December - January, 1964 - 1965 2 Cover Photo: Colonial Peak from North Cascades Parkway (telephoto), by Ellis Ogilvie

NORTH CASCADES PARKWAY?

A Dyspeptic Comment by the Irate Birdwatcher on the Bulldozers at Washington Pass

Of the making of many roads there is no end. Set a group of pioneers down in the wilder­ ness and the first thing they do, after platting a townsite, is file a memorial demanding that they be connected to civilization by a road — and then by a better road, and then by a highway, and ultimately by a freeway. So it was in the beginning, and so it is now. The cry for roads is as American as mom's apple pie and as irresistible as a Sousa march.

Now and then someone questions the value, necessity, and wisdom of a proposed road. In California the great "Freeway Revolt" is raging, aiming to save Golden Gate Park, virgin redwood forests, and natural ocean shores from concrete devastation. In Stehekin long-time residents are suggesting that those of their neighbors with a feverish desire to live by the side of a highway should take a boat ride to the other end of Lake Chelan.

But the roads go on, urged originally by the messianic preachings of prophets in the wil­ derness, and once underway, moving with the mindless force of suprahuman juggernauts served by, but in no real sense guided by, state legislatures, highway engineers, federal fund-supplying agencies, and the usual gang of boosters.

Roads are of such stuff as dreams are made on. They cannot be understood as planned products of human reason. A nation willing to spend billions to reach the Moon empathizes with the rancher in Twisp whose highest aspiration is a road to Marblemount.

And so, in October 1964 the bulldozers reached Washington Pass and are now separated from the bulldozers on Ross Lake by a mere 30 miles. The North Cross-State Highway will be­ come a reality within a very few years. Some wonder whether the highway was ever needed in the first place. More think alternative routes were available that would have better served what­ ever economic purposes need to be served, while doing less damage to the Cascade wilderness. Be that as it may, the road is there, or soon will be — and it got there through the efforts of a few hundred people, perhaps a few dozen, with very few of the millions of Washington citizens even knowing what was going on, or why.

One question now is whether the new highway is to become a North Cascades Parkway — or the artery by which logging is extended deep into remote valleys, and stock-promotion mines proliferated by slack-jawed, vacant-eyed prospectors and certificate salesmen in checkered vests.

A further question is whether the new highway will sprout extensions in all directions — up Granite Creek to Chancellor, to connect with the existing road over Harts Pass; down Bridge Creek to connect with the Stehekin River "road to nowhere"; and over Cascade Pass to connect the Stehekin and Cascade River roads. December - January, 1564 - 1965

The road over Washington Pass and Rainy Pass must be accepted as an accomplished fact. However, the road came into being without any debate at levels of high public policy. What is done with the road must be debated. As the North Cascades Parkway, it can become all that its original proponents want it to be, and also one of the chief glories of Washington tourism. Left to the mindless juggernaut, it could become the worst disaster since the Northern Pacific Land Grant.

In conclusion, let me strenuously object to the suggestion that Rainy Pass be renamed "Hollaway Pass" on the grounds that "Rainy Pass" is an "ugly name" and that Mr. Hollaway's name should be placed on the map in recognition of 55 years of effort to move hay wagons over the hills. If "rainy" is an ugly name, so is "cloudy," "blizzard," "early winters," "three fools, " "dirty face," "brush," and etcetera and etcetera.; As for Mr. Hollaway, we look fondly upon him as a fine example of the pioneer spirit, but we would rather see him memorialized by a histori­ cal marker, or a state park, located beside the highway near his ranch.

Let me also urge that the cumbersome term, "North Cross-State Highway, " be replaced by the simple name, "North Cascades Parkway" — and that we then go forward and make it just that.

At a recent meeting, Mt. Baker National Forest Service Forest supervisor Harold Chriswell announced that the Forest Service does not plan a road down Bridge Creekin the Stehekin valley. Con­ servation groups have long opposed a connec­ Comes Out Against ting route between the new North Cross-State Highway and the present Stehekin road.

Chriswell says Region Six now opposes the Bridge Creek Road construction of such a road. Contact with the regional office confirms this. Chriswell says the Forest Service is not sure how the road J. Michael McCloskey plan at one time got on their Forest Transpor­ tation System for the future, but that it is now being taken off. He also said Wenatchee Na­ tional Forest supervisor Ken Blair is trying to persuade the Wenatchee Chamber of Com­ merce to reverse their previous stand of en­ dorsing the road. December - January, 1964 - 1965 4

Concrete Herald. June 4

Highway Boosters To Meet In Fall At Washington Pass

The ballroom of the Elks Club in State Highway Director Charles Mount Vernon was well-filled Frl Prahl left his report for the gover­ day evening for the arir7uaT"North nor and commented briefly on the Cross-State Highway Ass'n. meet­ "Washington Pass In September!" pass highway by saying that from ing. Interest in the program was the enthusiasm, both officially and evidenced by the presence of Gov. It remained for "Buzz" Matoon, on the local level, he had "better Albert Rosellini as main speaker; district engineer on the east side continue building or look for a new plus Ernest Cowell, James Blair to furnish the keynote of the even­ job." He plans a visit to the ends and George Zahn of the state high­ ing when he reported on work now of the highway contracts this sum­ way commission; Charles G. Prahl, done and stated that a pioneer mer. state director of highways; and a road would be completed to Wash­ Jess Sapp of Sedro-Woolley, ex- host of state senators and repre­ ington Pass (the highest point of senator and past-president of the sentatives. the highway) about August 24th. highway association, acted as mas­ The governor, in his talk, report­ He said that the east-side group ter of ceremonies for the banquet. ed on progress made in the past had taken him at his word and now Fred Martin, former Rockport sen­ seven years toward completion of were busy planning a meeting at ator and long-time highway boost­ the mountain crossing for this area the pass in early September. "See er, made the introduction of Gov. and commented that in the 70 you there," he concluded. Rosellini. Present president of the years since the project was initiat­ Paul McKay, district eningeer NCH group Lowell Peterson wel­ ed, the past few years have shown for this side, reported that his men comed the guests and made the the most actual construction. had projects being set up in this concluding remarks. He commended the association area to augment work now being Around two hundred guests en­ and it's workers over the years for done by the Bureau of Public joyed the fine dinner and speak­ their determination to build such a Roads on the pass highway poper. ing. The attendance was cut some­ road and stated that in his opinion Bill Mason, BPR engineer told of what by the holiday weekend, but It would be the "most scenic high­ plans for advancing the road from nevertheless very good. Belling- way anywhere in this, country" on the Horsetail Falls terminus of the ham and Whatcom county had the ..completion. present contract to Ross Dam as largest delegation. , He noted that about $1 million immediate access, with the bridge Past presidents attending includ­ in state money is being spent each at Horsetail Falls' to be in a later ed Sig Berglund, Gerry Gannon, year on the east slope section of contract. Surfacing is also to be Jack Abrams, Chas. Dwelley, Sig the highway—matching $1 million done this summer on the Newhal- Hjaltalin. Jess Sapp and Les Hal- or more of Federal Forest Road em-Skagit road. He stated that by loway. The fall meeting will be the money being spent on this side, the end of the year $5 million in election time and this year the and promised that this program contracts would have been let by president will be from the east will be continued. the bureau on the highway. side. 5 December - January. 1964 - 1965

Wenatehee World, June 26

Map Of Region Needs A New Name—Holla way Pass A f)U] !c months hence a group of The route was ultimately found in- people hom both sides of the Cascades feasible and other routes were studied, will callier at a high mountain pass to including one along the Skagit River partake of lasts barheque of bee).. on the west side, and Stehekin and They'll talk excitedly, as they always Twisp Rivers on the east side. do. about cars someday whizzing by at After (he early agitation fpr a high­ this spit—Washington Pass—enroule to way, things were rather quiet until the the Skagit Valley on the west slope or 1990s. Exploratory trips were made to the Methow Valley to the east. over several routes to determine the They're boosters for the North Cross most feasible one. Then in 1934, un­ State Highway and they'll be there to der a $50,000 state appropriation, a celebrate a milestone. A temporary route approaching the present one was road, connecting with a graded but as decided on. vet tinoiled portion of the eastern acess Hollaway and his associates continued of 'die 55-mile-lnng highway, will have to try every angle to get work started, reached the road's summit by late finally in 1942 organizing the present August i cry active North Cross State High­ Its something to cheer about, these way Assn. It elected Hollaway its first enthusiasts figure. president. Probably the most enthusiastic of In 1959 actual construction was final­ them all will ne Les Hollawav. long­ ly begun. At the end of this year about time Methow Valley citizen. He holds 21 miles will have been cleared and 'ho distinction of having worked for a graded, with oiling to come later. This icni over the Cascades in the northern leaves HO miles yet to be built. With Cool of the state longer than any other appropriations being made available person. yearly for the State Highways Depart­ Associates of this former Okanogan ment and the federal Bureau of Public County commissioner and pioneer Roads as a matter of course no major rancher are talking about naming some obstacle to ultimate completion of the landmark for Hollawav as a tribute to important northern link looms ahead. him for long years of service. They Hoiiaway's role in the achievement suggest Rainy Pass, a summit lower on to date reminds one of the tremendous the west slope of the high, mountain accomplishments of Jim O'Suliivan and range. It would hence be known as Rufus Woods in bringing about Grand Hollaway Pass Coulee Dam. The names of all three The Daily World agrees with this of these men will not soon be forgot­ proposal. While an obstacle to accom­ ten. O'Suliivan has a reservoir named plishing the name change may exist at alter hyn in the Columbia Basin, present—some say federal policy is to Woods a lake behind Chief Joseph honot men this way only after they are Dam. and Rainy Pass, an ugly name, deceased — this tribute is appropriate should be Hollaway. and deserving And while we're on the subject of Hollaway came to the upper Methow names, let's make another suggestion. Valley in 1909 on the strength of talk Change the name of North Cross and an article saying a cross-Cascade State Highway, a most unglamorous highway would be accomplished some­ and dull name, to Washington Pass day soon; so would bringing a railroad Highway. into the valley. Sometimes he almost That high point is the summit of the became discouraged by relay in making road, and looming high above it is Lib­ the road a reality. But he never ceased erty Bell, a spectacular peak with an to work for it for 55 long years. appropriate name for a pass called Actually the push lor a north cross- Washington. state road dates back further than that. The names Snoqualmie, Stevens, In 1893 the legislature was induced to Blewett and Chinook — short ones — pass an act to provide for the establish­ fit nicely into newspaper headlines. ment of a state "Cascade Wagon Road" As a result they achieve tremendous across the mountains. Twenty thous­ publicity in the course of an average and dollars was appropriated, contin­ year. gent on Whatcom County putting up "North Cross State" will never make $5,000, and Okanogan and Stevens the grade. Washington Pass will. counties each $1,000, The first of many And the name makes it sound like delays through the years occurred its THE pass in Washington. With the when the state refused to accept coun­ spectacular scenery it passes through it ty warrants. may well be.—By Hu Blonk. December - January, 1964 - 1965 6

