISTICS. —As for the section, except for the exclusively intracellular pigment. Typus: Entoloma rhodopolium (Fr.) Quel.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SUBSECTION RHODOPOLIA

la. Pileus white brilliantly or very pale greyish-yellowish; smell never nitrous 2

b. Pileus if then with distinct nitrous smell 3 always distinctly pigmented, very pale,

2a. Cheilocystidia present E. leucocarpum, p. 189

b. absent E. 188 Cheilocystidia speculum, p.

3a. Pileus and dark reddish brown chocolate lamellae reddish brown stipe very sepia, or brown; in mature

smell specimens; none; in Sphagnumor on peat E. sphagneti, p. 192

b. Pileus moderately dark greyish or reddish brown or paler; lamellae never dark reddish brown 4

4a. Carpophores usually rather robust and thick-fleshed, firm; pileus moderately dark yellowish brown,

golden brown or sepiaceous; lamellae pale then pink; stipe white or pale greyish yellow, distinctly and

brilliantly striate; smell farinaceous E. lividoalbum, p. 186

b. Carpophores usually smaller and/or with brittle flesh and hollow stipe 5 184 PERso o N I A Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

5a. Carpophores dwarfish, pileus 14-35( 50) mm broad, moderately dark brown with reddish flush; stipe

27-50 x 1.5-4 mm, faintly striate; smell farinaceous E. subradiatum,. p. 191

b. Carpophoresusuallylarger, pileus (10-)20-75mm broad, pale yellowish brown: stipe25—95(—130) x (3-)

184 5-8(13) mm, distinctly striate; smell nitrous E. nidorosum, p.

14. ENTOLOMA NIDOROSUM (Fr.) Quél.—Figs. 10a-c

— Agaricus nidorosus Fr., Epicr.: 118. 1838. Entoloma nidorosum (Fr.) Quel, in Mem. Soc. Emul.

Montbeliard, ser. II, 5: 119. 1872. — Rhodophyllus nidorosus (Fr.) Quel., Enchir. 59. 1886.

— in MISAPPLIED NAME. Rhodophyllusnidorosus var. speculusFr. sensuJ. Lange Dansk bot. Ark. 2(11): 31.

1921.

Vero 97.1975. - Rev. SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS.—Cetto,Funghi 1:243,pi. Kiihn.& Romagn. in

Mycol. 20: 14-18, figs. 2d-e, 3. 1954. - Pilat in Acta Mus. nat., Prag. 9B2: 35, fig. 27. 1951. — Romagnesi,

Nouv. Atl. Champ. 1: pi. 78a, 1956.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores relatively slender;pileus quickly expanding to plano-convex

or plano-concave, usually with slight central depression, rarely weakly umbonate; lamellae pale

then pink; stipe long and slender, pale, distinctly striate lengthwise; smell nitrous.

Pileus conico-convex (10-)20-75 mm broad, when young, soon expandingto plano-convex or plano-concave, usually with slight central depression,more rarely with faint todistinct umbo,with

margin slightly involute when young, but straight later on, with marginal zone undulatingwith YR age, hygrophanous,when moist relatively pale yellowish brown, horn brown (10 8/3,7/3,7/4, 7/6,6/4; 2.5 Y 8/4), often darkerat centre (10 YR6/4,5/4,4/4,4/3), slightly palerat margin (10 Y R

striate at to the to 8/3, 8/2), translucently margin up 1/3 of radius, strongly pallescent on drying

greyish yellowor sordid white, smooth, semetimes, particularly when young and fresh, with small aeriferous-fibrillose, silvery white patches especially on limb. Lamellae L =35-50, 1=1-3-5, broadly adnate, often with slight decurrent toothor narrowly adnate-emarginate,uncinate then

segmentiform rarely ventricose, pale then pink, rarely with greyish shade(10 YR 8/3,8/2then 7.5 YR 8/4, 7/6) with irregularly serrulate concolorous edge. Stipe (25—)40—95( 130) x 3—8(—13) mm, usually cylindrical, with slightly broadened, rarely tapering base, early fistulose, brittle, pale

yellowish-whitish, silvery fibrillosely striatelengthwise, at apex sometimesflocculose, downwards

in smooth. Fleshpale, brittle in stipe, young and freshpilei relatively firm, later,particularly when

water-soaked, very brittle. Smell nitrous, particularly when fresh. Taste rancid-unpleasant.

Spores7-9.3 x 6.0-7.8(-8.l)/

in side-view, probably with dihedralbase. Basidia 32-50 x 7.5-14/im,4-spored. Cystidia absent.

Hymenophoraltrama regular, made up of inflatedcells, 35-110(125) x 12-29 pm. Pileipellis a

cutisof narrow, 2.3-7(-9) pm wide cylindrical hyphae, sometimeswith slightly gelatinisingwalls,

with intracellular sometimes well inflated very pale pigment; subpellis developed, made up of

12-32 with cells, 25-74 x pm, intracellularpigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of inflatedcells

45 120 13—31 in x pm. Vascular hyphae sometimes numerous trama of pileus. Clamp-

connections numerous.

HABITAT & mixed DISTRIBUTION.—In moist, frondose forests, e.g. Alneta, Belula-woods or

stands of Betula, Fraxinus, also in Sphagnum. Very common in entire north-western Quercus, Europe. Aug.-Oct.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—NETHERLANDS: prov. Gelderland: Winterwijk, Bek-en-Delle, 26 Sept.

1976, J. Schreurs; Putten,Schovenhorst, 26 Aug. 1978. T. Boekhoul prov. Utrecht: Harmelen, Vijverbos,

14 24 T. & Oct. 1978, Boekhout; Breukelen, estate'Guntersteyn', 20 Sept. 1978, T. Boekhout; prov. Noord-

Holland, Isl. Texel, along Waal-en-Burgse dijk, 25 Oct. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 557; prov. Z u i d -

Holland, Voorschoten, estate 'ter Horst', 13 M. E. Noordeloos 713; N d - Sept. 1978, prov. o o r and 185 Noordeloos: Emoloma subgenera Entoloma Allocybe

from Noordeloos 1203; 10c from Boekhout, Figs. 10a-c. Entoloma nidorosum. Habit and spores (10a, e

14 Oct. 1978; 10b, d from Noordeloos 1218). 186 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

Brabant: Zevenbergen,Eendekooi,31Oct. 1978, P. B..!arisen; Strijbcek. Patersven, 30 Aug. 1961, C. Bas

2389; Budel, Visvijvers, 9 Oct. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 524; prov. L i m b u r g: Gronsveld, Savelsbos, 11

Sept. 1977, T. Kuyper & J. Schreurs; Bunde, Bunderbos, 10 Sept. 1977, T. Kuyper <£ J. Schreurs.

SWEDEN: Smaland, Femsjo, Sodra Fargen, 22 Aug. 1976, M. Moser 76/152 (IB); Varnamo, near

Bas Elgarud, 14Sept. 1959, C. 1770. D E N M A R K.Isl. Amager.S.E. ofCopenhagen,estate'Kongelund',9

Sept. 1980, M.E. Noordeloos 1203, and 14Sept. 1980, M. E. Noordeloos 1218.- BELGIUM: prov. Limburg,

Beverce, alongriver Warsche, 26 Sept. 1976, M. E. Noordeloos 193; prov. Namur: Ave-et-Auffe, FondaAve,

8 Sept. 1975, M. E. Noordeloos 123; Banalbois near Han-sur-Lesse, 22 Sept. 1974, C. Bas 6370.

Entoloma nidorosumis one ofthe most commonandwell-known species of Entoloma. It occurs

in and the size and ofthe fruit-bodies is variable. The many different habitats, shape fairly most

is common habit that of a slender species of Entoloma with convex flattened, , a or slightly

depressed, moderately dark brown pileus; pale pink lamellaeand a striate, whitish, slender stipe.

In addition the nitrous smell is usually manifest. Entoloma sericatum is closely related and

sometimes has also faint nitrous but the a smell, can be distinguished by minutely encrusted

hyphae in the covering layers of the pileus. Entoloma politum, incl. var. pernitrosum, frequently

occurs in the same habitat as E. nidorosum, but can easily be distinguished by the smooth, not

striate, polished stipe and the different shape of the spores.

nliterature nidorosumis often which said to differ I E. comparedwith E. rhodopolium is by a more robust habitand lack of a distinct smell. Entoloma rhodopholiumsensuJ. Lange,as describedby me

differs below, by the slightly larger fruit-bodieswith a more greyish tingeand thelack ofsmell, but

still the identity of E. rhodopolium in its original sense is obscure to me (also see below).

— 15. ENTOLOMA LIVIDOALBUM (Kühn. & Romagn.) Kubicka Figs. 11a-d

Rhodophyllus lividoalbus Kiihn. & Romagn.in Rev. Mycol. 19:6. 1954 (Fl. anal.: 194. 1953,nom.nud.) Entoloma lividoalbum (Kiihn. & Romagn.) Kubicka in Ceska Mykol. 29: 27. 1975. — SELECTEDICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS. —Cetto,Funghi Vero2:243,pi. 530,1976. Kiihn. & Romagn. in Rev

Mycol. 20: 28, fig. 25. 1955.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Carpophores fairly robust with thick, firm flesh; pileus with beautiful lamellae then whitish, 30-70 yellow-brownor golden-sepiaceouscolour; pale pink, stipe thick-set,

smell x 8-20 mm, solid; flesh firm, white; farinaceous.

Pileus35-90mm broad, conicalat first, expanding to broadly conico-convex or convex, finally irregularly flattened withor without weak umbo,with margin involute atfirst butstraight later on,

with with marginal zone irregularly lobed or undulating age, hygrophanous, when moist moderately dark yellowish brown, goldenor more sepia,only slightly palertowards margin, more or less uniformely coloured, (10 YR 4/4, 5/4, rarely 3/4, on limb more like 10 YR 5/3, 5/4, 6/4, YR outermost margin 10 6/4, 7/3, 7/4), translucently striate at margin only or not, pallescent on drying to greyish-ochraceous, pale sepia or ivory yellowish (2.5 Y 7/4, 8/4 or 10 YR 8/3,7/3,6/3), subviscid when smooth moist, when dry or minutely radially rimose-rugulose, particularly at centre. Lamellae L = 40-65, 1 = 3—7(—9), broadly adnate to emarginate, segmentiform to

Y YR subventricose, pale thenpink, (2.5 8/2-7/2, then7.5 8/4, rarely 7/4), never with brownorgrey with tinges, irregularly serrulate, concolorous edge. Stipe 30-70 x 8-20 mm, cylindrical or flattened, broadeningor taperingat base, whitish to sordid yellowish, brilliantly fibrillose-striate

at lengthwise, apex sometimes flocculose, downwards smooth, solid, narrowly fistulose only in

old firm when hard in Smell very stages. Flesh pale, very fresh, pileus. and taste strongly farinaceous. Noordeloos: Enwloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 187

lividoalbum. — Habit and d from Noordeloos 1200; 11b, from Figs. 11a-d. Entoloma spores (11a, c

Noordeloos 1277).

— in Spores 8.1 10.0(—11.0) x 7.8.2(—8.7) /rm, Q= 1.05-1.2-1.3(—1.4), 5-7-angled side-view.

Basidia 34-49 x 9.5-14 /im, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of inflated cells, 45-95(-120) x (4 )7.5 26 nm. Pileipellis a cutis of 2.5-12 /im wide cylindrical hyphae, sometimes, particularly at centre, with ascending, clavate, terminal cells, 32 85(— 110)

5-15 intracellular 50 x jtm, withbrownish pigment. Pileitramaregular, made up ofinflatedcells,

120x 14-34 /im. Clamp-connections abundant.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—Terrestrial in humus-rich frondose forests, preferably on richer, loamy orclayey soils, widespread in north-western Europe, probablylocally common. Aug.-Sept.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—NETHERLANDS: prov. Noord-Holland, Bloemendaal, estate

Z Isl. 'Vogelenzang', 13 Oct. 1979, C. Has; prov. e e 1 a n d , Walcheren, Domburg,park near Castle, 30 Oct.

1976, M. E. Noordeloos 238. 188 Persoonia Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

DENMARK, Isl. Amager, S. E. ofCopenhagen,estate'Kongelund',9 Sept. 1980, M. E. Noordeloos 1200,

and 14 Sept. 1980, M. E. Noordeloos 1217. — BELGIUM, prov. Namur, Ave-et-Auffe, Fond d'Ave, 27

Aug. 1979, J. Schreurs. — GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC: Westphalen, Donoper teich near

HedesseninTeutoburgerwald,60ct.1976,//. v. d. Aa; Rheinland-Pfalz,Eifel, Gerolstein, Gees state-forest,

26 Sept. 1980, M. E. Noordeloos 1277.

The rather robust habit of E. lividoalbumand its firm, hard flesh remindof some vernal species ofsection Nolanidea, such as E. clypeatum. It is likely that some records in literature concerning

of the occurrence E. clypeatum in autumnare misinterpretations of the present species. Entoloma

however, from for lividoalbumdiffers, E. clypeatum also in the preference a completely different

in E. habitat, the type ofpileipellis and also the size and shape of spores. The habitof lividoalbum

together with its strong farinaceous smell prevent confusion with members ofthe E. nidorosum- complex.

16. ENTOLOMA SPECULUM (Fr.) Quél.—Figs. 12a-d

Agaricus speculus Fr., Spicilegium: 4. 1886. — Entoloma speculum (Fr.) Quel, in Mem. Soc. Emul

Montbeliard, ser. II, 5: 119. 1872. — Rhodophyllus speculus (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 59. 1886.

= EXCLUDED.— Entoloma speculum sensuCooke 111. Br. Fungi 3: pi. 342 (308). 1884-1886 ( E. niphoides

(Romagn.) P. D. Orton).

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores small, almost white to brilliantly white; pileus 14-37 mm

broad; stipe 20-65 x 2-5 mm; lamellae pale then pink, rarely with brown tinge when old; smell 1.2 the weakly to distinctly farinaceous; spores 9.0—12.7(—13) x (7.5 )8.0-12.0 pm, Q about on

in average per collection; cheilocystidia absent; in humus-rich places, or near frondose forests;

summer.

Pileus 14-37 mm broad, convex soon expanding to plano-convexor flattened,with or without

small umbo, with margin slightly involute when young, but straight later on, with marginal zone

with when moist white slightly undulating age, weaklyhygrophanous, brilliantly or with palegrey

YR at or grey-yellow tingesor spots (10 8/3-7/4,2.5 Y 8/3,7/3, 7/4), translucently striate margin only or not, slightly pallescent on drying, smooth or slightly fluffy at centre. Lamellae L = 30-60,1

= intervenose veined white then 1-3-5, moderately distant, narrowly ventricose, rarely or on sides, pink, sometimes with slight brown tinge (7.5 YR 7/6, 7/4, 6/4 towards 10 YR 6/3) with

concolorous, subentire or serrulate edge. Stipe 20-65 x 2-5 mm, cylindrical, sometimes broadened at base, sometimes flexuose, brilliantly white or with grey or yellowish tinge, particularly when handled,at apex sometimespruinose-flocculose, downwards smooth, silvery

striate lengthwise. Fleshrelatively firm, white or with slight grey tinge. Smellweakly to distinctly farinaceous, particularly when cut. Taste strongly farinaceous.

Spores 9.0-12.7(13) x (7.5 )8.0-l2.0 Q =(1,0-)l.05-1.2-1,25(-l .3), L-D =(0.0-)0.6-2- rather in side-view. Basidia 4- 2.5(—3.0) pm, irregularly (5-)6-7(-8)-angled 35-45x9-15 /im,

(rarely 2-)spored. Cystidianone. Hymenophoraltrama regular, made up ofinflatedcells, 30—87(— cutis with 117) x 10—33 ;im. Pileipellis a transitionstoanixocutis, madeup ofradially arranged, 2-

7.5 pm wide cylindrical hyphae, sometimes with ascending, clavate, terminal cells, with easily

intracellular desintegrating, often distinctly gelatinised walls, with very pale pigment. Pileitrama

made inflated 32-130 with intracellular in regular, up of cells, x 15-32(-42) pm, pale pigment

upper layer only. Clamp-connections numerous.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Terrestrial in or near humus-rich frondose forests, rare, summer

(Aug.). Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma ami Allocybe 189

12a-d. Entoloma Habit and d from 1092; b, from Figs. speculum. spores (12a, Piepenbroek 12 c Jansen, 12 Aug. 1980).

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—NETHERLANDS: prov. Overijssel, Zwolle, Windesheim, estate

H. Gelderland, 'Windesheim', 20 Aug. 1978, Piepenbroek & G. Piepenbroek-Grooters 1092; prov.

C. Neerijnen,estate 'Neerijnen',near Castle. 10 Aug. 1974, Bas6344: prov. Noord-Brabant, Dorst, 18

Aug. 1980, P. B. Jansen.

The small carpophores, pale colours, and the appearance in summer in humus-rich frondose

forests are quite distinctive for E. speculum. E. niphoides has much larger carpophores, more

isodiametrical and more weakly angled spores and grows in spring in Prunus spinosa thickets.

related E. Entoloma leucocarpum is very closely to speculum, but differs in having large cheilocystidia (see below).

I am not convinced that Romagnesi's concept of Rhodophyllus speculus (1951: 214-215 and

1953: 197) represents the same taxon as mine; this might be a pale-coloured taxon close to E. clypeatum, such as forma pallidogriseum (see p. 171).

17. Entoloma — leucocarpum Noordeloos, spec. nov. Figs. 13a-c

vel Pileus et stipes albi vel albiduli;lamellae adnatae emarginatae,albae demum roseae; sporae (8.4 )9.0

10.8(11.5) x (7.4—)7.9—8.5(-9.0) /im, Q = 1.1—1.2—1.3; cheilocystidia cylindracea vel flexuosa, subcapitatae vel 60-124 13.5 3.0-6.0 moniliformes, x 26( 40) pm\ pileipellis cutis, hyphae pm latae, pigmentis — intracellulosis;fibulaeadsunt; abE. speculo cheilocystidiis differt. Typus: M. E. Noordeloos 701, 24-VIII-

Isl. Netherlands' 1978, 'estate Mildenburg, Oostvoorne, prov. Zuid-Holland, (L).

CHARACTERISTICS.—Carpophores very pale, almost white, shining; pileus 18-32 mm broad, conico-convex then flattened with small, weak umbo; lamellae pale then pink; stipe white with 190 Persooni a Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

Figs. 13a-c. Entoloma leucocarpum.— Habit, spores and cheilocystidia (all figs. from holotype).

bulbous base; smell none; taste rancid; spores (8.4—)9.0—10.8(11.5) x (7.4-)7.9-8.5(-9.0) jim; with less moniliform cheilocystidia numerous, versiform, often flexuose, subcapitate or more or

neck; pileipellis a cutis of narrow cylindrical hyphae with very pale intracellularpigment; in humus-rich frondose forest.

Pileus 18-32 mm broad, conico-convex then plano-convex with weak umbo and straight

YR margin, non-hygrophanous, very pale, whitish, at centre with grey-brown tinge (10 7/3),

strongly radially fibrillose-satiny, appearing subfelted under lens. Lamellae L = 30-36,1= 3-5, narrowly adnate to emarginate, ventricose, extendingbelow the pileus, white then pink (7.5 YR

8/2, 8/4 finally 7/4) with entire, concolorous edge. Stipe 25-40 x 2.5-4 mm, rigid, cylindrical,

bulbous abruptly at base, solid then fistulose, white, finally with very pale yellowish greyish tinge, shiningly fibrillose-striate lengthwise, pruinose at apex, smooth downwards. Flesh white,

finally with greyish tinge under pileipellis, relatively firm. Smell none. Taste rancid.

Spores (8.4 )9.0-10.8(-l 1.5) x (7.4-)7.9-8.5(-9.0)/tm, Q = 1.1 1.2-1.25(1.3), L-D= 1.0-1.5-

2.3 /mi, 5-7-angled in side-view (with blunt dihedral base?). Basidia41-53 x 13-l6/im,4-spored.

Cheilocystidia 60-124 x 13.5-26(-40) /mi, versiform, usually irregularly cylindrical, often

flexuose, with subcapitate or more or less moniliform neck, numerous, scattered among the basidia. Hymenophoraltrama regular, with inflatedcells, 35-90(-100) x 14-30 /

thin cutis of 3—6(—7.5) /im wide, cylindrical hyphae almost without any pigment. Pileitrama

in regular, made up ofinflatedcells, 42- 125x12-27/im, withvery pale intracellularpigment upper

layer only. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Terrestrial on moist soil in Urtica dioica facies in humus-rich

frondose forest dominatedby Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior and Alnus glutinosa. So far only known from the type-locality.

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—N ETHERLANDS, prov. Zuid-Holland, Oostvoorne, estate

'Mildenburg', 24 Aug. 1978, M. E. Noordeloos 701 (holotype).

it in the field. Enoloma leucocarpum is very similarto E. speculum, for which was taken However,

the numerous, large cheilocystidia and, in addition, some other macroscopical characters such as Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma unci Allocybe 191

thesubfelted pileus and the abruptly bulbousbase ofthe stipe mademe consider it as a species in its

from the be related, but differs the own right. Entoloma cinerascens Hesler U.S.A. seems to by plane, almost depressed pileus, the non-bulbous stipe and the lack of clamp-connections. The cheilocystidia found in E. leucocarpum remind of those found in E. jubatum and allied species

(subgenus Trichopilus). The simple pileipellis of E. leucocarpumand the short cells in the trama of

this with those of lamellae and pileus, however, exclude a close affinity of species subgenus

Trichopilus.

18. ENTOLOMA SUBRADIATUM (Kühn. & Romagn.) Moser —Figs. 14a-g

— Rhodophyllus subradiatus Kiihn. & Romagn. in Rev. Mycol. 19: 10. 1954 (Fl. anal.: 197, nom. nud.).

Entoloma subradiatum (Kiihn. & Romagn.) Moser in Gams. Kl, KryptogFl. 4. Aufl. 2 (b/2): 197. 1978.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores tiny; pileus 14-30(-50)mm broad, reddish brownor greyish brown, translucently striate up to 1/4 or 1/2 of the radius, on drying strongly pallescent along radial streaks; stipe pale, weakly striate; smell farinaceous; spores (8.1 —)8.7—11,2(—12.7) x 7.0-

8.1(10.2) pm\ pigment abundant, intracellular.

Pileus 14-30(-50) mm broad, conico-convex, soon expanding to plano-convex or plano- concave, usually with flattened orslightly depressed centre with small,rounded or conical umbo, with when margin slightly involute young, but straight later on, with marginal zone usually

subradiatum. — Habit and from Kits Waveren, 21 Oct. 1976; 14b Figs. 14a-g.Entoloma spores (14a, e v.

8 Kits 14d from from Kits v. Waveren, July 1961; 14c from v. Waveren, 2 Aug. 1968; Kits v. Waveren, 29 July

1961; 14g from Noordeloos 436). 192 P E R so o N I a Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

with when moist with undulating or lobed age, strongly hygrophanous, moderately dark brown

reddish or greyish flush, usually distinctly darker at centre to blackish brown, paler at margin (at YR 7.5 YR 10 YR centre 10 2/2,3/2,4/2,4/3 to 3/2; atmargin 7/4, 8/3), translucently striate up to

1/4 or 1/2 ofthe radius, strongly pallescent on drying along radial streaks, smooth or slightly to

distinctly rugulose at centre. Lamellae L =20-40(-45), 1 =3-5, broadly adnate to emarginate,

4 often with slight decurrent tooth, segmentiform to ventricose, up to mm broad, pale then pink, sometimeswith brown tinge(7.5 YR 8/4to 10 YR 7/4), with concolorous, serrulate edge. Stipe27-

50 x 1.5—4(—6) mm, cylindrical, often slightly broadened atbase, rarely subbulbousor attenuateat base,pale, white or greyish-brownish (2.5 Y 8/2,7/2or 10 YR 7/2,7/3), innately fibrilloseto weakly

silvery striate lengthwise, at apex pruinose or not, downwards smooth, solid then narrowly

fistulose. Flesh thin, relatively firm in pileus, pale or watery brown-grey, particularly in cortex. Smell and taste weakly to strongly farinaceous.

Spores (8.1 >8.7 11,2(-12.7) x 7.0-8.1 (-10.4) pm, Q= 1.1-1.2-1,3(-l .35), L-D =(0.6-)l .2-

2.0-2.5 /im, 5-7-angled in side-view. Basidia 32-47x9-16 pm, (2-)4-spored. Cystidia none.

inflated 9-27 thin Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of cells, 38-150x pm. Pileipellis a cutis of 2.4-7 pm wide, cylindrical hyphae, sometimes with ascending, clavate terminal cells,

particularly at centre, with abundant intracellular pigment, sometimeswith slightly gelatinised

walls, subpellis usually welldeveloped,madeupofstrongly inflatedcells, 27-65( 80) x 8.5-32 /mi,

with intracellular made of 45 pigment. Pileitrama regular, up inflatedcells, 125(—140) x 7.5-29

pm. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Terrestrial, solitary or subcaespitose, in humus-rich frondose forests, known from the Netherlands and France. July-Sept.

COLLECTIONS — NETHERLANDS: 8 EXAMINED. prov. Overijssel, Denekamp, estate 'Singraven', July

E. Kits 1961, v. Waveren; prov. Gelderland: Winterswijk, Bek-en-Delle, 3 Sept. 1979, J. Scheurs;

Nijmegen, grounds of Radboudt-hospital,3 Aug. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 436; Neerijnen,estate 'Neerijnen',

Kits 21 Aug. 1979, y. Schreurs, prov. U t r e c h t, Loenen, estate'Over-Holland', 29 July 1961. E. v. Waveren;

Noord-Holland: 2 E. Kits Bloemendaal, estate prov. Heemstede, Leyduin, Aug. 1968. v. Waveren;

'Elswout', 21 Oct. 1966, E. Kits v. Waveren.

J. Lange's plate (1936, pi. 761) of Rhodophyllus radiatus J. Lange strongly reminds of E.

subradiatum as describedabove. J. Lange's name probably is a synonym of E. subradiatum, but

this sincethe type-collection ofLange'sspecies is lacking, cannotbe verified. AtCopenhagen some

spore-prints are left ofspecimens of R. radiatus collectedby its author, but they consist of smaller

E. As spores than our subradiatum has. it is impossible to check such important characters as pigmentation in authenticmaterial, the statusof R. radiatus J. Langeremains uncertain. Also see

247. under the insufficiently known taxa below, p.

E. differs another Entoloma sordidulum is very similar to subradiatum, but by quite type of

pigmentation (see p. 207).

19. ENTOLOMA SPHAGNETI Naveau.—Fig. 15

Entoloma sphagneti; Naveau in Natuurw. Tijdschr. 5: 75. 1932. — Rhodophyllussphagneti(Naveau) Kiihn

& Romagn., Fl. anal.: 194. 1953. — SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS.—Arnolds & Noordeloos inFung. rar. Icon. col. 12: pi. 95a. 1981. — Imler in Bull. Soc. Nat. Oyonnax 14-15: 147-149 (incl. col. pi.). 1960-1961. Imler in Bull. Soc. Nat

Oyonnax 16-18: 105-106. 1966.

