DOCSLIB.ORG

Antimicrobial Activity of Floral Extracts on Selected Human Pathogens Sunilbabu Koppula* and K Ammani Department of Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antimicrobial Activity of Floral Extracts on Selected Human Pathogens Sunilbabu Koppula* and K Ammani Department of Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University Int. J. Biopharma Research ISSN: 2287-6898 Research Article Antimicrobial activity of floral extracts on selected human pathogens Sunilbabu Koppula* and K Ammani Department of Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Received for publication: May 5th 2013; Revised: May 15 th 2013; Accepted: May 22 nd 2013 Abstract : : Antimicrobial potential in the flower crude extracts of five plants viz. Michelia champaca L., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, Mimusops elengi L. and Azadirachta indica having some medicinal properties was traced in the present study. The flowers extract of all the plants inhibited the growth of pathogenic microbes. Crude extract using methanol as solvent showed a maximum inhibition of zone formation for the species Klebsillae pneumonia (45 mm) and Escherichia coli (40 mm) at a concentration of 40µg/mL. The crude extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., showed maximum inhibition zone for Staphalococcus aureus (23 mm) and Escherichia coli (20 mm) at a concentration of 40µg/mL next to Michelia champaca L . In the present study it was observed that flowers extracts of the five plants had broad spectrum of antifungal activity. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Flower extracts, Antimicrobial activity. Introduction India is a land of rich biodiversity. The total "joy" perfume, and is sometimes commonly called number of lower and higher plants in India is about the "joy perfume tree". 45000 species (Jain, 1992). The plants are potential source of medicines since ancient times. According Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. to World Health Organization, 80% of the Family : Malvaceae populations in the World depend on traditional Genus : Hibiscus medical practitioners for their medicinal needs. Species : Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Many formulations of plants and their products are Habit : Shrub said in the form of hymns in the Veda (Kausik and Flower : The flowers are large, generally red in the Dhiman, 1997). Numerous surveys on antimicrobial original varieties, and firm, but generally lack any medicinal plants had been made in United States scent. Hibiscus flower preparations are used for hair and in many countries throughout the world. Such care. The flowers themselves are edible and are studies had demonstrated the wide occurrences of used in salads in the Pacific Islands. The flowers are active compounds in higher plants (Huges, Pates used to shine shoes in parts of India, as well as for and Mads 1995). Yet a scientific study of flowers the worship of Devi. In Indonesia, these flowers are and determines their anti-microbial material is called "kembang sepatu", which literally means comparatively new. As the plants represent an "flower of shoes". extraordinary reservoir for exploration of new drugs in controlling of diseases, the present study has Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don been planned to find out the antimicrobial potential Family : Apocynaceae in the extracts of the flowers viz. Michelia champaca Genus : Catharanthus L., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Catharanthus roseus Species : Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, Mimusops elengi L. and Azadirachta Habit : Sub shurb indica. Flower : The flowers are white to dark pink with a darker red centre, with a basal tube 2.5-3 cm long Materials and Methods and a corolla 2–5 cm diameter with five petal-like Five plants were chosen. They are Michelia lobes. In traditional Chinese medicine, extracts from champaca L., Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., it have been used to treat numerous diseases, Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don, Mimusops elengi L. including diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's disease. and Azadirachta indica. The substances vinblastine and vincristine extracted from the plant are used in the treatment of leukemia. Michelia champaca L. Used in cancer chemotherapy. Family: Magnoliaceae Genus : Michelia Mimusops elengi L Species : Michelia champaca Family: Sapotaceae Habitat : Tree Genus : Mimusops Flowers : The flowers are used in Southeast Asia for Species : Mimusops elengi several purposes. They are floated in bowls of water Habit : Tree to scent the room, as a fragrant decoration for bridal Flower : Flowers are cream, hairy and scented. beds, and for garlands and hair ointments. The Extract of flowers used against heart diseases, flower is