Seattle Times, October 28 WINTHROP, Okanogan County, Oct. 28.—There are only By ROBERT A. BARR 35 miles to go in the long-sought North Cross-State Highway, Times Staff Reporter and completion is awaited anxiously and impatiently in both the Methow Valley and Skagit Valley dairy country. MAZAMA, Okanogan Coun­ completed. A new concrete On the maps, when completed in several years, it will ty, Oct. 28.—Racing against bridge for the 28-foot-wide show as Highway 16. time and first winter snows, roadway was opened to traf­ To the harassed Boeing sports enthusiast, orchardist road builders and engineers fic last Wednesday. commuter, the frustrated us­ and champion of the high­ today were finishing another From Washington Pass at ers of Highway 99 and others way route, left no doubt of leg of the North Cross-State the headwaters of Early it may seem little more than his convictions. Highway near here. Winters Creek, the route will another scenic roadway, "This will be the best "Leg" is a misnomer. swing wast to Rainy Pass fought tooth and nail by thing that can happen to the What was done in the sum­ and then follow Granite wilderness lovers, opposed economy here, and it will be mer was more of a mile- Creek downstream to the by interests in more popu­ a boon to the Skagit-region Stone. Most of the toughest Ruby Creek region behind lous areas. dairymen as well," Zahn tyork is done. Ross Dam on ' the Skagit said. In several years the high­ River. But to the alfalfa grower, the apple rancher, the lum­ "The shorter route will way will link the rich Oka­ give the dairymen a saving nogan Country above Chelan Near Ruby Creek a fin­ ber interests and tourist busi­ nesses of the rich Okanogan at least of $5 a ton on hay. and west of Spokane with ished road waits for the final "It will help the lumber­ the Skagit County coastal link from Washington Pass, and Methow Valleys, it is hailed as a shortcut to a men in this area as well as area. but thai.is in easier terrain consumers on both sides of and downhill all the way. potential multimillion-dollar It is being hammered and prosperity boom. the mountains." parved through a forbidding mountain wilderness. THE TOUGHNESS of the IMPATIENCE and jubila­ GEORGE DIBBLE, pio­ It is so rugged and fore­ country is exceeded only by tion of North Central resi­ neer banker, echoed the sen­ boding, for more than half its.beauty. The spectacular dents over progress of the timents. a century it has been re­ mountains, serrated ridges highway was made clear by "Trade has been stifled by • garded as prohibitive to con­ and snow - capped peak Charles G. Prahl, state high­ heavy shipping costs far too struction of a highway — will afford a beautiful high­ way director. long," he said. economically, that is. way panorama. "The key link between "This was the first route northern sections of the state selected for a cross-state FIRST OF THE East Side The view is unrivaled in Highway. Yet through the work was begun in 1961 at the state, many say. has been a long time com­ ing," Prahl said. "The Leg­ years development of the the Early Winters Creek Others, who have sweated coastal population resulted area about 12 miles north­ islature appropriated $20,000 with packs oh their backs for start of work in 1893. in a deplorable condition west of Winthrop. through the mountain that gave St, per cent of the When it was started it was wilderness or taken the "The new route over the state a maze of east-west a rich reward to the North "easy way" of saddle and North Cascades between highways while 40 per cent Cross State Highway Asso­ spurs, are not so conserva­ Mount Vernon and Pateros of the state had none." ciation and the highway de­ tive. It's the most beautiful o nthe Columbia will be 100 John Dawson, hotel oper­ votees who long have sought in the world, they say. miles shorter than over the ator, said: a highway connection R. L. Carroll, highway con­ two main cross-state routes "This road will bring a through Winthrop, Twisp, struction engineer, jockeyed through Stevens and Sno- new era of recreational, de­ Methow and Pateros to Spo­ a four-wheel-drive earry - all qualmie Passes. velopment. Not everyone kane and the Inland Empire truck over the pioneer road "For more than half a cen­ wants to shoulder a pack to Country. which broke the back of the tury lack of a short route to view the mountain beauty. wilderness. They include George Dib­ the" coast has had a stran­ But if they want to, they can ble, pioneer Winthrop banker gling effect on the economy use the road as a starting with a rare cracker-barrel HIGH TO THE northeast, of the areas.". point for that in the Glacier manner, and George Zahn, Silver Star Mountain seemed Park wilderness and the North Cascade Primitive "vhway commissioner, ap­ to stare aloofly at Snag- GEORGE ZAHN, state highway commissioner, Area." ple rancher and sage of the tooth Ridge. Methow Valley. To the southwest was Lib­ Others are John Dawson, erty Bell Mountain in all its owner of the only hotel in immense grandeur. Winthrop, a rocking chair artist; L. D. Holloway, ven­ The four-mile drive on erable Methow pioneer, and Carroll's inspection trip, lack Abrahams, Okanogan took 90 jolting minutes. Tail, We've got only one tough County commissioner. noble and silver fir in the one (16 degrees). The road canyon- far below lo o k e d should be fairly free of snow- like blades of grass. PROGRESS HAS been slides." only as fast as legislative Ahead lay Washington When will it be done? allocation of funds has per­ Meadows, an alpine meadow G. E. (Buzz) Mattoon, We- mitted. Even so, some 15 rimmed with breathtaking natchee District highway en­ miles of the highway have beauty. gineer grinned and said: been graded and ballasted. "All we need is money, In the brief working sea­ FROM A DISTANT ridge and that is up to the Legisla­ son of four months this year, came the shrill, faint whistle ture. four more miles of the last of a marmot to emphasize '"We'll be figuring the and toughest section of the the loneliness. yardage (rock and dirt to be highway route have been To the west, Cutthroat moved in from the rest of penetrated with a pioneer Peak towered majestically the pioneer road to the sum­ road to the lofty pass. near Whistler Mountain. mit) this winter. We expect At the lower end of the "It'll be a good highway," to advertise for bids in April. highway between here and Carroll said, "Most of the Early Winters Creek, about grade is about 3 per cent, THE CONSENSUS: Com­ three miles of grading, sur­ but some is 6 per cent. Most pletion in several years is . facing and paving are being of the curves are easy. as close as can be estimated. 7 December - January, 1964 - 1965

Wenatehee Daily World, November 17 Chelan Urged To Concrete Herald, November 19, 1964 Forest Service Plans Big Take 'Long Look' For NCS Highway Area Harold C. Chrisweil, Supervisor of the Mt. Baker National Forest, spoke at the monthly meeting of At Stehekin Road the Society of American Foresters CHELAN - Sam Boddy Jr., son or persons be among the on November 12, at the Twin Gab­ manager of the Chelan County laymen serving on a 15-member les Inn in Bellingham. Industrial Development Council, committee to be appointed to At that time he unveiled Forest urged Monday that a long look administer the funds. The com­ be taken at the entire North Service plans to develop the re­ mittee is also to include depart­ creational potential of the vast Central Washington area to de­ ment officials in various out­ cide on the feasibility of a road back country being opened by the door programs. construction of the North Cross from the North Cross State Crticism of the proposed road Highway, now under construc­ State Highway. Local foresters was voiced by Ray Courtney, learned of Forest Service policy tion, to Stehekin. Stehekin. for the Ruby Creek-Cascade Pass "It would be a down - right Speaking at the Lake Chelan area which lies between the North District Chamber of Commerce, sellout," he said. Courtney told the group that Cascade Primitive area and the he presented a study that has Glacier Peak Wilderness. been made on a proposed road the Stehekin area is unique. down Bridge Creek to Stehekin. "People come to Stehekin for FOR SCENIC VALUES He said there is not enough its uniqueness," Courtney said. "They want to get away. If The Ruby Creek-Cascade Pass information available at this area will be managed "primarily time for the council to make a the valley is opened up by a road, we wouldn't have anything for preservation of scenic values recommendation. However, he and to open up and develop it for did suggest that everyone in to compete with." In answering a question as the use and enjoyment of the large NCW join forces to develop a numbers of people who desire plan the people want. to what the forest service is doing on long range planning, other kinds of outdoor recreation "I would recommend we stay Chelan Ranger William Rines and those who are unable to en­ status quo and remain alert for commented the forest service gage in wilderness travel." "Recre­ the next year," Boddy said. has no plans to build a road ation uses, such as camping, pic­ The study already made does down Bridge Creek. nicking, skiing, hunting, fishing, not indicate where the travel­ He said the only survey he and enjoyment of scenery will be ers, would go after they drive knows that has been taken was given primary consideration. Roads do-wn th; Stehekin Valley to Ste- one by Ike Munson in the 30's vistas, resorts, ski lifts and other hefrin, he added. for the state highway depart­ developments needed by the public "Kitler they would have to ment. However, development of will be planned." "Timber harvest­ turn around and go back the camp sites and other recreation­ ing and other resource utilization way they came or possibly al facilities are in the forest will be permitted to the extent some types of 'ferry 'system services long range plans, that they can be properly integra­ would have to be put in," he Rynes said. ted and harmonized with the recre­ said. Boddy remarked that what is ation and the protection of the out­ He indicated that nothing going to happen in NCW will standing scenic attractions." would be done until the North be one of the issues at the out­ Cross State Highway is com­ According to Chrisweil, 37 miles door recreation meeting plan­ of road are yet to be constructed pleted, which he predicted ned for next spring. He com­ would be eight years. But he before the highway will be com­ plimented the program carried- plete. No tentative date has been said, the national trend for on at last April's outdoor con­ more camp sites and recreation­ set. for the completion. Observation ference which informed people points with interpretive signs are al facilities is creating a tre­ on the wilderness area. mendous demand on the out­ being planned, along with an ac­ doors. In conclusion, Boddy spoke cess road to the Rowland Point briefly on the proposed pro­ area. This is one of the few places Boddy pointed out the eco­ gram of the port district to take nomic impact of recreation and that terrain permits access to the over management of Pangborn edge of Ross Lake. tourists on an area. The cham­ Field. He asked for the cham­ ber also was told that conserva­ ber's approval of such an under­ Seattle City Light has a power tionists, timber interests and taking. A public meeting on the permit for the Thunder Creek others are looking at NCW with proposal will be held tonight in area. They eventually plan to con­ a critical eye to see what they Wenatchee. struct a dam on this creek. When can get out of it. constructed, this dam will form a "We have to be there with beautiful alpine lake. our wants -."/hen the time comes The area opened up by the North for decisions," Boddy said. Cross State Highway is one of the He told the group that the most scenic areas in the United November election makes avail­ States. The true recreational op­ able $40 million for develop­ portunities and specific areas to ment of roads and purchase of be developed are not fully realized land for recreation. at the present time because of the Boddy suggested a NCW per- large area involved and the in­ accessible nature of this land. December - January, 1964 - 1965 8

The Older and Younger Youngs in the North Cascades by Harvey L. Young, M. D.