CHARACTERS. —Carpophores usually rather robust and brittle; pileus very dark chocolateor sepia brown; lamellae pale then flesh-coloured brown; stipe almost concolorous with pileus, Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 193

15. Entoloma — Habit and from Fig. sphagneti. spores (all figs. Noordeloos 1079). 194 Persoonia Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

1.3-1.4 the striate; without smell; spores 9.3-12.7 x 6.5-8.7(—9.3) pm, Q= on average per

collection, ellipsoid and multi-angled-gibbose in outline; pigment very abundant, intracellular;

in dead or living Sphagnum and on peat.

Pileus (15 — )20-80(— 120) mm broad, conical to conico-campanulate, slowly expanding to conico-convex finally plano-convex with pronounced, often conical umbo,with margin involute

when in late with with young, straightening only stages, marginal zone undulating age, strongly

hygrophanous, when moist very dark chocolate brown, date brown, sepia or almost blackish striate brown, not or only very slightly paler at margin, obscurely translucently at margin (5 YR

2/1, 2/2, 3/1; 7.5 YR 3/2, 4/2 or 10 YR 2/2, 3/3), pallescent on drying along radial streaks to red subviscid greyish brownor yellowish brown with slight tinge (7.5 YR 4/4 to 10 YR 5/4), when

in collections moist, dry and shining when dry, many with silvery white, aeriferous-fibrillose

patches on limb and at margin. Lamellae L =40-60, 1=3-5, free or deeply emarginate,

11 triangular, then broadly ventricose, up to mm broad often, extending below the pileus, pale

flesh-coloured 7.5 YR beige when young, soon pink, finally brown to reddish brown (10 YR 5/3; 6/4, 5/4, 4/4, 4/2; 5 YR 7/3, 6/4) with slightly irregular, concolorous edge. Stipe 35-105 x 3-15

mm, cylindrical, more rarely tapering towards base, sometimes first broadening towards base and then fistulose, reddish abruptly tapering or rooting, fragile, grey-brown to brown, slightly paler than pileus (10 YR 6/3, 5/4, 4/3; 7.5 YR 4/2, 3/2; 5 YR 3/2), strongly longitudinally striate white with paler fibrils,with tomentose base. Flesh almost concolorous with surface or slightly

paler in inner parts, brittle, in stipe very easily splitting lengthwise. Smell and taste indistinct.

= — L-D = 1.5 — 3.5 Spores 9.3-12.7 x 6.5-8.7(-9.3) pm, Q (1.2 —) 1.35-1 5( 1.8), ( )2.3

27-48 4.5( —5.0) /tm, multiangled-nodulose, ellipsoid. Basidia x 8.5-16 pm, 4-spored. Cystidia

absent. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of inflated cells, 35-110( —120) x 8-32 /mi.

Pileipellis a cutis or radially arranged, 2.5-9 pm wide, cylindrical hyphae with abundant intra-

cellular pigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of inflated cells, 37—140 x 7.5-34 pm. Clamp- connections abundant.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—In and on dead or living Sphagnumor on peat,nor uncommon in the holocene of north-western peat-bogs the European lowland. Known to occur in Netherlands, Belgium (Naveau, 1923, I.e.) and France (Kiihner & Romagnesi, 1953: 194).

Aug. Nov.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—NETHERLANDS: D he: Molt- prov. rent Roden, Mensingebos,

makersstuk, 15 Sept. 1976, M. E. Noordeloos 176; Hoogeveen,Stuifzand, Boerenveenplassen, 15 Sept. 1973,

K. E. Booy ; prov. Overijssel, Delden, 18 Sept. 1964, Kits v. Waveren; prov. Gelderland:

Winterswijk, Wooldse veen, 20 Sept. 1975, M. E. Noordeloos 153 and 20 Sept. 1976, M. E. Noordeloos 136;

idem, 30 Sept. 1976, C. Bas6168; Overasseit, Haterse vennen, 9 Oct. 1963, P. B. Jansen 63-177, and 14

Oct. 1964. E. Kits v. Waveren; prov. Noord-Brabant: Eindhoven, Oudmeer between Son and Best, 25

Oct. & 2 Nov. 1959, H. Drost;Stnjbeek,Goudbergven,24July 1960,25 Aug. 1960,21 Aug. 1961 and 20 Sept.

1967, P. B. Jansen; idem, 30 Aug. 1961, C. Bas 2382; Zundert, 'de Krochten', 5 Oct. 1973, P. B Jansen 73-

193; idem, 6 Oct. 1973, A. Daleboudt 91; idem, 9 Sept. 1976, P. B. Jansen.

Entoloma sphagneti is one ofthe darkest species in Entoloma subgenus Entolomaand reminds of ‘Rhodophyllus’ nigrocinnamomeus sensu Favre(1948: 51-52), but that species differs in having

All considerably smaller, more isodiametricalspores. other dark brown species ofEntoloma,viz.

E. E. E. E. myrmecophilum, venosum, gerriaeand platyphylloides differ among many other things

in the encrusting pigments in the pileipellis and differently shaped, more isodiametricalspores.

Entoloma subsection Typodochroa (Largent) Noordeloos, comb. & slat. nov.

Entoloma section Typodochroa Largent in Mycologia 66: 999. 1974 (basionym). Holotype: Entoloma platyphylloides (Romagn.) Largent. Noordeeoos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 195

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pigment encrusting the hyphae of pileipellis and pileitrama, at least the narrowest hyphae and particularly near the septa, but usually very abundant and forming

'zebralike' patterns or crust-like patches on the outer walls of the hyphae; in addition intracellular pigments often present.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SUBSECTION TYPODOCHROA

la. Pileusdark grey-brown, sepia, umber of blackish-brown, more or less unicoloured,not or only slightly

paler towards margin and usually only inconspicuously translucently striate; pigment coarsely

encrusting 2

viz. with b. Pileus paler, grey-brown, yellowish brown or with reddish flush, or distinctly bicoloured, very

dark brown umbo and strongly contrasting paler limb 6

2a. Pileus coarsely radially fibrillose and with micaceous sheen; particularly when dry, the pileus

of in frondose forests E. 245 reminiscent Oudemansiellaplatyphylla; platyphylloides, p.

3 b. Pileus smooth or slightly villose at centre, never fibrillose-micaceous

2- 3a Carpophores small to medium-sized, relatively thin-fleshed, pileus 10-35 mm broad, stipe 13-45 x

4 5(—10 at base) mm

b. Carpophores medium-sized to large, thick-fleshed,pileus 25-75(100)mm broad, stipe 40-100 x 5-15

5 mm

to with central with faint 4a. Pileus convex, soonflattened concave depression or umbo; spores 8.4-11.3(-

x 7-9 1.15-1.3 of viz. encrusting and intracellular, in 12.4) /rm, Q= 1.4; two types pigment, pileipellis

and pileitrama; in frondose lowland forests E. gerriae, p. 199

8— b. Pileus conico-campanulate, then expanding, never depressed, usually umbonate; spores 10(-11)

in and and x 6.5-9 pm, Q= 1.1—1.2; pigments encrusting only, (sub-)arctic alpine grasslands marshy

E. places with shrub of Salix and/or Dryas octopetalaI atrosericeum, p. 229

when 8-10.4 x 6.5-8 1.25-1.3 the 5a. Lamellae often dark grey-brown already young; spores pm, Q= on

in coniferous forests in central probably only in average per collection, or near ( Picea) Europe,

habitats 234 mountanous E. venosum, p.

b. Lamellae often white when later with 8-10.4 7-8 1.15-1.2 the young, on grey tinge, spores x pm, Q= on

of northern in frondose forests average per collection, in lowlands western and Europe, or Salix-

196 thickets...... E. myrmecophilum var. myrmecophilum, p.

6a. Pileus with blackish brown umbo strongly contrasting with leather-brown limb; in frondose forests,

pigment coarsely encrusting E. myrmecophilum var. atrogaleatum, p. 198

b. Pileus more uniformely coloured; pigment usually minutely encrusting the narrowest hyphae only. 7

7a. Pileus yellow to yellowish brown, without any trace of grey; smell absent; rather robust species in

frondose forests E. majaloides, p. 205

b. Pileus greyish brown to yellowishgrey, sometimes with reddish flush; smell usuallydistinct, farinaceous

or subnitrous 8

8a. In moist places, preferably in Betula-woods with Sphagnum, but also found in Alneta; smell often

distinctly but weakly nitrous when collected, later on often more farinacous; rather robust and brittle

E. sericatum f. 201 sericatum. p.

b. In other habitats 9

9a. In frondose forests, particularly on clayey soils; carpophores usually small to medium-sized;pileus 10-

sordid sometimes with reddish flush; sordid almost white, 45(—55) mm broad, grey-brown, stipe grey or

solid, firm; flesh white; smell farinaceous rancid E. sordidulum, p. 207

b. and round Salix in coastal medium-sized Among repens dunes; carpophores to large; pileus 30—75(-110)

brown with flesh brittle mm broad, greyish to greyish yellow; stipe usually grey tinge, soon fistulose;

in with smell nitrous when collected, farinaceous later particularly stipe, grey tinge; usually slightly more

f. on E. sericatum saliciphilum, p. 203 196 Persoonia Vol. 11, Pari 2, 1981

20. ENTOLOMA MYRMECOPHILUM (Romagn.) Moser

16a-d var. MYRMECOPHILUM. —Figs.

in R. linn. Rhodophyllus myrmecophilus Romagn. (Trav. mycol. ded. Kuhner) Bull. mens. Soc. Lyon 43

(No. spec.): 386. 1974. — Entoloma myrmecophilum(Romagn.) Moser in Gams, Kl. KryptogFl. 4. Aufl.,

2(b/2): 197. 1978.

— 4. MISAPPLIED NAMES. Rhodophyllusplatyphylloides sensu Horak in Schweiz. Z. Pilzk. 49: 116-117, fig.

1971. — Rhodophyllus nigrocinnamomeus sensu Favre, Assoc. fong. Hauts marais: 51-52. 1948.

SELECTED ICONES& DESCRIPTION. —Romagnesi, I.e.: 378-379.1974. — Einhellinger in Ber. Bayer, bot. Ges.

— R. 47: 126-127, pi. 7 B. 1976. Horak, I.e. (with col. pi., as platyphylloides).

CHARACTERISTICS.—Pileus dark brown to blackish brown, not oronly slightly paler at margin,

not or only short translucently striate at margin; lamellaewhite or pale when young later on with brown than grey or tinge; stipe usually paler pileus, strongly silvery-white on grey-brown

background; spores subisodiametrical, Q= 1.15-1.2 on the average per collection.

Pileus when (15-)20-65 mm broad, conicalorconico-campanulate young, then expandingto

(conico-)convex with broad umbo, finally flattened with or without umbo, sometimes slightly

when depressed at centre, with (slightly) involute margin when young, hygrophanous, moist

YR dark (blackish) brown (10 3/1, 3/2, 3/3,4/3) not or only very slightly paler at margin, mostly less to brownish brown YR more or unicoloured, on drying pallescent grey or yellowish (10 5/4,

6/4), when moist with shining-polished surface or with minute arachnoid-fibrillose covering when when fibrillose with particularly young, dry subinnately or minute micaceous patches, often minutely velvety-rugulose at centre, in exposed growing pilei often craked ('craquele').

Lamellae L = about 40, 1 =3 5—7( 9), moderately crowded, variably inserted from broadly adnate with small decurrent tooth to deeply emarginate or almost free, arcuate then segmentiform, never really ventricose, white or pale when young, then with grey or brown tinge, finally pinkish brown (10 YR 7/3, 7/4, 6/3, 5/3; 7.5 YR 7/4, 6/4) with entire or subserrulate, concolorous edge. Stipe 40-92 x 5-15 mm, cylindrical often gradually broadeningtowards base, solid, then sordid white rarely subbulbous, fistulose, or cream to grey-brown (2.5 Y 8/4, 7/2; 10

YR 7/2, 7/3, 6/3) with dense,pallid striation, smooth or minutely pruinose-downy at apex, base when white tomentose. Flesh (dark) grey-brown moist, pallescent on drying, firm to rather brittle in pileus, firm in stipe of young specimens, later on becoming fibrillose-brittle. Smell spontaneously often weak, but distinctly farinaceous when cut. Taste rancid, nasty.

8-11 = Spores x (5.8—)6.5 8(—9) pm, Q (1 -0—) 1.1—1.3, on the average per collection 1.15-1.2,

L-D =(0-)0.6-1.5-2 pm, subisodiametrical, mostly 6-7-angled in side-view, probably with dihedral base. Basidia 23—40(—45) x 10-15/rm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent.Flymenophoral trama

made of inflated with regular, up cells, 45—100(—120) x (3.5—)5—21 (—30) pm pale intracellular pigment. Pileipellis a thin, compact cutis of radially arranged 3—5—8(—10) pm wide cylindrical hyphae with slightly gelatinising walls, sometimes with clavate terminal cells particularly at centre ofpileus, forming the villosity, with brown encrusted wallsand in additionfrequently also with intracellular pigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of inflated, rarely cylindrical cells, 45-

110(—130) x 7—29 )im, with minutely to rather coarsely encrusted walls and dispersed intracellular pigment, particularly in upper layer. Lactiferous hyphae scattered, in some specimens fairly abundant. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues studied.

HABITAT & —In meadow soil; in Salix- bushes in coastal dunes DISTRIBUTION. mossy on sandy and terrestrial infrondose forests, not rare, known to occur in lowlands in Sweden, Netherlands,

France, German Federal Republic and Switzerland. Sept.-Nov.

COLLECTIONS — N of D h in lawn behind EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS: prov. r e n t e, Wijster, Biological

Station, 19 Oct. I960. J. J. Barkman 6875, and 2 Sept. 1978, P. B. Jansen: prov. Gelderland:

Korenburgerveen, 29 Sept. 1973, C. Bas 6166', Wageningen, Bennekomse Meent, 4 Nov. 1970, H. S. C.

29 Oct. E. Kits Noord- Huysman 70.320', Hoenderloo, Hoge Veluwe, 1966, van Waveren', prov. NOORDELOOS: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Atlocybe 197

Entoloma — Habit and b from Noordeloos Figs. 16a-d. myrmecophilumvar. myrmecophilum. spores (16a, Kits 1077; 16c from v. Waveren 29 Oct. 1966; 16d from holotype). ,

Holland, Callantsoog, nature-reserve 'Zwanewater', 21 Oct. 1979, M. E. Noordeloos 1077\ prov.

Zuid-Holland,Isl. of Voorne, Rockanje, Quackjeswater, 22 Oct. 1955, C. Bus 936.

France, dept. Aisne, Environ de Chateau-Thierry, 15 & 22 Nov. 1971, M. Drapier (holotype, Herb. — Romagn. 71.326, PC). SWEDEN, Uppland Djuro s.n., Runmaro, forest between Uppeby and

Svarttrask, 2 Oct. 1949, G. Haglund & R. Rudberg (S). 198 Persoonia- Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

Entoloma myrmecophilum is one of the darkest coloured Entoloma species in section

Rhodopolia, very well characterizedby its encrusting pigments and almostisodiametrical spores.

When working at the Entoloma collections available I was serveral times confronted with

material identifiedas ‘Rhodophyllus platyphylloides’. Aftersome hesitation, however, I prefer for

' most ofthis material the epithet'myrmecophilum for the followingreason: In R. platyphylloides

the pileal surface is said to be 'finement vergetule-fibrilleux radialement', thus strongly

resembling Collybia (or Oudemansiella)platyphylla but not only in surface structure, but also in

colour. In E. myrmecophilum the pileus is darkerand smooth. The Netherlands' collections agree

in is a satisfactory way with the discription given by Romagnesi (1974b, I.e.); the pileus smooth,

sometimes even brilliantly shining as if polished ( M. E. Noordeloos 1077), only the centre of the

pileus may become minutely velvety-rugulose, particularly when dried up.

E. in the latter has Entoloma myrmecophilum resembles venosum very much colour but more

when elongate spores, darker lamellae particularly young, and a different habitat and

geographical distribution (see under extralimital species, p. 234).

Entoloma gerriae is distinguished from E. myrmecophilum in its slender habit with (sub-)

umbilicatepileus and the larger and more elongate spores.

21. ENTOLOMA MYRMECOPHILUM var. atrogaleatum Noordeloos

var. nov.—Fig. 17

manifeste A var. myrmecophilo differt pileo manifeste bicolorato: umbone atrogaleato margineque

pallidiore. Typus: J. Schreurs, 7—IX—1979, 'Korenburgerveen,Winterswijk, prov. Gelderland, Netherlands'

(L).

CHARACTERISTICS.- Differs from the type-variety in the yellow-brown pileus with strongly contrasting blackish-brown umbo.

Pileus 30-92 mm broad, conical then expanding to plano-convex or flattened, with broad

umbo, with slightly involute margin, strongly hygrophanous, when moist dark yellow-brown (10 YR 4/4, 5/4) with conspicuously darker and contrasting blackish brown umbo (10 YR 2/2, 3/2, brown 3/3), on drying pallescent to pale (10 YR 8/3, 8/4) with centre remaining darker, smooth

when on limb, micaceous-subpruinose at centre, particularly when dry, youngoften with minute

silvery-white arachnoid patches on limb. Lamellae L=40-60, 1=3-5-7, broadly adnate, sometimes with slightly decurrent toothor emarginate, segmentiform to weakly ventricose, pale

YR 7.5 YR with 40-100 4-10 then pink (10 8/2; 8/2, 8/3), uneven, concolorous edge. Stipe x (-16

at base) cylindrical, often with broadly swollen base, pale brown (10 YR 7/3, 6/3), densely

silvery-fibrillosely striate lengthwise, smooth, at apex sometimes minutely pruinose, at base

white tomentose. Flesh pale, brittle. Smell spontaneously weak, distinctly farinaceous when cut. Taste farinaceous-rancid.

= Spores 8.1-10.4 x 7-8.1 pm,Q = 1.05-1.3(1.15-1.2 on the averageper collection), L-D 0.5-

1.2-2.3 /jm, subisodiametrical, 5-6-angled in side-view. Basidia 27-36 x 11.5-15/rm, 4-spored.

Cystidia none. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of inflated cells, 45-120 x 11-24 pm.

Pileipellis a thin cutis of 2.7-12pm wide cylindrical hyphae with encrusted walls and inaddition

15 wide terminal cells scattered intracellularpigment, with numerous clavate, up to pm with

encrusted walls, particularly at centre. Pileitrama regular, compact, somewhat irregular-

interwoven at centre, made up of short, inflated cells, 45-80(-120)x 12-32 pm, with brown N(X>rdeloos: Enloloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 199

17. Entoloma — Fig. myrmecophilum var. atrogaleatum. Habit and spores (all figs. from holotype).

encrusted walls and in addition, particularly in upper layers, intracellular pigment. Clamp-

in connections abundant all tissues. Vascular hyphae may be present or not. mixed forest of and soil and HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In mainly Betula Salix onpeaty (type) in Betula-forest, between Rubus spp. on sandy-loamy, probably acid soil. So far only known from two localities in the Netherlands. Sept.-Oct.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—N ETHERLANDS:prov. Gelderland,Winterswijk, Korenburgerveen,

7 J. Schreurs L b 26 Oct. C. Bas 1627. Sept. 1979, (holotype); prov. i m u r g, Gronsveld, Savelsbos, 1958,

Entolomamyrmecophilum var. atrogaleatum is described here as a distinct variety on account

of the characteristic bicoloured pileus. The fresh carpophores seemed to wear a blackish brown

helmet.

22. Entoloma gerriae Noordeloos, spec. no v.—Figs. 18a-e

Statura pumila;pileus 10-35 mm latus, planus vel leviter depressus, atrobrunneus,hygrophanus; lamellae adnatae vel leviter emarginatae,sordido-salmoneae demum brunneo- vel griseo-tinctae; stipes 13-50 x 2-10

basim odore 8.4- mm, frequenter versus attenuatus, cinereo-brunneus,striatus; saporeque farinaceis; spore

11.3(—12.4)x 7-9 /im, Q = 1.15-1.3—1.4; pigmentis incrustatis pariter intracellulosis in pileipelle 200 Per soon I a Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

pileitramaeque;fibulae ubique abundantes. —Typus: G. Piepenbroek-Grooters & H. Piepenbroek 1101, 10-

IX-1978, Netherlands' 'Wilp. prov. Gelderland, (L).

ETYMOLOGY: named in honour of Mrs. Gerrie Piepenbroek-Grooters, who collected, together with her

husband Henk and for the Piepenbroek many rare interesting species Rijksherbarium.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores dwarfish; pileus 10-35 mm broad, convex or flattened, often slightly depressed, blackish brown, only slightly pallescent on drying; lamellae pale then

7-9 brownish pink; stipe dull grey-brown, striate; spores 8.4-11.3(12.4) x pm, Q= 1.15—1.3— 1.4; pigment intracellular and encrusting. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues.

Pileus 10-35 mm broad, convex soon flattenedor concave with or without central depression,

with more rarely faintly umbonate, margin involutewhen young, weakly hygrophanous,when

moist blackish brown, only slightly paler at margin (10 YR 2/1, 2/2, 3/2, towards margin 10 YR

3/2, 3/3, 4/4, outermost margin 10 YR 5/4, 6/4), not striate or only at outermost margin, only

YR subfelted slightly pallescent on drying towards more greyish brown (10 4/3, 3/4), dull, at

L = centre (lens). Lamellae 20-40, 1 = (1 —)3—5, broadly adnate with short decurrent tooth or sometimes veined sides sometimes brown slightly emarginate, on or interveined, thickish, pale or

YR 7.5 YR yellowish when young then pink finally brown-pink (10 7/3; 7/6, 7/4, 6/6), with

slightly eroded, concolorous edge. Stipe 13-50x2-10 mm, cylindrical-flexuose or strongly

18a-e. — Fig. Entoloma gerriae. Habit. spores and pileipellis (18a, d, e from holotype; 18b from Wisman 16 Oct. 1978; 18c from Piepenbroek 1039a). Noordeloos: Enloloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 201

at YR taperingtowards base, solid,pale very apex, downwards dull grey-brown (10 6/4, 5/4, 5/3,

5/2, 4/3) with silvery-white striation lengthwise, rarely smooth and somewhatpolished, at apex Flesh firm. Smell and slightly pruinose, at base white-tomentose. sordid, very taste strongly farinaceous-rancid.

7-9 = Spores 8.4-11.3(-12.4)x pm, Q= 1.15-1.3-1.4, L-D (1.2-) 1.5-2-3.5 pm. mostly 6- angled in side-view with pronounced anglesand with dihedralbase. Basidia 24-45( 50) x 9.5-14

trama to pm, 2- and 4-spored. Cystidia none. Hymenophoral regular, made up of cylindrical inflated cutis of 3-12 wide cells, 22-90(-130) x 5-18 pm. Pileipellis a radially arranged, pm cylindrical or slightly inflated hyphae, sometimes with clavate terminal cells, particularly at centre, with coarsely encrusted walls and in addition brown intracellular pigment. Pileitrama

8 -15 compact, (sub-)regular, made up ofcylindrical or inflatedcells, 20-70(-95) x /mi, mixed up with 3 -12 pm wide cylindrical hyphae with membranal and encrusting pigment and interspersed,

in of brown intracellularpigment, particularly upper layer and at centre pileus. Vascular hyphae numerous in trama. Clamp-connections frequent in all tissues studied.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—Terrestrial onclayey soil in beech forest (Fagus sylvatica). So far known only from two different localities in the Netherlands. Aug.-Oct.

— N 16 COLLECTIONS EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS: prov. F r i e s 1 a n d, Ysbrechtum, Epema state, Oct.

1978, J. Wisman 60D\ prov. Gelderland,Wilp, along road near estate 'de Poll', 28 Aug. 1977, H.

Piepenbroek & G. Piepenbroek-Grooters 1039a: idem 10 Sept. 1978, H. Piepenbroek & G. Piepenbroek-

Groolers 1101 (holotype).

This dwarfish Entoloma is characterized by its dark, hardly striate and weakly hygrophanous pileus, grey stipe, doublepigmentation andelongate spores. Macroscopically it is quite similar to

E. atrosericeum from subalpine and boreal dwarf-shrub heaths, but that species has more

Other dwarfish Entoloma with isodiametricalspores and lacks any intracellularpigment. species a blackish-brown pileus such as E. atropellitum and E. anthracinum differ among other things in having exclusively intracellularpigment and a preference for the alpine zone. Entoloma venosum

has and coniferous foests. is much larger, slightly different spores occurs in

The habit of E. gerriae is similar to that of E. sericeum and related taxa, but the double

and size and of tramal elements well the size the pigmentation shape as as and shape of spores prevent confusion (see Noordeloos, 1979: 478-485).

23. ENTOLOMA SERICATUM (Britz.) Sacc.forma SERICATUM.—Figs. 19a-c

— Agaricus sericatus Britz. in Bot. Zbl. 15/17: 8. 1893. Entoloma sericatum (Britz.)Sacc., Syll. Fung. 11:45

1895. Rhodophyllus sericatus (Britz.) Favre. Ass. fong. Hauts-marais: 54. 1948.

SELECTED DESCRIPTION.—Favre in Bui. Soc. mycol. Fr. 53: 273-277, fig. 2. 1937.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores medium-sized;pileus 15-70mm broad, pale to moderately dark lamellae without brown with dense brown; pink, usually any grey and/or tinge; stipe pale silvery-white striation; smell farinaceousor subnitrous; pigment predominantly membranal,the narrowest hyphae of pileipellis and pileitrama encrusted, in addition sometimes intracellular pigment present; in marshy frondose forests, often growing in Sphagnum.

15-70 Pileus mm broad, conical or semiglobose when young, soon expanding to plano-convex or flattened, rarely somewhat concave, usually with broad, flattened umbo, with slightly involute margin when young, strongly hygrophanous, when moist pale to moderately dark 202 Pn rsoonia Vol. 11, Part 2. 1981

19a-c. Entoloma sericatum forma sericatum. — Habit and from 7 Figs. spores (19a, c Schreurs, Sept. 1979;

19b from Noordeloos 183).

YR much towards brown (10 5/4, 6/4 rarely 3/4), not very paler margin, translucently striateup halfthe from outwards with radical streaks to radius, strongly pallescent on drying centre to pale brown (10 YR 7/4, 8/4), smooth, glabrous or with small arachnoid-fibrillose patches, particularly at when L = margin and young and fresh. Lamellae 25-45, 1=3-5-7, broadly adnate with slight decurrent tooth or emarginate, arcuate then segmentiform rarely somewhat ventricose, white then pink (10 YR 8/3 then 7.5 YR 8/2, 8/4) with entire, concolorous edge. Stipe

45-110 x (3—)4—10 mm, cylindrical, slightly broadened at base or somewhat rooting; often Noordei.oos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 203

flexuose, fistulose, (very) pale brown, densely covered with silvery white fibrils, at apex pruinose

in ornot, at base white tomentose. Flesh whitish, very brittle, rarely more firm-subcartilagineous

stipe. Smell spontaneously often subnitrous-subalcaline, but later on more farinaceous. Taste

like very unpleasant rancid, paraffin-oil.

