HIDDEN MASS MURDER IN CHINA'S ORGAN TRANSPLANT INDUSTRY CONTENTS hen one thinks of China, one may picture its tremendous economic growth and its status as an emerging superpower. It is playing an increasinglyW large role in global trade and geopolitics, drawing large amounts of 1. Background 4 foreign investment into its lucrative markets. 2. A Decade-Long Investigation 6 There is another, hidden side of China—one that many observers in the West have been reluctant to talk about since the Tiananmen Square Massacre in 1989. We are referring to China’s role as one of the world’s foremost violators of 3. China's On-Demand Organ Transplant System 8 human rights. • Explosive Growth of China’s Transplant Industry Since 2000 The Communist Party has used every aspect of society to carry out its • Short Waiting Times repressive policies and maintain its rule, often using violent means. The medical • Abundant Organ Supplies field is no exception. The first recorded case of doctors harvesting organs from a political prisoner occurred in the 1970s, when a woman was executed and her 1 4. A Very Large Volume of Transplants 10 kidney was transplanted into the son of a senior party cadre. The Uyghurs were 2 subjected to these abuses in the 1990s. • Continued Growth After International Attention in 2006 • Actual Volume Orders of Magnitude Greater Than Official Figure The list of groups labeled as “enemies of the state” continued to grow. Under party doctrine, it was expected for these populations to be used as resources for 3 the state. To this end, they were systematically demonized and dehumanized in 5. Unidentified Organ Sources 12 4 the eyes of the Chinese public. • The Victims No group has suffered more at the hands of the Chinese Communist Party 5 than practitioners of Falun Gong, a spiritual and meditation practice of 6. A State-Driven Crime 14 self-improvement based on the principles of truthfulness, compassion, and 6 tolerance. The practice attracted a following of more than 70 million in China. 7. Timeline 16 This popularity led to a nationwide persecution that began in 1999, under 7 which many Falun Gong practitioners have disappeared without a trace. 8. Myths and Facts 18 After 1999, China’s organ transplantation industry grew exponentially. Within just a few years, over 1,000 hospitals in China were performing a combined • "Most organs are sourced from convicted death-row prisoners" 8 9 tens of thousands of transplants a year. Evidence that has emerged over the • "Voluntary donations are the main source of organs for transplants in China" past decade shows that the state has killed and harvested organs from not only • "China’s use of immunosuppressants accounts for only 10,000 transplants per year" convicted death-row prisoners but also prisoners of conscience to meet the • How can doctors be made to extract organs from living people? rapidly growing demand for organs. • 9. Global Response 20 This publication introduces the decade of research and evidence that reveal the true scale and severity of these crimes. • Legislation • Resolutions Governments, institutions, businesses, and individuals in the international community all have a moral obligation to help stop this ongoing atrocity. 10. How You Can Help 22 Note: Please visit http:/ChinaOrganHarvest.org/Overview/ for all the citations

2 3 Israel, Spain, Italy, and Taiwan have passed laws restricting their citizens from traveling to 18 19 20 21 1 Background China to receive organ transplants from illicit sources.

The U.S. House of Representatives and the European Parliament have passed resolutions Over the past decade, reports have emerged that the Chinese government is killing (H.Res.343 and 2013/2981(RSP), respectively) condemning the killing of prisoners of 22 prisoners of conscience to supply its vast, lucrative organ transplantation industry. conscience for organs. Hearings have been held by the U.S. Congress, the British Parliament, Researchers have uncovered new evidence and figures mined from a variety of the European Parliament, and the Canadian Parliament. sources that reveal the true nature and scale of these abuses. Freedom House released a report in 2017, citing its own review of “credible evidence 23 On June 22, 2016, three independent investigators—former Canadian Secretary of suggesting that ... Falun Gong detainees were killed for their organs on a large scale.” It added, State for Asia-Pacific David Kilgour, Canadian human rights lawyer David Matas, “the large-scale disappearance of young Uyghur men, accounts of routine blood-testing of and London-based investigative journalist Ethan Gutmann—published Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update, a 680-page report illustrating a state-driven Uyghur political prisoners, and reports of mysterious deaths of Tibetans and Uyghurs in custody should raise alarm that these populations may also be victims of involuntary organ industry that transplants far more organs—by an order of magnitude—than can 24 be accounted for by officially acknowledged organ sources, which China says are harvesting.” limited to executed death-row prisoners and voluntary donors.10 The story of China’s killing for organs is beginning to gain the attention of media outlets all over the world. The new report concludes: “The [Communist] regime's ghoulish and inhumane practice of robbing • Based on government-imposed minimum capacity requirements, the 169 individuals of their freedom, throwing them in labor camps or prisons, and approved transplant hospitals could have conducted 60,000 to 100,000 11 then executing them and harvesting their organs for transplants is way transplants per year, in contrast to its official claim of 10,000 per year. These beyond the pale of comprehension and must be opposed universally and hospitals had the capacity to perform more than one million total transplants 12 ended unconditionally.” since 2000. More than 1,000 hospitals applied for permits in 2007 to continue 13 14 —Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, U.S. Congresswoman (R-FL) performing transplants.

• The main sources of the massive number of organs are primarily practitioners 15 16 of Falun Gong, as well as Uyghurs, Tibetans, and House Christians.

• Organ pillaging in China is a crime directed by the Communist Party and carried out by the military, state institutions, hospitals, and transplant 17 professionals. • • Visit EndOrganPillaging.org for the full report.

4 5 Over the past decade, we investigated hundreds of transplant hospitals in China, uncovered and 2 A Decade-Long Investigation summarized huge quantities of data, as well as relevant policy directives affecting the growth of the transplant industry in China. Drawing upon media reports, official policies and statements, medical journals, hospital websites, and web archives, we found that, in just a few short years, The issue first came to light in March 2006, when a woman claimed that as many China’s transplant industry had become the most prolific in the world despite the lack of an 28 29 30 31 as 4,000 Falun Gong practitioners had been killed for their organs at the hospital effective organ donation system. It has continued to grow after live organ harvesting gained 32 where she worked. Her husband, a surgeon at the same hospital outside the city of international attention in 2006. Furthermore, we examined the Party and state policies that Shenyang in Northeast China, had disclosed to her that he had removed corneas have resulted in the extralegal killing of prisoners of conscience and how the military and civilian from the living bodies of more than 2,000 Falun Gong practitioners between 2000 institutions have been mobilized to conduct organ harvesting from these unwilling “donors.” 25 and 2001.

“Across China, a gruesome trade in human organs is taking place on a mass scale. Like something out of a horror movie, livers, kidneys, hearts, lungs, and corneas are being cut out from prisoners of conscience while they are still alive. If anything proves the meaning of the term ‘crime against humanity,’ it is this bloody, ghoulish practice.”33

—Benedict Rogers, Deputy Chair of the U.K. Conservative Party Human Rights Commission

On April 20, 2006, the witness appeared at a rally in front of the White House and publicly exposed the forced organ harvesting taking place in China.

In response, David Kilgour and David Matas launched an independent investigation. After months of research, including undercover interviews with doctors throughout 12 provinces in China, they came to “the regrettable conclusion that the allegations are true.” Kilgour and Matas later compiled their 26 findings in the book Bloody Harvest.

At about the same time, investigative journalist Ethan Gutmann began his own research that would last seven years. He reached similar conclusions in his book The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its 27 Dissident Problem. David Kilgour, David Matas and Ethan Gutmann published a new report in June 2016 on the The three investigators were nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for their work. continuation and scale of forced organ harvesting in China.