Editor's note: N3C member Harvey Young, born in Chehalis and for the past 11 years a resident of the Spokane Valley, is a practicing believer in mountain backpacking as a family experience. He and his wife Hilda have traveled far and high in the North Cascades, their family expeditions gradually growing in size as Stephen, Roger, and Robin were born and learned to walk.

What is it that gives the high mountain Repeated hikes into magnificent 'Horse­ country, the alpine meadows and jagged snow­ shoe Basin between Sahale and Buckner might capped peaks, a claim on a family? Is it be tiresome to some people, but it seems the clearness of the air on a sunny day, the always to call us back. Robin was 5, Roger closeness of the mist on a foggy morning, 7, and Stephen 10 when they made their first the preciseness of the peaks, or the com­ hike into the basin and they can hardly wait radeship of those who hike the trails togeth­ to return. er? Whatever it is, this strange power has After our "hellos" at Stehekin it is soon taken hold of the Harvey Young family. In "we'll see you in a week" and we are on our the past 10 years we have made eight trips way up the valley. Many writers have de­ in the Stehekin River area, one in the Harts scribed the area, but for us each turn in the Pass-Chancellor area, and this past year in road is emotion-packed with memories. High the Horseshoe Mountain-Windy Peak region Bridge, Agnes Gorge, Shady Camp, Trapper of the North Cascades Primitive Area, with Lake, Bridge Creek Camp, Peterson's Cabin a trip now planned to the Agnes Valley and at Bridge Creek, and Cascade Pass are but Glacier Peak in 1965. a few of the places that hold special memo­ ries for the Youngs.

BUCKNER MOUNTAIN AND GLACIER. The early-morning sun casts shadows that accent the beauty of the view from this exciting vantage point on the Park Creek Pass trail. 9 December - January, 1964 - 1965

Agnes Gorge from both sides is our pre­ ference, a thing of beauty and majesty — and so cool on a warm day. The north-side trail has fine views of McGregor and the West Fork-Agnes Mountain area. Cascade Pass at 10 a. m. on a Sunday after a short hike up Trapper Lake from Pelton Lake and up from Pelton Lake (some told us no such lake over "the top" is the breathtaking way for us existed the first time we inquired) is an ex­ backpackers. Horseshoe Basin is dwarfed perience Hilda and I will treasure all our from the nearly 7000-foot elevation at the lives. What a reverent spot, who could hope top. No formal trail, but the deer know how for more? to obtain access to the lake basin and their trails are useful. The outlet-entrance trail The luxury of the ride up Lake Chelan to Trapper Lake is also fun, involving some on the Lady of the Lake is beyond descrip­ good scrambling up steep talus to reach the tion. After weeks and months of planning reward of an unforgettable view. What is it details, checking packs and gear, and sched­ about this particular lake that draws us back? uling with my physician colleague, one feels We hike to view, not primarily to fish, so free at last as he steps aboard the Lady. it is some other quality. Two large color Then to sit in the sun and talk with old friends photos of the lake, one in our home and one and make new acquaintances is balm to the at my office, attest to our involvement. We taut nerves of a resident of suburbia. urge others to make the hike.

The friendship that awaits us at Stehe- The Harvey Mannings and the Brooks had kin — Paul Bergman, the Kingsleys, the post­ a wild night on the North Fork of Bridge master, maybe Ray Courtney, and with luck Creek in August 1963 (The North Cascades, Ernie Gibson (if his plane i6 in) — adds to page 41) and the Harvey Youngs spent the the eager anticipation that grips us as the Very same night at Chancellor on the west boat leaves die landing at Lucerne and Mc­ side of Harts Pass. No crashing rock, but Gregor Mountain comes into view. That all- certainly torrents of rain and hail with deci­ compelling feeling of "let's all get out and bels of thunder and kilovolts of lightning for push" nearly overcomes us. 14 hours.

SUNNY PASS, with Hilda, Robin (7), Roger (10), the author, and Stephen (13). The 9 o'clock sun lights up the open country of the North Cascades Primitive Area. For those in doubt about children in the high mountains, Robin is carrying 16 pounds — sleeping bag and her own clothes and personal eear. Could vou expect to see anvone so nonchalant? December - January, 1964 - 1965 10

HORSESHOE BASIN in the Stehekin River Valley, a view that cannot be duplicated anywhere, truly a sight to see and well within the reach of small children.

The Chancellor Camp gave our family an opportunity to see what mining and pros­ pecting have accomplished in that area. The New Lite Mine and Mill were operating and Both Bridge Creek in the Stehekin drain­ Roger, Robin, and Stephen were able to see age and Chancellor on Canyon Creek offer a "real gold mill and mine" (sic). We partic­ many opportunities for family hiking. I agree ularly enjoyed the local history of Barron' that children love this sort of family activity which was acquired from some wonderful and are perfectly capable of starting at an rockhounds by the name of Smith and from early age. Robin, now 7, made her first a Forest Service cook. We have never seen hiking trip at 2. True, much of it was on larger huckleberries, salmonberries, or bear her Daddy's Himalaya pack, but she now tracks than on the badly overgrown trail to carries her own pack with the rest of us. Anacortes Crossing, which in 1963 was badly in need of repair. Bridge Creek is a crossroads of a sort on the Cascade Crest Trail and if one base- The trail down Canyon Creek to Granite camps here for a few days he will meet some Creek was in excellent condition but it will of the Northwest's finest people. We have not last long with the motorized traffic we found the hike up to Park Creek Pass one of encountered. The odor of gasoline and oil our most enjoyable experiences. The views hung heavily in the air. Two men roared up of Buckner, Booker, and Boston are une- and passed us, stopped long enough to assure qualed. The Park Creek Pass trail climbs us that "you are old-fashioned, in a few years at first from the Stehekin Road and then lev­ everyone will goby motorbike!" It was with els off to travel the southern slopes (very real pleasure that I read recently that two dry in late August and early September) to such fellows had been taken to court and pe­ provide sights of the full splendor of Goode. nalized. In the interest of the trails and the The view of Goode in the late afternoon sun people who hike we hope more such action is is a sight of true majesty. taken. 11 December - January, 1964 - 1965

The North Cascades Primitive Area has much to offer the family backpacker. This past summer we spent a week in the Windy Peak-Horseshoe Mountain area. The Forest Service is improving the camp at Iron Gate. We enjoyed the hike to Sunny Camp, Cougar Camp (Windy Camp would be a better name, we all feel), and Tungsten Camp. Arnold Mountain is great for a family climb. Mt. Remmel stands out to the west while the vis­ ta of Canadian peaks stretches to the distant northern horizon.

Forest Rangers Zane Smith, Curly Bar­ ker, and Howard Culp of the Concunully Ran­ ger District made certain we enjoyed our stay. This area provides grazing for about 2400 sheep of the Smith Ranch (no relation­ ship to Ranger Smith) in Omak. Mr. Emmett Smith visited us daily and his history of the area made our day hikes most enjoyable. We were impressed by the fine new trail Ranger Curly Barker and his college crew were con­ structing toward Cathedral Lakes and Mt. BASIN CREEK, with Stephen (10), Roger (7 1/2), Remmel. Some referred to it as a "highway". Robin (5), and Hilda. This is one of the great pleasures of family hiking "Young style" — no It does seem almost too good! A summer hurry, plenty of time to put packs on the dry blizzard added to our trials and struggles, ground and enjoy, if you can, the icy water on but we learned how to get along without un­ warm feet. The solemn faces are from the sun's due physical exposure. glare on the water.

In 1965 we are headed into the Glacier Peak Wilderness Area. The objects of our family backpacking trips are:

—to have a good time together as a family —take pictures —study and identify flora and fauna —enjoy camp fare —fellowship of family campfire each night —some time to stretch and ponder and pray —appreciate the magnificent gift of life and the great out-of-doors —prepare ourselves and our children to better survive in this world —to become better prepared to inform others of the need to preserve our great heritage — the scenic NORTH CASCADES! December - January, 1964 - 1965 12 INFERNAL COMBUSTION MACHINES on the trails The 15 February 1964 issue of Fishing and Hunting News carried the following item: Trail Club Seeks Members SEATTLE — Calling all trail machine riders in the wes­ tern states:

The Centaur Clubs of Washington, with total membership of 500 riders in nine clubs, are interested in forming a national organization of trail machine clubs, according to Fred J. St. Germaine of the organization's publicity committee.

"Our code of ethics is a constructive one, " St. Germaine told F&H News. "Working within this code, various member clubs in Washington donated over 1, 000 man-hours on trail main­ tenance work chiring 1963, and we are now recognized by the forest service as spokesmen for this new mode of transportation for sportsmen."

Individual riders or clubs interested informinga national SNOW MOBILES ore Hie mom means of Irensposta- fiorr when winter arrives at the Moverkk Saddle Camp. organization of trail machine owners may write to Fred St. Ger­ Provisions and visitors ore. hauled to the 4.200 foot elevation camp in late winter by these snoVv-mobiles. maine, c/o Centaur Clubs of Washington, p. o. Box 215, Everett, Washington.