= 5-6- Spores 8 10 x 6.4-8.1, Q= 1.05—1.2—1,25(—1.3), L-D 0.6-1.2-2.5 pm, rather rounded

in angled side-view. Basidia 25-42x8.5-15 pm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoral

trama made of inflatedcells, 14 thin cutis made of regular, up 45-150 x 9— pm. Pileipellis a up

radially arranged cylindrical 2.5-8 pm wide hyphae with slightly gelatinised, pale coloured, sometimes minutely encrusted walls. Pileitrama regular in limb, in centre more interwoven-

8-32 irregular, made up of irregularly shaped, inflatedcells, 53-140 x pm with pale membranal

pigment and, particularly on the narrowest hyphae, minute encrustrations, spread with

additional in intracellularpigment particularly upper layer. Clamp-connections in all tissues.

HABITAT of Salix & DISTRIBUTION.—In swamp-forests Alnus glutinosa, A. viride, spp. and/or

Betulapubescensoften growing in Sphagnum. Known to occur in France, Switzerland, German Federal Republic, Sweden and the Netherlands. Sept.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—N ETHERLANDS: prov. D r e n t h e, Roden, Mensingebos, 15 Sept. 1976.

E. Noordeloos 183: Gelderland, 7 1979, J. Schreurs M. prov. Winterswijk, Korenburgerveen, Sept. (3

collections).

France, dept. Doubs, Russey, Tourbiere de la Chenalotte, 18 Sept. 1937, J. Favre (G). -SWEDEN.

Smaland, Varnamo near Elgarud, 14 Sept. 1959, C. Bas 1769.

24. ENTOLOMA SERICATUM forma saliciphilum Noordeloos,

forma nova.—Figs. 20a-d

A forma differt valde sericeo, in dunissabulosis inter Salices crescit. typica stipite albo, repentes — Typus:

'nature-reserve Zwanewater,Callantsoog,prov. Noord-Holland, Netherlands, M. E. Noordeloos 1076. 21-

X-1979' (L).

medium-sized; broad, CHARACTERISTICS.—Carpophores pileus 20-60(-70) mm convex soon

flattened with small umbo, pale (yellowish) brown or greyish-yellowish brown, pallescent on drying; lamellae pale then pink; stipe brilliantly white, shining; smell often subnitrous when

later — = collected, none or more farinaceous; spores 7.6-10.4x (7 )7.2-8.6( 9.3) pm, Q (1.0-)

1.05-1.15-1.25( 1.3); two types of pigment present, viz. intracellular and encrusting, in

and in Salix pileipellis upper pileitrama; repens thickets in coastal sanddunes.

Pileus 20-60( 70) mm broad, (conico-)convex, then expanding with small umbo,with margin slightly involute, particularly when young but later often straight, marginal zone often

when less irregularly lobed with age, hygrophanous, moist more or unicoloured, yellowish grey brown sometimes darker at centre YR or yellowish (10 YR 5/4, 6/4, 7/4 rarely 4/3) (10 3/2,4/3),

striate not very much paler towards margin, translucently up to one third of radius, strongly

to sordid white YR Y pallescent on drying pale greyish-yellowish or (10 7/3,8/4,8/3,8/2; 2.5 7/2,

8/2) smooth, shining or, particularly when young with minute, silvery, fibrillose or micaceous patches at margin. LamellaeL = 25-40, I =3-7, deeplyemarginate to almost free, rarely adnate, arcuate then segmentiform rarely subventricose, white, then pink, without any grey and/or with subentire concolorous brown tinge (10 Y R 7/4; 7.5 YR 8/4, 7/4), or crenulate edge. Stipe 20-

80(-90) x 3-7 mm, cylindrical, sometimesslightly broadened at base, brilliantly white, innately striate lengthwise, shining, sometimes slightly pruinose at apex. Flesh (sordid) white, brittle in stipe, more firm in pileus. Smell spontaneously often reminiscent of that of E. nidorosum, later often Taste like that of faint or subfarinaceous. very nasty-rancid, parafin-oil.

Spores 7.6-10.4 x(7-)7.2-8.6(-9.3)/im,Q = ( 1.0) 1.05-1.15-1.25(-l.3), L-D =(0-)0.6-1.5-

in side-view. Basidia 27-40 10-12.5 2.0 pm, rather rounded 5-6-angled x /

forma — Habit and d from Noordeloos 1079; 20b Fig. 20a-d. Entoloma sericatum saliciphilum. spores (20a,

from holotype; 20c from Noordeloos 1080).

inflated 80-240 x none. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up ofcylindrical to cells, 10-19//m.

with Pileipellis a thin cutis of loosely arranged, narrow-cylindrical 2-6 wide hyphae pale brown intracellularpigment and minutely encrusted walls (often at best visible near septa), with easily desintegrating-gelatinising walls making the pileipellis almost an ixocutis. Pileitrama inflated regular in limb,in centre interwoven,almost pseudoparenchymatical, made up of short, 12-32 with intracellular and minute encrustations in cells, 50 135(-200) x /im, pigment upper

layer only. Vascular hyphae present or not. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & dunes in the North of DISTRIBUTION. —Terrestrial in Salix repens thickets in coastal

the Netherlandsand German Federal Republic,particularly on the West-Friesian Islands. Oct.-

Nov. Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entohma and Allocybe 205

COLLECTIONS N Noord-Holland: EXAMINED.— ETHERLANDS: prov. Callantsoog, nature-

Nov. 1079 reserve'Zwanewater', 5 1977, C. Bus 7301 ; idem, 21 Oct. 1979. M. E. Noordeloos 1076 (holotype),

& 1080; Isl. of Texel, nature-reserve 'De Geul', 25 Oct. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 558.

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC, Ost Friesland, Isl. of Borkum, 30 Oct. 1977, C. Bus 7260, 7270,

7272, 7273.

Entoloma sericatum as described above is taken in the sense of Favre (I.e.) and Kiihn. &

Romagn. (1953: 195) which is probably the same as the original concept of Britzelmayer. Favre and Kiihner& Romagnesi do not mention the occurrence ofencrusting pigments in the pileipellis and pileitrama, whichplace E. sericatum in subsection Typodochroa. I have foundthis character to be constant in all material studied, including Favre's collection. This character makes it easier to distinguish E. sericatum form E. nidorosum, occurring frequently in the same habitat.

Entolomanidorosumhas exclusively intracellularpigment and a more pronouncednitrous smell.

sericatum in Entoloma occurs swamp forests of Betula, Alnus and Salix and grows preferably among Sphagnum (Favre, I.e. and 1948: 54; Einhellinger 1977: 119). A very constant and rather

from the characteristical variant Salix repens communities in the coastal dunes in the north of

Netherlands and Germany is described here as a distinct form because of the striking difference in habitat and some slight macroscopical differences such as the brilliantly white stipe.

E. sericatum. It Entoloma majaloides is very similar to is distinguished by the predominant

in the and of yellow tinges pileus the lack a distinct smell. These differences are perhaps insufficientreasons for maintaining a distinction between the two taxa onspecific level, but more material is needed before a more final decision on the status of E. majaloides can be made.

25. ENTOLOMA MAJALOIDES P. D. Orton.—Fig. 21a-d

Entoloma majaloides P. D. Orton in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43: 130. 1960.

CHARACTERISTICS. medium-sized —Carpophores to large, pileus 32-85 mm broad, yellow-

with brown; lamellae pale pink slight grey tinge, stipe 70-120x8-12 mm; strongly and aeriferously silvery striate on yellow-brown background, smell none; pigments encrusting and intracellular.

when Pileus 32-85 mm broad, conical or hemispherical young, soon expanding, finally flattened with weak, broad umbo and less and with margin more or straight undulating age,

when moist in YR strongly hygrophanous, brown young specimens (10 3/3, 4/3), not translucently striate, when mature yellow-brown (10 YR 5/4, 6/4, 7/4, 6/6, 7/6), translucently striate up to 1/3 or 1/2 ofthe radius, strongly pallescent on drying, surface covered with minute silvery hairs when young, later glabrescent but remaining slightly pruinose-villose at centre

(lens). Lamellae L =28-40, 1=3-9, broadly adnate or emarginate, segmentiform to ventricose,

later sordid Y 10 YR then between YR pale greyish when young, pale, pinkish (2.5 8/2, 8/2 10 7/3 and YR with 7.5 8/4), serrulate, concolorous edge. Stipe 70-120x 8-12 mm, cylindrical or slightly broadened at base, sometimesmore or less rooting, solid then fistulose, strongly silvery white aeriferously striate on yellow-brown background, at apex sometimes conspicuously Smell pruinose, at base white-tomentose.Flesh pale grey in pileus and stipe, brittle. none or very weakly farinaceous. Taste none or rancid.

Spores 8.1-10.4x7-8 pm, Q =(1.0-) 1.05-1.15; L-D =0-0.6-1.2 pm, isodiametrical, Basidia rounded 5-6-7-angled in side-view. 27-40x8.7-1.35 pm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. 206 Phrsooni a Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

Figs. 21a-d. Entoloma majaloides. — Habit and spores (21a from Noordeloos 231; 21b, c from Kits V.

Waveren , 11 Oct. 1966; 21d from holotype). NOORDELOOS: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 207

made of Hymenophoral trama regular, up cylindrical to weakly inflated cells, 37—80(-110)

of 2.5-6 x 5.5—19( 27) pm. Pileipellis a thin cutis made up cylindrical, pm wide, minutely made 7-30 encrusted hyphae. Pileitramaregular, up ofcylindrical to inflated cells, 42-120 x pm, in with minutely encrusted walls and some scattered intracellular pigment, particularly upper

layers. Vascular hyphae present. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues. Great- HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In frondose forests, Betula, Alnus, Populus, Salix, etc. In

Britain also recorded from coniferous forest. Known to occur in the Netherlands and Great

Britain. Rare ('?).

E. Kits — 11 Oct. 1966, COLLECTIONS EXAMINED. N ETHERLANDS: prov. Overijssel, Twickel, van

Waveren ; prov. Zuid-Holland, Oostvoorne, 'vliegveld-vallei' in dunes, 27 Sept. 1976, M. E.

Noordeloos 231.

GREAT-BRITAIN, Inverness-shire, Rothiemurchus, Loch-an-Eilan, 8 Sept. 1957, P. D. Orton

(holotype, K).

E. well with the The Netherlands' collections of majaloides agree very description given by

excellent of the Kits Waveren collection shows Orton (I.e.). Particularly an photograph van clearly the predominant yellow colour of the carpophores. This yellow colour and the lack of a

distinct smell made me consider these collections as differentfrom E. sericatum on specific level

' and apply the epithet majaloides’ to them. However, the differences are not very impressive.

Particularly smell and taste are consideredof relatively low diagnostic valueby me. The Kits van

Waveren collection was said to have no distinct taste, but my own collection, which

macroscopically is perfectly similar to the former, had a distinct rancid taste, although the smell

was very weak.

For the timebeing 1 maintain E. sericatum and E. majaloides as different taxa on specific level.

However, the material available was too scanty to get a clear insight in their variability. More

definite conclusion. collections and further investigations are needed for a more

26. ENTOLOMA SORDIDULUM (Kühn. & Romagn.) P. D. Orton-Figs. 22a-e

— Rhodopyllussordidulus Kiihn. & Romagn. in Rev. Mycol. 19: 10. 1954 (Fl. anal.: 194. 1953, nom. nud.).

Entoloma sordidulum (Kiihn. & Romagn.) P. D. Orton in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43: 175. 1960.

HOMONYM: Entoloma sordidulum Horak in Beih. Nova Hedwigia 43: 12. 1973 (changed into E.

minutoalbum Horak, Fl. Cript. Tierra del Fuego 13: 96. 1979).

SELECTED ICON & DESCRIPTION.—Romagnesi apud Kiihn. & Romagn. in Rev. Mycol. 20: 208-210, fig. 16,

pi. 3 fig. b. 1955.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores small to medium-sized; pileus 10-40( 50) mm broad, pale

to moderately dark brown; lamellaeusually with grey-brown tinge; stipe 20-50(70) x 2-4.5(-6)

mm, sordid grey-brown with silvery-white striation; flesh firm, ± white; smell farinaceous;

pigment minutely encrusting at least the narrow hyphaeof pileipellis and pileitrama, inaddition

in frondose intracellular,particularly in subpellis and upper pileitrama; terrestrial forests, often

on clayey soils.

Pileus (5.5—) 10—40(—55) broad, conical to hemispherical at first usually soon expanding to

plano-convex, finally flattenedor even concave, usually with rounded umboand this sometimes

situated in a central depression, with margin slightly involute when young but straight later on,

with marginal zone irregularly lobed and undulatingwith age, hygrophanous, when moist pale 208 Perso on i a Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

sordidulum. — Habit and from Noordeloos 22b from Noordeloos Figs. 22a-e. Entoloma spores (22a, e 1176;

1178; 22c from Bas & Gordijn, 29 Sept. 1976; 22d from lectotype).

to moderately dark grey-brown, sometimes with reddish flush (7.5 YR 4/2, 6/4, 10 YR 5/3, 5/4, 6/3,6/4,7/2,7/3,7/4,2.5Y 6/3, 7/2), paler at margin (10 YR 7/3, 7/4), usually with conspicuously darker centre (7.5 YR 3/2, 4/2, 10 YR 2/2; 3/2, 3/3, 4/2, 4/3, 5/3), not translucently striate or at

Y R margin only, strongly pallescent on drying to grey-brownor yellowish grey (10 7/3, 8/3, 8/6,

8/8), smooth or slightly rugulose-fluffy at centre, sometimesradially wrinkled onlimb. Lamellae

L =20-40, 1 = 1-3-5, narrowly adnate to emarginate, more rarely broadly adnate with slight decurrent tooth, segmentiform or ventricose, rarely very broadand extending below the pileus Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 209

when then often YR pale grey, rarely white young, tingedpink, finally brown-pink (10 8/3, 7/3,

7/4, 6/4, 7.5 YR 8/4, 7/4, 6/4), with entire or irregularly serrulate edge. Stipe 20 - 50( 60) x 2- sometimesbroadened at sordid white 4.5(—6) mm, central, rarely excentrical, cylindrical, base, to pale grey-brown (10 YR 8/3, 7/4, 7/3, 7/2, 6/4) with innatesilvery white striation lengthwise, downwards Flesh firm, shining, often 'undulating'but not polished, at apex pruinose, smooth. (sordid) white, firm in stipe. Smell and taste strongly farinaceous-rancid, with nasty aftertaste.

x = =(0.0-)0.6-1.7-2.5(- Spores 8.1-11.5 7.0-8.7(-9.3) jxm, Q (1.0-)l.l-1.2-1.3(-1.4), L-D in subisodiametrical to in outline. 3.0) /xm, irregularly 5-7-angled side-view, shortly ellipsoid

trama made of Basidia 30-45 x 10.4-14jxm,4-spored.Cystidianone. Hymenophoral regular, up

cylindrical to inflated cells, 50-190( 200) x 8-32 /xm, with hyaline, sometimes pale coloured,

thin 1.8-7 rarely minutely encrusted walls. Pileipellis a cutis of radially arranged, /Xm wide,

cylindrical hyphae with minutely encrusted walls, sometimes with ascending, clavate trminal

of sometimes with cells, up to 17 /xm wide, particularly at centre pileus, additional intracellular

inflated 27- pigment; subpellis not clearly separated from trama,made up of short, broadly cells,

65 x 10-32 /xm, gradually passing into pileitrama. Pileitrama regular, made up of inflated cells,

(45-) 60— 120 (—200) x 11-34 /xm with intracellular pigment in upper layer, intermixed with

4-11 walls. narrow, /xm wide, cylindrical hyphae with minutely encrusted Vascular hyphae sometimes abundant in pileitrama. Clamp-connections abundant.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Terrestrial in frondose forests, often on clayey soils, commonand widespread in western Europe, July-Dec.

COLLECTIONS —N M. EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS: prov. Groningen,Leek, Nienoord, 14Sept. 1976,

Noordeloos h 12 Oct. Schreurs; Gelderland: E. 170; prov. D r e n t e, Roden, 1977, J. prov. Wilp,near

estate 'de Lathmer', 28 Aug. 1977, H. Piepenbroek & G. Piepenbroek-Grooters 1041, Winterswijk, Bek-en-

Delle, 20 Sept. 1976, M. E. Noordeloos 188', idem, 3 Sept. 1979,J. Schreurs', Oosterhout, estate 'Oosterhout',

23 Aug. 1980, M. E. Noordeloos 1176,1178', Beesd, estate 'Marienwaard', 10 Aug. 1977, C. Bus 5867', idem,

25 Noordeloos 15 Oct. 1977, J. Schreurs', prov. Utrecht: Bunnik, estate 'Amelisweerd', Sept. 1978, M. E.

740\ Neerijnen,estate 'Neerijnen', 6 Sept. 1980, T. Kuyper & J. Schreurs', Vleuten, Bijleveld, 11 Nov. 1976, M.

E. in 13 M. E. Noordeloos 258', prov. Noord-Holland: Bergen, Komlaan, garden, Oct. 1976,

16 E. Noordeloos 223', Amsterdam, Amsterdamse bos, July 1959, Kits v. Waveren; Kortenhoef, near hotel 'de

Zuwe', 14 Oct. 1957, C. Bus 1284; prov. Zuid-Holland: Oegstgeest, estate 'Poelgeest', 20 Aug. 1979

and 16 Oct. 1979, M. Brand; Leiden, Leidsche Hout, 4 Sept. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 438; idem, 29 Sept. 1976,

C. Bus & T. Gordijn;Leiden, Heempark, 4 Sept. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 437; prov. Noord-Brabant,

1959, L b Savelsbos, 20 1977, P. B. Jansen. Dorst, 6 July P. B. Jansen; prov. i m u r g, Schaelsberg, Aug.

GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC: Westfalen, Detmold, Externsteine, 7 Oct. 1976, C. Bas; idem, — Sandebeck forest, 5 Oct. 1976, M. E. Noordeloos 210. France: dept. Seine, Bois de Vincennes, Sept.

H. 1933, Romagnesis.n. (Herb. Romagn., PC); idem, Oct. 1937, H. Romagnesi 37.248 (lectotype, design.

mihi. Herb. Romagn., PC); dept. Seine & Oise, Luzarches, 29 July 1942, H. Romagnesi 42.249 (Herb.

Romagn. PC); Coye-la-Foret. 15 Sept. 1950. H. Romagnesi 50.266 (Herb. Romagn., PC).

is the in Entoloma. It also be Entolomasordidulum one of smaller species subgenus may easily

recognized by the sordid brown colour of the pileus, relatively firm flesh, sordid tinges of the

stipe, strong farinaceous smell, and also the habitat,as it prefers frondose forests on clayey soils.

abundant Entolomasubradiatumis very similar, and differs mainly inthe intracellularpigment in

the pileipellis and the lack of any encrusting pigments.

section Noordeloos ENTOLOMA POLITA (Romagn.) ex

in 53: Rhodophyllus subsect. Politi Romagn. Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 327. 1937 (nom. nud., no latin

— 41: diagnosis). Rhodophyllus section Politi (Romagn.) Singer in Annls mycol. 13. 1943. — Entoloma 210 Phrsoonia Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

E. Persoonia 11: 138. 1981. — 1951: section Polita (Romagn.) ex Noordeloos in Lectotype (Singer, 617): politum (Pers. ex Fr.) Donk.

PI. — Eccilia Loud., Agaricus subtr. Eccilia Fr., Syst. mycol. 1: 10. 1821. Agaricus subgenus (Fr.) Encyl.

— 1886. 998. 1829. Rhudophyllus subgenus Eccilia (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 62. — Eccilia (Fr.) Kumm., Fiihr. — Pilzk.: 23. 1871. Lectotype (Donk. 1949: 158): E. politum (Pers. ex Fr.) Donk.

Habit omphaloidor collybioid; pileus with depressed or umbilicatecentre; lamellaeadnate or

uncinate or decurrent; stipe smooth as if polished; pigment intracellular; clamp-connections abundant in all tissues.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SECTION POLITA

la. Basidia 2-spored E. bisporigerum, p. 215

b. Basidia (at least in majority) 4-spored 2

2a. Spores (7.6-)8.1-9.7(-10.4)x (6.5—)7.0—8.1 (-8.7) pm, Q =(1.0-) 1.05-1.15 1.3; smell none or nitrous

(like chlorine) 3

— farinaceous b. = 1.1 smell or Spores 8.111.5(12.0)x (6.5)7.0-8.7(-9.3) pm, Q 1.25-1.4(1.5); strong,

rancid-farinaceous, sometimes nauseating-rancid with garlic-component (like that of Micromphale

213 perforans).I E. caccabus, p.

dark E. f. 210 3a. Pileus very sepia or grey-brown politum politum, p.

b. Pileus pale horn brown, yellowish brown or cream, sometimes almost white when dry

f. 211 E. politum pernitrosum, p.

27. ENTOLOMA POLITUM (Pers. ex Fr.) Donk

forma POLITUM. —Figs. 23a-b

1: Agaricuspolitus Pers., Syn.: 465. 1801.— Agaricuspolitus Pers. ex Fr., Syst. mycol. 209. 1821 — Eccilia - polita (Pers. ex Fr.) Kumm., Fiihr. Pilzk.: 95. 1871. Rhodophylluspolitus(Pers. ex Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 62.

— 18: 1949. — 1886. Entolomapolitum (Pers. ex Fr.) Donk in Bull. bot. Gdn Buitenz., ser. Ill, 158. Leptonia

Br. 43: 178. polita (Pers. ex Fr.) P. D. Orton in Trans. mycol. Soc. 1960.

Rhodophyllus nitriolens Kiihn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 453. 1977. — SELECTED ILLUSTRATIONS & DESCRIPTIONS.—Fries, Icon, select, fung. pi. 100 fig. 3. 1874. Bon & — Chevassut in Docum. mycol. 11: 13. 1973. Einhellingerin Ber. Bayer, bot. Ges. 41: 107, fig. 22,23. 1969. —

Kiihner in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 463-468. 1977.

umbilicate; lamellae CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus dark sepia or grey-brown, usually distinctly pale then pink; stipe usually paler than pileus, polished; spores subisodiametrical,Q = 1.1 -1.15

on the average per collection; smell none or nitrous.

with with Pileus (7-) 10-47 mm broad, hemispherical to convex, flattening age, slightly

when moist dark or depressed or umbilicate centre and involute margin, hygrophanous, sepia grey-brown (10 YR 3/2, 3/4, 4/3, 5/3), slightly paler at margin, translucently striate at margin

to with smooth at centre often only or up 5-3 of the radius, pallescent on drying, limb, slightly

rugulose or fluffy, shining when dry. Lamellae L = 20-30, 1 = 1-3(-5), distant, broadly adnate,

uncinate or short decurrent, sometimes emarginate with decurrent tooth, triangular-arcuate then ventricose with broadest white, then when young, segmentiform or slightly part near stipe, pink, sometimes with slight brown tinge (10 YR 8/3, 8/4, 7/3, 7/4, then 7.5 YR 7/4) with entire,

but sometimes flattened and then to 10 concolorous edge. Stipe 16-85 x 2-6 mm, cylindrical, up

mm broad, often more or less flexuose, pale yellowish brown to greyish brown(2.5 Y 8/4; 10 YR Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Enloloma ami Allocybe 211

7/3, 5/6, 5/4, 4/4), smooth, polished, not really shining. Flesh concolorous or slightly paler than surface, cartilagineous in stipe. Smell sometimes absent, but usually weakly to strongly nitrous

(like chlorine). Taste unpleasant, subraphanoid or more rancid but not farinaceous.

L D Spores (7.6-)8.1-9.7(-10.4)x(6.5-)7.0-8.1(-8.7), Q = (1.0-) 1.05-1.15-1.25(-l .30), but = in side-view, with base difficult (0-)0.6-1.5-2.4 jim, 5-6-angled to interprete probably

with basal facet. Basidia 24-36x8-12.5 /im, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Hymenophoral trama inflatedcells, 14-20 mixed with wide regular, composed of 70-110 x /im, up 6-14/im cylindrical

hyphae. Pileipellis an ixocutis; suprapellis a thin layer of 4.5—12 pm wide, cylindrical hyphae with

in with terminalcells, 18 wide; easily desintegrating/gelatinizingwalls, centre numerous up to fim

suppellis composed of chains of inflated cells 28-60 x 17-25 pm, with intracellular pigment.

Pileitramaregular, composed of cylindrical to inflatedhyphae with cells up to 120 pm long and

7-21 fim wide. Clamp-connections rather abundant in all tissues studied.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—Terrestrial, in marshy forests of Alnus glutinosa, Salix spp. div.

and/or Fraxinus excelsior in the lowlands ofwestern Europe; in the mountanous part ofnorthern

Not and central Europe met with in copses of dwarf-willows ( Salix arbuscula, S. reticulata).

commonbut widespread. Known to occur in Scandinavia,Great Britain. Netherlands, German Federal Republic, Belgium, France and Switzerland, May-Nov.

— Delden, Carelshaven, 29 COLLECTIONS EXAMINED. N ETHERLANDS: prov. Overijssel, Sept.

1974, E. Kits Water Utrecht, Leusden, 22 Oct. T. Boekhouf, v. en; prov. Stoutenburg, 1978, prov.

Noord-Holland, Kortenhoef, 14 Oct. 1957, C. Bas 1287; prov. Noord-Brabant: Breda.

Liesbos, 13 Aug. 1965. P. B. Jansen 65-172; Strijbeek, Goudbergven, 31 May 1959, P. B. Jansen.

of river 3 Oct. E. Noordeloos — BELGIUM, prov. Namur, Vencimont, N. Houille, 1977, M. 478.

E. Kits — GREAT BRITAIN, Wales, Lake Vyrnwy, 8 Sept. 1977 and 19 Sept. 1979, v. Waveren.

FRANCE: dept. Ain, St. Etienne du Bois, 18 Oct. 1962, R. Kiihner 62-23A (herb. Kiihner, LY); dept.

Landes, Lac d'Aureilhan, 13 Oct. 1977, H. Romagnesi 77.327 (herb. Romagn., PC).

28. ENTOLOMA POLITUM forma pernitrosum (P. D. Orton)

Noordeloos, comb. & stat. nov.—Figs. 24a-b

— Leptoniapernitrosa P. D. Orton in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43: 297. 1960. Eccilia pernitrosa (P. D. Orton)

P. D. Orton in Bull. bot. Gdns Edinb. 29: 76. 1969.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Habit variable; pileus pale creamy yellow to yellowish brown, usually

with distinct central depression or umbilicus, sometimes, however, papillate; lamellae creamy-

white, then pink, sometimes with brown tinge, stipe often paler than pileus. polished; smell usually persistently nitrous.

Pileus 10-45 mm broad, rather variablein shape, hemispherical to convex with depressed or

with involute when later umbilicate, rarely papillate centre, margin young, straight or even reflexed and usually strongly undulating, strongly hygrophanous, when moist horn brown,

yellowish brown or cream (2.5 Y 7/4, 10 YR 8/4, 7/3, 7/4, 6/3, 6/4, 5/3, 7.5 YR 7/4), at centre

sometimes darker YR 7.5 YR striate to of slightly (10 5/3, 5/4, 4/4, 7/4), translucently up 5 (-|) often the radius, strongly pallescent on drying (10 YR 8/4, 8/3, 2.5 Y 8/4), at centre slightly

rugulose or fluffy, at limb fibrillose but smooth, shining, rarely with entire surface more or less

hoary with innate silvery-fibrillose patches. Lamellae L =(16-)20-30, 1= (1 —)3—7, moderately distant, broadly adnate to uncinate, sometimesemarginate with decurrenttooth, segmentiform

or ventricose and then extending under pileus and with broadest part near stipe, sometimes veined, white or cream, then pink, finally with brown tinge (10 YR 8/3, 8/4, then 10 YR 7/4,

YR 1.5-5 finally 7.5 7/4) with entire, concolorous edge. Stipe 25-60 x mm, cylindrical or

flattened, often flexuose, sometimes tapering downwards, concolorous with pileus or paler 212 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

— Habit and from Noordeloos Figs. 23a-b. Entoloma politum forma politum. spores (all figs 816).

forma — Habit and from Noordeloos Figs. 24a-b. Entoloma politum pernitrosum. spores (all figs, 467).