6 7 SHORT WAITING TIMES 3 China’s On-Demand Organ Transplant System Most patients in other countries with advanced healthcare capabilities and well-organized organ donation and allocation systems have to wait years for a transplant. In China, waiting times for kidney and liver transplants have commonly been listed in weeks. RAPID GROWTH OF

CHINA’S TRANSPLANT INDUSTRY SINCE 2000 China's Liver Transplant Registry System indicated in 2005 and 2006 that more than 25% of 40 cases were emergency transplants, for which organs were found within days or even hours. China began to conduct research and clinical experiments in human organ 34 transplantation in the 1960s. It was not until 2000 that the industry entered a ABUNDANT ORGAN SUPPLIES period of tremendous growth. A hospital advertised "donors seeking matched recipients" and promised, “in case of failure, to 35 41 Before 1999, there were 150 transplant institutions in mainland China. In continue to perform transplants until successful.” 2007, more than 1,000 hospitals applied for permits from the Ministry of Health 36 37 42 to continue performing transplants. The surge in transplants, while initially There are recorded cases of doctors excising several organs (8 sets of kidneys in one case) for supplying the needs of the domestic population, rapidly resulted in a boom in one patient before a match was found. Some patients received second, third, or even fourth 43 transplant tourism from other countries, making China a global center for those transplants. in need of new vital organs. 44 There are numerous reports of surgical teams performing transplants around the clock and The year 2000 was a watershed for the organ transplant industry in China. Liver hospitals performing 10, 20, or even more transplants in a single day, sometimes carried out 45 transplants increased ten fold between 1999 and 2000 and tripled between 2000 concurrently. 38 and 2005. 46 Extensive lists of transplant types and their fees were openly posted on hospital websites.

PRIOR TO 1999: BY 2007:

STILL No 1,000+ working “There is credible evidence that Chinese prisoners of conscience are TRANSPLANT HOSPITALS donation system 150 murdered on demand for their organs, in a process of reverse matching TRANSPLANT HOSPITALS not practiced anywhere else in the world. In most countries with well- regulated deceased donor programs, legally and ethically procured No working 3,500 60–100 donation ANNUAL THOUSAND TRANSPLANTS organs from a dying person are offered to recipients on the waiting list system REPORTED ANNUAL TRANSPLANTS who are the best ‘match’ for the available organs. In China, this process is Explosive development of China's organ transplant industry after 1999 turned on its head. Wealthy recipients are matched against a large pool of prisoners, with the best matched prisoner scheduled for execution at the convenience of surgeon and recipient.”47 In January 2015, China’s transplant chief and former Deputy Minister of Health, Huang Jiefu told CCTV, "I would like to quote the words of the World Health —Wendy Rogers, Professor of Clinical Ethics and Deputy Director of Organization that China has undertaken such a path in six to seven years whereas the Macquarie University Research Centre for Agency, Values and Ethics other developed countries building up their organ donation and transplant 39 frameworks took dozens of years."

8 9 ACTUAL VOLUME 4 A Very Large Volume of Transplants ORDER OF MAGNITUDE GREATER THAN OFFICIAL FIGURE

The investigators found that China performs more transplants than any other nation in the 58 CONTINUED GROWTH world. Since 2000, the U.S. has performed an average of 6,000 liver transplants a year. In AFTER INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION IN 2006 China, this figure is matched by just a few hospitals. For instance, Tianjin Oriental Organ Transplant Center, which predominately focuses on liver transplants, has more than 500 dedicated transplant beds. This corresponds to a capacity of 6,000 to 8,000 transplants per 59 60 61 After China's harvesting of organs from non-consenting prisoners received year. international attention in 2006, the Ministry of Health introduced a new approval 48 49 system for transplant hospitals in 2007. Among the 1,000 that applied, 169 Based on government-imposed minimum capacity requirements for transplant centers and 50 51 eventually received permits to continue performing transplants. other data, the 169 Ministry-approved transplant hospitals could have conducted 60,000 to 100,000 transplants per year. Thus, these 169 approved hospitals had the capacity to perform 62 Our research found that while some smaller, unapproved institutions either more than one million total transplants since 2000. reduced or stopped transplant operations, others that could still obtain organs continued to operate. Large, approved institutions achieved even greater growth China’s official figure of 10,000 transplants per year is surpassed by just a few hospitals.26 with decreased competition. Thus, the industry as a whole has continued to grow However, more than 1,000 hospitals applied for permits in 2007 to continue performing 63 64 steadily after 2006. transplants. This suggests they also met the Ministry’s minimum capacity requirements for transplant centers it certifies. Many continued to perform transplants despite not having 65 Hospitals have added transplant beds, opened new wards, and moved into new received approval. Therefore, the actual number of transplants performed yearly in China 52 buildings. may be an order of magnitude greater than official figure.

Since 2015, Huang Jiefu, China’s top transplant official, has repeatedly announced plans on different occasions to increase the number of qualified transplant hospitals 53 54 55 56 from 169 to 300, or even 500, over the next few years.

“Our country's liver transplantation business has entered a period of stable development. The liver transplant business at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University is flourishing. It moved into a new building in 2007. Liver transplantation has become more systematic, professional, and large-scale.”57 —Website of the Liver Transplant Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University

This 17-story organ transplantation building at the Oriental Organ Transplant Center at Tianjin First Central Hospital opened in 2006 with 500 dedicated transplant beds.

10 11 THE VICTIMS 5 Unidentified Organ Sources The investigators observed tremendous development in China's human organ transplant Traditional Chinese custom requires bodies to be preserved intact after death. industry after 1999. This growth coincided with the start of the Chinese Communist Party's 66 67 74 China did not start piloting organ donation systems until 2010, and a national campaign to wipe out Falun Gong. 68 system was not established until late 2013. Nevertheless, by 2015, it still had not 69 produced donations on any meaningful scale. Falun Gong is a meditation practice based on ancient Chinese traditions of health and self- improvement, and the principles of truthfulness, compassion, and tolerance. By the end of the 75 The international community generally believes that the overall number of death- 1990s, the government estimated that over 70 million people were practicing Falun Gong, a row executions in China has decreased since 2000, when it was thought to be figure quoted by several Western news media. 70 71 72 approximately 10,000. In addition, Huang Jiefu, China's top transplant official, announced that China stopped using organs from death-row prisoners beginning 73 in 2015. If this were the case, the identified organ supply would have decreased further.

Therefore, since the year 2000, when the Chinese organ transplant system began to take off, the organ sources identified by the government—voluntary donors and executed death-row prisoners—have accounted for only a small fraction of all transplants performed in China.

“We carry out kidney transplants from living sources. It’s completely different from cadaveric kidney transplants ...” —Archived web page of the China International Transplantation Network Assistance Center

Falun Gong practitioners meditate in Muxidi, Beijing before the persecution began in 1999.

The former Communist Party leader Jiang Zemin saw the group’s popularity and revival of traditional values as a threat to his rule, and launched a violent campaign to "ruin their 76 reputations, bankrupt them financially, and destroy them physically."

Millions of Falun Gong practitioners from around China traveled to Beijing to appeal to the central government, only to be arrested and tortured. When many were unwilling to disclose their identities to protect their families and friends, they became part of a large anonymous population held captive by the state. More practitioners were rounded up all across China. Falun Gong practitioners unfurl banners on Tiananmen Square to protest the persecution. The banners read “Truthfulness, Compassion, Tolerance.” Those who refused to renounce their faith began to disappear without a trace.