Introductory Note by Irate Birdwatcher Organizations representing more traditional uses of the trail country may well view with alarm the proliferation of clubs devoted to riding machines — and their federation into a national organization. The movement is supported and subsidized by the scooter manufacturers, who are not only flooding advertising media with rhapsodical descriptions of the joys of racketing along through the woods, but are reported to have fulltime organizers touring the nation setting up new clubs and giving them professional assistance in managing their affairs. Shortly, no doubt, there will be a national organization with a handsome magazine and a staff of fulltime lobbyists in Washington, D. C., in state capitals, and in all Forest Service districts.

Some of us, watching owners of brand new scooters struggling along typical North Cas­ cades trails, and listening to them groan "never again, " have hopefully predicted that it's all a passing fad, that once all the victims of advertising have taken a scooter-ride and been disillu­ sioned, the woods will quiet down again.

Unfortunately, to some scooterboys the difficulties themselves are the attraction — as with automobile pioneers of 50 years ago, making "firsts" is a challenge. And in mentioning automobile pioneers, the specter arises of a "Good Trails Association" that will follow the exam­ ple of the Good Roads Association and agitate for trails built specifically to provide easy scooter- ing.

The threat is so new that many outdoor and conservation groups, paralyzed by consterna­ tion, have not yet moved to take strong, well-planned action. A few professional horse packers have possibly done more, so far, to get specific Cascade trails closed to machines than all the outdoor groups put together. 13 December - January, 1964 - 1965

Region Six of the Forest Service is ready and eager to hear proposals concerning specific trails. Groups and individuals opposed to the scooter invasion must begin speaking up — fre­ quently and loudly — or risk leaving the field clear for the manufacturer-subsidized scooter clubs.

The following shrewd comments were made by J. Michael McCloskey, Northwest Conser­ vation Representative, in the Summer 1964 Western Outdoor Quarterly:

Inter-recreational conflicts, admittedly, are growing, but so also is cooperation among recreational groups. In Ore­ gon, Idaho, and Montana cooperation between hiking and hunting groups on wilderness questions, for instance, is at an all-time high". They have gone into hearing after hearing in the past few years to take a united stand for enlarged wilderness areas. The conflict with mechanized users may be just a phase which will pass as firmer zoning policies are developed to separate incom­ patible uses. It may just be a matter of newer machine users learning which parts of the public domain are reserved for their use and of staying out of the others. In line with this, enforce­ ment of zoning regulations seems sure of tightening markedly in the next few years. By statute, in the place of administrative regulation," the Wilderness Bill will ban motors in Wilderness Areas, and trials before U.S. Commissioners seem likely to be authorized by H. R. 7588, recently passed by the House of Rep­ ,, " eti y "lends • resentatives. ""out Vyyo\x „,"» m fv

Outdoor groups will then have a responsibility to help he w with enforcement by reporting violators and collecting necessary "** slf ski ,rV°u ,,n ° evidence. It is important that this be done in a proper way. Good outdoor manners and respect for property should charac­ terize this effort — we cannot help to effectively enforce the law ne ,e * • if we break it ourselves through threatening vehicle riders, ob­ structing trails, or vandalizing machines. Reports of such be­ havior render our efforts futile and hurt our cause. Even out­ side of Wilderness Areas, we should realize that.means are available to have trails closed to vehicles if there is a justifiable reason. Many National Forests are now preparing trail closure plans. Specific suggestions for closing given trails should be submitted to the administrators of these Forests.

National Committee Formed to Challenge Vehicle Travel on Trails Wilderness conservationists in many parts of the nation are joining forces to fight the threatened vehicle take-over of forest trails historically reserved for the use of hikers and horsemen. "The goal of our newly formed organization is to help curb the encroachment of vehicles upon trail systems that lie outside designated wilderness zones", said Fred Eissler, California Regional Chairman of the National Committee for Protection of Trail Country.

"Roads have been overrunning a million acres of undedicated wilderness each year, and now motor-bikes designed to travel over rough terrain at the roads' end are penetrating the remainder of the unprotected trail country at an alarming rate", Eissler declared in announcing December - January, 1964 - 1965 14 the establishment of the new committee. "If this major threat continues, the growing number of wilderness campers and hikers will find few places to go where they can enjoy nature's beauty and solitude undominated by the noisy mechanized atmosphere of the city streets. "

The new national organization proposes that state and federal land agencies adopt regula­ tions inline with the National Park Service policy which asserts that vehicles on trail are incom­ patible with hiker, equestrian and pack-stock use, as well as wildlife and wilderness values. In national parks, because of strictly enforced regulations, vehicles must stay on the road systems. The committee is especially concerned about vehicle activities in the national forests, where a majority of the nation'sunzoned trail country is located. "If the Forest Service restric­ ted motor travel to roadways", Eissler observed, "the scooters and 4-wheel drive vehicles would certainly not be excluded from the public lands. The Forest Service is planning to triple its hin­ terland roads in the next few decades from 150,000 to 550,000 miles and its primary roads by approximately the same number with many of them replacing trails. Certain parts of this pro­ gram can be disastrous to wilderness, but the vehicle enthusiasts cannot complain about having nowhere to go. "

"The motor scooters destroy the very remoteness which is the main quality of the back country", Eissler said. "The machines create a fire hazard, spook livestock, and damage the trails. Furthermore, the noisy preemption of the unzoned wilderness violates the traditional rights of hikers and horsemen. A Wilderness Bill of Rights along the lines proposed by Justice William O. Douglas is necessary, especially a plank declaring that the man on foot or horseback has a right to trail-country experience unadulterated by these raucous machines. "

The by-laws of NCPTC present the organization's goals in these terms: (1) To secure the integrity of local, state and federal riding and hiking trails and wildland trail country from the encroachment of two-wheeled vehicles and other machines; (2) To protect the basic trail systems against severance by roads, highways and other developments; (3) To promote adequate standards of trail maintenance and construction that are in harmony with values of the outdoor wilderness experience.

The regional chairmen of NCPTC are active conservationists. They are Fred Eissler of Santa Barbara, California, representing the Western region; J. Michael McCloskey of Eugene, Oregon, the Pacific Northwest region; Harry F. Nees of Belleville, New Jersey, and Mrs. Susan A. Reed of Ardsley-on-Hudson, New York, the New England and Middle Atlantic areas.

The national advisory committee members of the new organization designed to fight the mechanized menace in the back country include noted public figures and conservation leaders: Horace Albright, former Director of the National Park Service; Dr. Walter S. Boardman, Exec­ utive Director, Nature Conservancy; David Brower, Executive Director, Sierra Chib; Devereux Butcher, distinguished author and naturalist, former editor and publisher of National Wildlands News; Charles Callison, Assistant to the President, National Audubon Society; Carl Lamson Carmer, prominent historian and writer; Ruth Gillette Hardy, active and articulate member of the Appalachian Mountain Club; Weldon Heald, author, consultant in conservation to branches of government; Randall Henderson, former editor and publisher of Desert Magazine and a founder of the Desert Protective Council; Harry C. James, President of Trailfinders, member of the Board, Desert Protective Council; Norman F. Livermore, Treasurer, The Pacific Lumber Company, San Francisco; Harvey Manning, editor of The Wild Cascades, bimonthly magazine of the North Cascades Conservation Council, and a Director of the organization, Chairman of the book publication program of The Mountaineers and a member of its Board of Trustees; George Marshall, member. Board of Directors, Sierra Club and Council of Wilderness Society; David L. Newhouse, Chairman, Conservation Committee, Adirondack Mountain Club; Dr. Arthur E. Newkirk, Vice-President, New York Forest Preserve Association; Dr. Richard Noyes, past Chairman, Pacific Northwest Chapter, Sierra Club; Dr. Karl Onthank, past President, Federa­ tion of Western Outdoor Clubs and past Chairman, Oregon Water Resources Board; the Hon. R. Watson Pomeroy, member, Standing Convmittee on Conservation, N. Y. State Assembly and Chairman, Joint Legislative Committee on Natural Resources of the State of New York; Paul Schaefer, architect, a spokesman for preservation of N. Y. Forest Preserve through the Asso­ ciation for the Protection of the Adirondacks; Murray Stevens, past Chairman, Appalachian Trail Conference; Fay Welch, special lecturer, N. Y. State University College of Forestry and consultant to national organizations; Dr. Paul Dudley White, distinguished physician, articulate advocate of all that promotes the health of mankind; Sam Wilkinson, past President, New York- New Jersey Trail Conference. 15 December - January

WASHINGTON NATIONAL FOREST TRAILS CLOSED TO MOTORIZED VEHICLES

About 15% of the 18,000 miles of trails in Region 6 of the Forest Service are closed to trail vehicles, but most of these trails are in classified areas (Wilderness, Wild, Primitive, or Limited).

Of the 99,074 miles of trail in the national forests in the six regions west of the Great Plains, 22,920 miles, or 23 percent, are closed to all motor vehicle use. But of this total, 18,221 miles of trail, or 18. 4 percent, are located within wild, wilderness, and primitive areas, which always have been closed to motorized equipment. This means that less than 5 percent of national forest trail mileage has been closed to scooter traffic in recent years in the West. About 30 percent of the trail system on eastern national forests is closed to vehicle use. Hikers and other solitude seekers think this is not enough; scooter riders say it is too much.