Y YR particularly at apex (2.5 8/4,10 8/4,7/4,6/4), at apex rarely minutely pruinose, downwards scattered sometimes somewhat smooth, polished, rarely with some innate fibrils (lens), base tomentose. Flesh concolorous with surface, innerparts offleshy specimens almost white, brittle in pileus, cartilagineous in stipe. Smell usually strongly and persistantly like that of chlorine (nitrous), sometimes weak. Taste somewhat nasty, petroleum-like, not farinaceous.

Spores (7.6—)8.1 —9.9(—10.4) x (6.5-)7.0-8.1 (-8.7) Q =(1.0-) 1.05-1.15-1.3, on the average 1.1-1.2 per collection, L-D = (0—)0.6—1.2—2.5(—3.0) pm, 5-, rarely 6-angled in side-view, 13 with basal facet or blunt dihedralbase, ("base tronque'). Basidia (22—)26—34(—42) x (7.0—)8

of chains of inflated pm, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Hymenophoral trama regular, composed sausage-like cells 27—92(—120) x 7—21 (—27) pm. Pileipellis a cutis of radially arranged cylindrical

with hyphae, 4-12 pm wide easily desintegrating walls, subpellis made up of strongly inflated cells, 40-92(-120)x 12-28 with abundant pale brown intracellular pigment. Pileitrama

140 10 22 regular, made up of inflated cells up to pm long, )im wide, usually not pigmented. studied. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—As the type-forma. viz. on the groundin dampthickets and forests mainly of Alnus glutinosa, Salix spp., Fraxinus excelsior, etc. Probably not uncommon in the plains and the mountains of western and northern Europe. Recorded from Great Britain,

Scandinavia, Netherlands, German Federal Republic, Belgium and France. Sept.-Nov.

— 10 COLLECTIONS EXAMINED. N ETHERLANDS:prov. G r o n i n g e n. estate'Westerbroek'. km. N.E. of Groningen-town, 12 Oct. 1958, L. S. Wildervanck', prov. Gelderland. Winterswijk, Wilhnks weust.

20 'ter 25 Oct. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 551: prov. Zuid-Holland, Voorschoten, estate Horst, Sept.

1977, M. E. Noordeloos 467, 13 Sept. 1978, M. E. Noordeloos 704, 711; prov. Noord-Brabant: Bergen

B. op Zoom, Zoomland, 27 Oct. 1973, P. Jansen 73-195: Budel, near 'Visvijvers', 9 Oct. 1977, M. E.

Noordeloos 512. Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 213

BELGIUM: river 24 P. B. Jansen 72-211: prov. Limburg, Beverce, along 'Warsche', Sept. 1972, prov,

Namur: Ave-et-Auffe, Source d'Ave, 7 Oct. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 511; Vencimont. N. of river Houille. 3

Oct. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 477, 480, 482. — GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC, Westphalen,

Detmold, Sandebeckforest, 5 Oct. 1976, M. E. Noordeloos 206, 207, 209. — GREAT BRITAIN, Dorset,

Studland, 21 Nov. 1955, P. D. Orion (holotype, K).

in in Entolomapolitum is a species which is quite common moist deciduous forests, particular

Fraxinus in in copses and thickets of Alnus, and/or Salix, both the lowlands and in the

mountainousand boreal habitats of northern and western Europe. It is characterized by its

small, omphalioid habit, polished stipe, almost isodiametrical spores, and in some cases also by

the faint nitrous smell. Because of latter to strong and persistant the character many people have

most identified this nidorosum, which however, probably species as a small E. , differs, strikingly

in the striate, fibrous stipe, more robust habit and differently shaped spores.

caccabus and Entoloma politum frequently occurs in the same habitatas E. and E. bisporigerum

other growsoften in between populations of these two species in the field. Entoloma caccabus and

E. bisporigerum can often be distinguished from E. politum by their rancid-farinaceous smell.

Besides, there are differences in spore-size and spore-shape.

Kiihner (1977: 470-471) has given a new name, viz. Rhodophyllus nitriolens, to Rhodophyllus

of that Fries politus sensuLangeand Kiihner& Romagnesi. He has donethis on account the fact

did not mention the nitrous smell in his diagnosis ofAgaricus politus. In my experience the smell

of E. politum is often weak, and the nitrous character of it can often only be observed at the

in the smell moment of collecting; many cases disappears completely later on. Moreover, many

people have no sense for the subtle nitrous smell. I tested several experienced mycologists during

forays ofthe Netherlands Mycological Society on the ability to perceive this smell. It appearedto

chance to reaction. Fries' for smells be a fifty-fifty get a positive or negative Furthermore sense

I was reputedly bad. Considering all this, don't think that the nitrous smell ofmany collectionsof

E. other politum as described here is a very good argument to rename this species, as there is no

that is different from that of Fries. evidence our concept specifically

E. The colourof politum is very variable. One frequently finds pale forms perfectly fitting the

of his ' These description given by Orton Leptoniapernitrosa’ pale forms, however, grow often

intermixed with typical E. politum and I got the strong impression that intermediate colour-

these forms occur. Therefore 1 see no reason to distinguish two taxa on specific level.

29. ENTOLOMA CACCABUS (Kühn.) Noordeloos—Figs. 25a-c

Rhodophyllus caccabus Kiihn. apud Kiihn. & Romagn. in Rev. Mycol. 19:3-4. 1954 (Fl. anal.: 195. 1953,

nom. nud.). — Entoloma caccabus (Kiihn.) Noordeloos in Persoonia 11: 86. 1980.

Eccilia paludicola P. D. Orton in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43: 227. I960.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores omphalioid; pileus convex-umbilicate, dark (reddish) brown; lamellae pale then pink, often with brown tinge; stipe usually paler than pileus, smooth, polished; smell strongly farinaceous-rancid to rancid-fetid; spores heterodiametrical,Q= 1.25 on the average per collection. 214 Persoonia Vol. 11. Part 2, 1981

Pileus 10-25( 40) mm broad, convex to concave with depressed, often umbilicate centre,

with involute often rarely subumbonate; margin when young, remaining so a long time, finally

with when straight, with marginal zone undulating age, hygrophanous, moist dark (reddish)

YR YR YR brown or datebrown with grey tinge (10 3/4, 4/4; 7.5 3/2, 4/2, 4/4; 5 2/2, 3/2), only

towards slightly paler margin, translucently striate at margin only or up to half the radius, on drying pallescent to reddish brown or greyish brown (7.5 YR 4/2, 5/2; 10 YR 5/3, 6/3, 6/4, 7/3), smooth, shining. Lamellae L =20-30, 1 = (1 —)3—5 7, moderately distant, arcuate-triangular

with then segmentiform, sometimes ventricose broadest part near stipe, pale, then pink, often with distinct brown tinge (10 YR 7/4; 7.5 YR 7/4, 6/4, 5/4), with concolorous or slightly paler, eroded flattened, entire or edge. Stipe 12-45 x 1-3(-4) mm, cylindrical or sometimes tapering downwards, rarely slightly broadeningtowards base, often flexuose, yellowish brown or greyish brown, often distinctly paler than pileus, often basal part paler than upperpart, even to almost white (10 YR 4/3, 5/4, 5/3, 6/3, 6/4, 7/3; 7.5 YR 4/2, 5/4, base sometimes 2.5 Y 7/4, 8/4) smooth, polished. Flesh concolorous with surfaces, in fleshy specimens in inner parts pale, brittle in pileus, (sub-)cartilagineous in stipe. Smell often strong, farinaceous-rancid to rancid-fetid, like that of rotten cabbage or paraffin oil. Taste rancid, nasty.

8.1 = L-D Spores 11 5( 12.0) x (6.5- )7.0 8.7( 9.3) pm, Q ( 1.05-) 1.10-1.25-1,40(-l.50),

in =(0.6-) 1.2-2.4-4.0 /im, mostly 6-angled side-view, probably with dihedral base. Basidia 27-

trama of 45x8.5-14.0 pm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Flymenophoral regular, composed sausage-shaped cells, (45 )60-120 x 12-27 /mi. Pileipellis a cutis of cylindrical 7—14(—18) /mi wide hyphae, sometimes with clavate terminal cells, made up of sausage-shaped hyphae, up to

with intracellular in 125 /mi long and 10-24/mi wide, pigment particularly upper layers. Clamp- connections numerous in all tissues studied.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—Terrestrial, often on bare soil in moist places in deciduousforests.

In the Netherlands frequently found in Alneta, in Fraxinus excelsior stands on peaty-sandy, humus-rich soils and Salix bushes. Known to occur in the Netherlands, German Federal

Republic (Einhellinger, 1977: 116) Great Britain and France. Not uncommon. July-Nov.

COLLECTIONS ETHERLANDS: EXAMINED.—N prov. Overijssel: Denekamp, Singraven,

Arboretum, 13 Oct. 1961, C. Bus 2507: Denekamp, Singraven, 7 Oct. 1966, E. Kits v. Waveren; Delden,

E. Kits 'ter Carelshaven,22 Sept. 1969, v. Waveren; prov. Zuid-Holland, Voorschoten, estate Horst', 7

Aug. 1974, M. E. Noordeloos 30: idem, 13 Sept. 1978, M. E. Noordeloos 706/707/708: prov. Z e e 1 a n d,

4 P. B. Jansen Walcheren, Oostkapelle, estate 'Westhoven', Aug. 1968, 68-221: prov. Noord-

Brabant: Nuenen,'t Rietgat,24Sept. 1961, C. Bas2445: Zevenbergen, 31 Oct. 1978, P. B. Jansen: Nieuw

Ginneken,Goudbergven, 18 Aug. 1959, R. A. Maas Geesteranus 12919: idem 29 Aug. 1974, P. B. Jansen, 74

278 and 23 P. B. Jansen 78-242: 7 P. B. Jansen Sept. 1978, Bergen op Zoom, Zeezuiper, July 1974, 74-273:

28 C. L b 'de 6 Oct. Zundert, 'Krochten', July 1955, Bus 782: prov. i m u r g, Echt, Doorf, 1962, J. v.

Brummelen 1528.

GREAT BRITAIN, Sussex, Amberley, 25 May 1959, D. A. Reid (holotype of Eccilia paludicola, K).

Type study of Eccilia paludicola P. D. Orton, Great Britain, Sussex, Amberley, 25 May 1959,

D. A. Reid (JC): The type collection consists of 4 fruit-bodies in good state with the following microscopical characters: Spores8.2-10.4(-l 1.5) x (6.4—)7.0-8.1 (-9.3)/im,Q = 1.1 1.3-1.5, L

D = 2.5 3.5 rather in with base. (0.6-) 1.1 /

Basidia 25-34 x 8-11.5 /im. 4-(rarely 2-)spored. Cystidianone. Hymenophoral trama composed ofsausage-shapedcells 42-100 x 8-14(-21)/im. Pileipellis a cutis of4.5-11.5/mi widecylindrical hyphae with rather abundant brown intracellular pigment. Pileitrama regular with inflated in all tissues studied. hyphae up to 27 /im wide. Clamp-connections numerous

The Netherlands' collections agree very well with Kiihner's description of Rhodophyllus caccabus as well as with Orton's description of Eccilia paludicola. According to Orton the latter differs from the former in spore-size and habitat. However, I foundthe spores of the holotype of

E. paludicola considerably broader (8-10 x 7-8 /tm) than Orton did (8—10(—11) x 5.5-7 /tm). Nmrdrloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 215

Unfortunately it was not possible to study the type of R. caccabus, but in the Netherlands'

1 E. collections citedabove found a range of spores-sizes comprising that ofthe type of paludicola

have the as well as that given in the original description of R. caccabus. Moreover, I not

impression that there is an essential differencein habitat. Kiihner and Orton both collected their

species in different types of deciduous forests. The Netherlands' collections were made in different types of deciduous forest as well.

Therefore, in spite of the lacking type-study of R. caccabus, but greatly helped by Ktihner's excellent description of that species, I do not hesitate to place E. paludicola Orton in its synonymy.

E. Entoloma caccabus differsfrom politum by the more elongate spores and the smell and from

E. bisporigerum it is easily distinguished by the 4-spored basidia and the differently shaped spores.

30. ENTOLOMA BISPORIGERUM (P. D. Orton) Noordeloos.—Figs. 26a-c

— Eccilia bisporigera P. D. Orton in Notes Roy. bot. Gdn. Edinb. 29: 99. 1969. Entoloma bisporigerum (P.

D. Orton) Noordeloos in Persoonia 11: 86. 1980.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores omphalioid; pileus flattened, often with depressed centre,

moderately dark to dark sepia, horn brown or reddish brown; lamellae slightly decurrent or broadly adnate, white, then sordid pink; stipe paler than pileus, smooth, polished; smell

farinaceous; taste farinaceouswith rancid aftertaste; spores irregularly nodulose-angular, 9.3- basidia 12(-l 3) x 8—10(—10.4) /im; 2-spored.

Pileus 9 35( 57) mm broad, convex or flattened, often with slightly depressed centre, rarely deeply umbilicate or with slight papilla, with involute margin, with undulatingmarginal zone when old, strongly hygrophanous, when moist moderately dark to dark sepia, horn brown or reddish brown (10 YR 3/2, 6/4, 7.5 YR 3/2), at margin sometimes (distinctly) paler (10 YR 3/4,

7.5 YR striate 4/2,4/4, 5/4, 6/4, 5/4), translucently up to one halfor two-thirds ofthe radius, on

drying pallescent to greyish brown (10 YR 5/4, 6/4, 6/3), often remaining darker at centre, smooth of with granular, rugulose or subtomentose centre, shining. LamellaeL = 16-26(-30), 1

= 1 —3—5(—7), broadly adnate or with decurrent tooth or short decurrent, segmentiform, rarely ventricose, white, then pink or salmon, finally often tinged with brown (10 YR 8/2, 7/2, 7/3, 7/4,

6/4, 7.5 YR 7/2, 7/4, 6/2, 6/4), with concolorous, often irregular edge. Stipe 17-47x 1.5-4 mm, with then with cylindrical or slightly swollen base, often flexuose, pale, whitish when young, yellow and/or brown tinge (2.5 Y 6/2, 10 YR 8/3, 7/3, 6/3, 6/4, 5/4) with smooth, polished

sometimes surface, rarely substriate with some scattered innated fibrils, at apex minutely pruinose. Flesh concolorous with surface, in fleshy specimens with white inner part, brittle in pileus, subcartilagineous in stipe. Smell spontaneously often weak, but distinctly farinaceous when cut. Taste farinaceous-rancid.

L-D = Spores (9.3—) 10—12(—13)x (7-)8-9.3(-10.4) pm, Q= 1.15-1.25 1.4(1.5), (0.6-)1.2-

in 24- 2.0-3.0 pm, irregularly 6-9-angled-subnodulose side-view, with small basal facet. Basidia

made 40 x 8—13.5 pm, 2-spored. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoraltrama regular, up ofcylindrical inflated made to cells, 25-110 x 8-21 (-25) pm. Pileipellis a cutis up of radially arranged cylindrical hyphae, 3.5—12(—18) pm wide, with numerous, up to 25 pm wide terminal cells particularly at centre, with brown intracellular pigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of cylindrical to inflated cells, 32-110x 8.5—27(—30) pm. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues. - 216 Persoonia Vol. 11. Part 2, 1981

25a-c. Entoloma caccabus. — Habit and b from Noordeloos 25c from of Figs. spores (25a, 706; holotype

Eccilia paludicola). — Figs. 26a-c. Entoloma bisporigerum. Habit and spores (26a, b from Noordeloos 819; 26c from holotype).

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Terrestrial, often on bare soil in damp forests of Alnus glutinosa,

often with E. and E. caccabus. Salix spp., Fraxinus excelsior, etc., growing together politum

Recorded from Great Britain, the Netherlands and Belgium, not uncommon, most probably frequently overlooked. Aug.-Oct.

COLLECTIONS —N Lieftinksbroek, 21 EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS: prov. Groningen, Vlagtwedde,

Oct. 1978, M. E. Noordeloos817,818,819,821\prov. D r e n t h e, Beilen 'Knypstra's veentje', 18 Oct. 1977,

P. B. E. Jansen;prov. Overijssel, Oramen, 26 Sept. 1964, Kits v. Wavererr, prov. Zuid-Holland,

28 Noordeloos Noord-Brabanl: estate 'ter Horst', Sept. 1977, M. E. 469, 470; prov. Budel, visvijvers. Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 217

S. ofBudel-berg, 9 Oct. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 513;Strijbeek, Patersven, 30 Aug. 1961, C. Bas 2412; Nieuw

Ginneken, Goudbergven, 28 Aug. 1963, 15 Aug. 1964,13 Sept. 1964 and 14 Oct. 1965, P. B. Jansen; Zundert,

Lange Goren, 4 & 21 Sept. 1963, P. B. Jansen; Terheyden,eendekooi, 15 Aug. 1978, P. B. Jansen 78-131;

idem, 28 Oct. 1978, P. B. Jansen 78-447; prov. L i m b u r g,Epen, near 'Heimansgroeve', 16 Sept. 1978, M.

E. Noordeloos 714.

GREAT BRITAIN: Herefordshire,Downwood,Shobdon,Oct. 1958, P. D. Orion 24 & 31 (holotype,

Scotland, Loch 28 E. Kits Waveren. — le- K); Lomond, Aug. 1963, v. BELGIUM, prov. Namur,

Chenet/Voneche, E. of Beauraing, 7 Oct. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 510.

Entoloma bisporigerum is closely related to E. caccabus. It is often difficult to distinguish these

field, basidia species in the but the bispored and slightly larger, more irregularly angular spores

E. Kiihn. differs make it easy to identify bisporigerum microscopically. Rhodophyllus dispermus

in at the among other things in the aeriferous surface of the stipe, which addition is powdered

apex (see below, p. 241).

Other two-spored species of Entoloma, viz. E. cetratum and E. farinogustus, belong to

subgenus Nolanea and differamong other things in the clampless hyphaeand differently shaped

tramal cells.

ENTOLOMA section CLITOPILOIDES (Romagn.) Noordeloos

— Rhodophyllus section Clitopiloides Romagn. in Beih. Nova Hedwigia 59: 55. 1978. Entoloma section

Clitopiloides(Romagn.) Noordeloos in Persoonia 11: 139. 1981. —Holotype: R. cyathus Romagn. & Gilles.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Habit clitocyboid; pileus depressed, dark brown; lamellae broadly

adnate to subdecurrent;stipe fibrillosely striate lengthwise; spores cuboidto subisodiametrical; pigment intracellular; clamp-connections absent.

In the Netherlands represented by one species: E. costatum (Fr.) Kumm.

a—f 31. ENTOLOMA COSTATUM (Fr.) Kumm.—Figs. 27

1: — Agaricus pascuus var. costatus Fr., Syst. mycol. 206. 1821. Agaricus costatus (Fr.) Fr. Epicr.: 147. — — 1838. Entoloma costatum (Fr.) Kumm., Fiihr. Pilzk.: 98. 1871. Rhodophyllus costatus (Fr.) Quel.,

Enchir.: 59. 1886.

— SELECTED ICONES& DESCRIPTIONS.—J. Lange inDansk bot. Ark. 2(1 1): 32.1921. J. Lange,Fl.ag.dan. 2; pi. 76F. 1936. — Romagnesiin (Trav. mycol. ded. R. Kiihner) Bull. mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon 43 (Num. spec.):

385. 1974. — Einhellingerin Ber. bayer. bot. Ges. 41: 103. 1969.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus convex central depression or umbilicate, dark brown; lamellae

dark brown with pink tinge, often veined; stipe usually about as long as the diameter of the pileus, paler than pileus; spores isodiametrical, (7.0 )7.69.3(—10.5)x (6.0-)7.0-8.1(-9.3) /im.

with to umbilicate Pileus (10-)20-65mm broad,convex flattened, slightly depressed distinctly

centre, with involute margin, with undulating marginal zone with age, hygrophanous, when

moist dark sepia, reddish brown or blackish brown (5 YR 4/2; 7.5 YR 3/2, 5/4; 10 YR 2/2, 3/2),

not or only very slightly paler at margin, not striate, pallescent on drying to golden brown or

YR sepia or yellowish brown, and thenoften with grey tinge (10 5/3,6/3, 7/3, 7/4), shining, often 218 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

Figs. 27a-f. Entoloma costatum. — Habit and spores (27a, d from Bas, 6 Oct. 1976; 27b, e from Noordeloos

237; 27c, f from Piepenbroek 1072). Noordei.oos: Emoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 219

(strongly) fibrillose-fissurate on limb, often subrugulose to subtomentose at centre. Lamellae L

=30-60, 1 = 1-3-5, crowded, broadly adnate with decurrent tooth to uncinate or emarginate, segmentiform or slightly ventricose, often coarsely veined, pale brown, then dark brown with with concolorous entire pink tinge (10 YR 6/4, 5/3; 7.5 YR 6/4, 5/4), or slightly paler, or subserrulate edge. Stipe 25-95 x 3—7(—9) mm, cylindrical or flattened, often slightly tapering than YR 7.5 YR downwards, grey-brownor reddish brown, usually paler pileus(10 5/3,6/4,7/3; 3/2, 4/2, 5/2, 6/2) coarsely fibrillose-striate lengthwise, solid then fistulose. Flesh concolorous herbaceous, sub- with surface, but pale in inner part, brittle. Smell indistinct or fungoid or rarely farinaceous. Taste often somewhat nasty-rancid.

Spores (7.0—)7.6—9.3(—10.5) x (6.0-)7.0-8.1 (-9.3) /xm, Q =(1.0-) 1.05-1.15-1.30, L-D =(0-)

0.2-2.0-2.5(-3.0) /im, (4-)5-6-angled in side-view, sub-isodiametrical with dihedral base.

trama made Basidia 28.5-40 x 9—14 /xm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoral regular, up

inflated cutis of of strongly cells, 50-200(-270) x 12—30(—50)/im. Pileipellis a radially arranged

2.5-8 wide with 15 terminal cylindrical hyphae, /xm numerous, up to /xm wide, cells, particularly of inflated at centre of pileus, with abundant intracellularpigment. Pileitrama regular, made up

and 12-30 with intracellular in cells, up to 300 /xm long, /xm wide, pigment, particularly upper layer, rarely in addition with membranal or minutely encrusting pigment particularly near the in of collections. septa. Clamp-connections absent. Vascular hyphae numerous pileitrama some

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In poorly manured grasslands, rare. Recently recorded from the

Netherlands, France, Denmark and the German Federal Republic. Oct.-Nov.

—N COLLECTION EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS:prov. Overijssel, Hengforderwaarden, between Olst and Deventer, 31 Oct. 1977, H. Piepenbroek & G. Piepenbroek-Grooters 1060 ; idem, 12 Nov. 1977, H

& Piepenbroek & G. Piepenbroek-Grooters 1064, 1065 1072 ; prov. Utrecht, Eemnes, Noordpolderse

Nov. T. Z 1 M. E. Noordeloos Veld, 12 1978, Boekhout,s.n.;prov. e e a n d, Veere, Veersebos, 31 Oct. 1976,

237.

GERMAN FEDERAL R E P U B L I C: Friesland, Isl. of Borkum, 30Oct. 1977, C. Bus 7262 ; Westfalen,

Detmold, Merlsheim, 6 Oct. 1976, C. Bas 7070.

The with the J. Netherlands' collections agree perfectly well descriptions given by Lange and

H. Romagnesi, (I.e.) and J. Lange's plate, (I.e.). Entoloma costatum is easily recognized by its

the isodiametrical and latter habit, spores, clampless hyphae type of pigmentation. The two characters differentiate E. costatum clearly from E. sericeum. Other Entoloma species with a

and differ other depressed or umbilicate pileus, such as E.politum related species among things in the aspect of the pileal and stipital surface and the clamped hyphae. Entoloma sericoides differs by its encrusting pigments.

ENTOLOMA section TURFOSA (Romagn.) Noordeloos

332. 1974. — Entoloma sect. Rhodophyllus sect. Turfosi Romagn.inBull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 43: Turfosa

(Romagn.) Noordeloos in Persoonia 10: 529. 1980. —Holotype: Entoloma turbidum (Fr.) Quel.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores tricholomatoid, rarely small and collybioid; pileus

lamellae distinctly hygrophanous; with distinct, often predominantly grey or grey-brown tinge; spores small, 6-8(-9) /xm long, (sub-)isodiametrical-rounded, multiangled in side-view with less sometimes weakly developed angles, thin-walled, more or cyanophilous, pileipellis a cutis, with tendency to become an ixocutis, made up of narrow cylindrical hyphae with gelatinizing studied. walls; pigment intracellular; clamp-connections numerous in all tissues 220 Persooma Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SECTION TURFOSA

1 a. Carpophoressmall, collyboidto mycenoid; pileus 8-32 mm broad,convexwith depressed centre,rarely

subpapillate; lamellae broadly adnate, sometimes with decurrent tooth, rarely slightly emarginate; stipe

1.5-3 mm broad; in grasslands, heathlands, etc 2

b. Carpophoressmall to medium-sized rarely large, tricholomatoid; pileus 15 60( 85) mm broad, conical

to convex, finally flattened,with broad, rounded umbo; lamellae deeplyemarginateto almost free; stipe

3—8(—13) mm broad; in moist coniferous forest, more rarely in mixed or frondose woods, also in

heathlands or dune-meadows with Salix repens

E. vinaceum 2a. Stipe with violaceous and/or lilaceous tinges var. violeipes, p. 226

b. with 3 Stipe yellow and/or grey tinges only

E. 223 3a. Stipe with distinct ochraceous or yellow tinge vinaceum var. vinaceum, p.

b. E. 225 Stipe smoke-grey or grey-brown vinaceum var. fumosipes, p.

4a. Lamellae crowded, normally thick; stipe distinctly silvery striate lengthwise 5

b. Lamellae fairly distiant, thickish; smell absent or pronouncedly aromatical like that of cumarine (like

Anthoxanthum odoratum); stipe fibrillose but not really striate

turbidum 222 E. var. pachylamellatum, p.

sa. Smell and taste strongly farinaceous; stipe distinctly brown; carpophores relatively large and brittle; in

frondose forests (Fagus sylvatica) ...... E. pseudoturbidum, p. 232 b. with Smell noneor only weakly farinaceous; taste rancid bitterish aftertaste or weak; stipe pale brown,

but appearing white because of dense silvery-fibrillose striation; carpophores small to medium-sized;

in flesh relatively firm; or near coniferous forests or in heathlands, poorly manured pastures, etc.