12 13 Before the official campaign against Falun Gong began, the central Communist Party 6 A State-Driven Crime leadership created the “610 Office” on June 10, 1999, an ad hoc agency directly under the Central Committee and with a structure extending from top to bottom throughout the Party, Since 2000, the Chinese regime has prioritized organ transplantation in its national government, and military. It has been endowed with extraordinarily broad and extralegal 77 78 79 80 81 88 strategy and as a future emerging industry. The Ministries of Health, power to systematically eradicate Falun Gong. The Party mobilized the entire state apparatus Science and Technology, and Education, as well as the military, have all invested to carry out this campaign, which includes organ harvesting in its directives. 82 heavily in transplant technology R&D, personnel training, and industralization. Most approved transplant centers have received significant funding from all levels Since the persecution began in July 1999, anti-Falun Gong propaganda has been broadcast of government. The development of new capabilities and techniques allowed throughout China and spread globally by the Party’s overseas media outlets and consulates. transplantation in China to grow into a large, industrialized operation in just a few The demonization of and incitement of hatred towards Falun Gong provided a basis on which 83 years. crimes against practitioners could be justified.

The Ministry of Health (MOH) and its successor, the National Health and Family “The Communist Party’s demonization and brutalization of Falun Gong and Planning Commission (NHFPC), have been fully responsible for the overall the health system's insatiable demand for organs have formed a symbiosis. planning, policy making, regulation and management of China's transplant industry Each feeding on the other, the combination became an unprecedented, and 84 89 and organ donation and allocation system. More than 765 civilian hospitals have barely imaginable, human catastrophe.” —David Kilgour, David Matas, and Ethan Gutmann 85 been involved in organ transplantation. Jiang Zemin On Falun Gong: "Bankrupt them financially, ruin their reputations, destroy General Secretary of the them physically." "All CCP central departments, all ministries, all provinces, Former Communist Party leader Jiang Zemin authorized the General Logistics CCP, Chairman of the and all cities must cooperate with the group [610 Office] very closely." Department of the People’s Liberation Army as the core unit to lead every level Central Military Commission —Jiang Zemin, upon establishing the 610 Office on June 10, 1999 of the military to eradicate the practice of Falun Gong. The military was given the Central Leading Group on Dealing with the Falun Gong Issue power to manage secret detention facilities and the entire process of live organ (name later changed to Central Leading Group for Prevention and Handling of Cults) Political and 86 Legal Affairs harvesting. Over 100 military and armed police hospitals have been involved in Leadership Team 87 organ transplantation. They have resolved many core technical issues and supplied Central 610 Office of Central Military Central Leading Group for Prevention and Handling of Cults Commission State Council Office for Prevention and Handling of Cults (name changed to civilian hospitals with fresh organs on demand. Political and Legal central organization that makes policy and Affairs Committee) drives the persecution of Falun Gong provides backing for 20+ party and state organs persecution of “Being able to complete such a number of organ transplant operations is inseparable from the government’s support. The integrated organ transplantation into national strategy, Central Political and Legal Affairs Committee (PLAC) leads all central and local PLACs to carry out suppression of Falun Gong Falun Gong Chinese government’s Supreme People's Court, Supreme People's Procuratorate, Public Security system, judicial system, with financial and policy support

Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Civil Affairs jointly promulgated regulation on October 9, 1984 and established that Ministry exerts provides Ministry political incentives Ministry organ procurement would be an activity supported by the government. This is a one of a kind in the world.” Ministry of of Health of State Supreme Supreme Ministry Ministry of Ministry of pressure of Public Procuratorate Science & replaced by: Security Security Court of Justice Finance Education Technology National Health & + local + local + local + local justice Family Planning intelligence + local police courts procuratorates departments Commission … system system General Logistics Department of the Funds construction and expansion of transplant centers Disburses R&D funding for transplantation research and practice in transplantation Establishes projects and promotes clinical Promotes and rewards R&D achievements into national science and high-tech R&D programs Incorporates core transplantation technologies Provides project funding and awards Regulates organ transplantation system Planning, management and implementation Manages national organ donation/allocation system Allocates funding for prisons and detainment facilities detention, torture illegal sentencing torture, forcible conversion People's Liberation Army Provincial Falun Gong practitioners 610 Office police visit Falun Gong who were arrested for petitioning the central core unit that directs / PLAC practitioners' homes to collect blood gov't and refused to reveal their identities, live organ harvesting samples and physical data or arrested locally and refused to renounce Falun Gong City 610 Office detention / PLAC prisons and centers governs, deploys, and labor camps secret military allocates organ sources concentration brainwashing facilities centers and County/District Living Organ Bank 610 Office black jails / PLAC local local local science & local finance education technology health 100+ military depts system system Local 800+ civilian transplant hospitals system 610 Office transplant (all levels) (all levels) (all levels) transplantation, research, and industrialization (all levels) / PLAC hospitals

(township, neighborhood, work units) establishes and funds transplantation projects

Archived web page of the China International Transplantation Network Assistance Center (CITNAC) Roles of the Communist Party and government agencies in forced organ harvesting

14 15 7 Timeline 2006 Independent investigations conclude that forced organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners has taken place on a large scale. The Chinese officials have changed its statements on organ sourcing several times 1960s China performs its first human organ transplant. The Chinese Communist Party Central Military Commission has documentation from 1962 to 2007 the present day that all death-row and serious To "recertify and regulate" the market, the Ministry offenders can be treated according to the needs of of Health starts to issue permits to transplant national and socialist development and can be dealt centers. Therefore, hospitals without permits would with according to the "revolutionary protocol." no longer be allowed to continue conducting organ 1970s transplants after July 1, 2007. Clinical organ transplantation begins in China. Before 1999, there were 150 transplant institutions The first recorded case of organ harvesting in mainland China. In 2007, more than 1,000 from a prisoner of conscience takes place in hospitals apply for permits from the Ministry of October l978. 2010 - March Health to continue performing transplants. Among them, 164 receive permits. China begins piloting an organ donation program in Shanghai, Tianjin, Liaoning, Since January 2007, Deputy Minister of Health 1980s Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Huang Jiefu has consistently declared that organs The Chinese government promulgates regulations Fujian, Xiamen, Nanjing, Wuhan, and eventually were sourced from executed death-row prisoners. that would allow the bodies and organs of deceased in 19 provinces and cities. prisoners to be used under certain conditions. 2013 - August A "Chinese organ distribution and sharing 1990s system" is made mandatory. At approved Uyghur political prisoners begin to be targeted transplant centers, patients on waiting lists are for their organs. 2013 - November required to enter into this national database, and donated organs are required to go through Huang Jiefu announces the "Hangzhou this centralized distribution system. Resolution." Among the 169 approved transplant July 1999 hospitals, 38 sign the resolution, promising to discontinue the use of organs from death-row The Communist Party begins its persecution of Falun Gong. prisoners by June 2014. 2014 - December Huang Jiefu announces that China will stop using organs from executed prisoners starting 2000 in January 2015. The number of transplants and transplant In March, Huang Jiefu says, "We will regulate the centers begins to grow exponentially. 2015 issue by including voluntary organ donations by death-row prisoners in the nation's public organ 2002-2003 China announces that it has stopped using donation system. Once entered into our unified organs from executed prisoners. However, new The first "organs-only" physical examinations allocation system, they are counted as voluntary research shows that the harvesting of organs conducted on House Christians and Tibetans are donations of citizens. The so-called death-row from prisoners of conscience has not stopped. reported. organ donation doesn't exist any longer."

2005 In July, Deputy Minister of Health Huang Jiefu June 2016 acknowledges for the first time that the majority of Three independent investigators jointly publish a 680-page updated report on the on-demand nature and scale transplant organs came from death-row prisoners. of organ transplantation in China, finding that the transplant volume is far larger than China's official claims.

