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Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Nacional De Ciencias Biológicas El Tráfico Ilegal De Fauna Silvestre En La Ciudad De M

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Instituto Politécnico Nacional Escuela Nacional De Ciencias Biológicas El Tráfico Ilegal De Fauna Silvestre En La Ciudad De M INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA NACIONAL DE CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS EL TRÁFICO ILEGAL DE FAUNA SILVESTRE EN LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO T E S I S QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE: BIÓLOGO PRESENTA: JAIME ALBERTO ANTONIO GUZMÁN DIRECTOR DE TESIS: M. en C. ALEJANDRA DUARTE QUIROGA CODIRECTOR: BIOL. ENRIQUE QUIROZ UHART Ciudad de México 2016 El tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre en la Ciudad de México J.A. Antonio Guzmán RESUMEN Las características geográficas y topográficas de México hacen de este país un lugar propicio para albergar una riqueza natural que representa un 10% de la biodiversidad descrita a nivel mundial. Estos recursos naturales han sido sobreexplotados por las poblaciones humanas de tal forma, que ha sido necesario regular su aprovechamiento. Para proteger a las especies de flora y fauna cuyas poblaciones están siendo afectadas por su uso desmedido, se han conformado listados donde se establece el grado de amenaza, desde Preocupación Menor hasta en Peligro de Extinción. Sin embargo, el enlistar a ciertas especies de fauna silvestre dentro de dichas categorías de riesgo para evitar su extinción, en ocasiones promueve su tráfico ilegal de manera paralela. A pesar de las acciones emprendidas a nivel internacional y local para regular la comercialización ilegal de fauna silvestre, ésta es una actividad recurrente. Este trabajo de investigación recopila un listado de algunos vertebrados terrestres comercializados en la Ciudad de México y su Zona Metropolitana, principalmente de tres grupos taxonómicos: reptiles, aves y mamíferos. Este listado de especies integra datos recolectados a lo largo de un año (junio del 2014 - mayo del 2015) obtenidos por: 1) observación directa durante recorridos en mercados y tianguis, 2) bases de datos sobre aseguramientos y 3) monitoreo de fauna silvestre ofertada por Internet. De un total de n=605 registros, las especies más comercializadas fueron de la Clase Reptilia (42%), seguidos por las Aves (32%) y finalmente Mammalia (11%). Una tercera parte(n=215) corresponden a especies exóticas, mientras que el resto (n=390) son nativas, de las cuales 25 son endémicas. Del total de las especies registradas como comercializadas, un 8.3 % están enlistadas en el Apéndice I de CITES y de igual forma un 5.8 % de las mismas, están catalogadas a nivel nacional como En Peligro de Extinción por la NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Los datos de este trabajo aportan información actualizada sobre las especies de fauna silvestre involucradas en el tráfico de fauna silvestre en la Ciudad de México y Zona Metropolitana que sirven de base para reforzar estrategias actuales para mitigar el tráfico de fauna silvestre, dada la dinámica de esta actividad a pesar de la legislación. ii El tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre en la Ciudad de México J.A. Antonio Guzmán ABSTRACT Mexico’s geographic and topographic features make the country a favourable location to be home to a natural richness that represents 10% of the documented biodiversity worldwide. These natural resources have been over-exploited by human populations in a manner such that it has been necessary to regulate their use. In order to protect species of flora and fauna, whose populations are affected by excessive utilisation, lists have been made that determine the degree to which they are threatened, from Least Concern to Critically Endangered. However, listing certain wildlife species within such categories in order to protect them from extinction will occasionally promote their illegal traffic in a parallel way. Despite the actions taken both locally and internationally to regulate the illegal trade of wildlife, this is still a recurring activity. The present research compiles a list of some terrestrial vertebrates traded in Mexico City and its Metropolitan Area, mainly belonging into three taxonomic groups: reptiles, birds and mammals. This list of species integrates data collected throughout a year (July 2014 – May 2015) by means of: 1) direct observation during tours in markets and tianguis; 2) databases from seizures; and 3) monitoring of wildlife for sale over the Internet. Out of a total n=605 records, the most commercialised species belonged in the Class Reptilia (42%), followed by Aves (32%), and finally Mammalia (11%). A third of the animals (n=215) correspond to exotic species, whilst the rest (n=390) are native species, including 25 endemics . Of the total of species recorded as commercialised, 8.3% are listed in CITES Appendix I, and 5.8% are catalogued as Endangered Species by NOM-059-SEMARNAT-2010. Data found in this work provide updated information on the wildlife