E. turbidum var. turbidum, p. 220

ENTOLOMA TURBIDUM (Fr.) Quél

Agaricus turbidus Fr., Syst. mycol. 1: 205. 1821. — Entoloma turbidum (Fr.) Quel, in Mem. Soc. Emul

Montbeliard, ser. II, 5: 119. 1872. — Rhodophyllus turbidus (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 59. 1886. — Entoloma costatum var. cordae P. A. Karst., Hattsv. 1: 268. 1879. Entoloma cordae (P. A. Karst.) P. A

Karst. in Meddn Soc. Fl. fenn. 5: 9. 1879. (Symb. ad Myc. fenn. 6).

32. var. TURBIDUM.—Figs. 28a-d

in SELECTED ICONES & DESCRIPTIONS.—Arnolds & Noordeloos Fung. rar. Icon. col. 12; pi. 94 fig. D. 1981 — - — Fl. dan. 2: 76D. 1936. Nathorst-Windahl Friesia 8: 11. 1966. P. D. Orton Trans Lange, ag. pi. in in

Br. mycol. Soc. 43: 231, fig. 268. 1960. — Pilat, Hym. novi 1: 32, fig. 26. 1951. — Ricken, Blatterpilze:286, pi

76, fig. 4. 1913. — Romagnesi m(Tranv. mycol. ded. R. Kiihner) Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 43 (Num. spec.):

374. 1974.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores tricholomatoid; pileus conical then expanding to plano-

convex with broad, rounded umbo; lamellae grey then grey-brown with only slight pink tinge;

stipe strongly silvery striate on greyish-brownish background; smell indistinct.

Pileus (17 )20-45(-60) mm broad, truncate-campanulate or conico-convex then expanding,

finally plano-convex with broad, rounded umbo, with slightly involute margin when young,

hygrophanous, when moist dark grey-brown or grey-sepia, sometimes with slight reddish flush,

paler on limband at margin (centre 10 YR 2/2, 3/2, 3/3,4/3,4/4, 5/3; 7.5 YR 3/2, margin 10 YR

of the 3/4, 4/4, 5/3, 6/3, 6/6, 7/6), translucently striate up to 1/2 radius, subviscid, strongly brown with often darker YR pallescent on drying to pale greyish centre remaining (centre 10 4/3,

4/2, 5/2, limb and margin 10 YR 6/3, 7/3, 8/3) dry, subpruinose or subfelted at centre (lens). NOORDELOOS: Entoloma subgenera Enloloma and Allocybe 221

28a-d. Entoloma turbidum turbidum. — Habit and d from Noordeloos 28b from Figs. var. spores (28a, 175;

Noordeloos 224; 28c from Bas, 5 Nov. 1977).

Figs. 29a-c. Entoloma turbidum var. pachylamellatum. — Habit and spores (all figs. from holotype). 222 PERSOONIA Vol. 11, Part 2. 19X1

Lamellae L =30-45, 1 =(1)3-7, crowded, deeply emarginate to almost free, rarely narrowly

adnexed, ventricose, extending under pileus, grey then grey-brown finally with slight pink tinge (10 YR 7/2, 7/3, 5/2, 5/3, 6/2; 7.5 YR 8/4. 7/4, 6/2, 6/4, 5/3, 5/4, 4/2) with entire or slightly

10 irregular, concolorous or slightly paler edge. Stipe (25-)30-70(-l x (3—)4—8 (12 at base) mm,

cylindrical, often somewhat flexuose, with broadening or tapering base, pale greyish-brownish

with dense, adpressed, silvery-white striation, general appearance whitish, at base often with

yellowish tinge, particularly when bruised (10 YR 7/3, 7/4, 6/2, 6/3, 6/4, 5/2 base 5 Y 9/6, 9/8; 2.5

Y Flesh 8/2, 8/4). pale grey-brown or yellow-brown, firm. Smell weak, sweetish, very rarely rancid bitterish weakly farinaceous.Taste inconspicious or in some specimens unpleasant, with aftertaste.

Spores 6.8 8.5(—9.0) x (5.8)6.3—7.0(—7.4) /mi, Q= 1.0-1.1-1.2(—1.25), thin-walled, sub-

in in when globose outline, weakly multi-angled side-view, cyanophilous, particularly young.

Basidia 27-42 x 7.9-10.4 /im, 4-spored. Cystidia none. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up

of cylindrical to distinctly inflated cells, 50-124 x 11-24/mi. Pileipellis a simple cutis of loosely

arranged 2.5-5(-7) /mi wide, cylindrical hyphae with easily desintegrating, gelatinizing walls, at

centre with ascending, clavate cells, with brown intracellular pigment; subpellis made up of

chains of inflated cells, 25-78 x 8-23 /mi, not sharply delimited from underlaying pileitrama. made of inflated with brown-olivaceous Pileitrama regular, up cells, 40-140 x 12.5-40 /mi

in intracellular pigment upper layer. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues studied.

In in mixed HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.- moist, mossy coniferous forests, rarely forest,

frequently also met with in moist heathland; not uncommon. Sept.-Nov.

—N F d: Isl. N. of COLLECTIONS EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS:prov. r i e s 1 a n Ameland, 'Lange duinen'

Hollum and Ballum, 13 Nov. 1979, J. Schreurs; Isl. Schiermonnikoog, 'Kooiduinen' 1 Nov. 1975, C. Bas

6706 D he: Roden 'Moltmakersstuk', 15 1976, M. E. Noordeloos ; prov. rent Mensingebos, Sept. 175;

Kraloo, 13 Oct. 1969, J. J. Barkman; Mantinge, 'Hullenzand', 22 Oct. 1975, E. J, M. Arnolds 3463 (WBS);

16Oct. Noordeloos prov. Overijssel: Staphorst,boswachterij, 1976, M. E. 224; Delden, Haagsche bos,

E. 1 Nov. H. 22 Oct. 1970, Kits v. Waveren; prov. Gelderland: Winterswijk, Korenburgerveen, 1947, S.

6 H. S. Bas C. Huysman 1674 and Sept. 1952, C. Huysman s.r.: Lochem, 2 Nov. 1964, C. 4478; prov.

Noord-Holland: Isl. Texel, 'de Geul\ 31 Aug. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos 423; Callantsoog,

8 Bas H. J. 'Zwanewater\ 5 Nov. 1977, C. Bas; Bergen Oct. 1967, C. 4956; Velzen, 29 Sept. 1940, v. d. Laan;

prov. Zuid-Holland: Warmond,6 Nov. 1969, C. Bas 5171; Goeree, Westduinen, 13 Nov. 1969, E. Kits

Kanaal Cromvoortse 29 Oct. v. Waveren; prov. Noord-Brabant,along Drongelens near brug, 1980,

P. B. L i ra b 15 Oct. E. Kits Waveren. Jansen; prov. u r g, Mook, 1964, v.

In the NetherlandsE. turbidum is not uncommon on the pleistocene sandy soils and in the old

coastal dunes,preferably in coniferous forests and in heath-like vegetations with Erica, Calluna and/or Empetrum. Itis rarely met with in poorly manured grasslandsand in frondose forests (e.g.

Quercus-bushes on very poor sandy soil). Entolomapseudoturbidum is closely related, but differs

in the slightly more robust habit, darkercoloured, brittle flesh, strongly farinaceoussmell and in

the habitat, viz. Fagus-forestsi (See under extralimitaltaxa below). A varietyof E. turbidum with rather distant, thickish described below lamellae is as var. pachylamellatum.

33. ENTOLOMA TURBIDUM var. pachylamellatum Noordeloos, var. nov.—Figs. 29a-c

A forma differt in lamellis typica distantibus, crassis, griseo-brunneo, stipite haud striato; praetera in

obvenit.—T M. E. Noordeloos pascius ypus: 808, 18-X-l978, 'Westduinen, Isl. Goeree, prov. Zuid-Holland, Netherlands' (L). NOORDELOOS: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allotype 223

CHARACTERISTICS. Differs from var. turbidum in the distant, thickish lamellae, the grey- brown non-striate stipe and the habitat.

with Pileus (7-) 15-45 mm, conical then conico-convex expanding to plano-convex broad,

rounded umbo, with margin involutewhen young, hygrophanous, when moist rather dark sepia or grey-brown (10 YR 2/2, 3/2, 3/3, 3/4 at centre, 10 YR 4/3,4/4, 5/3, 5/4 on limb, 10 YR 6/3, 7/4 at outermost margin) shining, subviscid (reminding of Collybia butyracea) on drying pallescent

YR L = to grey-brown (10 7/2,7/3,8/3) smooth, shining. Lamellae = 20-40,1 1-3, rather distant, thickish, emarginate to almost free, ventricose up to 7 mm broad, ratherdark greyish brown or towards greyish yellow with only a faintpink shade (10 YR 6/3, 6/4, 5/4, 4/3, 3/2), slightly paler subentire edge. Stipe 25-80 x 2-6.5 mm, cylindrical, flexuose, often broadening toward base and

YR then abruptly tapering, almost rooting, solid, grey to grey-brown (10 4/2, 4/3, 5/4) strongly ftbrillose, but fibrils not very much contrasting with background (certainly not silvery striate), base firm. sometimes with yellow tinge. Flesh watery grey, rather Smell weak or strongly aromatical, reminding of that of cumarine (like Anthoxanthum odoratum or toffee). Taste unpleasant, rancid.

= 15-1.2, L-D =0.6-1.0-1.5 Spores (6.4—)6.8—7.9(-9.0) x (5.4-)5.8-7.4(-8.0) pm, Q 1.08-1.

in 30-44 9- /im, thin-walled, subglobose inoutlinewith many, weak angles side-view. Basidia x

12 made ofinflated 42- pm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama regular, up cells,

95(—115) x 8-32 pm. Pileipellsacutis with transitions to an ixocutis, made up of2.5-6 pm wide, cylindrical hyphae with gelatinized walls, and brown intracellularpigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of inflatedcelles, 35-110x11-34pm, with brown intracellularpigment in upper layers only. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues studied.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In extensively grazed meadow in old, coastal dunes, only known from the type-locality.

— COLLECTION EXAMINED. N ETHERLANDS: prov. Z u i d - H o 11 a n d, Isl. of Goeree, Westduinen, 18

Oct. 1978, M. E. Noordeloos 808 (holotype,L), 810.

Entoloma turbidum var. pachylamellatum differs from the typical variety in some minor

the fibrils the characters, viz. the distant, thickish lamellae, hardly paler on grey or grey-brown stipe, the peculiar smell of some specimens, and the habitat. This variety was quite abundantat the type-locality, and has been collected at three different places always growing in the grass,

Salix near the edge of repens patches.

ENTOLOMA VINACEUM (Scop. ex Fr.) Arnolds & Noordeloos

— Agaricus vinaceus Scop., Fl. cam. 1: 444. 1772. — Agaricus vinaceus Scop, ex Fr., Epicr.: 157. 1838.

1871. — Nolanea vinacea (Scop, ex Fr.) Kumm. Fiihr. Pilzk.: 95. Rhodophyllus vinaceus (Scop, ex Fr.) Quel.,

Enchir.: 64. 1886. — Entoloma vinaceum (Fr.) Arnolds & Noordeloos in Persoonia 10: 298. 1979. — MISAPPLIEDNAMES. Rhodophyllusbatschianus sensuJ. Langein Dansk. bot. Ark. 2(11): 32, 1921, and Fl. agar. dan. 2: pi. 76E. 1936.

34. var. VINACEUM—Figs. 30a-f

Icon. 94 — SELECTED ICONES& DESCRIPTIONS.—Arnolds & Noordeloos in Fung. rar. col. 12: pi. fig. a. 1981.

2: R. — Fl. dan. 76E. 1936. Favre in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 53: 277, fig. 3. 1937. Lange, J., agar. pi. (as

batschianus). 224 Per soon I a Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores small to medium-sized, collybioid more than

tricholomatoid; pileus up to 35 mm broad, convex with central depression, withinvolutemargin,

dark brown; lamellaebrownish-greyish with pink tinge; stipe yellow, yellow-brown, melleousor ochraceous-grey; smell none.

Pileus 13-32 mm broad, convex, usually with (slightly) depressed centre, rarely slightly

when with umbonate, with margin involute young, but sometimes becoming straight age, hygrophanous, when moist horn brown with darker centre, greyish sepia, grey-brownor reddish brown, only slightly paler at margin (10 YR 2/2, 3/2, 3/4, 4/3; 7.5 YR 3/2 margin towards 10 YR

to 5/4) translucently striate at margin only or up 1/2 (2/3) of the radius, strongly pallescent on

drying to greyish brown sometimes with ochraceous or olivaceous tinges, smooth or at centre

subtomentose (under lens), shining. Lamellae L=20-25(-40), 1 = 1-3, moderately distant, adnate or slightly emarginate, segmentiform or ventricose and, then broadest part near stipe

under when then YR extending pileus, grey young grey-brown with pink tinge (10 7/2, 7/3, 5/3; YR 7.5 5/4) with entire or crenulate, concolorous edge. Stipe 27-60 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindrical or

flexuose, with tapering foot, sometimes almost rooting, at apex greyish, particularly when downwards young, yellow, wax-colour, yellowish brown, ochraceous or melleous(2.5 Y 7/4,6/4,

10 scattered sometimes 5/4; YR 6/6), smooth,polished or with silvery fibrils lengthwise, at apex pruinose, at base usually white-tomentose. Flesh concolorous with surfaces, brittle. Smell and

taste absent.

6.4-8.1 L D = 0.6 1.2 Spores (-9.0) x5.5-7.0(-7.6) /mi, Q= 1.1-1.2-1.3(-1.4), 1.7(-2.4)

/mi, multi-angled and weakly angular, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid in outline, distinctly Basidia cyanophilous. 27-36 x 8-12.5 /mi, (2-)4-spored. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama

regular, made up ofcylindrical to slightly inflatedcells, 35 110 x 4—15(—23) /mi, with pale brown

Figs. 30a-f. Entoloma vinaceum var. vinaceum. — Habit and (30a, e from Schreurs 13 Nov. 1979; spores ,

30b from 2 v. Winden, Nov. 1974; 30c, f from Bas 5510; 30d from Kits v. Waveren, 13 Nov. 1965). Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 225

intracellularpigment. Pileipellis a cutis, sometimes with transitions to an ixocutis, composed of

with 2—5(—7) /im wide, cylindrical hyphae easily desintegrating, gelatinized walls and brown intracellular Pileitrama made of inflated pigment. regular, up cells, 54—100(—125) x 8-20 /im, with intracellular pigment in upper layers. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues studied. & —In HABITAT DISTRIBUTION. grassland or open grassy vegetations, also in heathland,usually

in the the on poor, sandy and slightly to distinctly acid soils, Netherlandsparticularly found on

pleistocene sands in the eastern and southern parts and in the old coastal dune-areas. Known to

occur in entire north-westernEurope (in lit.). Optimum fruiting usually late in the season: Oct-

Nov.

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—N ETHERLANDS: prov. F r i e s 1 a n d: Isl. Ameland, 13 Nov. 1979, J.

Schreurs N. M. E. ; Isl. Terschelling, Noordsvaarder, of West, 27 Oct. 1974, Noordeloos 113; prov.

Overijsel: Staphorst, boswachterij, 16 Oct. 1976, M. E. Noordeloos 225 ; Haaksbergen, Buurserven, 19

Oct. 1972. C. Bus 5945; prov. Gelderland: Hulsthorst, Hulsthorsterzand, 9 Nov. 1974, F. Tjallingii& G.

Tjallingii-Beukers;Ede, Wekeromse zand, 26 Nov. 1972, F. Tjallingii& G. Tjallingii-Beukers; Hoenderloo,

15 Nov. F. Hoge Veluwe, Rieselose zand, 1975, Tjallingii & G. Tjallingii-Beukers; Arnhem, in garden

12 Dec. Amsterdamseweg 216, 1977, J. Hoogschagen; prov. Noord-Holland: Castricum, 7 Nov.

13 1965 9 Nov. 1964, Nov. and 1968, E. Kits v. Waveren; Overveen, Koningshof, 2 Nov. 1974, F. Tjallingii &

G. Tjallingii-Beukers; idem, 2 Nov. 1974, P. v. Winden; prov. Zuid-Holland: Noordwijkerhout,

duinen near 'badweg', 30 Nov. 1958, C. Bas 1692; Isl. Goeree, Westduinen, 17 Nov. 1977, M. E. Noordeloos

574; Z 1 d: Isl. S.E. of prov. e e a n Schouwen, Haamstede, 'Verklikker', 10 Nov. 1970, C. Bas 5516; Isl.

Walcheren, near Oranjebosch, 9 Nov. 1970, C. Bas 5510.

35. var. FUMOSIPES Arnolds & Noordeloos

Entoloma vinaceum var.fumosipes Arnolds & Noordeloos in Persoonia 10: 298-299, figs. 34-36. 1979.

—Differs from in CHARACTERISTICS. var. vinaceum the grey-tinged stipe, without any trace of yellow.

Pileus 8-23 mm broad, trapezoid, hemispherical or convex with depressed centre, with

involutemargin, hygrophanous, when moist pale brown to horn brown with dark brown centre

H (Meth. 6C3, Expo F64 towards 53) translucently striate up to 2/3 of the radius, on drying pallescent to pale greyish brown (Meth. 6D3, Expo D72), at centre sometimes remaining darker

(Expo F72), smooth or faintly radially fibrillous, minutely granular at centre (under lens).

Lamellae L= 19-30, 1 = 1-3-7, moderately crowded, broadly adnate, ventricose, up to 7 mm

broad, very pale grey-brownwith pink tinge (Meth. 6B3; Expo C61) with concolorous or slightly

paler entire edge. Stipe 16-50 x 1.5-3 mm, cylindrical, slightly taperingat base, pale grey brown

base between D63 and or smoky (Meth. 5C4; Expo B82, E74), at apex downy-pruinose, downwards minutely silvery fibrillose. Flesh concolorous with surface. Smell and taste absent.

= L-D = 0-1 Spores (5.4-)6.2-6.8(-7.4) x 5.1 -6.2(-6.8) /im, Q 1.1-1.15- 1.2(-l .3), (-1.2) /im,

in 4- rounded-multi-angled side-view, thin-walled, cyanophilous. Basida 24-37x 8-11.5 pm, spored. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up ofcylindrical or weakly inflated

50 6 cells, 190( 212) x 16( 20) /im, with pale brown intracellular pigment. Pileipellis a thin cutis ofloosely arranged cylindrical hyphae, 2-5 pm wide, with desintegrating, gelatinized walls and brown intracellular pigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of inflatedcells, 40-120 x 6-27

in /im, with brown intracellular pigment particularly the upper layers. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues studied.

—At HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. mossy places on sandy soil; the type collected in a Spergulo-

Corynephoretum, a second collection in moss ( Dicranum ) in coastal dunes near Populus, Pinus, and Quercus, a third one from a grassy and mossy place on peaty soil; probably rare. Nov. 226 P E R so o N I a Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—NETHERLANDS: prov. Drenthe, Westerbork, Hullenzand, S. of

3 Nov. 1976. E. Arnolds 3728 Duin-en- Mantinge, (holotype); prov. Noord-Holland, Velzen,

Kruidberg, 13 Nov. 1962, C. Bas 2902: prov. Zuid-Holland,Stolwijkse boezem, Mudde, 17 Nov.

1977, P. B. Jansen.

36. var. VIOLEIPES Arnolds & Noordeloos

Entoloma vinaceum var. violeipes Arnolds & Noordeloos in Persoonia 10: 299. 1979.

SELECTED ICONES & DESCRIPTION.—Arnolds & Noordeloos, in Fung. rar. Icon. col. 12: pi. 94 figs, c & d

1981.

—Differs from CHARACTERISTICS. var. vinaceum and var.fumosipes in the lilaceous-violaceous tinges on the stipe.

Pileus 12-24 mm broad, convex to plano-convex with flattened often depressed centre, sometimeswith small, rounded umbo within central depression, with margin involuteat first but later more or less reflexed, hygrophanous, when moist dark brown, horn brown or date brown,

YR 7.5 YR sometimes with slight grey tinge, slightly paler at margin (10 2/2, 3/2, 3/4, 4/4; 3/2,

sometimeswith darker 1 4/2) conspiciously spot at centre, translucently striate up to /2 or 2/3 or the radius, lubricous-subviscid, strongly pallescent on drying to greyish brown (10 YR 6/3), at centre sometimes remaining darker (10 Y R 3/2,3/3, 5/4), innately radially fibrillous(under lens),

L = 1 centre sometimes minutely pruinose-subtomentose(underlens). Lamellae about 25, = 1-3, moderately distant, adnate with decurrent tooth or adnate, sometimes slightly emarginate; brownish when darker and sinuate, segmentiform to subventricose, pale grey young, becoming

7.5 tinged pink with age (10 YR 7/3, 6/3, 6/4, 5/3; YR 5/4) with entire, concolorous edge. Stipe

20-55x 1.5-3.5 mm, cylindrical often flexuose, sometimes somewhat flatted, often with tapering, almost rooting base, lilaceous brown-grey, greyish-lilaceous-violaceous or brownish- violaceous YR YR YR often (2.5 7/2; 5 3/2, 4/3, 5/2, 6/3; 7.5 5/2), at apex and base quite differentlycoloured, more yellowish-brownish (10 YR 7/4, 7/6; 2.5 Y 7/4, 7/6), with silvery white arachnoid or fibrillosestriation all over, at base sometimes white tomentose. Flesh when moist greyish brown in pileus, distinctly lilaceous-violaceous in cortex of stipe, relatively firm. Smell and taste none.

Spores 6.0-7.9 x (5.0-)5.5-6.8 pm, Q= 1.05-1.15-1.3,L-D =0.6-1.2-2.0 /im, multi-angled in in with side-view, subglobose or broadly ellipsoid outline not very much pronoundced angles thin-walled, Basidia slightly cyanophilous. 24-44(-47) x 7.5-12 pm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent.

Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of short, inflated cells, 57 160(—170) x 6-32 pm, with brown thin pale intracellular pigment. Pileipellis a ixocutis of 1.7-5.4 pm wide, cylindrical hyphae with distinctly gelatinising walls and brown intracellular pigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of inflated cells, (25—)40—115(—130) x 15—27(—32) pm with dispersed, brown intracellular in tissues studied. pigment upper layers. Clamp-connections numerous in all

—In HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. moist, grassy heath-likevegetations, e.g. Ericetumand Nardo- found old dunes Galion,also in between mosses and grasses, always on slightly to distinctly acid, sandy soils. So far known from five localitities in the Netherlands and one in Great-Britain.

Sept.-Nov.

COLLECTIONS —N D h EXAMINED. ETHERLANDS: prov. r e n t e: Westerbork, Mantinge, Man- tingerzand, 13 Nov. 1974, E. A molds 3322 (holotype),idem, Boekweitenplas, 25 Oct. 1974, E. Arnolds 3268

(WBS); Elp, near Zwiggelterstraat, 31 Oct. 1974, B. de Vries (WBS); Dwingelo, Geuringerveld, 2 Dec. 1974,

E. Z 1 Isl. Arnolds', prov. e e a n d, Walcheren, Vrouwenpolder,nearOranjebosch. 9 Nov. 1970, C. Bas 5511.

GREAT BRITAIN; E. Waveren. Wales, Lake Vyrnwy, 15 Sept. 1977, Kits van Noordeloos: Entolomo subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 227

vinaceum is which is found less Entoloma very variablespecies on more or acid, sandy or peaty soils. In the Netherlandsit prefers the pleistocene sands in the eastern and southern provinces and in the old dune-areas along the coast. The colour of the stipe is rather variable to such an extent that three variaties are distinguished here, viz.:

(/') The typical variety with a yellow stipe: var. vinaceum.

A with a violaceous var. also E. turbidum var. macrius (ii) variety stipe: violeipes. (See , p. 244).

with (Hi) A variety a smoke-grey stipe: var. fumosipes.

Entoloma vinaceum is often placed in subgenus Nolanea on account of its slender, almost

On of the mycenoid orcollybioid habit. account ofthe shape and size ofthe spores, the structure pileipellis and the type of pigmentation however, I consider it closely related to E. turbidum.

EXTRALIMITAL SPECIES

37. Entoloma alnobetulae (Kühn.) Noordeloos, comb. no v.—Fig. 38

Rhodophyllus alnobetulae Kiihn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 453. 1977 (basionym).

CHARACTERISTICS.—Fruit-bodies small, in all parts fairly dark yellowish brown to greyish brown. Pileus 10-35 mm broad, convex to planoconvex with slightly depressed centre with small

striate Lamellae umbo, hygrophanous,smooth, translucently up to centre when moist. adnate, sinuate to ventricose, dark grey-brown. Stipe 8-50 x 1-4 mm with aeriferous-fibrillose, striate

when latter less smooth if Smell and surface young, on more or as polished. taste strongly farinaceous.

= 0.6-1.0-1.7 6-7- Spores 7.6-10.4 x(6.4-)7.1-8.3(-8.7) pm. Q= 1.05-1.15-1.2, L-D pm, angled in side-view, subisodiametrical. Basidia 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of inflated cells, 50-170x7-21 pm. Pileipellis a cutis of radially arranged with intracellular abundant in all hyphae, 4-9pm wide, abundant pigment. Clamp-connections tissues.

in HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In subalpine Alnus viridis stands and Salix-Betula swamp- forests, France.

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—F RANC E, dept. Haute Savoye,Samoens, 23 Aug. 1952, R. Kiihner52. 76 (herb.

Kiihner, LY).

Entoloma alnobetulae is a small member of subsection Rhodopolia close to E. subradiatum, from which it differs in the dark coloured lamellae and stipe and in the habitat.

38. Entoloma alpicola (Favre) Noordeloos, comb. nov. —Fig. 45

Rhodophyllus clypeatus var. alpicola Favre, Champ, super. Zone alp.: 200. 1955 (basionym).—

Rhodophyllus alpicola (Favre) Kiihn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 453. 1977. — SELECTED ICONES & DESCRIPTIONS.—Favre, I.e.: 61, fig. 14, pi. 4 fig. 14. 1955. Kiihner, I.e.: 460-464

1977. — Lange, M. & Gulden in Norw. J. Bot. 18: 13, 1971. 228 Persoonia Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

CHARACTERISTICS.—Pileus 15-60 mm broad, conico-convex to campanulate,then expanding

to bluntly conical or convex, with involutemargin when young, hygrophanous, when moist dark

blackish brown, reddish brown or greyish brown, in mature specimens with paler, yellowish

at brown or reddish brown limb, very obscurely translucently striate margin or not, pallescent on adnexed, drying, smooth or particularly atcentre slightly rimose. Lamellaealmost free to adnate

ventricose, white or to with with or emarginate, greyish pale grey-brown, finally pink tinge,

irregular, concolorous or slightly paler edge. Stipe 6-45 x 4 10 mm, cylindrical usually tapering

towards base, white or whitish, striate, often with aeriferous, almost pruinose surface, solid or

narrowly fistulose. Smell spontaneously weakly to distinctly farinaceous. Taste rancid- farinaceous.

Spores (7.4-)8.1 10.4x 7.1-8.5/im. Q= 1.05-1.15-1.25,almost isodiametrical,5-7-angled in

side-view. Basidia 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis of 2-7 gm wide, cylindrical

hyphae, sometimes, particularly at centre with numerous ascending, clavate terminalcells, with

brown intracellular pigment. Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.— In snowbed-communities with Salix herbacea in alpine and Scandinavia, in Switzerland, subarctic habitats in central Europe and known to occur France, Norway and Sweden.