16 17 Myth: " China’s use of immunosuppressants accounts for 8 Myths and Facts only 10,000 transplants per year "

Myth: "Most organs sourced from convicted death-row prisoners " Fact: The Chinese government lists the research and development of immunosuppressants as key national scientific research projects. Many transplant-related institutions engaged in Fact: China’s transplant volume has increased dramatically since 2000 with R&D early on. 90 a thirty-fold increase between 1999 and 2005 alone. Based on government- By 2004, domestic immunosuppressant drug manufacturers had captured almost half of imposed minimum capacity requirements, the 169 approved transplant hospitals91 106 in China have the capability to conduct 60,000 to 100,000 transplants per year. the market share from imported and joint-stock drug companies. In 2006, this market was worth nearly 10 billion RMB, and there were more than 100 manufacturers producing In comparison, many sources estimate the number of death-row executions92 93in 107 nearly 30 drugs. Transplant hospitals in China generally use domestic products rather than China94 in the thousands each year, with the number decreasing since 2000. 108 imported drugs. Based on an average drug cost of 30,000 RMB per patient per year, this Furthermore, Huang Jiefu announced 95that China stopped using organs from death-row prisoners beginning in 2015. Given that the number of voluntary market could have supported over 300,000 patients, an average of 50,000 to 60,000 per year donors remained low and flat, this widening gap between transplant volume and since 2000. This is far more than the official claim of 10,000 transplants per year. death-row executions cannot be accounted for by official organ sources. Our research indicates that China’s organ transplant industry has continued to undergo Even if China has discontinued the use of organs from death-row prisoners as momentous development after the initial exposure of China’s forced organ harvesting in 2006. claimed, its extrajudicial killing of prisoners of conscience for organs has never Its immunosuppressant drug market would therefore have grown far larger than the 10 billion 109 been acknowledged and continues on a far larger scale. Unfortunately, the Chinese RMB figure in 2006. International drug sales, as indicated by IMS Health data, reflect only a government’s public relations campaign with respect to death-row prisoners has small portion of China’s actual drug market. drawn the world’s attention away from its killing of innocents for their organs, which is a crime against humanity. How can doctors be made to extract organs from living people?

Kilgour, Matas, and Gutmann conclude in their 2016 report that the massive China started performing transplants using organs harvested from executed prisoners on number of organs have been sourced primarily from practitioners of Falun Gong a small scale in the 1970s. In the years that followed, organs from prisoners of conscience, 96 97 as well as from Uyghurs, Tibetans, and House Christians. Uyghurs, Tibetans and House Christians in captivity were used. Today, prisoners of conscience, especially Falun Gong practitioners, continue to be harvested. Myth: "Voluntary donations are the main organ source for transplants " Under the Communist Party’s doctrine, such prisoners are labelled as “enemies of the state” Fact: Organ transplantation in China began in the 1970s, but by 2003, the and systematically dehumanized, to be used at will as resources of the state. A supplementary 98 number of voluntary donations remained at zero. There was no organ donation regulation was enacted in 1984 that allowed the bodies and organs of prisoners to be used system in China before 2010, and the national organ donation system started in under certain conditions. During the persecution of Falun Gong, a loophole in this regulation 99 2014. As of the end of 2015, China’s trial organ donation and allocation systems was used to source organs from Falun Gong practitioners without consent, whether or 100 still have not produced donations on any meaningful scale. Impediments not they have been sentenced to death. Although Huang Jiefu announced that China had included cultural inhibitions and a lack of legislation for brain death and legal discontinued the use of organs from death-row prisoners in 2015, the 1984 Provisional 101 102 103 110 framework needed to facilitate voluntary donation. Regulations are still valid today.

Huang Jiefu stated in 2013 that he had performed more than 500 liver transplants “All the people [who] graduated from their system, they too have the same mindset; in 2012, one of which was “the first voluntary citizen donation meeting Chinese they are the product produced by the CCP. Our ideology at the time was that being 104 standards.” In Shanghai, a city with 11 transplant centers approved by the able to participate in doing away with the country’s enemies was a glorious thing, Ministry of Health, the first organ donation from a deceased donor was carried even genuinely believing what we were doing is for a good cause.” 105 out in August 2013. —Enver Tohti, a former Uighur surgeon who was ordered to extract the organs from a living prisoner in 1995

18 19 Taiwan 9 Global Response The Human Organ Transplantation Act of 2015 bans the sale, purchase, and brokerage of organs. It also prohibits the use of organs from executed prisoners and organ tourism, regardless of foreign laws. For transplants performed abroad, the law requires hospitals in Governments around the world have responded to organ harvesting in China Taiwan to document the country, hospital, and source of the donor organ. by passing legislation to restrict illicit organ tourism as well as resolutions condemning the atrocities. Leading news outlets have been covering the latest In addition to fines, the law imposes imprisonment of 1 to 5 years for those involved in developments about organ harvesting in China. brokering organs or organ tourism. Doctors who engage in organ brokerage will have their 114 licenses revoked. LEGISLATION RESOLUTIONS Israel European Parliament Israel passed the Organ Transplant Act in 2008, which prohibits insurance companies from reimbursing costs for transplants received in other countries that The European Parliament passed a similar resolution on December 12, 2013, which 111 violate Israeli organ trade and trafficking guidelines. recommends that its Member States raise awareness of organ transplant abuses among their 115 citizens travelling to China. In the three years following its enactment, travel of Israeli patients to China for organ transplants stopped completely. There has also been a significant increase in The resolution also calls for the prosecution of those found to have engaged in such unethical domestic organ donations and registered donors. practices and for China to allow UN officials to conduct an investigation into organ transplant practices in the country. Spain United States A 2010 amendment to the Criminal Code imposed new penalties for those who promote, facilitate or advertise the procurement or illegal trafficking of On June 13, 2016, the U.S. House of Representatives passed H.Res.343, “Expressing concern human organs. It also applies to recipients consenting to receive a transplant regarding persistent and credible reports of systematic, state-sanctioned organ harvesting with knowledge of its illicit origin. The law imposes penalties of 6 to 12 years from non-consenting prisoners of conscience in the People’s Republic of China, including 112 imprisonment for vital organs and 3 to 6 years for non-vital organs. from large numbers of Falun Gong practitioners and members of other religious and ethnic 116 minority groups.” Italy The resolution encourages the U.S. medical community to help raise awareness of unethical The Italian Senate approved a bill on March 4, 2015 that introduced penalties organ transplant practices in China. It further demands the release of all Falun Gong against individuals who trade or sell illegally trafficked organs. Those who are practitioners and other prisoners of conscience. found guilty of facilitating transactions involving organs from living people will face 3 to 12 years imprisonment and a fine between 50,000 and 300,000 euros. Doctors who promote or facilitate illegal organ tourism face lifetime 113 disqualification.

Senator Maurizio Romani, who proposed the bill, said, “we have the duty to make any effort in order not to be accomplices to this,” referring to the sourcing of organs from prisoners of conscience, “especially practitioners of the spiritual discipline Falun Gong.”