species involved in illegal traffic in Mexico City and its Metropolitan Area, which serve as a basis to reinforce current strategies in order to mitigate the illegal trade, given the dynamic of such activity despite existing legislation. iii El tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre en la Ciudad de México J.A. Antonio Guzmán AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi gran familia: a mis padres Ana Luz Guzmán Santiago y Esteban Antonio García, mi abuela María Dolores Santiago Estudillo, y mis hermanas Arianna Antonio Guzmán y Sofía Soledad Antonio Guzmán, cuyo sacrificio y dedicación son potenciadores del esfuerzo realizado diariamente. A mis tíos: Maria Elisa Garcia Antonio, Armando Huerta Martinez, Francisco Antonio, Manuel Orozco Garcia, Jorge Orozco Garcia, Delfina Guzman Santiago, Rodrigo Rios Ruiz, a mis primos y sobrinos, puesto que su apoyo y enseñanzas mantienen unido a nuestro árbol genealógico. A mi novia Roció Martínez Damián quien me acompañó durante los largos años de carrera, a mis amigos, que comparten sus experiencias y nunca faltaron en tiempos de crisis. A la Biol. Auria Edith Galicia María por apoyarme en el servicio social y con los datos de PROFEPA–ZMVM necesarios para la elaboración de este escrito. A mis mentores, a cada uno de mis profesores que orgullosamente pulen el logotipo de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas principalmente la Biol. Alicia Carvajal Sandoval por el gran ejemplo de profesor y humano que irradia, mis asesores la M.C. Alejandra Duarte Quiroga y el Biol. Enrique Quiroz Uhart, por su paciencia y capacitación para culminar un ciclo importante para mí. A Gerardo Rivero y Fernanda Duarte quienes me ayudaron en los detalles gráficos de este trabajo. Finalmente mi casa, el campo de béisbol, la escuela, los laboratorios, las prácticas de campo y mi trabajo, conforman también lo que es mi gran familia. Gracias a todos los que compartieron estos espacios y tiempo conmigo, mi respeto eterno. iv El tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre en la Ciudad de México J.A. Antonio Guzmán Xquixhe pe látu' Guibudi, binni lidxe: bixhoze Esteban Antonio García. Ñac´ Ana Luz Guzmán Santiago. Jñaa bida. María Dolores Santiago Estudillo. Ca, biza´ na´ Arianna Antonio Guzmán y Sofia Soledad Antonio Guzmán vixhi´ banacabena´ne vidi cabena ´c stipa, de °iraxhi. Ca´ stuaya ´c ne ca´ Maria Elisa Garcia Antonio, Armando Huerta Martinez, Francisco Antonio, Manuel Orozco Garcia, Jorge Orozco Garcia, Delfina Guzman Santiago, Rodrigo Rios Ruiz. ruz*ica ne´ ne´visidiccaccna ´c gaca, tobi sinu ´c gueza. binni lidxhidu´c. ne, xpuyua´c. Roció Martínez Damián. ne yenena stale iza ra biside´. Ca ni bidxaaga´ ca biche ne vichaganecabena´c. Qui Biaadxa cabe´ora biquiñe´c de laacabe´ ne. Biol. Auria Edith Galicia María ne gucanee na´ ra “Servicio Social” ne´ Gui ´chi ne biquiñe ´c sti´ PROFEPA- ZMVM. Para gunda´ uca guiichidi ´c de ira ´c ne ca´ Biziidi´ na´ c ne Guendanaro´ rinecabe´. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Guzaana gola Biol. Alicia Carvajal Sandoval ne ruzidi´c zacaringa Guenda sti binni. Canibisidi´na´c M. C. Alejandra Duarte Quiroga ne Biol. Enrique Quiroz Huart por ti bisidi´ di´c cabe na ´Chahui ne neza´ Para ganda´unduxhe´. Ra biside´c. na´ne Gerardo Rivero y Fernanda Duarte Ucanecabena´c. lluxhe´ la´ yoo´ stine Gui´ shi sti´ “Beisbol “ ,yoo´ guendabiaani´, “Laboratorio” ne Dxi´ ña stine. Binni lidxhe la´ cabe´. Xquixhe pelátu´ Gusaatu´ ne na´. Guendanadxhi idubi guendanabani tátu´. “Cadu´ yanu´” v El tráfico ilegal de fauna silvestre en la Ciudad de México J.A. Antonio Guzmán ABREVIACIONES BVADF Brigada de Vigilancia Animal del Distrito Federal CCA Comisión para la Conservación Animal CITES Convención sobre el Comercio Internacional de Especies Amenazadas de Flora y Fauna Silvestre CONABIO Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad DGVS Dirección General de Vida Silvestre IB Instituto de Biología ING Índice Global de Impunidad INFOMEX Sistema de Solicitudes de Información IPN Instituto Politécnico Nacional ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System ONU Organización de las Naciones Unidas LGEEPA Ley General del Equilibrio Ecológico y Protección al Ambiente LPADF Ley de Protección de los Animales en el Distrito Federal LGVS Ley General de Vida Silvestre MER Método para la Evaluación de Riesgo NOM Norma Oficial Mexicana PGR Procuraduría General de la República PIMV Predio o Instalación que Maneja Vida Silvestre PROFEPA Procuraduría Federal de Protección al Ambiente SAGARPA Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería , Desarrollo Rural , Pesca y Agricultura SEMARNAT Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales SMA Secretaria del Medio Ambiente TAPO Terminal de Autobuses de Pasajeros de Oriente UMA Unidad de Manejo para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre UAM Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México UNODC Oficina de las Naciones Unidas Contra la Droga y el Delito WWF Word Wildlife Fund ZMCM Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de
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