MILES OF TRAILS CLOSED TOTAL % TOTAL FOREST Outside of Within the Total TRAILS IN FOREST TRAILS Dedicated Areas Dedicated Areas FOREST CLOSED

85* Glacier Peak Monte Cristo Wilderness Area Limited Area 154 493 923 53 MT. BAKER (1)# North Cascades Mt. Baker Primitive Area Recreation Area 254 (38)# 40* Mt. Adams (14 more miles to Wild Area GIFFORD be added in 1965) 30 168 1281 13 PINCHOT Cougar Lakes Goat Rocks (182 in (14 in 1965) Limited Area Wild Area 1965) (42) # 98 North Cascades OKANOGAN Primitive Area 18 522 540 1358 40 OLYMPIC 4 4 340 1 370* Goat Rocks Alpine Lakes Wild Area Limited Area 24 394 1295 30 (115)# SNOQUALMIE Cougar Lakes Limited Area (89)# Monte Cristo Limited Area (1.5)# 150* Glacier Peak WENATCHEE Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area Limited Area 164 314 1850 17 (168)# * (Includes those trails which are closed within and outside Limited and Recreation Areas) # (Indicates total mileage within Area - open plus closed, if any)

December - January, 1964 - 1965 18

Calendar No. 1382 Tonasket Tribune, October 22 88TH CONGRESS WW w-% HpHnn 2S™ H. R. 7588 [Report No. 1447] Scooter Riders IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Taken Info Court JUNE 16 (legislative day, MARCH 80), 1964 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry Local scooter riders who have been tempted to ride their AUGUST 17,1964 machines ** the Cascade;, prim­ Reported by Mr. Ei.i.r.NriER. without amendment itive area , received a warning" today in the form of di& first case prosecuted where '^•scooters AN ACT were taken into such an area, To provide for enforcement of rules and regulations for the Two young men were fined protection, development, and administration of the national $35 each .for riding a scooter on foiDtlII and national grasslands, and for other purposes. a trail leading into the Mt. Jefferson primitive area .of the Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa­ Oregon Cascades. tives of the United Sial'-s of America in Congress assembled, A forest trail crew discovered a 20-year-old youth and his 31- That the Act of June 4, 1897, as amended (90 Stat. 11, 35; year-old companion riding a 16 U.S.C. 551) , second full paragraph, page 35, and section trail soooter in the primitive area. Ail national forest areas 32(f), title HI, of the Hankhead-Joncs Farm Tenant Act, designated primitive or wilder­ as amended (50 Stat. 526; 7 U.S.C. 1011 (f)), are further ness are closed to motorized travel, as are certain other amended by addition of the following sentence in each case: national forest trails. "Any person charged with the violation of such rules and One such locality is the north regulations may he tried and sentenced by any United States Cascade primitive area border­ ing a few miles northwest of commissioner specially designated for that purpose by the Loomis. There have been reports MRirt by which he was appointed, in the same maimer and of scooters in that area. Authorities had been hesitant subject to the same conditions as provided for in title 18, to prosecute such cases in the United States Code, section 3401, subsections (b), (c), past because of already over­ (d), and (e), as amended." crowded dockets facing U.S. district courts. However, U. 3/ Passed the House of Representatives June 15, 1964. commissioners now have juris­ Attest: RALPH R. ROBERTS, diction to try such offender*-' One such commissioner is It; ed at Omak. 19 December - January, 1964 - 1965 United States Commissioners List of the names and addresses of the United States Commissioners in the various judicial districts in Washington who have been specially designated for the purpose of trying and sentencing persons committing petty offenses,

1. Washington, Western District — Northern Division (Clallam, Island, Jefferson, King, Kitsap, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish, and Whatcom Counties).

a. Seattle: Walter J. Reseburg, Jr. Harold W. Anderson 304 U.S. Court House 308 U.S. Court House Term expires May 7, 1966. Term expires Sept. 19, 1967. (To be used only if Commissioner Reseburg is unavailable.) b. Bellingham: c. Port Angeles:

Richard Fleeson i Howard V. Doherty 215 Mason Building Second and Ljjicaln Sts. Term expires July 31, 1967. Term expires Sept. 15, 1967. (Authorization includes petty (Appointment includes authority for offenses within the Lummi National Park and Makah Res. Indian Reservation.) offenses.)

2. Washington, Western District — Southern Division (Clark, Cowlitz, Grays Harbor, Lewis, Mason, Pacific, Pierce, Skamania, Thurston, and Wahkiakum Counties):

a. Tacoma: b. Aberdeen: Robert E. Cooper L. Thomas Parker 1226 Rust Building 212 Becker Building Term expires April 27, 1968. Term expires Feb. 5, 1967. (Authorization includes petty offenses c. Vancouver: within-the Quinault and Hoh Indian Reservations.) William N. Church 401 W. 13th St. Term expires June 9, 1967. 3. Washington, Eastern District — Northern Division (Adams, Chelan, Douglas, Ferry, Grant, Lincoln, Okanogan, Pend Oreille, Spokane, Stevens, atid Whitman Counties).

a. Spokane: b. Soap Lake: Victor J. Felice Pat O'Brien^ 211 Mohawk Building 400 Lakeshore Drive

4. Washington, Eastern District — Southern Division (Asotin, Benton, Columbia, Franklin, Garfield, Kittitas, Klickitat, Walla Walla, and Yakima Counties).

a. Kennewick: b. Walla Walla: Curtis Ludwig James B. Mitchell 4 North Cascade 707 Baker Building

Two Rules followed by the Federal District Court.

1. Rule 5 — Rules of Criminal Procedure — Proceedings before the Commission:

a. Appearance before the Commissioner:

An officer making an arrest under a warrant issued upon a complaint or any person making an arrest without a warrant shall take the arrested person with­ out unnecessary delay before the nearest available commissioner, or before any other nearby officer empowered to commit persons charged with offenses against the laws of the U.S. When a person arrested without a warrant is brought be­ fore a commissioner or other officer, a complaint shall be filed forthwith.

NOTE: The NEAREST available cornmissioner is to be used.

2. Definition of petty offense: Sec. 18 3 Ch. 1 Fed. Rules of Crim. Procedures

Any misdemeanor, the penalty for which does not exceed imprisonment for a peri­ od of six months or a fine of not more than $500, or both, is a petty offense. December - January, 1964 - 1965 20 Comprehensive Water Resource Study Puget Sound, Washington

The Puget Sound Region of the State of Washington is in an enviable position with respect to the abundance and the high qualities of its water resources. The people of the area and the State and Federal agencies concerned recognize that far-reaching social and economic developments will occur in this area at a rapidly expanding rate within the fore­ seeable future.

Accordingly, in January 1964 the Congress appropriated funds to begin a comprehen­ sive study of the water resources of a region designated as Puget Sound and Adjacent Waters. Interim reports will be made on planning studies in progress. Schedule completion of the overall report is 1969.

The guidelines for the study are set forth in Senate Document 97, 87th Congress- Second Session; quoted, in part, as follows:

"A. Development Land stabilization measures where fea­ sible to protect land and beaches for bene­ National economic development, and de­ ficial purposes. velopment of each region within the country, is essential to the maintenance of national strength Drainage measures, including salinity and the achievement of satisfactory levels of control where best use of land would be jus­ living. Water and related land resources de­ tifiably obtained. velopment and management are essential to economic development and growth, through Watershed protection and management concurrent provision for— measures where they will conserve and en­ hance resource use opportunities. Adequate supplies of surface and ground waters of suitable quality for domestic, mu­ Outdoor recreational and fish and wild­ nicipal, agricultural, and industrial uses — life opportunities where these can be pro­ including grazing, forestry, and mineral vided or enhanced by development works. development uses. Any other means by which development Water quality facilities and controls to of water and related land resources can con­ assure water of suitable quality for all pur­ tribute to economic growth and development. poses. B. Preservation Water navigation facilities which provide a needed transportation service with advan­ Proper stewardship in the long-term inter­ tage to the Nation's transportation system. est of the Nation's natural bounty requires in particular instances that— Hydroelectric power where its provision can contribute advantageously to a needed There be protection and rehabilitation of increase in power supply. resources to insure availability for their best use when needed. Flood control or prevention measures to protect people, property, and productive Open space, green space, and wild areas lands from flood losses where such meas­ of rivers, lakes, beaches, mountains, and ures are justified and are the best means of related land areas be maintained and used avoiding flood damage. for recreational purposes; and 21 December - January, 1964 - 1965

Areas of unique natural beauty, histori­ cal and scientific interest be preserved and managed primarily for the inspiration, en­ joyment and education of the people.

C. Well-being of people

Well-being of all of the people shall be the overriding determinant in considering the best use of water and related land resources. Hard­ ship and basic needs of particular groups within the general public shall be of concern, but care shall be taken to avoid resource use and devel­ opment for the benefit of a few or the disadvan­ tage of many. In particular, policy require­ ments and guides established by the Congress and aimed at assuring that the use of natural resources, safeguard the interests of all of our people shall be observed. "

All the major Federal and State of Washington agencies having an interest in water resource planning will participate in the study. Coordination will be through the Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee.

COLUMBIA BASIN INTER-AGENCY COMMITTEE (CBIAC)

Subcommittee for Coordinated Planning

Task Force for Comprehensive Water Resource Study Puget Sound and Adjacent Waters

TASK FORCE AGENCIES

STATE Of WASHINGTON FEDERAL AGENCIES DEPARTMENTS - DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE COMMERCE & ECON. DEVL. ECONOMIC RESEARCH SERVICE CONSERVATION FOREST SERVICE WATER RESOURCES DIVISION SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE FLOOD CONTROL DIVISION DEPT. OF ARMY POWER RESOURCES DIVISION CORPS OF ENGINEERS RECLAMATION DIVISION DEPT. OF COMMERCE MINES AND GEOLOGY DIVISION DEPT. OF HEALTH, EDUC. & WELFARE FISHERIES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE GAME DEPT. OF INTERIOR HEALTH BONNEVILLE POWER ADM. HIGHWAYS BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS NATURAL RESOURCES BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT BUREAU OF MINES COMMISSIONS BUREAU OF OUTDOOR RECREATION POLLUTION CONTROL BUREAU OF RECLAMATION PARKS & RECREATION FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NATIONAL PARK SERVICE DEPT. OF LABOR FEDERAL POWER COMMISSION Proposed*: Existing*: C - North Cascades National Park A - North Cascades Primitive Area Chelan National Mt. Recreation Area B - Glacier Peak Wilderness Area D - Alpine Lakes Wilderness Area Major River Basins Minor River Basins Nooksack River Nisqually River Elwha River Duckabush River Samish River Deschutes River Dungeness River Hamma Hamma River Skagit River Puyallup River Little Quilcene River Skokomish River Stillaguamish River Cedar River Big Quilcene River Goldsborough Creek Snohomish River Green River Dosewailips River Milt Creek *(Basic map from "Information Bulletin - Comprehensive Water Resource Study Puget Sound and Adjacent Waters". Existing & Proposed Areas added by N3C). 23 December - January, 1964 - 1965

Film Distribution Widened This is the height of the film-viewing season, and the four titles circulated by N3C have now been joined by additional films from the libraries of The Moun­ taineers and the Pacific Northwest Chapter of the Sierra Club.

All are circulated jointly now through the "Conservation Film Center" manned by Mrs. Norman Tjaden and Louis R. Huber. The following films are available for screening by groups:

"Wilderness Alps of Stehekin," 30-minute award-winning production of the Sierra Club.