—N COLLECTION EXAMINED. ORWAY, Hordaland, Ulvik, Finse, between Finse and Lille Finsenut, 22

Aug. 1975, G. Gulden 173/75.

Entoloma alpicola is one of the most common Entoloma species in alpine and subarctic

G. has snowbed communitieswith Salix herbacea (Kiihner, I.e. 1977; Gulden, pers. comm.)and a

E. in wide distribution.It differsfrom clypeatum among other things the habitat,periodicity, size

It and shape of the spores and in the structure of the pileipellis. enters subsection Rhodopolia

close to E. lividoalbumand E. subradiatum.

39. Entoloma anthracinum (Favre) Noordeloos, comb. nov.—Fig. 48

Rhodophyllus anthracinus Favre, Champ, super. Zone alp.: 200. 1955 (basionym).

SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS.—Favre, I.e.: 60, fig. 39. pi. 5 fig. 10. 1955. Kiihner in Bull. Soc

mycol. Fr. 93: 471-472. 1977.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Carpophores dwarfish, very dark grey-brown in all parts; pileus 7—27 (—

38) mm broad, hemispherical when young, soon flattened with slightly depressed centre, with

when dark blackish involute margin young, slightly hygrophanous, very brown, translucently

striate at margin only or not, slightly pallescent on drying, smooth or somewhat rugulose-

fibrillose. Lamellae often rather distant, adnate-subdecurrent to adnate-emarginate, sinuate

then segmentiform finally narrowly ventricose, grey-brown. Stipe 6-20 x 0.7-3 mm, greyish brown, paler than pileus, smooth as if polished. 1.15-1.25,subisodiametrical Spores 7.5-11,5(—12.7) x 6.7-9.5(-10.0), Q= to slightly ellipsoid in outline, with (4 )5 7(—8) angles in side-view. Basidia 4-spored. Cystidia absent. made of thin cutis Hymenophoral trama regular, up inflatedcells, 40-230pm long. Pileipellis a

of 2-7.5 wide intracellular narrow, pm hyphae with abundant pigment. Clamp-connections

numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBTUION. —In subalpine Salix herbacea-heaths, France. Switzerland.

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—F RANCE, dept. Vanoise, Region du Col de l'Iseran, 26 Aug. 1973, R. Kiihner

73-306 (herb. Kiihner. LY). NoORDELOOS: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Alloeybe 229

Entoloma anthracinum enters section Polita on account of its polished stipe, intracellular

and pigment numerous clamp-connections. It differs from E. politum and E. caccabus in the

subisodiametrical in the dark-pigmented, hardly striate pileus, large spores and habitat.

Entoloma described subflexipes, also from the subalpine zone, differs in its smaller, distinctly

ellipsoid spores, paler lamellae and farinaceous smell (see below).

40. Entoloma atrosericeum (Kühn.) Noordeloos, comb. nov. —Fig. 37

Rhodophyllus atrosericeus Kiihn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 454. 1977 (basionym).

SELECTED DESCRIPTION.—Kiihner, I.e.: 487-491. 1977.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Carpophoresremindingofthose of E. sericeum. Pileus 10-38 mm, broad, first with reflexed conico-campanulate at slightly margin, then campanulate, hemispherical or conical, sometimes expanding to convex, then usually with umbo, very dark grey-brown or

almost with striate bistre, blackish, rarely slight olivaceous tinge, not or very obscurely at margin only, smooth, shining. Lamellae moderately crowded, sinuate or emarginate, often almost free, rather with often with always dark, tinged grey-brown or brown, an ochraceous, yellowish or olivaceous tinge, with concolorous or slightly paler edge. Stipe 9-35 x 2-6(-7) mm, cylindrical, flattened, then often with first rarely pale grey grey-brown, yellowish or olivaceous-grey tinge, at aeriferously striate lengthwise, sometimes becoming innately fibrillose or evenfibrillose-costate with Flesh thin in farinaceous-rancid. age. brownish, pileus. Smell usually distinctly

Spores (7—)8—10(—11) x 6.4-8.3(-9) /im, Q= (1.0—) 1.05—1.1—1.2(—1.3), 5-7-angled in side- view, subisodiametrical to slightly ellipsoid in outline. Basidia 4-spored. Cystidia none.

made inflated cells. Hymenophoral trama regular, up of relatively short (45-170x3-27 pm)

Pileipellus a cutis of narrow cylindrical hyphae, 2.5-7 pm wide, gradually passing into

in made 7-20 in lower pileitrama. Pileitrama upper layer up ofcylindrical hyphae, pm wide, parts made ofchains of inflated 55-210 5-31 up cylindrical to cells, x pm. Pigment coarsely encrusting in all coloured parts of the carpophore. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—In alpine and subarctic grasslands, also near Salix herbacea or S.

in and Scandinavia retusa or Dryas-heaths; Alps (France) (Norway, Sweden), common

(according to Kiihner; I.e.).

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—NORWAY, Hordaland, Hardanger, Djuptj., 1320 mm alt. near

Hallingskarvet, 31 July 1967. R. Kiihner 67.18 (herb. Kiihn., LY).

In the field E. atrosericeum resembles E. sericeum strongly but is considerably darker.

in E. atrosericeum all Furthermore clamp-connections are very abundant in tissues, including the covering layers, whereas in E. sericeum clamp-connections only rarely occur in other parts than in the hymenium (Noordeloos 1980: 479). In addition the size and shape of cells in the hymenophoral trama of E. atrosericeum made Kiihner decide to describe his finds as a new

in the Entoloma and not in Nolanea where E. sericeum species subgenus subgenus , belongs.

41. Entoloma brassicolens (Reid) Noordeloos, comb. nov.—Fig. 39

Nolanea brassicolens Reid in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 48: 518. 1965 (basionym).

SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTION.—Reid in Fung. rar. Icon. col. 2: 12-13 fig. 9a-d, pi. 13a. 1967. 230 Persoonia Vol. 11. Part 2, 1981

sometimes CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 22-38 mm, broad, conico-convex to convex, with weak brown with umbo, sometimes slightly depressed, not hygrophanous when young, pale yellowish grey-brown centre, smooth, dull,in older specimens hygrophanous, when moist dullbrown with surface when closely groovedmargin, pallescent to yellowish brown on drying, with greasy-waxy moist and then densely and minutely radially wrinkled under lens. Lamellae not very crowded,

to 6 broad, at first buff, fawn with about adnexed, up mm finally yellowish pinkish tinge. Stipe and solid first, 20-30 x 4-1 0 mm, white at first, in older specimens yellowish fawn, cylindrical at

base with becoming fistulose and broadened,clavate at age. Flesh white when young, at length greyish. Smell strongly like that of rotting cabbage or more like Allium ursinum.

Spores 7.6-9.3 x 7.0-8.3 /im (according to Reid: 8-10 x 6-8 outline,

Q = 1.05—1.15—1.25, with 5-7 angles in side-view. Basidia 4-spored. Cystidia absent.

Hymenophoral trama made up ofmore or less inflated cells, 34—95(-120) x Pileipellis

to wide a cutis with transitions a trichodermium, made up of cylindrical 4.5-12 /jm hyphae,

and frequently with bundles ofmore or less ascending, cylindrical 'hairs', up to 85 fim long up to

14 wide, with intracellularpigment. Clamp-connections numerous inall parts ofcarpophore.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In mixed woodland; so far only known from two localities in

Northern Ireland.

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—G REAT BRITAIN, Northern Ireland, Co. Down, Saintfield Demesne, 5

Sept. 1964, D. A. Reid (holotype, K).

Entoloma brassicolens is a fairly remarkable species with the changing aspect of its pileal

smooth when and surface from non-hygrophanous and young to distinctly hygrophanous radially wrinkled when older and its strong fetid smell, which is rare in the genus Entoloma. This type of smell is only known from oneother species, viz. E.foetulentum Noordeloos ( =Nolanea

differs from E. other foetida Killerm.) That species, however, widely brassicolens, among things in its its and its habit, colour, large spores which are distinctly ellipsoid in outline.

Entoloma brassicolens is transferred here from subgenus Nolanea, in which it was originally

the placed, to subgenus Entoloma on account of the size and shape of the tramal elements, numerous clamps in all parts of the carpophore and the intracellular pigmentation. It keys out here in subsection Rhodopolia, but the affinities with other species ofthis subsection are rather obscure, as E. brassicolens has a rather unique set of characters viz. those ofthe pileal surface, the small, isodiametrical spores and the fetid smell.

42. ENTOLOMA INOCYBEFORME Bon—Fig. 43

Entoloma inocybeforme Bon in Doc. mycol. 37-38: 90. 1979.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores tricholomatoid; pileus 30-50(-60) mm broad, conical at first then expandingto convex with rather pronoundced conical umbo, with margin remaining long slightly involute, not or weakly hygrophanous, when moist yellowish brown with slight olivaceous tinge, darker at centre, not or slightly pallescent on drying, with strongly radially fibrillose-rimosesurface. Lamellaenarrowly adnate to broadly ventricose, sordid beige,only late

with 8 10 becoming slightly tinged pink. Stipe 30-50 x mm, cylindrical, slightly taperingat base, whitish, slightly tinged yellowish at base, striate. Flesh whitish. Smell farinaceous when freshly cut, but later often with slight aromatic component. Noordeloos: Enloloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 231

Basidia Spores (7—)8.5—10(—11) x (6-)8-10 pm, subisodiametrical. 4-spored. Cystidia none.

Pileipellis an ixocutis madeup of 3-5 pm wide cylindrical hyphae with gelatinized walls. Clamp- connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Terrestrial in grasslands (Meso-Bromion) on calcareous or loamy soils, France.

Entolomainocybeforme is a member ofsection Entoloma close to E. prunuloides, from which it differs in the darker coloured, strongly radially fibrillose-rimosepileus.

During a foray of the Netherlands' Mycological Society in the Eifel in Western Germany in

1979 one specimen was collected of a species which most probably is identical with E. inocybeforme. It had the following characters:

Pileus about 60 mm broad, convex with broad umbo, fairly dark grey-brown (centre 10 YR 10 YR 2/2-3/2; limb 5/2, 6/2, 7/2), paler at margin, very strongly radially fibrillose-fissurate.

Lamellae L about 60, 1 = 1-3, almost free, ventricose, pale pink (10 YR 7/3 to 7.5 YR 8/4). Stipe

58x10 mm, slightly taperingtowards base, sordid brown-grey with slight purple tinge (about 7.5 YR 5/2-4/2), innately striate lengthwise, whitish-yellowish at base (2.5 Y 8/4). Flesh sordid white, firm. Smell faint, slightly farinaceous when cut. Taste strongly farinaeous-rancid.

Spores 8.1-8.7x7.6-8.1 pm, Q= 1.0-1.07, rounded 5-6-angled in side-view, almost isodiametrical. Basidia 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Pileipellis an ixocutis made up of 2—5( 7) pm wide cylindrical hyphae with easily desintegrating-gelatinizing walls, filled with brown intracellularpigment.

HABITAT.— In sun-lit xerophytic grassland on calcareous soil.

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—G ERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC,: Rheinland-Pfalz, Eifel, Gerolstein,

Feriendorf Felsenhof, 30 Sept. 1979, Th. W. Kuyper.

This collection deviates from Bon's original diagnosis only in the slightly darker pileus and the purplish tinge of the stipe.

43. ENTOLOMA PRUNULOIDES (Fr.) Quél.—Figs. 32a-b

Agaricus prunuloides Fr., Syst. mycol. I: 198. 1821. — Entoloma prunuloides (Fr.) Quel, in Mem. Soc.

Emul. Montbeliard, ser. II, 5: 117. 1872. — Rhodopyllus prunuloides (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 57. 1886.

Entoloma autumnale Velen., Novitates mycologicae novissimae: 133. 1939. — MISAPPLIED NAME. Entoloma repandum sensu J. Lange, FL. agar. dan. 2: pi. 73A. 1936.

EXCLUDED NAME.—RhodophyllusprunuloidessensuKonrad & Maublanc,Icon. set. Fung. 2: pi. 187. 1930

( =E. sepium).

Ber. 41: la SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS.—Einhellinger in Bayer, bot. Ges. 107, figs. 22-24, pi. 1

1969. — Kuhner in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 457-459. 1977. — Lange, J., Fl. agar. dan. 2: pi. 73A (as R repandus) and pi. 73B. 1936. — Moller, F. H., Fungi Faeroes 1: 250. 1945.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Habit tricholomatoid; pileus non-hygrophanous greyish-brownish or viscidulous when lamellae then white yellowish-greyish, smooth, moist; pale pink; stipe or grey, fibrillosely striate; smell strongly farinaceous, particularly when cut; spores small, isodiametrical, about in diameter; in 6-8 pm grasslands.

Pileus up to 70 mm broad, more or less convex with broad rounded umbo and strongly towards undulating marginal zone, not hygrophanous, pale yellowish-greyish (2.5 Y 8/3 10 YR

8/4, at centre more like 10 YR 8/6—8/8), viscidulous when moist, smooth. Lamellae L =45-50, 1 - 232 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

= 1—3, distant, thickish, deeply emarginate, ventricose, pink, with serrate, concolorous edge.

12 with Stipe 75 x mm, cylindrical, white, downwards weak yellow tinge, coarsely fibrillosely

striate lengthwise, stuffed. Flesh white, firm. Smell strongly farinaceous,particularly when cut.

= almost Spores 6.8-8.0(-8.6)x6.4-8.0 /tm, Q= 1.0-1.05-1.1; L-D 0-0.6(-1.0) /mi,

isodiametrically 5-7-angled in side-view. Basidia 27-45 x 7-13 /mi, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. 12-20 Hymenophoral trama regular, made up ofcylindrical to distinctly inflatedcells, 45-110 x wide cells with /mi. Pileipellis a simple cutis of 2.5-5(-7) /mi cylindrical easily desintegrating

walls and pale brownish intra-celullarpigment. Pileitrama regular, made up of cells similar to

those of hymenophoral trama. Clamp-connections numerous.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—In grasslands (preferably in mountainous areas?). Rare. Known

to occur in north-western Europe and in France (Kiihner, I.e.).

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—D ENMARK, Sjaelland, Eskebjerg Vesterlyng, 15 Sept. 1974, H. Knudsen (C).

M. E. — GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC, .Eifel, Gerolstein, Feriendorf Felsenhof, 26 Sept. 1980,

Noordeloos 1284.

Entolomaprunuloides, the type-species of the genus, seems to be rather rare and according to

Kiihner (1977, I.e.) typical for mountainousmeadows. However, it has occasionally been found

and the collection from Denmark mentioned also in lowlands as demonstratedby Moller (I.e.) by above. The macroscopical description given above is based on only one collection (Noordeloos

1284) and thereforenot representative for the species. For more details on the variability of E. prunuloides I refer to the excellent descriptions given by Kiihner (I.e.) and J. Lange (I.e.).

44. ENTOLOMA PSEUDOTURBIDUM (Romagn.) Moser—Fig. 34

in Rhodophylluspseudoturbidus Romagn. (Trav. mycol. ded. R. Kiihner) Bull. mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon 43

(Num. spec.): 386. 1974. — Entoloma pseudoturbidum (Romagn.) Moser in Beih. Sydowia 8: 269. 1979.

SELECTED ICON AND DESCRIPTION.—Dahnke & Dahnke, 700 Pilze: 252. 1979.

Pileus 30-85 mm broad, bluntly conical or hemispherical, then expanding to plano-convex

with without with when but when or broad umbo, margin slightly involute young, straight older,

hygrophanous, not (or at outermost margin only) translucently striate, dark umber brown or

sepia, slightly pallescent on drying, subviscid when moist, on drying becoming strongly innately radially fibrillose to subrugulose. Lamellae crowded, ascending and almost free, ventricose, up sordid when later reddish to 11 mm broad, greyish (to grey-brown) already young, on turning brown, with serrulate, concolorous edge. Stipe (70-)90-l 10 x (5—)8—13 mm, cylindrical or broadened with of distinctly at base, greyish or greyish-brownish, almost concolorous limb pileus, striate with shining fibrils, sometimes twisted. Flesh whitish or especially when water-

soaked brownish, brittle. Smell and taste strongly farinaceous.

Spores 6.3-8.1 x 6.5-7.3 /tm, 5-7-angled in side-view, almost isodiametrical with rounded or

more or less pronounced angles, thin-walled. Basidia 32-45 x 8.4-14 /tm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. made of inflated 12-32 Hymenophoral trama regular, up cells, 60-97(-110)x /tm. walls Pileipellis a cutis of narrow, cylindrical 3.5-7 /tm wide hyphae with easily desintegrating made of short, inflated cells. and brown intracellular pigment; subpellis regular, up relatively

Clamp-connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In frondose forest (Fagus sylvatica),), terrestrial. So far known only

from the type-locality in France and from Poland (Moser, 1979: 270).

18 M. COLLECTION EXAMINED.—F RANCE, dept. Oise, Foret de Hez-Froidmont, Nov. I960, Gasnier

(holotype, herb. Romagn. 58. 432, PC). NOORDELOOS: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Alloeybe 233

Entolomapseudoturbidum differs from E. turbidumin the large, brittle carpophores, relatively dark colouredstipe, strong farinaceous smell and taste, and most probably also in the habitat:

frondose forests (Fagus sylvatica) probably on rich soils. Entoloma turbidumprefers acidulous soils and grows mainly in or near coniferous forests, heath-like vegetations such as Ericeta, and

has on poorly manured pasture-lands. Entoloma pseudoturbidum is apparently rare as it been recorded only twice, from quite different places.

45. ENTOLOMA RHODOPOLIUM (Fr.) Kumm. —Fig. 44

Agaricus rhodopolius Fr., Syst. mycol. 1: 197. 1821. — Entoloma rhodopolium(Fr.) Kumm., Fiihr. Pilzk. — 98. 1871. Rhodophyllus rhodopolius (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 59. 1886.

SELECTED & DESCRIPTION.—J. Fl. dan. 2: 75A. 1936. ICONES Lange, agar. 95-96, pi.

Pileus 50-90(110) mm broad, conico-convex, soon plano-convex or flattened with weak

with umbo, margin slightly involutewhen young but becoming straight with age, hygrophanous, when moist pale greyish-brownish, pallescent on drying to sordid grey or whitish. Lamellae

sometimes with decurrent then adnate, slight tooth, white pink. Stipe up to 120x6-12 mm, cylindrical, sordid white, fibrillose-striate lengthwise. Flesh sordid white, brittle. Smell none.

Taste none or slightly farinaceous.

x 6- Spores(7.5 )8.1-9.3 7.0-8.1 /im,Q= 1.05-1.15-1.25, L-D =0.6-1.2-1.7pm, irregularly

8(-9)-angled in side-view, probably with dihedral base. Basidia 4-spored. Cystidia absent.

Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of inflated cells, 60-125 x 7-29 )im. Pileipellis a simple cutis of 1.8-8.0 pm wide cylindrical hyphae with pale brown walls and scattered also some intracellularpigment. Clamp-connections abundant in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—In frondose woods; according to J. Lange in Fagus forests, according to some other danish mycologists in Betula forests. Recorded from many countries in

Europe, but in its present narrow concept only known with certainty from Denmark.

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—D ENHARK. 2 collections brought in at the exposition at Jaegersborg

Dyrehave, Klampenborg, Sjaelland, Sept. 1980, M. E. Noordeloos 1234 & 1237.

The description given above represents E. rhodopoliumin the sense of J. Lange, which may be the same as that of Kiihner & Romagnesi (1954: 20-21). It is a fairly stout fungus with pale

with colours with hardly any smell and predominatly membranalpigment. Entolomanidorosum is but is smaller, darker and less and very close, usually more slender, slightly sometimes, grey usually has a distinct nitrous smell, a nasty-rancid taste, and exclusively intracellularpigment.

Fries' of the with J. but description species agrees Lange'sinterpretation, his diagnosis permits other interpretations as well, such as E. sericatum and E. majaloides. There is a great need for neotypification of this classical Friesian species.

46. Entoloma subflexipes (Kühn.) Noordeloos, comb. no v.—Fig. 40

Rhodophyllus subflexipes Kiihn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 453. 1977 (basionym).

Carpophores small. Pileus 5-15 mm broad, convex-umbilicate, finally with strongly undulating marginal zone, dark brown to blackish, translucently striate up to half the radius, 234 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

smooth or slightly rugulose. Lamellae distant, adnate or weakly adnate-decurrent, pink with smooth if in brownish shade. Stipe 12-20 x 1 2.5 mm, grey-brown,paler than pileus, as polished,

some specimens with flocculose apex. Smell farinaceous.

in with Spores 8.1-9.3x6.4-8.1 pm, Q= (1.05—) 1.15—1.2—1.25, distinctly ellipsoid outline

pronounced angles, often with distinctly dihedral base. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up

46-110 with of inflated cells, x 14-32 pm. Pileipellis a cutis of cylindrical 2-7 pm wide hyphae, all brown, intracellularpigment. Clamp-connections numerous in tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In marshy places near Salix herbacea in alpine zone, France.

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—F RANCE, dept. Vanoise, environs de Prolognan; Cirque du Petit Marchet,

10 R. 65-67 2390 m alt., Aug. 1965, Kiihner (holotype; herb. Kiihn., LY).

Entoloma subflexipes belongs to section Polita close to E. politum and E. caccabus. It differs from both in its dark pigmented pileus and its habitat, and from E. politum moreover in its distinctly ellipsoid spores. Entoloma anthracinum differs in the distinctly darker lamellae and larger, more irregularly shaped spores.

47. ENTOLOMA VENOSUM Gill. Figs. 31a-d

— Kiihn. & Entoloma venosum Gill., Hymen. Fr.: 403. 1876. Rhodophyllus venosus(Gill.) Romagn., Fl.

anal.: 193. 1953.

CHARACTERISTICS. umber —Pileus strongly hygrophanous, when moist very dark sepia, to blackish brown, not or very obscurely translucently striate at margin only, strongly pallescent on

drying. Lamellae very dark grey-brown, frequently venose. Stipe with grey-brown tinge. Flesh

6.4-8 brittle. Smelland taste strongly farinaceous-rancid. Spores 8-10.4 x pm, Q= 1.25-1.3on

the average per collection. Pigment of two types: coarsely encrusting the hyphae ofpileipellis and pileitrama and in addition also intracellular. In or near coniferous forests in central Europe.

Pileus 25-75 mm broad, conico-campanulate at First then expanding, often with conical

umbo, with involute margin when young, strongly hygrophanous, when moist very dark sepia,

umberbrown or blackish brown, not or only slightly translucently striate at margin, strongly pallescent on drying, smooth, often slightly felted at centre. Lamellae moderately distant,

sometimes more or less crowded, adnate to adnexed, sometimes emarginate, segmentiform or

when with narrowly ventricose, sometimes veined, usually already young distinct grey-brown

brown with with tinge, becoming dark flesh-coloured age, slightly irregular, concolorous edge.

35-60 Stipe x 3.5-8(12) mm, cylindrical, sometimes slightly attenuated or broadened at base,

moderately dark grey-brown, fibrillosely striate lengthwise, pruinose-flocculose at apex. Flesh with concolorous surface, brittle. Smell and taste strongly farinaceous-rancid.

8.1-10.3 6.4-8 the Spores x /im, Q= 1.1-1.4(1.45), on average per collection between 1.25 and 1.3, L-D =0.6-1.7-2.5 fim, (5-)6-7-angled in side-view with pronounced angles, with

distinct dihedral base. Basidia 32-50 x (7.5-)8.5-15 /tm, 4-spored. Cystidia none.

trama made of inflated Hymenophoral regular, up or cylindrical cells, 32-95 (-115) x 7-18 pm, with intracellular cutis made frequently brown, pigment. Pileipellis a up of up to 10 /

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTOR —In ornear coniferous forests (particularly Picea) in centralEurope, preferably in mountanous areas. NOORDELOOS: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 235

& Figs. 31a-d. Entoloma venosum. Habit and spores (31a, b from Romagnesi 75.208; 31c from Philipp

Bresinský, 17 Aug, 1968).

COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—G ERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC, Bayern, Traunstein,Knappenfelder

Moor, 17Aug. 1968, Phiiipp& A. Bresinsky(M). — POLAND, Lysogorskie, Swieta Katarzyna, Wilkovska

C. Bas 4755. — H. dolina, 11 Sept. 1966, FRANCE, dept. Doubs, near Pontarlier, Sept. 1975, Romagnesi

75.208 (herb. Romagn., PC).

Entoloma is well characterized in its dark with venosum very very pileus two types of pigment

and distinctly elongate spores. Entoloma myrmecophilum is closely related, but differs in having

more isodiametrical spores, a preference for another habitat (frondose forests) and in the

distribution. Entoloma has different geographical platyphylloides a pileal surface, viz. strongly

radially fibrillose instead of smooth and shining, reminiscent of the pileal surface of

Oudemansiella It should be that I did platyphylla. mentioned,however, not manage to get a clear

E. known concept of platyphylloides up till now (see insufficiently taxa below, p. 245).

48. ENTOLOMA VIRIDANS (Fr.) P. Karst. —Figs. 33a-b

Agaricus viridans Fr., Monogr. 2: 345. 1863. — Entoloma viridans (Fr.) P. A. Karst., Hattsv. I: 262. 1874 — (non Entoloma viridans Harrisson & Lovejoy in Bot. Gaz. 50: 385. 1910). Rhodophyllus viridans (Fr.)

Quel., Enchir.: 58. 1886.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores tricholomatoid, medium-sized; pileus, lamellae and stipe with distinct green tinge; pileus not hygrophanous, not striate; spores isodiametrical, small,

(7.6—)8.1 8.7(—9.3) x 6.4-8.1 /im. 236 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2. 1981

32a-b. Entoloma — Habit and from Noordeloos Figs. prunuloides. spores (all figs 1284).

33a-b. Entoloma viridans. Habit and (all from Kits v. Waveren 2 Sept. 1969). Figs. spores figs. ,

Pileus about 30 mm broad, hemispherical or conico-convex at first, soon flattened without

umbo, with straight margin, not hygrophanous, not striate, dark greyish brown with green tinge

at centre, towards margin paler and with more distinctlygreen tinge (at centre 10 YR(3/4),4/4,

5/4, at limb 10 YR 4/4 to 2.5 Y 6/4), smooth, dry, at limb with small fibrillous-whitepatches

('veil'). Lamellaemoderately distant, emarginate to almost free, ventricose, up to 6 mm broad,

extending under pileus in mature specimens, greyish-greenish (5 Y 7/3, 6/3), only in late stages

with with pink tinge, concolorous edge. Stipe up to 60 x 6 (at apex) x 9 (at base) mm, distinctly broadened at base then abruptly tapering, greyish-greenish (2.5 Y 5/4), minutely silvery striate

lengthwise, smooth. Flesh concolorous with surface in cortex, in inner parts white, firm. Smell

and taste indistinct.

6.4-8.1 1.1-1,25, L-D =0-l.0-1.7 iso- Spores (7.6 )8.1-8.7(-9.3) x /im, Q=1.0 fim, diametrical, 6-8-angled in side-view. Basidia 21-35x7-10 4-spored. Cystidia absent.

8-19 Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of inflated or subcylindrical cells, 70-200 x /im.

