ITER, Os Caminhos Da Energia De Fusão E O Brasil / Augusto Pestana

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ITER, Os Caminhos Da Energia De Fusão E O Brasil / Augusto Pestana ITER Os caminhos da energia de fusão e o Brasil MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Ministro de Estado Embaixador Mauro Luiz Iecker Vieira Secretário -Geral Embaixador Sérgio França Danese FUNDAÇÃO ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Instituto de Pesquisa de Relações Internacionais Diretor Embaixador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática Diretor Embaixador Maurício E. Cortes Costa Conselho Editorial da Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Presidente Embaixador Sérgio Eduardo Moreira Lima Membros Embaixador Ronaldo Mota Sardenberg Embaixador Jorio Dauster Magalhães e Silva Embaixador Gonçalo de Barros Carvalho e Mello Mourão Embaixador José Humberto de Brito Cruz Embaixador Julio Glinternick Bitelli Ministro Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna Professor Francisco Fernando Monteoliva Doratioto Professor José Flávio Sombra Saraiva Professor Eiiti Sato A Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, instituída em 1971, é uma fundação pública vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores e tem a finalidade de levar à sociedade civil informações sobre a realidade internacional e sobre aspectos da pauta diplomática brasileira. Sua missão é promover a sensibilização da opinião pública nacional para os temas de relações internacionais e para a política externa brasileira. Augusto Pestana ITER Os caminhos da energia de fusão e o Brasil Brasília, 2015 Direitos de publicação reservados à Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo 70170 ‑900 Brasília–DF Telefones:(61) 2030 ‑6033/6034 Fax:(61) 2030 ‑9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br E ‑mail: [email protected] Equipe Técnica: Eliane Miranda Paiva Fernanda Antunes Siqueira Gabriela Del Rio de Rezende Luiz Antônio Gusmão André Luiz Ventura Ferreira Projeto Gráfico e Capa: Yanderson Rodrigues Programação Visual e Diagramação: Gráfica e Editora Ideal Impresso no Brasil 2015 P476 Pestana, Augusto. ITER, os caminhos da energia de fusão e o Brasil / Augusto Pestana. – Brasília : FUNAG, 2015. 376 p. – (Coleção CAE) ISBN 978 ‑85 ‑7631 ‑572‑8 Trabalho apresentado originalmente como tese, aprovada no LIX Curso de Altos Estudos do Instituto Rio Branco, em 2014. 1. Fusão nuclear ‑ aspectos históricos. 2. Organização Internacional de Energia de Fusão ITER (OI‑ITER). 3. Cooperação internacional. 4. Comunidade Europeia de Energia Atômica (Euratom). 5. Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica (AIEA). 6. Agência Internacional de Energia (AIE). 7. Fusão nuclear ‑ atuação ‑ Brasil. I. Título. II. Série. CDD 333.7924 Depósito Legal na Fundação Biblioteca Nacional conforme Lei no 10.994, de 14/12/2004. Para Rafaela e Virgínia, futuro do Brasil. Scientia vinces [“pela ciência, vencerás”] Lema da Universidade de São Paulo Agradecimentos presente trabalho não teria sido possível sem o O encorajamento, a generosidade e a amizade de um grande círculo de mentores, colegas e fontes de inspiração. Gostaria de agradecer, em especial, ao professor doutor Ricardo Osório Magnus Galvão, aos embaixadores Laércio Antonio Vinhas e Hadil Fontes da Rocha Vianna e aos engenheiros Leonam dos Santos Guimarães e Alejandro Zurita Centelles, pelas informações e orientações; à ministra Helena Chagas, aos embaixadores André Mattoso Maia Amado, André Aranha Corrêa do Lago, Tovar da Silva Nunes e Roberto Abdalla e ao ministro Rodrigo de Lima Baena Soares, pelas oportunidades e pela confiança; aos ministros Luís Felipe Silvério Fortuna e Ademar Seabra da Cruz Junior, ao conselheiro Luís Guilherme Parga Cintra e ao primeiro- -secretário Daniel Machado da Fonseca, pelas sugestões e revisões; aos embaixadores Gonçalo de Barros Carvalho e Mello Mourão, Fernando Paulo de Mello Barreto, Mariangela Rebuá de Andrade Simões e Pedro Henrique Lopes Borio, ao professor doutor Gilberto de Martino Jannuzzi e ao oficial de chancelaria Henrique Madeira Garcia Alves, pelo apoio e pelas palavras benevolentes durante o LIX Curso de Altos Estudos do Instituto Rio Branco; a meus pais, pelos valores e pela educação; e a Elaine, Virgínia e Rafaela, por tudo. Apresentação ste livro é resultado da tese apresentada e defendida E em 2014 na 59ª edição do Curso de Altos Estudos do Instituto Rio Branco, um exemplo da importância atribuída pelo Ministério das Relações Exteriores à contínua forma- ção e aperfeiçoamento dos diplomatas brasileiros. O escopo do trabalho é a cooperação internacional em fusão nuclear, o estudo de caso da organização internacional criada em 2006 para demonstrar a viabilidade científica e tecnológica de um reator de energia de fusão, a OI-ITER (iter, “caminho” em latim), e a análise das implicações desse projeto para o Brasil e do papel que