the main scent present in the commercial leucorrhoea, menorrhagia and act as antiduretic in *Corresponding Author: Dr. Sunilbabu koppula, Department of Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Gunture, India Page| 141 Sunil babu Koppula et al.: Int. J. Biopharma Research, 2013, 02 (06), 141-143 polyuria and antitoxin. The snuff made from the Results and Discussion dried and powdered flowers used in a disease called Michelia champaca L. Ahwa in which strong fever, headache and pain in The crude extract of the plant Michelia the neck, shoulders and other parts of the body champaca L flowers showed maximum inhibition for occurs. Corynebacterium diphtheriae (45mm), K. pneumonia (45 mm) followed by S. aureus (40 mm) at Azadirachta indica concentration of 40 µg/mL. (Table.1). Elizabeth and Family : Meliaceae Jaya Lakshmi (2006) reported the extract of Michelia Genus : Azadirachta champaca L. was bacteriostatic against the bacterial Species : Azadirachta indica pathogens. Habit : Tree Flower : The (white and fragrant) flowers are Table.1: Antimicrobial activity of the methanol arranged axillary, normally in more-or-less drooping extracts of the flower of the plant Michelia champaca panicles which are up to 25 cm (10 in.) long. All L. Antimicrobial parts of the tree (seeds, leaves, flowers and bark) Inhibition zone in diameter (mm) are used for preparing many different medical agent S. preparations. Extract C. S. E. coli typhir K. pneumonia concentration diphtheriae aureus ium Collection and Extraction : Flower extract 40 45 40 40 45 The plant material was collected in and 40 µg/ mL Gentamycin 40 around area of Acharya Nagarjuna University. It 20 35 30 50 30 was transferred immediately to the laboratory. The µg/mL Candida Fungal Strains A. niger Fusarium sp prepared plant material was extracted by crude albicans Flower extract method. 16 16 14 40 µg/mL Myconazole 40 20 25 20 Crude method : µg/mL Pre-weighed plant material was taken is sterilized mortar and pestle. It was crushed well with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L methanol solvent. Then different concentrations The crude extract of the plant Hibiscus rosa- were prepared and used against pathogenic bacteria sinensis showed maximum inhibition for the species and fungi. S. aureus (23 mm) and E. coli (20 mm) at the concentration of 40 µg/mL. (Table 2). M. P. Darokar Results and Discussions et al., (1998) found the antibacterial effects of Antimicrobial assay : flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L against selected For determination of Antimicrobial activity of bacterial pathogens. five flower plant extracts, different bacterial and fungal stains were used by agar ditch method. The Table.2: Antimicrobial activity of the methanol pathogenic cultures were swabbed separately on extracts of the flower of the plant Hibiscus rosa- each pre-incubated Nutrient Agar (NA) and sinensis L Antimicrobial Sabourands Dextrose Agar (SDA) plants with help of Inhibition zone in diameter (mm) agent sterile cotton swabs (I Joseph and A J A Ranjit Extract E C. S. S. K.pneumonia singh, 2008). Ditches were prepared in agar plates concentration coli diphtheriae aureus typhirium Flower extract with the help of surface sterilzed borer. After boring 20 16 23 15 15 40 µg/ mL the flower extracts were added separately to the Gentamycin 20 35 30 50 30 ditches (40 µL). 40 µg/mL Candida Fungal Strains A niger Fusarium sp albicans The commercial available Gentamycin Flower extract 14 12 15 (Ranbaxy laboratory limited New Delhi) was used for 40 µg/mL Myconazole 40 20 25 20 comparison study. The antibiotic Gentamycin and µg/mL Fungicidal agent Myconozole was prepared (40 µg/mL) concentration and was impregnated into Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don : ditches in agar medium. The plants were incubated The crude extract of the plant Catharanthus at 37º C. Controls were maintained. After 24 h roseus showed maximum inhibition for the species diameter of clear zone produced around the ditches S. aureus (18 mm) and E. coli (14 mm) at the was measured to the nearest mm with the help of concentration of 40 µg/mL. (Table 3). S. Sathiya et the micro scales. al found the similar antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens (2008). Page | 142 Sunil babu Koppula et al.: Int. J. Biopharma Research, 2013, 02 (06), 141-143 Table.3: Antimicrobial activity of the methanol Table.4: Antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts of the flower of the plant Catharanthus extracts of the flower of the plant Azadirachta indica. Antimicrobial roseus (L.) Inhibition zone in diameter (mm) agent Antimicrobial Inhibition zone in diameter (mm) Extract E C. S. S. agent K.pneumonia concentration coli diphtheriae aureus typhirium Extract E C. S. S. K.pneumonia Flower extract concentration coli diphtheriae aureus typhirium 20 8 20 14 16 Flower extract 40 µg/ mL 14 10 18 10 12 Gentamycin 40 40 µg/ mL 20 35 30 50 30 Gentamycin µg/mL 20 35 30 50 30 Candida 40 µg/mL Fungal Strains A niger Fusarium sp albicans Fungal Candida Flower extract A niger Fusarium sp 12 13 12 Strains albicans 40 µg/mL Flower extract Myconazole 40 12 10 13 20 25 20 40 µg/mL µg/mL Myconazole 20 25 20 40 µg/mL References 1. Abbas Ali M, Abdul Mozid M, Sarmina Yeasmin Mst, Astaq Mimusops elengi L. Mohal Khan and Abu sayeed M. An evaluation of The flowers extract of the plant Mimusops antimicrobial activities of Mimusops elengi Linn. Research elengi inhibited the growth of pathogenic microbes. Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. 2008, 4(6 ): The methanolic crude extracts of the plant showed a 871-874. broad spectrum of antibacterial potential. The 2. Chantana Aromdee and Nongluksna Sriubolmas. Essential maximum zone formation was observed for E. coli oil of the flowers of Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mimusops Elengi Linn:A Review
    Review article Rapports De Pharmacie Vol.2 (3), 2016, 270-278 ISSN: 2455-0507 MIMUSOPS ELENGI LINN:A REVIEW Anuradha.S.N1, Arunkumar.S2 1Unit of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology (AIMST) University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia 2Scientist, IPDO, Dr.reddys lab, Hyderabad, India. ABSTRACT Malaysia has diverse population combined by three races with their traditional system of medications. Large fraction of this population still depends mainly on traditional medicine. Use of herbal products is getting familiar in the growing generation as awareness on personnel healthcare has become a way of life. The naturally available plant products proved to be a no side effect medication foe a numerous diseases conditions. One of the traditional Indian system of medicine, Siddha uses the bark, fruit and seeds of Mimusops Elengi, which has several medicinal properties. Various plant parts(root, bark, leaves, flowers, fruit & seeds) have been found to be useful as cardio tonic, alexipharmic, stomachic, hypotensive, antibacterial, anthelmintic, antiulcer, teeth strengtheners and renewable source of energy. Keywords: Mimusops Elengi Linn, Phytoconstituents, Pharmacological Activites INTRODUCTION Traditional medicinesare being practiced from the researches on the medicinal plants about their early human civilizations. Based on hundreds of medicinal values have forced scientists to search for years of belief, observations, and analysis the plant-derived drugs for treatment of illness. pharmacological action of these medicines were Therefore, there has been growing interest among established. Different parts of the plant have scientists to isolate and study the pharmacological different pharmacological actions, which isevaluated properties of the phytochemicals. Herbal medicines and used in development of modern medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Analysis of Some Therapeutic Medicinal Flowers
    Parvathi, et al. Int J Pharm 2012; 2(3): 583-585 ISSN 2249-1848 International Journal of Pharmacy Journal Homepage: http://www.pharmascholars.com Report CODEN: IJPNL6 PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME THERAPEUTIC MEDICINAL FLOWERS U. Thiripura Sundari, S. Rekha and A. Parvathi* Department of Botany, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli - 620 002, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to analyse the phytochemical constituents of the flowers that have tremendous therapeutic potential which could be explored to provide affordable medicines to masses. In this paper, an attempt was made to survey the phytochemicals of the flowers of ten taxa namely Cassia auriculata, L., Catharanthus roseus,(L. )Don., Hibiscus rosa sinensis, L., Lawsonia inermis, L., Michelia champaca, L., Mangifera indica, L., Mimusops elengi, L., Moringa oleifera, Lamk., Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertn. and Rosa indica, L. belonging to ten different angiospermic families to know their therapeutically important secondary metabolites. The scope of the floral remedies to cure various human diseases has been discussed. Keywords: Phytochemical analysis, Medicinal flowers, Therapeutic values INTRODUCTION turned to flower medicines. Flower medicine treats the “Negative Feelings” like anger, fear, guilt, India is a mega diversity country endowed with a rich inferiority complex, lack of confidence, envy, medicinal flora. Man has been using vegetal material jealousy etc., by flooding the consciousness with for medicinal purposes since hoary past. Human positive attitudes are taken as basis for the selection societies have developed certain systems of herbal of medicine.[4] The Siddha system of medicine also medicines namely Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani etc., has remedies through flowers.