"Glacier Peak Holiday," 30 minutes; available only to groups having a mag­ netic-sound projector (it will run on an optical-sound projector, but si­ lently).

"Beach Hike, " 17-minute award-winning film of the 1958 hike led by Justice William O. Douglas on the Olympic Park beach.

"Two Yosemites, " 10-minute presentation of the contrast in how two valleys were handled (one right, one wrong).

"A North Cascades National Park, " 16 minutes; the case for a new national park.

All the above films are 16mm and in color. To make reservations, address Mrs. Norman Tjaden, 8248 16th Ave. N. E., Seattle, 98115; or telephone LA 3-2041.

N3C MEMBERS HELP "215"

The Citizens for Outdoor Recreation re­ ceived approximately $250 from members and supporters of the North Cascades Con­ servation Council. These contributions re­ sulted from an appeal to help C. O. R, obtain the passage of the Washington State Outdoor Recreation Bills — Initiative 215 and Refer­ endum 11. Marvin Durning, Chairman of the Citizens for Outdoor Recreation and now Chairman of the newly appointed Washington Interagency Committee for Outdoor Recrea­ tion, expressed his appreciation of the North Cascades Conservation Council's "energetic and imaginative help in the campaign for outdoor recreation." December - January, 1964 - 1965 24

Should We Change the Name of Conservation?

By E. S. HURD Introductory Note by Irate Birdwatcher AMERICAN FORESTS MARCH , 19 64 The name of our organization contains the word "conser­ vation, " and doubtless we all think of ourselves as "conserva­ tionists. " But so do many other people, with some of whom we occasionally disagree.

What does "conservation" mean, anyway? In the March 1964 American Forests, an industrial forester, E. S. Hurd, discussed the concept and the confusion surrounding it. In the June 1964 Issue, several readers added their comments. For your instruction and reflection, we here present excerpts from Mr. Hurd's article, and also three of the answering letters — including one from a Mr. Livermore who once owned the Mount Whitney Pack Train, and in those days looked fondly on preser­ vation Ideals, but has since Invested his wilderness earnings in timber stocks and found new ideals.

Some may wonder why we don't simply get on with the job, and not worry about what it's called. However, in his role as a political animal, man usually is impelled by simple slogans which symbolize rather than explain his goals. Various leaders of the American people have called for "The New Frontier," "The New Deal, " "Normalcy, " "The Square Deal, " and "Tippe­ canoe and Tyler Too," to mention but a few. Canada recently seemed almost on the verge of civil war over the question whe­ ther the national flag should emphasize the Red Ensign, maple leaves, or fleur-de-lis. Flags are important, sometimes. So are slogans.

A heartening thing about "conservation" is that during the past half-century it has achieved a sanctity resembling that of the Constitution — nobody dares be against it. Once upon a time conservationists fought all-powerful robber barons, but nowadays everybody is a conservationist, and the heirs of the robber barons most of all, if one believes their four-color full- page ads in national magazines. In contemporary battles both sides (or rather, all sides, since the situation is Balkanized) carry the same banner — conservation — just as the Crusaders and the Moslems both made holy war in the name of God.

Which side will succeed in capturing the flag? Who is henceforth going to be an orthodox conservationist, and who is going to be read out of the party as a deviationist ? (Out of the religion as an heretic ?) 25 December - January, 1964 - 1965

Obviously nobody is going to capture the flag. The North Cascades Conservation Council, the United States Forest Ser­ vice, the Loggers Protective and Benevolent and Patriotic Asso­ ciations, Kennicott Copper, Norton Clapp, and even that merry old soul, Bert Cole — we're all going to continue being conser­ vationists — after our own fashions.

However, there will continue to be skirmishes on many fronts over who is the best and truest conservationist. Some individuals and groups will push for "resource management" and its companion slogan "multiple use. " Others, depending not on slogans but on concepts, will work toward the principle that im­ mediate action should be based as much on needs of the Year 2000 — and the Year 2050 — as on those of the Year 1965.

As a final note, in any diffused conflict there are indi­ viduals or groups who find profit in compounding the confusion. Cesare Borgia, the model for Machiavelli's Prince, advanced his own ends (which were, in justice to him, not unidealistic) by deliberately muddling up the politics of Renaissance Italy. De­ scending from the almost sublime to the almost ridiculous, Mr. Biggs of the Washington State Game Department has used the Borgian formula with considerable success, and by systemati­ cally distorting the truth and carefully avoiding the facts has nurtured an unwarranted fear among hunters and fishermen that our proposed North Cascades National Parkwouldwipe outshoot- ingand fishing in the North Cascades. Mr. Biggs has, of course, done this in the name of "conservation," and doubtless has based his every decision on the Word as delivered to him on his per­ sonal Hot Line, from wherever.

And so, though our principal energy must be devoted to specific goals, it is not irrelevant for us to stop and think, occa­ sionally, about the term, "conservation, " and to explain why we are the Truest of the True Believers —and also the most toler­ ant of True Believers, in that our proposals are founded on the future needs of the total society, rather than immediate localized pressures from small, uninformed fractions.. I. B. December - January, 1964 - 1965 26