Pileipells a cutis made up of2.5-7.8 pm wide cylindrical hyphae with slightly gelatinizing walls.

Pileitrama regular, made up of inflated cells, 45-110x7.5-17 pm, with brown intracellular

pigment in upper layers. Vascular hyphae very numerous in pileitrama. Clamp-connections

numerous in all tissues studied.

—The welsh collection found brook in HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. was along a Quercus forest,

growing in mosses. Rare; so far known with certainty fromonly two localities, one in Sweden and

one in Great Britain. Occurring perhaps also in the German Federal Republic (see below).

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—G REAT BRITAIN, Wales, Lake Vyrnwy, 2 Sept. 1969, E. Kits v. Waveren.

In the Herbarium of the Botanische Staatssamlung, Munchen, the following collection was

dried encountered: Entoloma viridans, Augsburg, 1912, S. Killermann.It contains one specimen

with a water-colour scetch giving the following details: Noordhloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 237

Pileus conico-campanulate to conico-convex, not hygrophanous (?), greyish-olivaceous (about 2.5 Y 8/2—8/4), shining. Lamellae almost free, narrowly ventricose (not extending under the sordid about broadened pileus) pink. Stipe 60 x 5 (apex) -8 (base) mm, distinctly at base,

with concolorous pileus. Spores 7.1-8.7x 6.4-7.1 (—8.1) /im, Q =(1.0—) 1.07—1.13—1.25, L-D

= — in side-view. Basidia with (0—)0.6—1.1 1.7 /mi, (sub-)isodiametrical, 6-8-angled 4-spored, clamp.

The poor condition ofthe collection did not allow a critical study ofthe trama and the covering

1 layers. did not see any pigment.

viridans Fries described Agaricus on the evidence of a collection made by von Post. Probably

It he saw only the water-colour that has been published in his Icones (1867: pi. 98 fig. 3). depicts a

vivid Entoloma evenwith flesh. As far as I could this remarkable has green , green verify, species

been found of its characters it never again. However, on account remarkable has usually been

accepted by later mycologists, who copied Fries description. Entoloma viridans has invariably

been placed in section Entoloma close to E. madidum (P. Karst., 1886: 58; Saccardo 1887: 686).

In the herbariumof Dr. E. Kits v. Waveren, Amsterdam, I met with the collection described

above, which fits more or less the Friesian diagnosis ofAgaricus viridans. It belongs undoubtedly

section Entoloma of its its and to on account habit, non-hygrophanous pileus its small,

isodiametricalspores. The greentinges in pileus and stipe are unmistakeblebut not as bright as in

the type plate. Also the habit is different: the typeplate shows a slender Entolomawith anacutely

The umbonatepileus and a straight cylindrical stipe. collection of Dr. E. Kits v. Waveren differs

in the lack of an umbo and having a distinctly broadened stipe. These differences, however, may

due the habit of E. be to infra-specific variation.(Compare variability in and colour madidum,.p-

161).

The collection made by the Bavarian mycologist Killermann represents probably a more

slenderand paler form of E. viridans. It is unknown whether the colours of Killermans painting

have rather olivaceous changed; they are pale grey now.

all this conclude that in section there From wemay Entoloma exist at least onetaxon more or

less resembling Agaricus viridans Fr. More well-annotatedmaterial is needed to allow more

definite conclusions.

INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN TAXA

— — accola. Agaricus accola Britz. in Ber. naturhist. Ver., Augsburg 26: 138. 1881. Entoloma accola (Britz.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 5: 693. 1887.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Pileus convex-umbilicate, reddish brown, fibrillose-shining; lamellae white then pink, finally with brownish edge, adnexed to slightly decurrent; stipe slightly paler

10 11 6-8 in than pileus, white at base; spores x /im, ellipsoid outline, irregularly 6-angled. HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. In forests, E. Bayern, German Federal Republic.

Type non-existent. According to the description and plates E. accola is close to E. costatum,

but in seems to differ the elongate spores. 238 Pkrsooni a Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

— appositivum.—Agaricus appositivus Britz. in Ber. naturhist. Ver. Augsburg 28: 149. 1885.

Entoloma appositivum (Britz.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 5: 684. 1887.

lamellae CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus convex, dark brown; brownish pink; stipe greyish, up to two times longer than the diameter of the pileus. forest German Federal HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In near Oberstaufen, Bayern, Republic.

Type non-existent. Entoloma appositivum is obviously a member of section Rhodopolia.

— Zone atropellitus. Rhodophyllus atropellitus Favre, Champ, super. alp.: 200. 1955.

Characteristics.—Pileus 12 mm broad, hemispherical with inflexed margin, not

hygrophanous, grey-brown to blackish, glabrous; lamellaeL = about 30, 1 = 1-3, rather thick,

12 1.5 segmentiform, brownish-greyish, almost withoutany pink; stipe x mm, 2.5 mm at base,

dark grey-brown, minutely powdered at apex, downwards smooth; smell and taste

measured 6.5-8.5 inconspicuous; spores 9-11.5 x 6-8 /rm (Kiihn., 1977: 478, 10—12(—13) x pm),

multi-angled to almost gibbose in side-view, thin-walled; basidia 4-spored. Pileipellis a cutis, with made up of radially arranged 3-7 pim wide, cylindrical hyphae numerous, non-inflated

terminal cells; pigment intracellular; clamp-connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—In alpine Salix herbacea heath, Switzerland, France.

Type not studied. Kiihner (1977: 478-480) gives a long discussion on this species, which so far

has only been found twice and in both cases solitary. Because of its intracellularpigment and

general habit R. atropellitum seems to be closely related to E. anthracinum. Kiihner, however,

confirms the difference in spore-shape of both species already mentioned by Favre, I.e. With regard to the spore-shape R. atropellitus resembles E. sphagneti, another dark pigmented

Entoloma. The latter differs, however, in many respects, among other things in size, distinctly

hygrophanous, conical pileus, and habitat.

— bahusiense. EntolomabahusienseLundell,Fungi Exsicc. suecici no. 2007. 1953.—Fig.

36.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Fruit-bodies somewhat more fragile than in E. clypeatum; pileus 30-55

mm broad, broadly campanulate to obtusely convex, not hygrophanous, dark grey sometimes with olivaceous tinge, smooth; lamellaegreyish white then greyish pink, with slightly uneven, but

in not really serrulate edge; stipe 70-90 x 5-7 mm, flexuose, cylindrical, white at apex and base, with the middlepart with grey tinge, solid when young, but becoming fistulose age.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —On soil, amongst grasses, ferns, etc. on somewhat moist locality

under Sweden Prunus spinosa and Salix spp.; (Bohuslan).

Notes on the holotype: SWEDEN, Bohuslan, Uddevalla, Bjorback. May, 1948/49, S.

Woldmar (UPS):

Spores (8.1-)9.3-10.4(-l 1.5) x (7.0—)8.1 -9.3(—10.4) pm, Q= 1.05-1.2(-1.3), isodiametrical, in side-view. Basidia 5-7-angled 38-50 x 11-13.5 /tm, 4-spored, clamped. Subhymenium thin,

slightly gelatinised. Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of short cells, 35-75x8-27 pm.

Pileipellis an ixocutis of3-5(-7) pm wide, cylindrical hyphae, with brown, intracellularpigment. Nookdei.oos: Entohma .subgenera Enloloma ami Allocybe 239

Pileitrama made ofinflated 8-20 regular, up cells, 25-80 x /im. Clamp-connections numerous in

hymenium, elsewhere infrequent or rare.

On the ofthe E. strength description given by Lundelland the facts revealed by my type-study,

is bahusiense placed in section Nolanidea. The smooth pileus, slender, quickly fistulose stipe and

relatively scarce clamp-connectionsin trama and cortical layers suggest a close relationship with

E. The latter, however, has aprile. a strongly hygrophanous pileus and a different habitat. 1

wonder whether Lundell's observations concerning the non-hygrophanous aspect of the pileus

were correct. For the time I refrain from bahusiense being accepting E. as a distinct species. More

information, particularly on the hygrophaneity of the pileus, is needed.

batschianum.— Agaricus batschianus Fr., Epicr.: 144. 1838. — Entolomabatschianum (Fr.) P.

A. Karst., Hattsv. 1: 261. 1879. — Rhodophyllus batschianus (Fr.) J. Lange in Dansk bot. Ark.

2(11): 31. 1921.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Fruitbodies slender; pileus 20-40 mm broad, very dark brown or

adnate sordid white then with blackish, not hygrophanous(?); lamellae to adnexed, pink grey or smell brown tinge; stipe long and slender, dark grey, striate, fistulose; inconspicuous.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In forests, Sweden (Smaland).

This dark brown, slender species is unknown to me. Probably it belongs to section Rhodopolia,

but the information provided by the descriptions available does not permit a secure

interpretation. Rhodophyllus batschianus sensu J. Lange (1921, I.e.) is identical with Entoloma

vinaceum (see p. 223).

bulbigenus.—See below under persoonianus.

difforme.— Entoloma difforme Naveau in Natuurw. Tijdschr. 5: 75. 1923.—Fig. 49.

' CHARACTERISTICS.—Habit like that of Tricholoma’ aggregatum Schff. ( = Lyophyllum

' Vitt. = decastes) or Tricholoma’ conglobatum ( Lyophyllum fumosum); pileus grey-brown,

becoming blackish, almost viscid, with regular, inflexed-involute margin, about 40 mm broad;

lamellae almost free or emarginate or decurrent,white then pale pink; stipe 50 x 1.5 mm, white,

inner almost striate, broadened towards base; flesh white, fibrous, parts more or less spongy;

smell none.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Terrestrial, caespitose, in Pinetum, only known from the type-

locality in North Belgium.

Noteson the type: BELGIU M,Oostmalle, 5 Sept. 1920, E. Lahaye BR). The type consists of

four specimens in a fairly bad state; it appeared to be impossible to reconstruct the tissues and covering layers. The following characters have been observed:

Spores 8.1 -9.3(-10.4) x 7.0-8.1 pm, Q= 1.15-1.2-1.3, L-D = 1.2-1.7-2.2qm, 5-6-angled in

in side-view with rather pronounced angles. Basidia most probably4-spored. Pigment pileipellis distinctly intracellular. 240 Persoonia Vol. 11. Part 2. 1981

with of that of of Entoloma difforme is a remarkable species a habit reminiscent a species

It to E. with Lyophyllum , a dark pileus and a white stipe. bears someresemblance myrmecophilum

1 failed in E. its dark pileus and habit, but to find any encrusting pigment difforme. Furthermore the lamellae and the stipe of E. myrmecophilum are tinged grey or grey-brown. Another dark pigmented species of Entolomathat resembles E. difforme,, viz. Rhodophyllus nigrocinnamomeus

Kalchbr. sensu J. Favre, differs in having a grey-brown stipe.

— dispermus. Rhodophyllus dispermus Kiihn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 454. 1977.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Pileus 14 mm broad, convex with umbo, hygrophanous, when moist brown, translucently striate, glabrous but minutely innately rugulose under lens; lamellae adnate, segmentiform, brownish; stipe 13x2.5-3 mm, greyish yellow, minutely aeriferously 1.2- striate; spores 10-12.5 x 8.5-10 pm, Q= 1.3; basidia 2-spored; cystidia absent; pileipellis a cutis ofradially arranged, 5-8 pm wide, cylindrical hyphae with intracellularpigment; trama of in pileus and lamellae regular, made up of short cells; clamp-connections numerous all tissues.

FIABITAT& DISTRIBUTION. —In subalpine Salix herbacea vegetation; Sweden (Lappland, near Abisko).

Type not studied. Rhodophyllus dispermus is one of the few bispored species in subgenus

Entoloma. It differs from E. bisporiger in the slightly aeriferous-fibrillosestipe-surface, brown lamellae and habitat. However, the description given above is based on only one carpophore.

More information is needed for a definite decision on the status of R. dispermus.

elaphinum. —Agaricus elaphinus Fr„ Monogr. 2: 296. 1863.- Entolomaelaphinum (Fr.) P. A.

Karst, Hattsv. 1: 266. 1879. — Rhodophyllus elaphinus (Fr.) Quel., Enchir.: 59. 1886.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 30-60 mm broad, bluntly convex, hygrophanous, when moist reddish brown to umber, translucently striate at margin, pallescent on drying; lamellae sinuate, triangular then ventricose, pallid then flesh-colour; stipe 30-40 mm long, cylindrical or slightly broadened at base, livid to brownish, fibrillosely striate, glabrous; flesh white, inodorous.

& —In HABITAT DISTRIBUTION. mossy grassland with trees, Sweden, Smaland.

Type non-existent. Entoloma elaphinum can be characterised as a small to medium-sized

Entolomain section Rhodopolia. It is not unlike E. sordidulum or E. subradiatum, but these two species frequently have a farinaceous smell and a differentecology. It is impossible to decide in this matter, because informationon the microscopical characters of E. elaphinum is lacking.

farrahi.—Entolomafarrahi Mass. & Crossl., Fung. Fl. Yorkshire: 63. 1905.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 60-80 mm broad, conical then campanulate, blackish-bluish, dry, shiningly fibrillose; lamellae sinuate-adnate, ventricose, flesh-coloured; stipe 50-70x15-20 mm, concolorous with pileus, white at base; spores about 10 x 4.5-5.0 /im; cystidia 50-60 x 12-

15 pm, ventricose-cuspidate.

—In HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. the grass, Great-Britain. Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Enloloma and Allocybe 241

Type non-existent. Entolomafarrahi is apparently a member of section Entoloma and closely

E. it heterodiametrical of related to madidum, from which differs in the spores and presence

(cheilo?) cystidia.

— fertile. Agaricus fertilis Pers., Synopsis: 328. 1801. — Agaricus fertilis Pers. ex Fr., Syst.

— mycol. 1: 197. 1821. Entoloma fertile (Pers. ex Fr.) Gill., Hymenom. Fr.: 504. 1874.

60 CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus up to mm broad, campanulate then expanding, moderately

dark reddish 12 with about 60 brown; lamellaeemarginate, up to mm broad, serrulateedge; stipe

x 10 mm, white.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Originally described from forests in France (Bulliard, 1792).

Type non-existent. Persoon referred for his A.fertilisto two plates of Bulliard,viz. pi. 534 and

547 fig. 1, (1792), both illustrating A. phonospermus Bull. Later, Fries (1821: 197) distinguished

A. viz. 547 1 590 two varieties of fertile, the typical variety, based upon Bulliard, pi. fig. and

(1793); and var. with a for which he referred to Bull., pi. 534. intybaceum , grey, virgate pileus,

According to Fries (1874: 193) the typical variety represents the samespecies as E. sinuatum(= E.

lividum in this work). Var. intybaceum is probably the same as E. clypeatum.

fuliginarium.—Entolomafuliginarium P. A. Karst. in Hedwigia 32: 292. 1892.

CHARACTERISTICS. Pileus ca. 20 mm broad, convexor hemispherical then expanding, finally often slightly depressed, thin-fleshed, with margin slightly involuteat first, translucently striate,

blackish livid,pallescent on drying; lamellaeadnate, crowded, pallid, weakly veined; stipe up to downwards smooth,base white smell 60 x 4 mm, paler than pileus, at apex pruinose, tomentose;

none.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In coniferous forest, Sept., S. Finland.

Type non-existent. According to Karsten Entolomafuliginarium reminds of‘Collybia’ atrata.

Dichot.: 244.1951 gabrettae.—EntolomagabrettaePilat, Agaric, europ. Clavis (nom. invalid.,

no latin diagnosis). Name change for Entoloma costatum sensu Pilat in Mykologia 7: 58-59.

1930.

CHARACTERISTICS (kindly translated by Dr. Z. Pouzar, PRM). — Fruit-bodies densely caespitose-clustered; pileus brown-grey, mostly paler at centre and darker at margin, glabrous, slightly innately silky fibrillose with faintly darker striation, lustrous when dry and on dry spots, shallowly dottedat some places, convex, laterexpanding, sometimes even becoming umbilicate, on the whole very irregular, lobed at margin, sometimesexcentric, 5-8 cm broad, leathery-fleshy; lamellae almost free 8 or emarginate with decurrent denticule, rather distant, ventricose, up to mm broad, pale greyish, later sordid flesh-coloured, transversily veined, with dentate,

often concolorous edge; stipe 60-100x7-30 mm, usually irregularly shaped, compressed, almost fistulose, white or whitish, very much palerthan pileus, fibrillose-rimoselengthwise; flesh white, mild; spores 8-9.5 x 7-8 pm.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In grassland, Czechslovakia. 242 PERSOONIA Vol. 11, Part 2. 1981

E. Type non-existent. Entolomagabrettae resembles costatum, but differs among other things

in having distinctly heterodiametrical spores, and the strong contrast in colour between pileus

and stipe. Compare also E. rhodopolium.

griseoluridum.— Rhodophyllus griseoluridus Kiihn. in Rev. Mycol. 19: 4. 1954. — Entoloma

griseoluridum (Kiihn.) Moser in Gams, Kl. KryptogFl. 4. Aufl., 2b/2: 196. 1978.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 40-90mm broad, convex to flattenedwith large blunt umbo,when

reddish brown moist hornbrown with grey tinge but with a distinct chocolate, brown or purplish

tinge at centre,pallescent on drying; lamellaeadnate-emarginate, grey-brownwithpinkish tinge;

stipe 40-120 x 6-12(-l 4) mm, pale sordid grey sometimeswith purplish or lilaceous tinges; smell

in strongly farinaceous,particularly when cut; spores 8.5-10.5 x 7-9 pm, 5-6-angled side-view, 10 with basal facet; pileipellisacutis of narrow, cylindrical, 5 pm wide hyphae with intracellular pigment. Clamp-connections abundant. HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In Fagus forest, France (Haute Savoye).

known from the Type not studied. Entoloma griseoluridum is a rare species (probably only

type-locality), closely related to E. lividoalbumin section Rhodopolia, from which it differs in the

purplish-greyish tinges in pileus and stipe.

— — griseo-olivaceum. Agaricus griseo-olivaceus Britz. in Bot. Zbl. 62: 5. 1895. Entoloma

griseo-olivaceum (Britz.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 14: 127. 1899.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 30-70 mm broad, convex-umbilicate, yellowish brown to greyish

olivaceous, minutely fibrillose; lamellae crowded, broadly adnate-decurrent, white or whitish-

brownish or pink; stipe 40-90 x 4-6 (middle) x 7-11 (base), cylindrical, flexuose, distinctly

broadened towards base, white or with brown tinge; spores heterodiametrical, 8-10 x 6-7 pm.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In moist places; Bayern, German Federal Republic.

Type non-existent. Entolomagriseo-olivaceum is a remarkable species with its grey-olivaceous,

umbilicatepileus. It comes close to the concept of E. rhodopolium of Kiihn. & Romagn. (1953:

196).

Compare also the notes on E. olivaceum Velen. below.

illicibile.—Agaricus illicibilis Britz. in Ber. naturhist. Ver. Augsburg 28: 149. 1885.

Entoloma illicibile (Britz.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 5: 684. 1887.

CHARACTERISTICS. -Pileus 20-60 mm broad, conical then expanding, brownish-greyish;

70 6-12 lamellae whitish then pink; stipe up x mm, distinctly broadened towards base, brown,

striate with whitish 10-11 6-8 Fibrils; smell farinaceous; spores x pm.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.— In forest near Oberstaufen in Bayern, German Federal Republic.

Type non-existent. Originally described as a species intermediate between E. helodes and E. batschianum. Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 243

macrius.— Entoloma turbidum var. macrius P. A. Karst., Hattsv. 1: 266. 1879.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Differs from the typical variety in having a reddish brown pileus and a

more slender, cylindrical blue stipe.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In coniferous forest, Finland.

Type non-existent. The diagnosis is fairly short, but it might be E. vinaceum var. violeipes.

mediocre.—Agaricus mediocris Britz. in Bot. Zbl. 15-17: 8. 1893. —Entolomamediocre (Britz.)

Sacc., Syll. Fung. 11: 45. 1895.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus hemispherical then expanding, whitish, at centre with yellow or

60 15 brown tinge, up to 100 mm broad; lamellae adnate, flesh-coloured; stipe up to x mm,

irregularly compressed and flexuose, fistulose, white; flesh white; smell none.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—In forests; Bayern, German Federal Republic.

According to Britzelmayer close to E. turbidum.

nigrocinnamomeus.—Agaricus nigrocinnamomeus Schulz. in Kalchbr., Hymenom. Hung. 1:

21, pi. 11 fig. 1. 1873. - Entolomanigrocinnamomeum(Schulz.) Sacc.. Syll. Fung. 5: 694. 1887. —

Rhodophyllus nigrocinnamomeus(Schulz.) Favre, Assoc. fong. hauts-marais: 51. 1948.

80 weak CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus up to mm broad, convex, then flattened,depressed around umbo, hygrophanous, blackish-brownish, pallescent on drying, smooth; lamellaeadnexed then

secedent, reddish cinnamon; stipe about 30-60 x 4-12 mm, greyish-brownish, fibrillose; smell farinaceous.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In grassland, Hungary.

Type non-existent. Entoloma nigrocinnamomeum probably finds its place in section

close E. and described Rhodopolia to myrmecophilum E. venosum. Favre E. nigrocinnamomeum

from a moist coniferous forest. It might turn out to be identical with E. venosum in the sense of

Kiihner & Romagnesi accepted by me (see also Kiihner, 1977: 495). But, as information is

size and of the and the of E. lacking on shape spores type pigmentation of nigrocinnamomeum,its

identity remains obscure.

olivaceum. —Entoloma olivaceum Velen., Novitates mycologicae: 140. 1939.

Belongs to section Rhodopolia, close to E. rhodopolium. Compare E. griseo-olivaceum and the

type study by Noordeloos (1980b: 82).

persoonianus Agaricus persoonianus Phill., in Gard. Chron. 16: 874. 1881; non Agaricus persoonii Fr., Hymen. Eur.: 25. 1874. — Agaricus persoonii Du Port in Cooke, 111. Br. Fungi, pi.

— 324(315). 1884-1886 (change ofname) Entolomapersoonii(Du Port) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 5: 697.

1887.— Entolomabulbigenum Berk. & Br. in Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., Ser. V, 9: 177. 1882. (change

of name). 244 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

All these names refer to the same viz. a collected J. M. Du Port febr. type, fungus by , 1882,

Sibbertoft, Northshire, Great Britain (K). The type has been studied by Dr. R. W. G. Dennis

(1948: 205) and identifiedby him as a species of Collybia or Marasmius.

— — placenta. Agaricus placenta Batsch, ElenchusFung.: pi. 5 fig. 18. 1783. Agaricusplacenta

— (Batch) ex Fr., Spicilegium: 5. 1836. Entoloma placenta (Batsch ex Fr.) Quel, in Mem. Soc.

Emul. Montbeliard, ser. II, 5: 117. 1872.

flattened with CHARACTERISTICS. -Pileus about 50 mm broad, convex then umbo, brown,

when then 40-60 4-6 subviscid moist; lamellae adnexed-emarginate, white pink; stipe x mm, cylindrical, brownish, fibrillose-striate, often twisted;smell none.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In forests, Germany, Sweden.

Type non-existent. Judging from the type plate E. placenta must be close to E. rhopolium.

Cooke (1884-1886: pi. 321(214)) probably depicted the same species.

- platyphy lloides Rhodophyllus platyphylloides Romagn. in Rev. Mycol. 19: 5. 1954.

Entoloma platyphylloides (Romagn.) Largent in Mycologia 66: 1019. 1974.

with CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 40-70 mm broad, convex irregular margin, grey or grey- brown, weakly hygrophanous,distinctly radially fibrillose-virgate; lamellaeadnate-emarginate,

subsegmentiform, pale, then greyish pink; stipe about 50-80 x 7-15 mm, white, striate; smelland in taste farinaceous; spores (8.0) 8.5-11.0 x 6.5-8.5 pm, heterodiametrical, 5-7-angled side-view,

pileipellis an ixocutis of radially arranged, 4-5 pm wide cylindrical hyphae with intracellular pigment; pileitrama regular, in upper trama with membranaland encrusting pigment; clamp-

connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—In mixed deciduous forest (Quercus, Fagus); France.

Type not-studied. Entoloma platyphylloides is fairly distinct with its greyish-brownish, radially

fibrillose pileus resembling that of Oudemansiellaplatyphylla. Entoloma myrmecophilum and E.

venosum are closely related, but differ in their much darker, almost blackish brown, smooth

pileus. Apparently E. platyphylloides is very rare.

— pluteoides.—Agaricuspluteoides Fr., Hymen, eur. 2: 345. 1863. Entoloma pluteoides (Fr.) P.

A. Karst, Hattsv. 1: 265. 1879. — Rhodophyllus pluteoides (Fr.) Quel., Fl. mycol. France: 181.

1888.

CHARACTERISTICS. -Fruit-bodiespluteoid, growing on rotten wood; pileus 10-20mm broad,

convex then expanding, hygrophanous, when moist whitish-greyish, translucently striate, pallescent on drying to sordid yellow, slightly radially fibrillose; lamellaeemarginate-adnexed, white then white, with fibrillose- pink; stipe about 40 x 4 mm, cylindrical, tinged yellow, subtomentose surface.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—On rotten wood of Abies; Sweden, France.

Type non-existent. Fries placed Agaricus pluteoides in subgenus Entolomaon account of the

continuous flesh in stipe and pileus and adnexed lamellae. It needs rediscovery. Noordel(X)s: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 245

1939. pomaceum.— Entoloma pomaceum Velen., Novitates mycologicae: 139.

Belongs probably to section Entoloma (see type study by Noordeloos, 1980b: 83-84).

— P. A. Karst. In 32: 59. 1893. praecox. Entoloma praecox Hedwigia

and with CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 30-60 mm broad, conico-convex, then expanding undulating, lobed margin, hygrophanous, when moist sordid brown (fuligineous) and translucently striate, pallescent on drying, shining; lamellaealmost free, sordid then flesh colour; in stipe 30-60 x 6 mm, fistulose, flattened,pallid sordid brown, striate; spores 7-10/im diameter, (sub-)isodiametrical.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In sandy places in mixed forest, May; S. Finland.

non-existent. Entoloma to section Nolanideaand is close to E. and Type praecox belongs aprile

E. bahusiense.

principalis.— Agaricus principalis Britz. in Ber. naturhist. Ver. Augsburg 31: 163. 1894.

Entoloma principale (Britz.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 11: 45. 1895.

140 CHARACTERISTICS.—Fruit-bodies robust, tricholomatoid; pileus up to mm broad, thick- fleshed, convex to flattened with umbo, greyish-violaceous or greyish blue, smooth; lamellae

white then 180 30 emarginate, segmentiform to ventricose, pink; stipe up to x mm, cylindrical, sometimes tapering at base, sometimes broadened, bluish-violaceous, paler than pileus; flesh white, smell none; spores isodiametrical.

HABITAT —In & DISTRIBUTION. poor grassland, Bayern, Germany.

Type non-existent. According to Britzelmayer, E. principale is intermediate between E.