20 21 NGOS

10 How You Can Help • Urge governments to take all measures necessary to end this crime against humanity • Undertake independent investigations into forced organ harvesting in China Many of us outside China can play an important part in ending these atrocities. It • Incorporate efforts to raise awareness of organ harvesting crimes into the organization’s projects is our responsibility to raise awareness by every means possible in order to stop these and activities horrific crimes from being committed against our fellow human beings. RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND MEDIA Some countries and organizations have enacted legislation or amended policies to prevent their citizens or members from participating in unethical organ • Perform independent investigations into China’s organ transplant sourcing transplantation. Here’s a list of actions experts recommend: • Integrate these crimes as current events into school curriculums • Keep the public informed of latest developments in this area GOVERNMENTS BUSINESSES • Publicly condemn this crime against humanity by passing a resolution at the national, • Support research and investigative efforts into organ harvesting crimes as part of philanthropic provincial, or local level and corporate responsibility initiatives • Prohibit the receipt of trafficked organs at home and abroad, restrict travel to China • Reducing investment in China can pressure relevant institutions and the government to cease for the purpose of receiving an organ transplant from unethical or undocumented harvesting organs from unethical sources sources, and disallow reimbursement of medical costs for same • Ban entry of individuals involved in illegal organ trafficking INDIVIDUALS • Issue travel advisories to warn citizens against traveling to China for organ transplants • Learn about this issue at ChinaOrganHarvest.org and tell others about it • Prohibit pharmaceutical companies from conducting transplant field tests and clinical trials in China • Watch and share the video Medical Genocide at the website above • Contact your representatives to draft and support legislation that prevents individuals and • Pressure the Chinese government to open all detention facilities for international institutions from becoming complicit inspection • Sign a petition and join the millions who have spoken out against this crime • Facilitate independent investigations into organ transplant abuse in China

MEDICAL FIELD

• Facilitate and support legislation to prevent individuals and institutions from becoming complicit • Discourage patients from traveling to China for organ transplants • Require Chinese transplant professionals to adhere to internationally accepted ethical standards as a condition for becoming members of professional societies • Reject research or publications in journals or at conferences unless the authors clearly indicate that organs from executed prisoners or prisoners of conscience were not used in the research • Prohibit training of Chinese transplant professionals unless they commit to not using organs from unethical sources • Proactively remind China’s government and medical profession of internationally In 2013, nearly 1.5 million people in over 50 countries and regions signed a petition to the United accepted ethical standards Nations to call for an end to the killing for organs in China.

22 23 How You

Reference

1 China Organ Procurement and Judicial Execution in China http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/china1/china_948.htm 16 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 424~425 2 Surgeon Testifies – Houses of Orieachtas, Ireland Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 http://endorganpillaging.org/surgeon-testifies-houses-of-orieachtas-ireland/ http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf

3 Supreme People’s Court, Supreme People’s Procuratorate, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Justice, 17 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 352~363 Ministry of Health, Ministry of Civil Affairs Interim Provisions on the Use of Organs from Executed Prisoners Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 Source: 110.com October 9, 1984 http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf http://www.110.com/fagui/law_21137.html https://archive.is/FjDaf 18 Israel Organ Transplant Act 2008 最高人民法院 , 最高人民检察院 , 公安部 , 司法部 , 卫生部 , 民政部关于利用死刑罪犯尸体或尸体器官的暂行规定 http://www.declarationofistanbul.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=267: israel-transplant-law-organ-transplant-act-2008&catid=83:legisl%20ation&Itemid=130 4 SURGEON TESTIFIES – HOUSES OF ORIEACHTAS, IRELAND http://endorganpillaging.org/surgeon-testifies-houses-of-orieachtas-ireland/ 19 Spain: A 2010 amendment to the Criminal Code included Article 156 bis http://www.ont.es/infesp/Legislacin/BOERD1723-2012.pdf 5 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 424~425 Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 20 Italy Censures China Organ Harvest With Senate Bill http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1276265-italy-censures-china-organ-harvest-with-senate-bill/print/ http://www.quotidianosanita.it/allegati/allegato4671710.pdf 6 Number of Falun Gong practitioners in China in 1999: at least 70 million - See more at: http://faluninfo.net/article/517/Number-of-Falun-Gong-practitioners-in-China-in-1999-at-least-70- million/#sthash.FUe8zweP.dpuf 21 Taiwan: The Human Organ Transplantation Act of 2015 http://faluninfo.net/article/517/Number-of-Falun-Gong-practitioners-in-China-in-1999-at-least-70-million/ http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=L0020024

7 Bloody Harvest: Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China (Revised Edition) January 1, 2007, David Matas, David Kilgour 22 House Resolution 343, United States Congress http://bloodyharvest.info/ https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/343 http://www.organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/report20070131-ch.pdf 《血淋淋的器官摘取——关于指控中共摘取法轮功学员器官的独立调查报告修订版》 23 FREEDOM HOUSE 2017 REPORT: THE BATTLE FOR CHINA’S SPIRIT— 作者：大卫·麦塔斯及大卫·乔高 , 2007 年 1 月 第 16 页 RELIGIOUS REVIVAL, REPRESSION, AND RESISTANCE UNDER XI JINPING https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_2017_BattleForChinasSpirit_Falun_Gong_0.pdf 8 Climbing the peak of transplantation, continue the wonderfulness of life Source: Dongfeng General Hospital Nov. 18, 2009 24 FREEDOM HOUSE 2017 REPORT: THE BATTLE FOR CHINA’S SPIRIT— http://www.dfmhp.com.cn/a/dongfengyilin/xingyedongtai/2010/1222/3020.html RELIGIOUS REVIVAL, REPRESSION, AND RESISTANCE UNDER XI JINPING https://archive.is/DATK4 https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_2017_BattleForChinasSpirit_Falun_Gong_0.pdf 攀登移植之巅 延续生命精彩 来源：东风医院 2009-11-18 25 Bloody Harvest 31) A confession Authors: David Kigour and David Matas 9 Wuhan University Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases: A Race against Time http://organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/report20070131.htm#_Toc160145143 www.people.com.cn - Hubei Channel May 21, 2015 Zhang Pei http://www.transplantation.org.cn/zyienizhonghe/2015-05/7432.htm 26 Bloody Harvest: The killing of Falun Gong for their organs https://archive.is/SzewF Authors: David Kigour and David Matas 武大肝胆疾病研究院：器官移植与时间赛跑 [ 日期：2015-05-21] 来源：人民网 - 湖北频道 作者：张沛 http://bloodyharvest.info/

10 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 27 The Slaughter : Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China’s Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem http://endorganpillaging.org/an-update/ Authors: Ethan Gutmann http://ethan-gutmann.com/the-slaughter/ 11 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update Chapter Ten: Exploring Total Volume of Kidney and Liver Transplants Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 28 Founder of Liver Surgery Wu Mengchao Shares Liver Disease Prevention and Secret to Long Life http://endorganpillaging.org/an-update-chapter-ten-exploring-total-volume-of-kidney-and-liver-transplants/ Source: Sina Health May 11, 2011 Reporter: Song Ruliang, etc. http://health.sina.com.cn/d/2011-05-11/145222445449.shtml 12 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update Chapter Ten: Exploring Total Volume of Kidney and Liver Transplants https://web.archive.org/web/20120327035615/http://health.sina.com.cn/d/2011-05-11/145222445449.shtml Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 《新浪健康》肝脏外科创始人吴孟超分享肝病防治与长寿秘诀 2011 年 05 月 11 日 http://endorganpillaging.org/an-update-chapter-ten-exploring-total-volume-of-kidney-and-liver-transplants/ 29 Beyond the Dark Veil of China’s Organ Trade 13 Climbing the peak of transplantation, continue the wonderfulness of life Source:Phoenix Weekly Dated:September 24, 2013 https://archive.is/DATK4 The original page has been removed from: http://www.51fenghuang.com/news/shehui/2412.html 攀登移植之巅 延续生命精彩 Refer to its archive: https://archive.is/B36qx 中国人体器官买卖的黑幕 《凤凰周刊》2013-9-24 14 Climbing the peak of transplantation, continue the wonderfulness of life http://www.dfmhp.com.cn/a/dongfengyilin/xingyedongtai/2010/1222/3020.html 30 Huang Jiefu: I only watched once the organ extraction procedure and felt changed needed Wuhan University Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases: A Race against Time Source: Phoenix TV 2015-01-11 www.people.com.cn - Hubei Channel May 21, 2015 Zhang Pei http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150111/42906812_0.shtml http://www.transplantation.org.cn/zyienizhonghe/2015-05/7432.htm https://archive.is/YxJwf https://archive.is/DATK4DATK4DATK4DATK4SzewF 黄洁夫：我只看过一次摘取器官 觉得需要改变 凤凰卫视 2015 年 01 月 11 日 攀登移植之巅 延续生命精彩 武大肝胆疾病研究院：器官移植与时间赛跑 [ 日期：2015-05-21] 来源：人民网 - 湖北频道 作者：张沛 31 Huang Jiefu: ‘Can death-row prisoners donate organ?’ is a pseudo-proposition Source: Beijing Youth Daily. November 23, 2015 15 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 352~363 http://epaper.ynet.com/html/2015-11/23/content_167300.htm?div=-1 Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 https://archive.is/hSlEd