    [Show full text]
  • Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: an and Taxonomists Throughout the World Who Have Left Inventory
    United States Department of Agriculture Perennial Edible Fruits Agricultural Research Service of the Tropics Agriculture Handbook No. 642 An Inventory t Abstract Acknowledgments Martin, Franklin W., Carl W. Cannpbell, Ruth M. Puberté. We owe first thanks to the botanists, horticulturists 1987 Perennial Edible Fruits of the Tropics: An and taxonomists throughout the world who have left Inventory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, written records of the fruits they encountered. Agriculture Handbook No. 642, 252 p., illus. Second, we thank Richard A. Hamilton, who read and The edible fruits of the Tropics are nnany in number, criticized the major part of the manuscript. His help varied in form, and irregular in distribution. They can be was invaluable. categorized as major or minor. Only about 300 Tropical fruits can be considered great. These are outstanding We also thank the many individuals who read, criti- in one or more of the following: Size, beauty, flavor, and cized, or contributed to various parts of the book. In nutritional value. In contrast are the more than 3,000 alphabetical order, they are Susan Abraham (Indian fruits that can be considered minor, limited severely by fruits), Herbert Barrett (citrus fruits), Jose Calzada one or more defects, such as very small size, poor taste Benza (fruits of Peru), Clarkson (South African fruits), or appeal, limited adaptability, or limited distribution. William 0. Cooper (citrus fruits), Derek Cormack The major fruits are not all well known. Some excellent (arrangements for review in Africa), Milton de Albu- fruits which rival the commercialized greatest are still querque (Brazilian fruits), Enriquito D.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Phytopharmacological Studies on Some Common Flowers
    Available online on www.ijcpr.com International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Review and Research; 7(3); 171-180 ISSN: 0976 822X Review Article A Review of Phytopharmacological Studies on Some Common Flowers Tom K M*, Benny P J St. Thomas College Pala, Arunapuram P.O. Kottayam district, Kerala. Available Online:3rd April, 2016 ABSTRACT Flowers of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L., Calendula officinalis L., Datura metel L., Jasminum sambac L Aiton., Mimusops elengi L., Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L., Saraca asoca (Roxb.) Wilde., Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roemer and Schultes., and Ixora coccinea L. are very popular for their aesthetic and spiritual appeal. Indigenous treatment systems found these flowers very useful in curing various ailments. Their phytochemical profiles are very impressive and several promising bioactive compounds were isolated and characterized. Synergism in some flower extracts produces antioxidant and anti inflammatory activities both in vitro and in vivo. Flower metabolome is a valuable resource to search for novel bioactive compounds. INTRODUCTION Lord Buddha while on a long journey fell ill and Jain descriptions on the methods of use4. In ayurveda and other physicians cured his illness with a drop of nectar served on indigenous practices flower formulations are used to treat the lotus petal. Jains being strict adherents to the ahimsa diarrhoea, diseases of the liver, cough, menorrhagia and begun exploring flowers as novel and pious way of curing bleeding piles3,4. ‘Aravindasavam’ is a ayurvedic diseases and thus originated ‘Pushpa Ayurveda’ or flower paediatric tonic with lotus flower as its main ingredient5. therapy. It describes various practices such as ‘darsanam’, Flower contains flavonoids, arbutin, alkaloids, steroids, ‘sparsha vidhanam’, ‘alepanam’, ‘nasya vidhanam’ etc phenols and tannins6,7.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Traditional Uses and Phytochemical Properties Of
    International Journal of Herbal Medicine 2015; 2 (6): 20-23 E- ISSN: 2321-2187 P- ISSN: 2394-0514 A review on traditional uses and phytochemical IJHM 2015; 2 (6): 20-23 properties of Mimusops elengi Linn. Received: 15-12-2014 Accepted: 26-01-2015 Mariyam Roqaiya, Wajeeha Begum, Sana Fatima Majeedi, Amrin Saiyed. Mariyam Roqaiya Dept. of Ilmul Qabalat wa Amraze Niswan National Abstract Institute of Unani Medicine, Herbal medicine is getting popularized in developing and developed countries owing to its natural origin Bangalore, Karnataka (India) and lesser side effects. Medicinal plants are the valuable and cheap source of unique phytochemicals which are frequently used in the development of drugs against various diseases. Mimusops elengi Linn. is Wajeeha Begum considered as one of the best medicinal plant due to its several therapeutic uses mentioned in Unani as Dept. of Ilmul Qabalat wa well as ethnomedicine. The various extracts of the plant (bark, fruit, leaves, seed, and flowers) have been Amraze Niswan National reported to be cardiotonic, alexipharmic and stomachic, hypotensive, antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti- Institute of Unani Medicine, gastric ulcers, teeth cleaner and renewable sources of energy. This review is an attempt to compile and Bangalore, Karnataka (India) document information on traditional uses and phytochemical properties of Mimusops elengi Linn. Sana Fatima Majeedi Dept. of Ilmul Qabalat wa Keywords: Mimusops elengi, Therapeutic, Unani, phytochemical Amraze Niswan National Institute of Unani Medicine, 1. Introduction Bangalore, Karnataka (India) The practices of traditional medicine are based on hundreds of years of belief and observations and analysis, which help in the development of modern medicine.