o Itamaraty poderá desempenhar na promoção de nossa mais ampla capacitação nesse e em outros campos do conhecimento. A fusão nuclear encontra-se na origem da energia do Sol e das demais estrelas. Seu domínio prático e controlado na Terra asseguraria uma fonte limpa, segura e virtualmente inesgotável à humanidade, pois permitiria utilizar o hidro- gênio contido na água para a geração de eletricidade – em um processo muito diferente da energia nuclear “convencional”, baseada na fissão de elementos radioativos como o urânio. No entanto, os desafios tecnológicos e industriais da fusão são gigantescos e, apesar de sete décadas de pesquisa, ainda não foram vencidos por nenhum país. A longa jornada em busca da energia de fusão controlada está hoje um pouco mais próxima de seu destino graças ao estabelecimento da OI-ITER, cujos membros fundadores são a Comunidade Europeia de Energia Atômica (Euratom), a China, os EUA, a Índia, o Japão, a República da Coreia e a Rússia. Seus integrantes incluem, portanto, todos os membros permanentes do Conselho de Segurança da ONU, três dos Brics (Rússia, China e Índia) e nove das dez maiores economias do mundo em 2014 (a única exceção é o Brasil). Singularizada por seus inovadores e complexos mecanismos de financiamento e de compras, a Organização ITER parece fadada a servir de modelo de como fazer – ou, para alguns, de como não fazer – um grande projeto de cooperação internacional em ciência e tecnologia. A entrada do Brasil na OI-ITER chegou a ser cogitada na década passada, mas o governo brasileiro optou por uma abordagem pragmática e gradual que previa, em paralelo ao fortalecimento da pesquisa nacional sobre fusão, a assinatura de acordo de cooperação bilateral com a Euratom, o principal participante do projeto. Em contraste com os membros da Organização ITER, o Brasil tem à disposição diversas alternativas para ampliar a oferta interna de energia nas próximas décadas. Os motivos que explicam nossa ausência não significam, porém, que devamos ficar alheios aos rumos da energia de fusão e à formação desse novo “clube” internacional de conhecimento – entre outras razões, pelo fato de que os supercondutores de um reator de fusão como o ITER consumirão grandes quantidades de nióbio, metal que tem 98% de suas reservas mundiais concentradas no território brasileiro. Este trabalho espera contribuir, portanto, para o melhor conhecimento da OI-ITER e da dimensão internacional da energia de fusão, além de recomendar linhas de ação para que o Brasil – em esforço conjunto de governo, academia e indústria – não fique à margem de uma iniciativa científico-tecnológica com evidentes impactos geopolíticos e geoeconômicos. Depois de uma introdução que busca situar o problema e demonstrar sua relevância para as relações internacio- nais e para a política externa brasileira, “ITER: os caminhos da energia de fusão e o Brasil” oferece em seu primeiro capítulo um escorço histórico da evolução da ciência e da principal rota tecnológica da fusão nuclear controlada no contexto da Guerra Fria, oscilando da rivalidade à coope- ração e culminando no projeto ITER. Esse capítulo trata também da bomba de hidrogênio – a comprovação de que a fusão, em termos práticos e experimentais, é possível na Terra – e das “explosões termonucleares para fins pacíficos”, bem como do confinamento inercial a laser e das rotas falsas, incluindo o programa argentino do primeiro governo Perón e a fusão a frio – exemplos da perigosa combinação das ambições políticas ou econômicas com a ciência inescrupulosa. O segundo capítulo proporciona a descrição e a análise mais detida do arcabouço jurídico-institucional da Organização ITER, com base em seu acordo constitutivo de 2006, bem como faz avaliação crítica sobre sua estrutura e seu modus operandi, com base em recente relatório independente de gestão. Os inovadores mecanismos de financiamento e de compras são discutidos em detalhe, pois evidenciam o caráter sui generis do projeto. Seu forte componente de mobilização do desenvolvimento tecnológico e industrial das Partes é ilustrado por meio da descrição dos sistemas do reator, que é, afinal, o objeto central da organização. O terceiro capítulo esmiúça os programas de fusão dos membros da OI-ITER – seja por meio da atuação de suas Agências Domésticas, seja nas linhas de pesquisa complementares ou paralelas a Cadarache – e suas diferen- tes motivações. As Partes do acordo constitutivo de 2006 representam cerca da metade da população e 72% do Produto Interno Bruto mundial, mais de dois terços do consumo global de energia e eletricidade e aproximadamente 90% da geração nucleolétrica no planeta. Atenção particular é dada à Euratom, verdadeiro pilar do ITER e a única Parte com a qual o Brasil mantém instrumento bilateral específico na área de energia de fusão. O papel de atores como a Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica
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