24 25 黄洁夫：死囚可否捐器官是伪命题 《北京青年报》, 2015 年 11 月 23 日

32 Introduction of Liver Transplantation Centre at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University 48 Climbing the peak of transplantation, continue the wonderfulness of life http://www.transplantation.org.cn/ZheJiangDaXueFuShuDiYiYiYuanKuaiXun/2011-02/5400.htm Source: Dongfeng General Hospital Nov. 18, 2009 https://archive.is/j0gn7 http://www.dfmhp.com.cn/a/dongfengyilin/xingyedongtai/2010/1222/3020.html 浙江大学附属第一医院肝移植中心简介 https://archive.is/DATK4 攀登移植之巅 延续生命精彩 来源：东风医院 2009-11-18 33 Organ Harvesting in China The Diplomat June 29, 2016 http://thediplomat.com/2016/06/organ-harvesting-in-china/ 49 Wuhan University Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases: A Race against Time www.people.com.cn - Hubei Channel May 21, 2015 Zhang Pei 34 Kidney Transplantation - Medical Encyclopedia Medical Encyclopedia http://www.transplantation.org.cn/zyienizhonghe/2015-05/7432.htm http://www.a-hospital.com/w/%E8%82%BE%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D https://archive.is/SzewF https://archive.is/PmA5d 武大肝胆疾病研究院：器官移植与时间赛跑 [ 日期：2015-05-21] 来源：人民网 - 湖北频道 作者：张沛 肾移植 - 医学百科 50 List of Hospitals Approved to Carry Out Human Organ Transplantation 35 Damon Noto. Testimony at “Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party” National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. September 12, 2012. http://web.archive.org/web/20140107075300/http://www.moh.gov.cn/zhuzhan/sjcx/201308/1ef2115e6ce84414b28bcc4b608d0910.shtml https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg75859/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg75859.pdf 已批准开展人体器官移植项目的医院名单 , 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会 ,

36 Climbing the peak of transplantation, continue the wonderfulness of life 51 List of Hospitals Approved to Carry Out Human Organ Transplantation Source: Dongfeng General Hospital Nov. 18, 2009 Source: China Organ Transplantation Development Foundation http://www.dfmhp.com.cn/a/dongfengyilin/xingyedongtai/2010/1222/3020.html http://www.yzjjh.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=23&id=77 https://archive.is/DATK4 http://web.archive.org/web/20170108230716/http://www.yzjjh.org/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=23&id=77 攀登移植之巅 延续生命精彩 来源：东风医院 2009-11-18 已批准开展人体器官移植项目的医院名单 , 来源：中国器官移植发展基金会

37 Wuhan University Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases: A Race against Time 52 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 304~314 www.people.com.cn - Hubei Channel May 21, 2015 Zhang Pei Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 http://www.transplantation.org.cn/zyienizhonghe/2015-05/7432.htm http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf https://archive.is/SzewF 武大肝胆疾病研究院：器官移植与时间赛跑 [ 日期：2015-05-21] 来源：人民网 - 湖北频道 作者：张沛 53 Organ source transformed, however the number of transplant rises up instead of falling downing Source: Beijing Youth Daily October 15th, 2015 38 The Maze of Organ Donation http://epaper.ynet.com/html/2015-10/19/content_159772.htm Source: infzm.com / Southern Weekend March 26, 2010 https://archive.is/T3N0y http://news.163.com/10/0326/10/62MP5K0G00011SM9.html 黄洁夫：器官来源转型 移植数不降反升 《北京青年报》 2015 年 10 月 15 日 https://archive.is/hsCZG 器官捐献迷宮 来源 : 南方周末 2010-03-26 54 China to have more organ transplantation hospitals China Daily. Source: Xinhua. May 15, 2016 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-05/15/content_25287057.htm 39 Huang Jiefu：Stopping Use Organs From Death-Row Inmates CCTV 2015-01-11 https://archive.is/JYZSB http://news.cntv.cn/2015/01/11/VIDE1420988398831635.shtml CCTV 《面对面》黄洁夫：停用死囚器官 . 2015/01/11 55 Huang Jiefu: Five organ donation systems are transparent, people can share resources. Source: Phoenix TV March 25, 2017. 40 China Liver Transplant Registry’s 2006 Annual Report China Liver Transplant Registry http://phtv.ifeng.com/a/20170325/44561772_0.shtml Http://web.archive.org/web/20160216043257/http://www.slideserve.com/lerato/2006 http://web.archive.org/web/20170417130706/http://phtv.ifeng.com/a/20170325/44561772_0.shtml 《中国肝移植注册 2006 年度报告》 来源：中国肝移植注册网 黄洁夫：器官捐献五大体系公开透明 让百姓也能享受资源

41 YunNan Kidney Disease Hospital—a branch of the Yunnan Province Organ Transplant Centre 56 Which hurdles organ donation in China needs to overcome People Daily Jan 2, 2017. http://www.minghui.org/mh/article_images/2008-9-5-kunming-kidney-02.jpg http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2017-01/02/content_1740227.htm 云南肾脏病医院 - 云南省器官移植中心分部 https://archive.is/DHnWJ 中国器官捐献尚需跨越哪些坎 人民日报 2017 年 01 月 02 日 42 Bloody Harvest: Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China (Revised Edition) Appendix 5. The Recipient Experience January 1, 2007 David Matas, David Kilgour 57 Introduction of Liver Transplantation Centre at The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University http://organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/report20070131.htm#_Toc158023098 http://www.transplantation.org.cn/ZheJiangDaXueFuShuDiYiYiYuanKuaiXun/2011-02/5400.htm 《血淋淋的器官摘取—关于指控中共摘取法轮功学员器官的调查报告修订版》 https://archive.is/j0gn7 浙江大学附属第一医院肝移植中心简介 43 Analysis of Effect Factors on Kidney Retransplantation 50 cases Source: Journal of Medical Forum, Vol. 27, No. 14, Jul 2006 58 Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network National Data, as of January 10, 2017 https://web.archive.org/web/20160604142357/http://www.cqvip.com/read/read.aspx?id=22684593 https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/view-data-reports/national-data/# 《再次肾移植影响因素探讨（附 50 例报告）》 《医药论坛杂志》2006 年 7 月 第 27 卷 第 14 期 59 Liver Transplant Gospel - Asia’s largest organ transplant center was established 44 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 314~315 Source: Xinhua Net – Daily News December 29, 2003 Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 http://www.39.net/disease/sbzt/ejym/ZLFF/zxzx/156178.html http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf http://web.archive.org/web/20170109090525/http://www.39.net/disease/sbzt/ejym/ZLFF/zxzx/156178.html 肝移植者福音 - 亚洲最大的器官移植中心成立 [2003-12-29] 来源：新华网 45 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 287~288 Authors: David Kigour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 60 Oriental Organ Transplant Centre Put into Use Yesterday http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf Source: Tianjin Daily News Online – Daily News September 5th 2006 Reporter: Xu Yang http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-09-02/09019916538s.shtml 46 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 346~349 https://archive.is/PC0hS Authors: David Kigour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 东方器官移植中心昨天投入使用 来源：天津日报网 - 每日新报 2006-09-05 记者：徐杨 http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf 61 Oriental Organ Transplant Center Put into Use Yesterday 47 “Hard to Believe” Testimonial by Prof. Wendy Rogers Source: Tianjin Daily Website – Daily News September 5, 2006 Xu Yang http://www.hardtobelievemovie.com/news1/2016/6/24/hard-to-believe-testimonial http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2006-09-02/09019916538s.shtml