    [Show full text]
  • Check List Lists of Species Check List 11(4): 1718, 22 August 2015 Doi: ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors
    11 4 1718 the journal of biodiversity data 22 August 2015 Check List LISTS OF SPECIES Check List 11(4): 1718, 22 August 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.4.1718 ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors Tree species of the Himalayan Terai region of Uttar Pradesh, India: a checklist Omesh Bajpai1, 2, Anoop Kumar1, Awadhesh Kumar Srivastava1, Arun Kumar Kushwaha1, Jitendra Pandey2 and Lal Babu Chaudhary1* 1 Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, 226 001, Lucknow, India 2 Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, 221 005, Varanasi, India * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract: The study catalogues a sum of 278 tree species and management, the proper assessment of the diversity belonging to 185 genera and 57 families from the Terai of tree species are highly needed (Chaudhary et al. 2014). region of Uttar Pradesh. The family Fabaceae has been The information on phenology, uses, native origin, and found to exhibit the highest generic and species diversity vegetation type of the tree species provide more scope of with 23 genera and 44 species. The genus Ficus of Mora- such type of assessment study in the field of sustainable ceae has been observed the largest with 15 species. About management, conservation strategies and climate change 50% species exhibit deciduous nature in the forest. Out etc. In the present study, the Terai region of Uttar Pradesh of total species occurring in the region, about 63% are has been selected for the assessment of tree species as it native to India.
    [Show full text]
  • A Census of the Tree Species in The
    IndianJ.Sci.Res.7(1):67-75,2016 ISSN:0976-2876(Print) ISSN:2250-0138(Online) A CENSUSOF THE TREESPECIESIN THEGOLAPBAGCAMPUSOF BURDWAN UNIVERSITY, WEST BENGAL (INDIA) WITH THEIRIUCNREDLIST STATUS AND CARBONSEQUESTRATIONPOTENTIAL OF SOMESELECTEDSPECIES SHARMISTHA GANGULYa1 AND AMBARISHMUKHERJEEb aUGCCASDepartmentofBotany,UniversityofBurdwan,Burdwan, WestBengal,India ABSTRACT The present census brings out an inventory of tree species in the Golapbag campus of The University of Burdwan, Burdwan in the West Bengal State of India.As many as 91 species belonging to 82 genera of 39 families, of which of which 85 species of 76 genera representing 38 families are dicotyledonous and 6 species of one family( Arecaceae) are monocotyledonous, could be included in the checklist thus prepared. Many of these species are botanically interesting, attractive and potentially sources of various phytoresources and aesthetic pleasure. The IUCN Red List status of each of these species was determined. Six of the dominating species were worked to reveal their carbon sequestration potential with an objective to find their utilitarian value in landscape designing for aesthetic rejuvenation and environmental optimization. It was found that Ficus benghalensis is the best of the lot in Carbon sequestration being successively followed byMimusops elengi , Roystonia regia , Senna siamea , Dalbergia lanceolariaand Cassia fistula . Thus, it can be concluded that the trees composing the campus flora needs to be protected and some of them can well be chosen for further evaluation
    [Show full text]
  • Mimusops Elengi: a Review on Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile
    ISSN 2278- 4136 ZDB-Number: 2668735-5 IC Journal No: 8192 Volume 1 Issue 3 Online Available at www.phytojournal.com Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry Mimusops elengi: A Review on Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile Prasad V. Kadam 1*, Kavita N. Yadav1, Ramesh S. Deoda1, Rakesh S. Shivatare1, Manohar J. Patil1 1. Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s College of Pharmacy, Thergaon (Kalewadi), Pune-411033, India. [E-mail: [email protected]] The present review is an attempt to highlight the various ethno botanical and traditional uses as well as phytochemical and pharmacological reports on Mimusops elengi to which commonly known as Bakul and Spanish cherry, belonging to Sapotaceae family. It is a large ornamental evergreen tree cultivated in India and generally reared in gardens for the sake of its fragrant flowers. In the traditional Indian system of medicine, the ayurveda and in various folk system of medicine, the bark, fruit and seeds of Mimusops elengi possess several medicinal properties such as astringent, tonic, and febrifuge. Chemical studies have shown that, Bark contain tannin, some caoutchouc, wax, starch and ash and Flower contain volatile oil as well as Seeds contain fixed fatty oil. Preclinical studies have shown that Mimusops elengi or some part of its phytochemicals possess Analgesic, Antibiotic, Antihyperlipidemic, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antipyretic, Cytotoxic, Congestive enhancing, Gingival bleeding, Gastric ulcer, Hypotensive activity. Keyword: Mimusops elengi, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Triterpenoids, Saponins 1. Introduction of Brindaban on the banks of Yamuna by playing Natural products are known to play an important on his flute beneath a Mimusops elengi tree. role in Pharmaceutical biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination File 1203
    Nomination of The Central Highlands of Sri Lanka: Its Cultural and Natural Heritage for inscription on the World Heritage List Submitted to UNESCO by the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 January 2008 Nomination of The Central Highlands of Sri Lanka: Its Cultural and Natural Heritage for inscription on the World Heritage List Submitted to UNESCO by the Government of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka 1 January 2008 Contents Page Executive Summary vii 1. Identification of the Property 1 1.a Country 1 1.b Province 1 1.c Geographical coordinates 1 1.e Maps and plans 1 1.f Areas of the three constituent parts of the property 2 1.g Explanatory statement on the buffer zone 2 2. Description 5 2.a Description of the property 5 2.a.1 Location 5 2.a.2 Culturally significant features 6 PWPA 6 HPNP 7 KCF 8 2.a.3 Natural features 10 Physiography 10 Geology 13 Soils 14 Climate and hydrology 15 Biology 16 PWPA 20 Flora 20 Fauna 25 HPNP 28 Flora 28 Fauna 31 KCF 34 Flora 34 Fauna 39 2.b History and Development 44 2.b.1 Cultural features 44 PWPA 44 HPNP 46 KCF 47 2.b.2 Natural aspects 49 PWPA 51 HPNP 53 KCF 54 3. Justification for Inscription 59 3.a Criteria under which inscription is proposed (and justification under these criteria) 59 3..b Proposed statement of outstanding universal value 80 3.b.1 Cultural heritage 80 3.b.2 Natural heritage 81 3.c Comparative analysis 84 3.c.1 Cultural heritage 84 PWPA 84 HPNP 85 KCF 86 3.c.2 Natural Heritage 86 3.d Integrity and authenticity 89 3.d.1 Cultural features 89 PWPA 89 HPNP 90 KCF 90 3.d.2 Natural features 91 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytomedicinal Importance of Mimusops Elengi
    Vol 4, Issue 1, 2017 ISSN 2349-7041 Review Article PHYTOMEDICINAL IMPORTANCE OF MIMUSOPS ELENGI: AN EMERGING PRESENT AND PROMISING FUTURE REEMA SRIVASTAVA*, GAURI SHUKLA AND SAKSHI SHARMA Deptt of Botany, Kanoria PG Mahila Mahavidyalaya, JLN Marg Jaipur 302004 Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The practices of traditional medicine are based on hundreds of years of belief and observations and analysis, which help in the development of modern medicine. Today, there is widespread interest in herbal drugs. Maulsari has been used in traditional medicine to provide alternative therapy for the treatment of many disorders. The present review is an attempt to highlight the various ethano botanical and traditional uses as well as phytochemical and pharmacological reports on M. elengi. Keywords: M. elengi, plant parts, uses, antimicrobial, anthelmintic. INTRODUCTION Leaf of Mimusops elengi is also used to treat hemorrhage, leucorrhea and excessive sweating. The leaves are used in the treatment of fever, The practice of traditional medicine is based on hundreds of years of postural eruptions of skin, ulcer, headache, dental diseases, bacterial belief and observations and analysis, which help in the development of diseases and snakebite (Padhi and Mahapatra, 2013 and Ali et al, 2008). modern medicine. Today there is widespread interest in herbal drugs. Half teaspoonful of expressed juice of fresh leaves is poured in nostrils This interest is primarily based upon the belief that herbal medicines are in stupor and coma (Sehgal, et al 2011). Boiled leaves are applied to the safe, inexpensive and has less adverse effects. One such important head as a cold compress for headache and juice of the leaves squeezed medicinal plant is Mimusops elengi Linn.