Pinchot, with the aid of a friend, Should The Term "CONSERVATION" Have A back in 1907, hit upon the idea that Flexible Or Rigid Meaning? Should We Change It? his crusading efforts to assure future generations the benefits of natural The story of Gifford Pinchot's framework of wise use or multi­ resources, could best be advanced by famous horseback ride through ple use. As they point out, it a single word—conservation. And Washington's Rock Creek Park will be increasingly difficult to Pinchot's definition was simple— when he coined the name "con­ "preserve" anything unless eco­ conservation was the use of the earth servation" is well known through­ nomic needs provided by renew­ for the good of man. out the world by million! of peo­ able resources are met first. Dr. The ground rules under which ple who have given the name Howard Zahniser, of the Wilder­ Pinchot operated almost six decades universal acceptance. The late ness Society, said as much when ago, were as divergent as was the Ovid Butler, of The American he was interrogated recently at kerosene lamp of that era to the Forestry Association, proudly a Congressional hearing. atomic-operated power plants of to­ claimed he was one of the first In trying to explain the situa­ day. The unrelated circumstances to use the word in an editorial. tion to his own youngsters, this cause one to ponder and question— To those today who would no writer pointed out that those re­ does conservation mean or imply the sooner think of changing the questing a change apparently same today as it did back in Pin­ word than to suggest changing want a more "rigid" definition of chot's time? the term "The Ten Command­ conservation whereas the very The late President Kennedy an­ ments," it may come as a shock beauty of the word "conserva­ swered this very thing, when at the to learn there are those in the tion" is its lack of rigidity in the dedication (American Forests, No­ commercial wing of wise use sense that oncoming generations vember 1963) of the Pinchot Insti­ management of resources who will be able to make it conform tute of Conservation Studies, he are thoroughly disenchanted with with their new and changing stated that "—today's conservation the word "conservation" and needs. In short, what we think must embrace disciplines unknown who would like to change it. is correct now may not be en­ in the past. Government must pro­ These people contend that tirely correct tomorrow. The vide a national policy framework for "conservation" meant "wise use" status quo seldom remains fixed. this new conservation emphasis. But in the Pinchot lexicon whereas As a part of this interesting in the final analysis it must be done millions of people today contend by people themselves." it means "preservation of" rath­ discussion and in the interests of er than "wise use" of resources. keeping readers fully informed As a footnote to the late presi­ on all new trends, AMERICAN dent's pronouncement regarding a James D. Bronson, President FORESTS presents an article by new look at conservation we might of AFPI, last fall was one of the E. S. Hurd, a well-known mid- humbly ask—but what is conserva­ first to suggest a change. He ad­ western industrial forester, who tion? What are its purposes; what mitted that his proposal of "tree did his own research in the form does it entail; who does it influence; farm specialist" might be im­ of a Hurd Poll of Wisconsin stu­ who controls it—and do we really proved upon. He hit out par­ dents. Mr. Hurd believes some need it? ticularly at those who would rid changes should be made. After Since Pinchot declared conserva­ the public forests of "wise use" reading his article, readers may tion to be the use of the earth for foresters. At the same time, have some thoughts of their own the good of man, other meanings, im­ some so-called "preservationists" to offer on the subject. If so, plications and interpretations have see so-called wilderness areas as their opinions will be enter­ been suggested and used. Aldo Leo­ fitting by necessity into the wider tained on these pages. Editor pold, the force behind modern game management, believed conservation to he—a state of harmony between man and the land. My dictionary time. And judging from both qual­ offers a different thought and gives ity and quantity of conservation re­ a first order definition of conserva­ lated proposals thrown into the leg­ tion as; conserving, preservation, pro­ islative hoppers, one might justifi­ tection from loss and waste; and Within the past decade conserva­ ably conclude that the American secondly, as the official care and pro­ tion has become somewhat of a fad, public is being mildly brain washed tection of natural resources, sucb as and has gained prominence as a pop­ forests. The connotation of being ular political issue. Conservation has on matters pertaining to the out-of- doors, and the natural resources. "official" raises a doubt as to wheth­ become newsworthy and is no er conservation programs are con­ stranger in sharing the headlines Some factions, it seems, would have us believe that unless we retreat to fined and limited exclusively to pub­ along with space exploration, civil lic agencies. rights, tax reductions and other high the wilderness, dedicated solely to order political endeavors. In fact, solitude, we all will perish. But so This writer, an industrial fores­ conservation has taken a brisk walk will the wilderness. Others persist­ ter, has been engaged in forest man­ from out of the backwoods and ently believe that the out-of-doors agement activities for some 25 years right up to the front steps of our should be considered as a vast play­ and has inwardly sensed a certain nation's capitol. ground and recreation assigned top limitation to indoctrinating people priority over all other uses. This into the cause of conservation. Not Never before has there been such new impetus and proposals for de­ that a need isn't existing, but rather a clamor to extol the intangible voting land primarily for recreation the word conservation, has become benefits and virtues of preservation .so trite, and all-inclusive that it has of areas for wilderness isolation, was an uncomfortably common opin­ ion expressed by some name speakers become watered down and is mean­ camping and playground develop­ ingless. A case in point which is ments, multiple use and expanded at the Land and People Conference held at Duluth last fall. commonly encountered is that of the outdoor-recreation facilities for a na­ out-of-door enthusiast, the recrea- tion whose people are being per­ Conservation, a term of multiple meanings has been with us for bet­ tionist and the Sunday motorists plexed with the problem of just how who would consider themselves as best they might spend their leisure ter than a half century. Gifford 27 December - January, 1964 - 1965 top grade conservationists and who Five percent miscellaneous expres­ In a broad sense, resource man­ would scream violently over the cut­ sions such as working with nature; agement is concerned with two ma­ ting of a forest which offers a de­ just to have a forest and wildlife jor segments; the renewable and sirable resource—scenery. The resi­ around us; tree planting; a way of non-renewable resources. Renewable dents of a forest community may al­ life. resources, such as the forest, wild­ so consider themselves to be conser­ Four percent believed conserva­ life, water and even scenery, can be vation-minded and to likewise enjoy tion to be the programs sponsored used and managed so as to produce scenery. However they also realize by public agencies. a maximum yield of products on a the importance of the orderlv harvest The interpretation of these re­ forever basis. While non-renewable of forest products which furnishes sponses and the proper evaluation resources such as soil, minerals, his­ raw material to industry and pro­ given to the replies can of course be toric sites and unique physical fea­ vides jobs, payrolls and a means of twisted and construed to mean many tures are not capable of replenish­ livelihood for them and their neigh­ things.. However, two dominant con­ ment 'and should rightfully fall un­ bors. Conservation does of course clusions seem plainly evident; first, der the jurisdiction of a program of mean many things to many people. conservation can and does mean Without clarity each individual will conservation, whereby such resources many things to many people, and interpret its meaning and purpose are conserved, preserved and pro­ second, attempts to educate, advise in a manner by which his own life tected in situ, for both today and and inform the youngsters, as well arid living are influenced. years to come. Conservation would as the oldsters, about conservation is thus become a function of an all- For anything as provocative as a futile effort, and perhaps will con­ inclusive plan and program of re­ conservation it becomes desirable at tinue to be so until standardization source management. times to determine how varied per­ or exacting definitions of conserva­ A concept that all resource would sonal opinions really are. To satisfy tion become established. be under management is a strong such a curiosity, this writer made an The results of this survey would endorsement and indication that informal survey to find what others justify the belief that conservation, some groups or organizations are thought about conservation. Wis­ as we know it today, has taken on the consin high school students were thinking, planning and directing characteristics of a modern tower of asked to write their answer as to programs which will, contribute to Babel enterprise, wherein many peo­ what they believed conservation to the general welfare of man's needs, ple are talking, but in different be. A time limit of five minutes was whether it be the saving of solitude tongues. And as a result of con­ allowed for the reply with the hopes of the wilderness; or to providing an tinued confusion the project is a of securing first impression re­ ample and sufficient supply of water, long way from completion. But sponses. Some significance is given food and fiber for use by an ever ex­ still the talking continues and mere­ to testing these 600 students, for in panding nation. ly strengthens the bondage between Wisconsin the law prescribes that The implications of and assur­ conservation and conversation. adequate and essential instruction be ances of gain to be realized under given to the conservation of natural planned management is best exem­ resources. plified by achievements secured An Ambiguous Word? through forest management pro­ grams of both public agencies and Twenty Different Impressions The response of 600 students and comments by others closely related private forest owners. Forest man­ From this test group of 600 stu­ to the workings of conservation has agement is the oldest time-tested at­ dents, 20 different impressions and substantiated a personal belief that tempt in this country of managing a shades of meaning towards conser­ conservation is an over-used and renewable resource. Through the vation become evident. The follow­ commonly misunderstood expres­ trial and error period of forest man­ ing nine categories are the results of sion, which has become so laden agement, mistakes have been made, "boiling down" these varied opin­ with ambiguity that it has become but lessons have been learned, and ions. The percentages are of total meaningless. Undoubtedly because practical programs have evolved dur­ replies received. of the inconsistency of meaning a ing a relatively short period of 60 Twenty-seven percent believed conflict of thought has engulfed con­ years. The bountiful gains of man­ conservation to be the wise use of servation. Based upon the viewpoint aging a resource such as the forest, our resources. of some people conservation implies are plainly evident, notwithstanding Twelve percent believed that, in that a resource should be conserved the sinister warnings of things to addition to wise use, some degree of —saved; to others those gifts of na­ come as predicted by the emotional management was necessary to attain ture should be preserved—locked up; guided camnaiens of the past. this wise use. while to others our resources should Seventeen percent believed con­ be hoarded and used onlv miserly. Prophets Were Wrong servation to be outright preservation Some persons take a broader view, Relying on hindsight, it seems of resources, and with only a minor and hold to the belief that.man has safe to conclude that our escape consideration given to any present a mentality, and that the good Lord from the disaster of a national tim­ use of resources. put resources on earth for man's use ber famine was due primarily to Twelve percent helieved conserva­ and they should be managed and both the management and improved tion to mean the act of conserving used for his benefits and enjoyment. utilization of our timber resource, things, and a limited exploitation of In any program centered around and not so much to conserving, pre­ specific things, i.e. forest, soil, fish conservation I wonder if what we serving, and hoarding our dwin­ and game. are reallv trying to accomplish is dling forests. Eleven percent believed conserva­ simply the managing of our re­ The threats and prophesies of tion deals with the study of plants, sources for both present and future timber famine never materialized animals and other things around us. use? Management is positive in its probably because the dynamics of Seven percent believed conserva­ obiective and means the act of han­ forest growth under a system of for­ tion means protecting and caring dling, controlling and directing. est management were never antici­ for things. Management may of course be quite pated. Five percent uncertain as to the variable, and its direction dependent Just thirty years ago there were meaning of conservation. Replies upon the resources to be managed, strong pressures being exerted and either left blank or were so jumbled who owns them, and the ultimate a blind insistence that if the forest that ideas were meaningless. obiective of management. economy of our nation was to pros- December - January, 1964 - 1965 28

per and endure, then some degree Fifth American Forest Congress be created an acceptable blueprint of control and preservation of the (AMERICAN FORESTS, December 1963), which will provide guidance for the resource was essential. Such con­ Edward Cliff, Chief of the Forest orderly management and utilization trols by public regulations of pri­ Service, in updating the 1952 Tim­ of all resources. vate forest lands were considered ber Resource Review, indicated that Let us hope that the distinction mandatory. However, forest man­ the total growth of both eastern soft­ will be made, clear and strong, that agement without the omnipotent woods and hardwoods is now sub­ some resources are dynamic and re­ guidance of a federalized program stantially in excess of cut, both for newable while others are static and during the past three decades has total growing stock and for saw tim­ non-expendable. survived, thrived and grown. The ber. Let us further trust and hope that fruits of planned management of our Although shortages do occur in those responsible for setting up the forest resources on a voluntary basis certain quality grade timber prod­ directional markers to be followed, have been made possible, not by ucts, there are no cries or threats of will be cognizant of those resources coercion, but by motivation and the impending timber famines. Ironical­ which are to be used and renewed, demands and prices paid for forest ly our greatest shortages today are and those resources which are to be products at the market place. markets for the lower grade forest preserved and perpetuated for future Periodic inventories of our coun­ products. generations to enjoy. try's timber resources have shown a This nation's good fortune in pro­ Let us hope that school children, steady gain in forest growing stock viding an ample supply of timber, and also their elders, will be intro­ and a closer balance between what food and fiber has proven conclu­ duced to more realistic programs is being cut and what is being grown sively that a planned and orderly concerning the use, care and man­ in our forests. These favorable con­ management of our renewable re­ agement of our natural resources. ditions are accounted for by better sources is far better for our economic And finally, let us hope that the management and stewardship of our well-being than is the restricted use, competent management of our re­ forests and also to more accurate in­ preservation and locking up of re­ sources is considered and accepted ventory techniques for measuring newable resources for some undeter­ as a challenging job for all our citi­ our forest growing stock. mined future use. zens. And if so accepted—why not Our present outlook on the tim­ To insure the continued use and label this whole program just what ber supply is indeed heartening to development of our nation's re­ it is—Resource Management? • what it was 40 years ago., -At the sources, let us hope there may soon

AMERICAN FORESTS- JUNE, 1964 FffiW

North Wales Is Heard From on which meaning of "Conservation" would responses would probably come from any still feel that preservation should be part 5-minute examination in any subject. Nat­ EDITOR: of management of natural areas, and would urally, the way to really test this would We were interested in the article by insist we use a term which included this. have been to give the same students another Hurd, "Should We Change the Name of Perhaps conservation is a useful word be­ word in a different subject completely, such Conservation?" in our March issue. It is cause it does convey so many meanings, as "Alexander the Great" or "Boer wars" certainly true that this word, and many that it can cover a great deal of different and see how high a percentage of intelligent others in forestry, is misused and has be­ policies-management for man's present answers were received! Our guess is that it come confusing in its varied meanings. good, for future generations, and even the would be equally small, or great, however First we would like to comment on the non-management of protection, or preser­ the percentage was evaluated. origin of the term "Conservation" because vation. In fact, it represents an itleal catch- phrase for policy debates. Lynn and Jack Sinden we believe it probably did not begin with University College of Clifford Pinchot. Pinchot may not in fact "Multiple use" is another term which North Wales have coined the word, as you suggest, but seems to confuse. Is it multiple use of a Department of Forestry adapted it from the Forest Service in Brit forest region when one area is set aside for Bangor ish India. India had conservators, who recreation and another for forest timber Caernarvonshire were in charge of the forest regions, or con­ management? Or is it multiple use only servancies, at least as early as 1806. Steb- when both are carried out on the same bing, in his "Forests of India," notes that acres? Is there any point to the term "mul­ a Conservator of Forests was appointed in tiple use" if it is applied to situations Madras in 1800. (The position was abol­ where only single uses are carried on, even ished in 1823!) Pinchot may have popular­ if there are different single uses on adjoin­ ized the word itself, but we believe he did ing acres? Indeed one is led to believe that not "coin" the use of the term conserve in the term "multiple use" is used by the im- connection with management of natural ptessioned to impress the impressionable! areas and natural life. We cannot agree with Hurd's conclusion But in regard to the main point of the that "attempts to educate, advise and in­ article: the confusion of meanings of the form . . . about conservation is a futile word Conservation. It is true that here, as effort" if his main argument stems from in the United States, 30 people might very the responses of 600 Wisconsin school chil­ well give 10 or 15 different answers, and dren. First we interpret Hurd's percent many "don't knows." tespotises in each definition as a success It would of course be difficult to decide for Wisconsin's schools. Thirty-seven per- tin new terms, and give them rigid mean­ cent had an understanding as good as any ings, because there would be giant debates educated adult. Second, a similar range of 29 December - January, 1964 - 1965