26 27 https://archive.is/PC0hS 东方器官移植中心昨天投入使用 来源：天津日报网 - 每日新报 2006-09-05 记者：徐杨 77 The notice on the Ministry of Health issued health Tenth Five-Year Plan 62 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 372~374 Source: 110.com, source: The Ministry of Health, Dated: 2001-07-23， Status: valid Authors: David Kigour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 http://www.110.com/fagui/law_148410.html http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf https://archive.is/4v3uG 卫生部关于印发卫生事业第十个五年计划纲要的通知 法律法规网 / 来源：卫生部 状态 : 有效 发布日期 :2001-07-23 63 Climbing the peak of transplantation, continue the wonderfulness of life Source: Dongfeng General Hospital Nov. 18th, 2009 78 The Tenth Five-Year Plan on Chinese Health Technology Development and 2010 Vision Plan http://www.dfmhp.com.cn/a/dongfengyilin/xingyedongtai/2010/1222/3020.html The National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China 2004-06-03 https://archive.is/DATK4 http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/zwgkzt/pzcqgh/200804/20487.shtml 攀登移植之巅 延续生命精彩 来源：东风总医院 2009-11-18 https://archive.is/Gj3uO 中国卫生科技发展第十个五年计划及 2010 年远景规划纲要 64 Wuhan University Research Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases: A Race against Time 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会 2004-06-03 www.people.com.cn - Hubei Channel May 21, 2015 Zhang Pei http://www.transplantation.org.cn/zyienizhonghe/2015-05/7432.htm 79 Ministry of Health issued the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of https://archive.is/SzewF the Eleventh Five-Year Plan to support four projects Guidelines for application 武大肝胆疾病研究院：器官移植与时间赛跑 [ 日期：2015-05-21] 来源：人民网 - 湖北频道 作者：张沛 http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2008228163031735202339.html https://archive.is/SxgyM#selection-303.3-303.6 65 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 374~375 卫生部发布“十一五”科技支撑计划四项目课题申请指南 2008-02-28 Authors: David Kigour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf 80 Meeting Minutes on the 12th Five-year Plan Strategy Study Workshop - National High-tech R&D Program of China (863 Program) on Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering 66 Huang Jiefu: I only watched once the organ extraction procedure and felt changed needed http://www.gzbio.net/web/gsrc/info/201202168700.html Source: Phoenix TV 2015-01-11 https://archive.is/buGh0 http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150111/42906812_0.shtml 863 计划干细胞与组织工程 - “十二五”战略研讨会会议纪要 https://archive.is/YxJwf 黄洁夫：我只看过一次摘取器官 觉得需要改变 凤凰卫视 2015 年 01 月 11 日 81 The project start meeting of 863 Program on the fielf of biology and modern medical was held in Beijing 2012-07-31 http://www.cncbd.org.cn/News/Detail/3001 https://archive.is/2GU4s 67 Sharing System Moves Chinese Organ Transplantation into the Public Welfare Era https://archive.is/npahC China Economic Weekly, 2013, Issue 34 Liu, Yanqing “十二五”863 计划生物和医药技术领域现代医学技术主题项目启动会在京召开 2012-07-31 http://paper.people.com.cn/zgjjzk/html/2013-09/06/content_1295101.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20160116163206/http://paper.people.com.cn/zgjjzk/html/2013-09/06/content_1295101.htm 82 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 352~368 共享系统推动中国器官移植进入公益化时代 , 《中国经济周刊》 记者 刘砚青 Authors: David Kigour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf 68 Issuing Notice on Management Regulations for Human Organ procurements and Distribution (Trial) Issued by National Health and Family Planning Commission August 21, 2013 83 Huang Jiefu：Stopping Use Organs From Death-Row Inmates CCTV 2015-01-11 Original: http://www.moh.gov.cn/zhuzhan/zcjd/201308/c18f349814984f44a71361426f3eec0d.shtml http://news.cntv.cn/2015/01/11/VIDE1420988398831635.shtml Archived: https://archive.is/zz8Hn CCTV 《面对面》黄洁夫：停用死囚器官 . 2015/01/11 国家卫生计生委关于印发《人体捐献器官获取与分配管理规定（试行）》的通知 2013 年 8 月 21 日 84 China Human Organ Donation and Transplantation Commission was set up 69 Huang Jiefu: ‘Can death-row prisoners donate organ?’ is a pseudo-proposition National Health and Family Planning Commission People’s Republic of China 2014-03-07 Beijing Youth Daily. November 23, 2015 http://www.nhfpc.gov.cn/yzygj/s3586q/201403/89105886fc9b4d3991c034364f52878c.shtml http://epaper.ynet.com/html/2015-11/23/content_167300.htm?div=-1 https://archive.is/tb0UM https://archive.is/hSlEd 《中国人体器官捐献与移植委员会成立》 中华人民共和国国家卫生和计划生育委员会 2014-03-07 黄洁夫：死囚可否捐器官是伪命题 《北京青年报》, 2015 年 11 月 23 日 85 WOIPFG Releases List of 7371 Medical Personnel from 765 Non-Military Medical Institutions Suspected of 70 People’s Republic of China Executed “according to law”? Harvesting Organs from Living Falun Gong Practitioners, December, 2014 – The death penalty in China Amnesty International, AI Index: ASA 17/003/2004 http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45858 http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/351 71 Roger Hood – ‘Abolition of the Death Penalty China in World Perspective’ (2009) 1CityUHKLRev1 WOIPFG Releases List of 2098 Medical Personnel in 100 People’s Libertion Armyand Armed Police Hospitals Suspected of Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners 72 The Next Frontier National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia Studies http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45100 in Crime and Public Policy David T Johnson, Franklin E Zimring 《追查国际发布中共 765 家非军队系统医疗机构涉嫌活摘法轮功学员器官的 7371 名医务人员的追查名单》 《追查国际发布中共军队和武警系统 100 家医院涉嫌活摘法轮功学员器官的 2098 名医务人员的追查名单》 73 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 400~405 Authors: David Kigour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 86 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 414~415 http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf Authors: David Kigour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf 74 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 408~410 Authors: David Kigour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 87 WOIPFG Releases List of 2098 Doctors in 100 PLA and Armed Police Hospitals http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf Suspected of Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners Original: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45100#_Toc401944927 75 Number of Falun Gong practitioners in China in 1999: at least 70 million - See more at: 《追查国际发布中共军队和武警系统 100 家医院涉嫌活摘法轮功学员器官的 2098 名医务人员的追查名单》 http://faluninfo.net/article/517/Number-of-Falun-Gong-practitioners-in-China-in-1999-at-least-70- million/#sthash.FUe8zweP.dpuf http://faluninfo.net/article/517/Number-of-Falun-Gong-practitioners-in-China-in-1999-at-least-70-million/ 88 Former 610 Office Head Li Dongsheng Indicted MingHui.net August 24, 2015 76 Bloody Harvest: Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China (Revised Edition) http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2015/8/24/%E6%81%B6%E6%8A%A5%E4%B8%B4%E5%A4%B4- January 1, 2007 David Matas, David Kilgour %E6%9D%8E%E4%B8%9C%E7%94%9F%E8%A2%AB%E5%85%AC%E8%AF%89-314629.html http://bloodyharvest.info/ 李东生被公诉 明慧网 2015 年 8 月 24 日 http://www.organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/report20070131-ch.pdf 《血淋淋的器官摘取——关于指控中共摘取法轮功学员器官的独立调查报告修订版》 89 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 424~425 作者：大卫·麦塔斯及大卫·乔高 , 2007 年 1 月 第 16 页 Authors: David Kigour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016