    [Show full text]
  • Flower-Based Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications Beyond Fragrance
    nanomaterials Review Flower-Based Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles: Applications beyond Fragrance Harsh Kumar 1 , Kanchan Bhardwaj 2 , Kamil Kuˇca 3,* , Anu Kalia 4, Eugenie Nepovimova 3, Rachna Verma 2 and Dinesh Kumar 1,* 1 School of Bioengineering & Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan-173229, H. P., India; [email protected] 2 School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan-173229, H. P., India; [email protected] (K.B.); [email protected] (R.V.) 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove 50003, Czech Republic; [email protected] 4 Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (D.K.); Tel.: +420-603-289-166 (K.K.) Received: 22 March 2020; Accepted: 14 April 2020; Published: 16 April 2020 Abstract: Green synthesis has gained wide attention as a sustainable, reliable, and eco-friendly approach to the synthesis of a variety of nanomaterials, including hybrid materials, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, and bioinspired materials. Plant flowers contain diverse secondary compounds, including pigments, volatile substances contributing to fragrance, and other phenolics that have a profound ethnobotanical relevance, particularly in relation to the curing of diseases by ‘Pushpa Ayurveda’ or floral therapy. These compounds can be utilized as potent reducing agents for the synthesis of a variety of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, iron, and cadmium. Phytochemicals from flowers can act both as reducing and stabilizing agents, besides having a role as precursor molecules for the formation of NPs.
    [Show full text]
  • Vol-2-Final-Monograph.Pdf
    CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AUTHOR’S NOTE MEDICINAL PLANTS (1) Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet. (oHycsKyf) (2) Acacia leucophloea Willd. (xaemif;) (3) Acalypha indica Linn. (ajumif&kdao) (4) Acorus calamus Linn. (vif;ae§vif;av) (5) Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (awmifr&dk;) (6) Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (ykZGefpm) (7) Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. (oHrEdkif ausmufrEdkif) (8) Amaranthus spinosus Linn. ([if;EkEG,fql;ayguf) (9) Anthocephalus cadamba Miq. (rtl) (10) Argemone mexicana Linn. (ukef;c7m) (11) Aristolochia indica Linn. (ê\7rlvD) (12) Aristolochia tagala Cham. (izHk;aq;) (13) Asparagus racemosus Willd. (&SOfhrwuf) (14) Boerhavia diffusa Linn. (y7EM0g) (15) Cajanus indicus Spreng. (yJpOf;iHk) (16) Cassia tora Linn. ('efhu|J) (17)Celosia cristata L. (juufarmufyef;) (18) Centella asiatica Linn. (=rif;cGm) (19) Clitoria ternatea Linn. (atmifrJndK) (20) Clitoria ternatea Linn. (atmifrJ=zL) (21) Coccinia indica W & A. (uif;yHk) (22) Curcuma longa Linn. (eEGif;§qEGif;) (23) Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf.(pyg;vif) (24) Cyperus scariosus R.Br. (EGm;a=r7if;§0uf=rufndk) (25) Datura metal Linn. (y'dkif;=zL) (26) Desmodium triquetrum DC. (avmufao) (27) Emblica officinalis Gaertn. (qD;=zL) (28)Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (acgif7rf;juD;) (29) Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall.(vufxkwfjuD;) (30) Leea crispa Linn. (jumzufodrf§ebufuav;) (31) Leea macrophylla Roxb. (jumzufjuD;) (32) Leonotis nepetaefolia Br. (trJwHpdkh) (33) Leucas cephalotes Spreng. (yifhulxdyfydwf§ yef;oHk;qifh) (34) Mansonia gagei J.R Drummond. (u7ruf) (35) Mesua ferrea Linn (uHhaumf) (36) Michelia.champaca Linn. (pum;0g) (37) Mimusops elengi Roxb. (ca7§ cs,m;) (38) Murraya koenigii Spreng. (ysOf;awmfodrf) (39) Ocimum sanctum L. (yifpdrf;euf§ukvm;yifpdrf;) (40) Oroxylum indicum Vent. (ajumifv#m) (41) Phyllanthus niruri Linn.
    [Show full text]