EniToR: By all means let us retain the term "Con­ So if we must be brief, why can't we agree servation" to indicate prudent management that conservation of natural resources means of natural resources. The longer term, "use while fostering," a term used by.Shel- "Conservation of Natural Resources," would ford, the ecologist? clear up some of the confusion for after all There are many conflicts in the move­ it is natural resources, not educational re­ ment to conserve natural resources and I sources, financial resources or others, that doubt very much that there is a 100 percent we are talking about. There is too much conservationist living. Ask any biologist use, in writing about natural resources, of what is being done to conserve minerals. the unmodified term "resources." Ask the most high minded sportsman if The adoption of the term "Conservation crows, skunks, hawks or owls are natural of Natural Resources" at the time of the resources? Ask anv owner of a tree farm White House conference of 1908 carried the what he would do if offered twice its value unmistakable meaning of prudent manage­ by a subdivider. And so on ad infinitum. ment, including use with as little waste as Should the term "Conservation" have a avoidable, of maintaining productivity or flexible meaning? Probably not. But it sustained yield and of fair distribution. Use should have a broad meaning just because was strongly in the picture and I'd like to it covers so great a field. meet the wilderness enthusiast or nature We stumble along but the general direc­ lover who is willing to abstain from tramp­ tion is forward. Let's keep the word. It has ing upon, viewing, photographing, study­ a strong connotation of continuing life— ing and enjoying wilderness and nat­ use while fostering. ural areas. He doesn't just sit by his fire­ place thinking how glad he is that these Shirley W. Allen areas exist in relatively unvisited condi­ 1137 South Quince Street, tions. He is a user. Esoondido, California

Why Not PROservation? By N. B. LIVERMORE, JR.

N recent years there has evolved meaning of the word "conservation" entirely too much "CON" in con­ as it applies to the field of natural re­ I servation. In many circles, the sources was itself coined by Gifford loudest noises emanate from the Pinchot in 1907. In looking for ex­ "conservation shouters" who are amples of success with an arbitrarily really more preservationist than con­ coined word, perhaps one of the best servationist. Their departure from is the word Kodak, which was created the precepts set by Theodore Roose­ by George Eastman in 1887 and has velt and Gifford Pinchot are growing been a household and dictionary ever more noticeable. word ever since. Therefore, in search­ Perhaps the ultimate in this aber­ ing for a new word, there is no ety­ ration occurred at the 1961 Wilder­ mological reason why we should not ness Conference in San Francisco, coin one arbitrarily, as did Pinchot where the United States Forest Serv­ and Eastman. Such a word should ice did not even appear on the be reasonably short, easy to pro­ printed program. Imagine printing nounce, and not readily confused a program on the subject of wilder­ with other words. ness without even showing as a par­ My suggestion is the word PRO­ ticipant the one organization that, servation. If this word could be pub­ more than any other, helped start licized to emphasize the difference the wilderness movement! between it and "PREservation," I As a result of this increased over­ believe a great deal of good could emphasis on preservation, we now be accomplished in helping to clari­ hear the plea that a new word is r fy the very real difference between needed, a w ord to help pinpoint the the two schools of thought. As a wide divergence of opinion between catch phrase, preservationists might the "preservationist" and the "mul­ describe themselves as the "PRO's" tiple use" schools of natural resource among the conservationists, not only conservation. because they have dedicated their In literature and in everyday use, lives as professional, full-time con­ the term "multiple use" has been servationists, but because their opti­ used widely to define the brand of mistic, multiple use "PRO" attitude conservation that disagrees with as "PROservationists" fulfills the many of the tenets of the "preserva­ fullest and finest meaning of the tionist" school. But this term is word "conservation." cumbersome and, as the 1963 Public Opinion Survey by American Forest The new word is not meant to Products Industries clearly showed, compete with the word conservation it is almost completely unknown to but rather to acknowledge conserva­ the great majority of the American tion as a parent term. Neither is it people. Might not a completely new meant to claim that it is superior to word, therefore, be the answer to this the word "PREservation." The sug­ growing problem? gestion is merely that it be used as It is particularly fitting that we a means of pinpointing the differ­ should look for such a new word be­ ences between two schools of thought cause we are told that the present in the conservation field. December - January, 1964 - 1965 30 A rough outline listing some of the differences between the two schools of thought might be as follows: PRESERVATIONIST PROSERVATIONIST 1. The preservationist is a "son of The preservationist, is a "son of Mary." He enjoys to the depths Martha." He too loves the trail, the of his heart and soul the wilder­ stream, the campfire. But while the ness trail, the mountain pack preservationist sits in reveries, the train, the evening campfire, and preservationist builds the trails, he fights with zeal to retain wrangles the pack stock, and builds them for himself, in the form in the campfire. r which he wants them. 2) The preservationist apparently The preservationist realizes that wise thinks that all natural resource use of our natural resources is a users are evii. profit-seeking ex­ prime necessity in pur civilization, ploiters who do not care a whit and that a "multiple use" conserva­ for the public good. tionist is just as much dedicated to the public good as is a preserva­ tionist. 3) The preservationist is apparen­ The preservationist realizes that tly unable and unwilling to steadily increasing population pres­ modify any of his stands or be­ sure necessitates compromise solu­ liefs. tions to many complex problems of land use. 4) The preservationist prefers the The preservationist prefers the phi­ philosophy of the National Park losophy of the United States Forest Seryite and favors a single use Service and strongly believes in mul­ for a given area of wild lands. tiple use of a given area of wild lands. 5) The preservationist places prime The preservationist is aware of the emphasis on esthetic and eco­ desirability of esthetics and undis­ logical values in an area as little turbed ecology, but is keenly aware disturbed as possible by man. of the economic importance of alter­ nate uses. (i) The preservationist tends to The proservationist thinks mainly in think in terms of future values, terms of present values, including particularly in terms of indefi­ keen realization of the importance nite postponement of economic of maintaining lands in private realization from such values. hands in order to maintain local tax revenues. 7) In the case of wilderness, the The proservationist believes that the preservationist feels it essential resources of such fringe areas can be not only to preserve wilderness used in such a way as not to spoil the areas but to include a substan­ essentially primitive character of the tial fringe acreage around them wilderness lands typically lying be­ that is not used for wilderness hind such fringe areas at higher recreation but is "locked-up" elevations. against economic development. 8) The preservationist is a strong The proservationist, while appreciat­ believer in keeping the land en­ ing the primitive, accepts simple de­ vironment completely primitive. velopments so long as they are not mechanized. 9) The preservationist is generally The proservationist is extremely con­ not concerned with the costs of cerned about costs both present and his projects, either in terms of future, and feels that the economics current costs, lost tax bases, or of alternative land use should be loss of income and employment given prime consideration. opportunities provided by nat­ ural resource users. 10) The preservationist, by and The proservationist believes that large, is against all forms of hunting is a proper activity on all hunting on wild lands. wild lands except those areas of parks where concentrated human use is permitted.

So let "preservation" be the battle branches of the conservation family. cry for multiple use. But in hoisting Or, to take liberties in paraphrasing their colors, let preservationists do so the well-remembered words of a great • in a spirit of humility and under­ sportsman: standing as well as firmness. There When the Great Creator comes has been enough banging of heads to judge our mortal band, already. The time has come for bet­ He will not ask of "pro" or "con" ter understanding between both but how we used the land. • 31 December - January, 1964 - 1965

North Cascades Conservation Council c/o Mrs. Anne Mack 4800 N. E. 70th Street Seattle, Washington 98115

Please send the following giant (G-largest), jumbo (J), and regular (R) glossy, color, postcard scenes of Washington's North Cascades:

No. Scene Size

1 Trapper Lake near Cascade Pass J - 100 2 Johannesburg Mt. at Cascade Pass R - 50 3 Magic Mt. at Cascade Pass R - 50 4 Cascade flower garden and stream R - 50 5 Bonanza Peak above Lake Chelan R - 50 6 Glacier Peak through Cloudy Pass R - 50 7 Autumn colors along Stehekin River R - 50 8 Autumn colors along Stehekin road R - 50 9 Magic Mt., flowers at Cascade Pass R - 50 10 Stehekin road and mountain glaciers J - 100 15 Glacier Peak across Image Lake G - 150 17 Myrtle Lake in the Entiat Valley R - 50 18 Sunrise on Glacier Pk. & Image Lake J - 10 £ 19 Mt. Challenger from Tapto Lake J - 100 28 Clark Range from Image Lake alplands J - 100 31 Suiattle River Basin and Tenpeak Mt. J - 100 41 Aerial view of Chickamin Glacier R - 50 Set of 17 cards (1 of each) $1. 25 Check, payable to North Cascades Conservation Council, enclosed for: $

TO: (Name)

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(City) (State)_ _(Zip)_ NORTH CASCADES CONSERVATION COUNCIL THE WILD CASCADES BULK RATE Founded 1957 PRESIDENT: Patrick D. Golds-worthy U.S. POSTAGE EDITORS: The Wild Cascades December - January, 1964 - 1965 PAID Harvey and Betty Manning SEATTLE, WASH. Route 3, Box 6652 North Cascades Conservation Council PERMIT # 8602 Issaquah, Washington - 98027 3215 N.E. 103rd Street Published bi-monthly Seattle, Washington - 98125 Subscription price $2 per year

MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION: Miss Helen Waterman, Membership Chairman North Cascades Conservation Council 1811 Queen Anne Ave. North, Apt. 201 Seattle, Washington - 98109

I (Signature) wish to:

1. Enroll myself and support the Council's purposes of secur­ ing the protection and preservation of scenic, scientific, recreational, educational, wildlife, and wilderness values of the North Cascades, including establishment of Wilder­ ness Areas and a North Cascades National Park.

Enclosed find ($2-regular, $l-spouse, $5-contributing, $10 or more-patron, $50-life) for annual dues, including sub­ scription to THE WILD CASCADES $ Mail to:-

2. Send a gift membership for enclosed $ to:

3. Send a gift subscription ($2) to THE WILD CASCADES for enclosed 1""$ I to:-

4. Send a free copy of THE WILD CASCADES | [ to: Return Requested

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