28 29 http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf

90 The Maze of Organ Donation infzm.com / Southern Weekend March 26, 2010 105 Sharing System Moves Chinese Organ Transplantation into the Public Welfare Era http://news.163.com/10/0326/10/62MP5K0G00011SM9.html China Economic Weekly, 2013, Issue 34 Liu, Yanqing https://archive.is/hsCZG http://paper.people.com.cn/zgjjzk/html/2013-09/06/content_1295101.htm 器官捐献的迷宮 2010-03-26 来源 : 南方周末 https://web.archive.org/web/20160116163206/http://paper.people.com.cn/zgjjzk/html/2013-09/06/content_1295101.htm 共享系统推动中国器官移植进入公益化时代 , 《中国经济周刊》 记者 刘砚青 91 http://endorganpillaging.org/an-update/ 106 Imported products are no longer the only dominant 92 People’s Republic of China Executed “according to law”? – http://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/2004-08/01/content_68987.htm The death penalty in China, Amnesty International, AI Index: ASA 17/003/2004 http://archive.is/eKPLm 不再是进口产品“一枝独大” 93 Roger Hood – ‘Abolition of the Death Penalty China in World Perspective’ (2009) 1CityUHKLRev1 107 Organ transplant stimulating immunosuppressant market Source: Medical Economic News 94 The Next Frontier National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia Studies http://business.sohu.com/20060328/n242513501.shtml in Crime and Public Policy, David T Johnson, Franklin E Zimring http://archive.is/vbSEi 器官移植催热免疫抑制剂市场 医药经济报 95 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 400~405 Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 108 Special report on diagnosis and treatment of liver transplantation: http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf Interview with West China Hospital liver transplant expert Yan Lvnan http://paper.people.com.cn/jksb/html/2006-06/19/content_7050098.htm 96 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 352~363 http://archive.is/RaPvb 肝移植诊治专题：采访华西医院肝移植专家严律南 Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf 109 Immunosuppressant Market Growth Accelerates Novartis might be the Largest Winners China Pharmaceutical News September 20, 2010 97 Bloody Harvest/The Slaughter: An Update page 424~425 http://www.bioon.com/industry/market/456985.shtml Authors: David Kilgour, Ethan Gutmann, and David Matas, June 22, 2016 https://web.archive.org/web/20170407074113/http://www.bioon.com/industry/market/456985.shtml http://endorganpillaging.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Bloody_Harvest-The_Slaughter-June-23-V2.pdf 免疫抑制剂市场增长加速 诺华或成最大赢家 中国医药报 2010-9-20

98 For the First Time, China Releases Organ Donation Guidelines to Prevent Organ Trading, 110 Insider Testimony of Senior Military Doctor in Shenyang Military Command Regarding Sujiatun Concentration Camp Xinhua News Agency Source: The Epoch Times March 31, 2006 http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2015-08/24/c_128159262.htm http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/6/3/31/n1271996.htm https://archive.is/3zrpL 《大纪元》沈阳军区老军医指证苏家屯集中营内幕 《新华网》 -- 中国首次发布器官捐献指南 杜绝器官买卖 111 Israel Organ Transplant Act 2008 99 Huang Jiefu: I only watched once the organ extraction procedure and felt changed needed http://www.declarationofistanbul.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=267: Phoenix TV 2015-01-11 israel-transplant-law-organ-transplant-act-2008&catid=83:legisl%20ation&Itemid=130 http://news.ifeng.com/a/20150111/42906812_0.shtml https://archive.is/YxJwf 112 Spain: A 2010 amendment to the Criminal Code included Article 156 bis 黄洁夫：我只看过一次摘取器官 觉得需要改变 凤凰卫视 2015 年 01 月 11 日 http://www.ont.es/infesp/Legislacin/BOERD1723-2012.pdf

100 Huang Jiefu: ‘Can death-row prisoners donate organ?’ is a pseudo-proposition 113 Italy Censures China Organ Harvest With Senate Bill Beijing Youth Daily. November 23, 2015 http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/1276265-italy-censures-china-organ-harvest-with-senate-bill/print/ http://epaper.ynet.com/html/2015-11/23/content_167300.htm?div=-1 http://www.quotidianosanita.it/allegati/allegato4671710.pdf https://archive.is/hSlEd 黄洁夫：死囚可否捐器官是伪命题 《北京青年报》, 2015 年 11 月 23 日 114 Taiwan: The Human Organ Transplantation Act of 2015 http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=L0020024 101 The Ministry of Health Conference on Organ Transplantation Center in October Source: Xinhua net August 13, 2005 115 European Parliament resolution on organ harvesting in China (2013/2981(RSP)) http://news.xinhuanet.com/newsCenter/2005-08/13/content_3348219.htm http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+MOTION+P7-RC-2013-0562+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN https://archive.is/qLEJ0 卫生部器官移植中心 10 月挂牌 来源：新华网 2005 年 08 月 13 日 116 House Resolution 343, United States Congress https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/343 102 No brain death regulation in China, 90% of doctors are not clear about the specifications either Source: qq.net August 22, 2014 http://news.qq.com/a/20140822/056799.htm https://archive.is/FB61S 我国脑死亡立法空白 90% 医生不清楚鉴定标准 来源：腾讯网新闻 2014 年 8 月 22 日

103 Li Leishi: Organ Donation After Death Theoretically Exists But In Reality Hard To Do Source: Sohu Health http://health.sohu.com/20081127/n260870584.shtml http://archive.is/NWzWL 黎磊石：死亡后器官捐献理论上存在 现实中难做到 , 来源：《搜狐健康》，2008 年 11 月 27 日

104 Huang Jiefu, the former Vice Minister of Health: I want to take the lead to bow to donors Source: Guangzhou Daily, Dayang Net, March 13, 2013. http://news.dayoo.com/guangzhou/201303/13/73437_29475945.htm https://archive.is/cNGOl 卫生部原副部长黄洁夫 : 我要带头向捐献者鞠躬 《大洋网》2013 年 3 月 13 日 来源：广州日报

30 31 ABOUT US

The China Organ Harvest Research Center is a nonprofit organization committed to conducting and presenting objective research on non-consensual organ harvesting in China. We seek, discover, translate and analyze primary sources and other evidence from Chinese and overseas sources. It is our firm belief that non-consensual organ harvesting, especially when perpetrated against prisoners of conscience, is a crime against humanity and a new form of state terrorism. We feel it is our duty to bring this issue to the attention of the public and ultimately to help end this barbaric practice.

Before establishing this organization, we studied the Chinese organ transplantation system for over a decade. Our work has formed the basis of independent reports that have been cited by CNN, The New York Times, PBS, The Globe and Mail, and The Times of London.

We cannot achieve this goal alone. Facing such atrocities, every member of society has a duty to act in order to safeguard basic morality and speak out on behalf of those who cannot speak for themselves. We look forward to collaborating with other researchers, medical professionals, politicians, and human rights activists to deepen our understanding of what has taken place and what continues to take place in China today.

WRITING AND EDITORIAL TEAM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Written by: Grace Yin, David Li Special thanks to Ethan Gutmann, David Matas, David Kilgour, and Sarah Cook for their Research by: China Organ Harvest contribution to the content and comments. Research Center Five experts, including two independent Edited by: Bill Boericke, Ann F Corson scholars and three China and medical specialists, Nicole Hond participated in research or provided research support but wished to remain anonymous. Art director: Grace Yin Three China scholars who wished to remain anonymous served as academic advisers. Graphic design by: Olli Törmä, Pin Lee Liam Hutchison, Michelle Li The main cover image was adapted from original work created by Wei Jane Chir.

ChinaOrganHarvest.org COHResearch

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