E. = E. In with porphyropheum and pleropicum ( nitidum). my opinion it might easily be identical

E. madidum.

pseudoexcentricus.—Rhodophyllus pseudoexcentricus Romagn. in Rev. Mycol. 2: 37. 1937. —

Fig. 47.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Pileus 35-65 mm broad, subcampanulate at first, then expanding to convex or plano-convex, often undulatingand irregular, with margin indexed at first, but later on brown straight, weakly umbonate, hygrophanous, greyish or pale brownish, translucently striate, strongly pallescent on drying to almost white, dry, glabrous; lamellae moderately distant, sinuate-adnate, white then with segmentiform, pink slight orange tinge, rarely slightly veined; stipe 40-95x4-13 mm, cylindrical, slightly attenuated at base, often strongly flexuose and twisted, solid, less fistulose with becoming more or age, white, slightly tinged brown with age, striate, base with white mycelium; flesh fairly firm, white; smell strongly farinaceous; taste

x L farinaceous; spores 9.3-11.5 7.0-8.3(-8.7) pm, Q = 1.15 1.25—1.3(—1.4), D = 1.2—2.1 —2.7

/

(2-)4-spored; cystidia none; hymenophoral trama regular, made up of slightly inflated cells, 25-

110 7-23 cutis of with x /im; pileipellis a cylindrical, 2.7-7.5(-9.0) pm wide hyphae very pale 246 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

intracellular made 140 pigment; pileitrama regular, up of relatively short up to pm long cells;

clamp-connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Along streamlet under Populus, France.

COLLECTION — & H. EXAMINED. F RANCE, dept. Seine Oise, bois de la Grange, Sept. 1932, Romagnesi

(lectotype (design, mihi), herb. Romagn., PC).

Entoloma pseudoexcentricum belongs to section Rhodopolia and is close to E. rhodopolium,

from which it differs, according to Romagnesi, in the strong farinaceous smell and the slightly

more heterodiametricalspores.

pustulatum.—Entolomapustulatum Velen. in Mykologia 5: 113. 1928.

CHARACTERISTICS.- Pileus 30-40 mm broad, violaceous-greyish; stipe white, at apex

violaceous and densely beset with darker granules; smell very strongly like dung; spores

10-12 elliptical, angular, pm long.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. In the grass, near Prague, Czechoslovakia.

material is left PRC PRM. from the this No type at nor Judging description species might

belong to subgenus Leptonia, close to E. mougeotii.

quisquiliaris.—Entoloma quisquiliaris P. A. Karst. in Acta. Soc. FaunaFl. fenn. 9: 329. 1867.

- Fig. 35.

Lectotype (design, mihi): FINLAND, East Bothnia, Vaasa, Lahtiolbryggeri, 1 Aug. 1867, P.

A. Karsten 1661 (H).

The type consists ofseveral specimens with spores 8.1-9.3 x 4.0-4.7pm, ellipsoid in side-view,

slightly angular in apical view, thin-walled, yellowish-pinkish under the microscope (Fig. 35).

This type of spores is found in the genus Clitopilus.

radiatus. —Rhodophyllus radiatus J. Lange, Fl. agar. dan. 5: VIII. 1940 (Fl. agar. dan. 2: 96.

- 1936; nom. nud.). Nolanearadiata (J. Lange) P. D. Orton in Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 43: 179.

1960. — Fig. 42.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 15-25 mm broad, convex-expanding with a small, rather acute

umbo, pale dingy date-brownish, coarsely radially striate up to half-way; lamellae horizontal, rotundate behind, pallid; stipe short (about 40 mm), pallid, slightly hollow.

In HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. copses, onnaked ground or among grass and weeds, Denmark.

No type materialis left at C, but there are some sporeprints left ofthree later gatherings of the

species made by J. Lange in Denmark, viz. on Isl. Fyn: Alokkeskov, 5 Aug. 1938 and 16 Aug.

and foundthe ofthese three collections 1941, at Husmandskolen, Aug. 1941.1 spores to measure

8.1 10.0(10.4) x 7.0-8.1 pm, Q=(1.07-)1.15-1.25-1.3(-1.35), L-D =(0.6-) 1.2-2.0-2.7 pm,

usually 6-angled in side-view and probably with basal facet. Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma ami Allocyhe 247

the E. be Rhodophyllus radiatus is probably same as subradiatum. The spores seem to slightly smaller, but since an important character, viz. the pigmentation type of R. radiatus, cannot be verified the conspecificy of the two taxa cannot be proved.

Nolanea radiata sensu P. D. Orton (1960, I.e.) is close to E. sericeum in subgenus Nolanea

(Noordeloos 1980a: 528).

— repandus.—Agaricus repandus Bull., Herb. Fr.: pi. 423 fig. 2. 1789. Agaricus repandus (Bull.)

— Fr.: ex Fr., Syst. mycol. 1: 255. 1821. Entolomarepandum (Bull, ex Fr.) Gill., Hymenom. 401.

1876. — Rhodophyllus repandus (Bull, ex Fr.) J. Lange in Dansk bot. Ark. 3(11): 30. 1921.

Type non-existent. Agaricus repandus in the original concept of Bulliard refers to a species of

Inocybe, probably close to, or identicalwith I. patouillardii. This was also the concept accepted by Fries (1821, I.e.).

However, in 1812(:586)Bulliardemended his Agaricus repandusby including also A. sinuatus,

identical with lividum.This depictedby him onpi. 579 (1790). The latter is most probably our E. mislead Gillet to interprete Agaricus repandus Bull, as a species of Entoloma. An other misapplication is: Rhodophyllus repandus sensu J. Lange, 1921, I.e., and 1936: 95, pi. 73A ( = E. prunuloides).

Entoloma repandus sensu Cooke (1884-1886, pi. 320(313)) most probably also refers to a species of Inocybe.

rigidulum.—Entoloma rigidulum Velen., Novitates mycologicae: 139. 1939. Doubtful species from section Rhodopolia or Polita (Noordeloos 1980b: 84).

rubellum. -Agaricus rubellus (Scop.)ex Fr., Spicilegium: 6. 1836: Entoloma rubellum(Scop. ex Fr.) Gill., Hymenom. Fr.: 400. 1876. Rhodophyllus rubellus (Scop, ex Fr.) Quel., Epicr.: 58.

1886.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Pileus 20-30 mm broad, convex then flattened, flesh colour, glabrous, viscid when moist; lamellaeadnexed, crowded, pink, with serrulate edge; stipe 40-100 x 5 mm, cylindrical, white, becoming brownish, solid, firm. - forest of HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. In (Fagus) on rotten trunc Alnus, Hungary, France (de Seynes, 1863: 100).

Entoloma rubellum is generally placed in section Entoloma, close to E. madidum. It is remarkable for its flesh-coloured pileus.

— singularis. Rhodophyllus singularis Romagn. in (Trav. mycol. ded. R. Kiihner) Bull. mens.

Soc. linn. Lyon 43 (Num. spec.): 386. 1974. Fig. 41.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 60 mm broad, ± flattened, weakly hygrophanous, moderately dark bistre-ochraceous (reminiscent of Lyophyllum aggregatum), slightly translucently striate at 248 Persoonia Vol. 11. Part 2, 1981

margin only, pallescent on drying; lamellaecrowded, adnexed-emarginate,segmentiform, grey-

yellow then with slight pink tinge, with brown-yellow, entire edge, veinedon sides; stipe 85 x 10

mm, cylindrical, attenuatedat base, pale at apex, downwards grey-brownwith a very slight grey-

thin but lilaceous tinge, pruinose at apex, downwards smooth, strongly fibrillosely striate; flesh

very rigid, white, with brown tinge when moist, flesh-colourin cortex of apex of stipe towards of smell and base stipe distinctly grey-lilaceous or grey-blue; taste slightly farinaceous; spores

7.1 8.3 in (8.1 —)8.7—11 x /im, 5-7-angled side-view, with sometimes very distinct dihedral base; basidia 4-spored, with clamp: hymenophoral trama regular, made up of short, inflated cells;

ixocutis of intracellular pileipellis a narrow 3—8(—9.5) pm wide, cylindrical hyphae with pigment; pileitrama regular, made up of short, inflated cells; clamp-connections numerous in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In humid frondose forest; France.

Foret H. COLLECTION EXAMINED.—F RANCE, dept. Aisne, de Retz, 10 Oct. 1954, Romagnesi 54. 339

(holotype, herb. Romagn., PC).

Rhodophyllus singularis is a rather remarkablespecies, according to Romagnesi reminiscent of

Lyophyllum aggregatum. It belongs to section Rhodopolia, but differsfromall species known in

this section in the peculiar lilaceous-bluishtinges of the stipe. So far only known from the type-

locality; only one carpophore found.

subcollariatus. —Rhodophyllus subcollariatus Kiihn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 453. 1977.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 11 -22 mm broad, convex, with centre slightly depressed or very

slightly umbonate, dark bistre, innately fibrillose or fibrillose-rugulose; lamellae very distant, adnate, but loosening from the stipe and then forming a collarium, ventricose, relatively dark

1116 grey-brown; stipe x 1.2-2 mm, cylindrical, dark grey-brown, smooth, polished or with

10-11x7-8.5 some scattered silvery fibrils lengthwise; flesh thin; smell none; spores pm,

heterodiametrical, 6-angled in side-view; basidia 4-spored; pileipellis a thin cutis of 2.5-5 pm

wide, cylindrical hyphae with intracellular pigment; pileitrama and hymenophoral trama

made of to in regular, up relatively long cells (up 450 pm long!); clamp-connections present all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. Among Salix herbacea in the Alps; so far only known from the type-locality in France.

According to Kiihner, R. subcollariatus is close to E. anthracinum, from which it differs in the

1 It more heterodiametricalspores and the pseudocollarium. have not seen the type. should be

noted that the rather long cells of the pileitrama are not very typical for subgenus Entoloma.

Fig. 34. Entoloma pseudoturbidum, spores (from holotype). — Fig. 35. Entoloma quisquiliare,spores (from

— — holotype). Fig. 36. Entoloma bahusiense, spores (from holotype). Fig. 37. Entoloma atrosericeum,

spores (from holotype). — Fig. 38. Entoloma alnobetulae, spores (from holotype). — Fig. 39. Entoloma

Entoloma — 41. brassicolens, spores (from holotype). — Fig. 40. subflexipes, spores (from holotype). Fig.

— J. 16 Rhodophyllussingularis, spores (from holotype). Fig. 42. Rhodophyllusradiatus, spores (from Lange,

— Entoloma — Aug. 1941). Fig. 43. inocybeforme, spores (from Kuyper, 30 Sept. 1979). Fig. 44. Entoloma

Noordeloos — 45. Entoloma Gulden rhodopolium,spores (from 1237). Fig. alpicola, spores (from 173/75).

46. Entoloma — 47. Fig. chionoderma,spores (from holotype). Fig. Rhodophyllus pseudoexcentricus, spores

— 48. Entoloma Kühner — 49. Entoloma (from holotype). Fig. anthracinum, spores (from 73.206). Fig.

difforme, spores (from holotype). — Fig. 50. Entoloma eximia, spores (from holotype). 249 Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Alloeybe - 250 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2, 1981

— sublividus Agaricus sublividus Britz., Hymenom. Siidbayern 8: 5. 1891. — Entoloma

sublividum (Britz.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 11: 45. 1895.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus up to 90 mm broad, campanulate with slightly reflexed margin,

yellowish grey, sordid grey, brown-grey, strongly radially fibrillose, with rugulose centre; stipe

80 x 25 mm, attenuate towards base, white, solid; smell farinaceous.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In forest; Wetsheim, Bayern, German Federal Republic.

Type non-existent. According to Britzelmayer close to E. lividum, but different in size and

colour of the pileus.

subsepiaceus Rhodophyllus subsepiaceus Kiihn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 93: 454. 1977.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus 15-35 mm broad, convex, sometimes bluntly umbonate, dark brown, slightly translucently striate at margin, pallescent on drying, more or less smooth;

white lamellae adnate, pink, sometimes with brown tinge; stipe up to 55 x 3—5.5(—8.0) mm, or

with grey tinge, usually with aeriferous fibrils lengthwise; smell and taste weakly to distinctly

8 11 cutis of 3-6 wide farinaceous; spores about x 7-9 /tm; pileipellis a narrow cylindrical pm

with hyphae intracellular pigment; pileitrama and hymenophoral trama regular, made up of

relatively short, cylindrical or slightly inflated cells; clamp-connections present in all tissues.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. Moist places, sometimes near Salix herbacea, in subalpine zone;

Scandinavia.

Rhodophyllus subsepiaceus seems to be closely related to E. subradiatum and E. sordidulum.

have Kiihner (1977: 454) describedalso a variety with encrusting pigment, viz. var. incrustatus. I

not studied this species.

turbidatum. Agaricus. turbidatus Britz., Hymenom. Siidbayern 8: 5. 1891. — Entoloma

turbidatum (Britz.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 11: 45. 1895.

CHARACTERISTICS. to to —Pileus up 80 mm broad, hemispherical convex, deeply umbilicate, yellow-brown to brown, often rimose; lamellae adnate, sometimes emarginate, sometimes sordid sometimes almost decurrent, pink; stipe up to 60 x 15 mm, cylindrical, broadened,

sometimes attenuate towards base, slightly paler than pileus, fibrillose; smell none.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —In forest near Augsburg, Bayern, German Federal Republic.

in the Entoloma turbidatum resembles E. costatum very much habit, and odourless flesh, but

colours to are slightly different and the spores are, according Britzelmayers' plate, distinctly

E. heterodiametrical(compare accola, pag. 238). NoORDELOOS: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Alheybe 251

ENTOLOMA subgenus ALLOCYBE Noordeloos

Entoloma subgenus Allocybe Noordeloos in Persoonia 11: 143. 1981. — Holotype: E. excentricum Bres.

in 43: Rhodophyllus section Excentrici Romagn. Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 332. 1974. Holotype: R.

excentricus (Bres.) Romagn.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Carpophores tricholomatoid,sometimesreminding of a robustspecies of

Inocybe; pileus conical or flattened, not hygrophanous, not striate, white or leather brown;

pileipellis a cutis of cylindrical to inflated, 5-20 pm wide hyphae, sometimes with ascending,

slightly inflated terminal cells; pigment membranal or minutely encrusting; spores hetero-

10 15 m with basal facet; trama made of diametrical, p long, hymenophoral up relatively long up

to 320 /tm long, cylindrical or fusoid cells; clamp-connections numerous in hymenium, elsewhere rare or lacking.

The of is within the Entoloma. taxonomic position subgenus Allocybe rather isolated genus

The general habit reminds of that of some species in section Entoloma, but there are striking differences. Romagnesi (1978: 37) considered E. excentricum one ofthe mostenigmatic species in the flora with its with basal facet and its European Entoloma- large spores a large cheilocystidia.

He pointed to similarities with subgenus Trichopilus considering these two characters, but considered the relatively simple pileipellis and the membranal pigmentation sufficient reasons not to includesection Excentrici in subgenus Trichopilus, which has, as we know, a trichoderm- like pileipellis with intracellular pigment. Therefore he retained section Excentrici within the subgenus Entoloma, emphasizing, however, its isolated position there.

Characters worked out by me, but not mentionedby Romagnesi, are the size and shape ofthe elements of the trama of lamellae and pileus. In all species studied (viz. E. excentricum, E. eximium and E. chionoderma)these elementsrange from 90-320pm in length and are more or less fusoid or cylindrical. This type of tramal elements has never been found in other sections of subgenus Entoloma, but commonly in subgenus Nolaneaand Trichopilus. In addition I found in

E. excentricum the pileipellis of some scattered, large, inflated terminalcells, up to 20 pm wide, and clamp-connections are rare, except in the hymenium. These facts support the idea that section Excentrici is not in its right place within the subgenus Entoloma, nor does itfit, especially on account of the pigmentation and structure of pileipellis, in the subgenus Trichopilus.

accommodate ofsection ThereforeI the species Excentrici in a new subgenus. (I avoid the use of

Excentrici for the obvious that excentric in the reason an stipe only very exceptionally occurs

be be group of species concerned and cannot considered to characteristic at all. According to the

Code ofBotanical Nomenclatureone is not obliged to use the same epithet when the rank of an infrageneric taxon is changed).

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SUBGENUS ALLOCYBE

la. Pileus conical, brilliantly white; cheilocystidia absent E. chionoderma, p. 254

b. Pileus pale brown or leather brown; cheilocystidia present 2

2a. Pileus like conical, not expanding; lamellae entirely free; smell that of coconut or Lactarius glyciosmus;

in forests E. eximium, 254 p.

b. Pileus conical than flattening, with aeriferous-micaceous patches; lamellae adnate-emarginate; smell

sometimes subfarinaceous weak, or slightly rancid; in grasslands E. excentricum, p. 252 252 Pkrsooni a Vol. 11. Part 2, 1981

49. ENTOLOMA EXCENTRICUM Bres.—Figs. 51a-e

— Entoloma excentricum Bres., Fungi trident. 1: 11, pi. 8. 1881. Rhodophyllusexcentricus (Bres.) Romagn

in Kiihn. & Romagn., Fl. anal.: 198. 1953.

in Bot. — Vero 1: SELECTED ICONES AND DESCRIPTIONS. -Bohus Kotzlem. 57: 14. 1970. Cetto, Funghi 240,

41: pi. 98. 1975. — Einhellingerin Ber. Bayer, bot. Ges. 103, figs. 18, 21, 23, pi. 9C. 1969. (Conrad in Bull. — Soc. mycol. Fr. 43: 174-176. 1927. (Conrad & Maublanc, Icon. sel. Fung. 4: pi. 191. 1928. — Pearson in

Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 22: 29. 1938.

CHARACTERISTICS.—Pileus 23-57 mm broad, conico-convex then flattened, pale leather brown, subfelted-micaceous with involute margin; lamellae crowded, segmentiform to

4 80 subventricose, pink often tinged brown or with brown edge; stipe 30-80 x mm, white, with

100 brown tinge at base; cheilocystidia up to /rm long, protruding from the hymenium, fusiform to lageniform.

Pileus 23-57 mm broad, convex then plano-convex, usually with flattened, rarely with

with involute subumbonate centre, margin, not hygrophanous, not translucently striate, very 'cafe-au-laif leather brown smooth often with pale brown, or (about 10 YR 7/3), to subfelted, remarkably spotted surface with alternating micaceous and subfelted patches, near margin with adpressed, brown fibrils. Lamellae L =about 50, 1=3-5, crowded, adnate-emarginate, segmentiform, rarely subventricose, 4-10 mm broad, pale pink, with brown tinge when old, with concolorous or brown, irregular-subfloccose edge. Stipe 30-80 x 4-8 mm, cylindrical or slightly towards sometimestwisted, whitish with brown tapering base, or yellowish tinges, longitudinally fibrillose-constate, base white tomentose. Flesh white sometimes with brown tinge. Smell weak, rivulosa. rarely more or less farinaceous or reminding of that of Clitocybe Taste unpleasant, subfarinaceous.

Spores (10.2 ) 11.2 12.7( 14.0) x (6.8-)7.0-8.4(-9.3)/rm, Q = 1.25-1.5-1.7, L-D = 2.4-4.0-

with 6.0 /rm, irregularly 5-7-angledin side-view basal facet. Basidia 35-56x11-17/rm, 4-spored.

Cheilocystidia 50-90(-108)x 10-21 /tm, broadly fusiform to lageniform with broad, swollen part and long, protruding, attenuate, sometimes moliniform neck, colourless or minutely encrusted particularly in upper part, rarely filled with brown intracellular pigment-clots.

Hymenophoral trama regular, made up of lang, fusoid cells, up to 300 /rm long and 10-27 /tm

wide, sometimeswith pale brown intracellularpigment. Pileipellis varying from a simple cutis to, trichoderm, made of wide sometimes particularly at centre, a up up to 20 /tm cylindrical hyphae, with long, fusoid terminal cells, with pale brown walls. Pileitrama regular and made up of radially arranged hyphae in limb, becoming irregular-intermixed in centre of pileus, with hyaline or pale brown walls. Clamp-connections present in hymenium, rare elsewhere. calcareous till HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION.—In xerophitic grasslands, preferably on soils, rare, now not found in the Netherlands but occurring rarely in adjacent Belgium and Germany.

Widely distributed: probably more common in the southern parts of Europe. Aug.-Oct.

— 19 S. 5382. COLLECTIONS EXAMINED.—SWEDEN, Isl. Oland, Stora Alvaret, Aug. 1979, Ryman

le 11 Oct. P. B. Jansen. — FRANCE: dept. BELGIUM, prov. Namur, Ave-et-Auffe, Roptai, 1973,

Manche, Quineville, 26 Aug. 1971, H. Romagnesi 71.192 (herb. Romagn., PC); dept. Seine & Marne,

19 Fontainebleau, 23 Sept. 1951, H. Romagnesi 51.300 (herb. Romagn., PC); dept. Doubs. Lougres, Sept.

1955, Maillot and 18 Aug. 1956, H. S. C. Huysman. — GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC,Gerolstein,

22 Sept. 1980, M. E. Noordeloos 1256. Hungary, Bugac Puszta, 25 km S. of Keskem6t, 20 Oct. 1978,

C. Bas 7324. — ITALY, Andalo, 'in pratis andis', Aug. 1901, G. Bresadola (S).

Bresadola (1881: 11 and 1929: pi. 556) characterised E. excentricum as a rather pale, not

of (Conrad & hygrophanous Entolomawith lamellae'ex albocarnae'. The descriptions andplates

Maublanc (I.e.) and Cetto (I.e.) suggest that typical E. excentricum has fairly purely pink 253 Noordeloos: Entolomasubgenera Entoloma and Allocybe

11— from Figs. 51a-e. Entoloma excentricum. Habit and spores (51a from Noordeloos 1256; 51b Jansen,

Oct. Bas 1973; 51c, d, e from 7324). 254 Persoonia Vol. 11, Part 2. 1981

lamellae. However, some of the collections studied by me, including that from the Bresadola

caused herbarium at Stockholm, show brown colours in the lamellae, which are by brown

intracellular clots of pigment in cheilocystidia and basidiaand extracellular pigment-clots in the

hymenium. The pigment is usually concentrated on and near the edge of the lamellae, in some

brown visible cases (e.g. in Bas 7324) even causing a more or less edge to the nakedeye. This type

of pigment is also foundin subgenus Pouzaromyces (see Noordeloos, 1979)and in somemembers

of subgenus Inocephalus Inopilus Romagn. sensu Romagnesi 1978). The name

for this of incorrect it in 'necropigment' used by Mazzer (1976) type pigment is as also occurs

living tissues and not only in so-called 'abortive' basidia.

50. Entoloma chionoderma (Pilát) Noordeloos, comb. nov.—Fig. 46

Nolanea chionoderma Pilat in Acta Mus. nat. Prag. 9B(2): 57, f. 63. 1953 (basionym).

CHARACTERISTICS.—Pileus 35 mm broad, conical to conico-campanulate, then expanding

with reflexed margin, white, at centre with grey tinge, silky-shining, subftbrillose, thin-fleshed,

not hygrophanous; lamellae moderately crowded, emarginate, pallid grey-brown without pink with tinge; stipe 70 x 7 mm, cylindrical, white or slight grey tinge, fibrillose, striate, sometimes

twisted; flesh thin, white or whitish, rather firm; smell and taste inconspicuous.

Spores 10.812.4 x (7.4-)7.8-8.4 ftm, Q= 1.4-1.45-1.6, L-D =3.6-4.5 pm, 6-sided in side-

view, with basal facet. Basidia 40-46 x 13.5-17.5pm, 4-spored. Cystidia absent. Hymenophoral

trama regular, made up of long, fusoid cells, 90-320 x 12.5-40 pm. Pileipellis a cutis or radially

7-15 wide visible in arranged, cylindrical, pm hyphae without pigment. Clamp-connections seen the hymenium.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —UnderFagusin mixed mountainous virgin forest (Fagus sylvatica from in central and Abies alba) at 1200 m alt. Only known the type-locality Slovakia, Czechslovakia.

COLLECTION EXAMINED.—C ZECHOSLOVAKIA,Slovakia, Polana near Detva, 24 Aug. 1951, A. Pilat

(holotype, PRM).

Entoloma chionoderma is likely to be a beautiful species with its shining, pale pileus with a

of of is related shape similar to that a species Inocybe. It closely to E. eximium,. from which it

differs by the lack of cystidia in the hymenium.

51. Entoloma eximium (Romagn.) Noordeloos, comb. no v.—Fig. 50

Rhodophyllus eximius Romagn. in Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 60: 99. 1944 (basionym).

Pileus 35-63 mm broad, acutely conical, only slightly expanding, finally convex with acute

umbo, often very irregular and excentrical, with very irregular, lobed-undulatingmargin, not

hygrophanous, not striate, pale ivory or pale yellowish brown, strongly shining, not fibrillose, absolutely smooth. Lamellae distant and thickish, free, ventricose, whitish ivory or yellowish,

then with pink tinge, with irregular, denticulate, concolorous edge. Stipe 85-100 x 5.5-9 mm,

cylindrical, gradually broadening towards base, brittle, very fibrillose, whitish then becoming

slightly yellowish, at fibrillosely striate lengthwise, sometimes floccose apex. Flesh thin but in white whitish. Smell farinaceous when but later entire tough pileus, or picked up on

carpophore with the smell ofcoconut (like that of Lactarius glyciosmus). Noordeloos: Entoloma subgenera Entoloma and Allocybe 255

Spores 10-12x7.5-8.5 /im, with basal facet. Basidia 30-43x10-13 /im, 2-4-spored.

60-70 6-8.5 Cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia x 18-22x /xm, lageniform, rare, scattered among

basidia. Hymenophoraltrama regular, made up oflong, 8-18 fim wide, hyphae.Pileipellis a thin

cutis with of radially arranged cylindrical, 6-8 /im wide, hyphae sometimes minute

made 11 -30 encrustations; subpellis up of long, /im wide, hyphae. HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Under Carpinus, only known from the type-locality.

COLLECTION — F Seine & Foret St. de Maison 19 EXAMINED. RANCE, dept. Oise, Germain, pres Lafitte,

Aug. 1943, Landier (holotype, herb. Romagn. PC).

The eximium type-collection is in a very poor state and thereforedifficultto study. Entoloma is

almost colours and cheilo- and a remarkable species with its inocyboid habit, pale large

pleurocystidia. It is closely related to E. excentricum, which differs in habit, colour, structure of

pileipellis and pileitrama and in the lack of pleurocystidia. The North American species E.

flattened, megacystidiosum Hesler is obviously closely related to E. eximium, but it has a more

viscid pileus. Entoloma chionoderma Pilat differs in the total lack of cystidia.

INSUFFICIENTLY KNOWN SPECIES

— accline. Agaricus acclinis Britz. in Ber. naturhist. Ver., Augsburg 26: 136. 1881. Entoloma

accline (Britz.) Sacc., Syll. Fung. 5: 689. 1887.

CHARACTERISTICS. —Pileus convex then expanding with uplifted margin, white with yellow

white then rufescent with brown solid then tinge at centre, shining; lamellaecrowded, edge; stipe fistulose, white, shining.

HABITAT & DISTRIBUTION. —Caespitose, terrestrial, Bayern, German Federal Republic.

According to Britzelmayer is Entoloma accline close to E. sinuatum (E. lividum in the present

In the and that E. accline work). my opinion, however, plate description suggest belongs to

subgenus Allocybe close to E. chionoderma and E. eximium. But as no type is available and

information is lacking on the occurence of cystidia and on the pigmentation, this cannot be

verified.

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