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Систематика, Филогения И География Культурных Растений И Их Диких Родичей Doi:10.30901/2227-8834-2016-4-92-113 Удк 581.9 (470)+502 Оригинальная Статья

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Систематика, Филогения И География Культурных Растений И Их Диких Родичей Doi:10.30901/2227-8834-2016-4-92-113 Удк 581.9 (470)+502 Оригинальная Статья СИСТЕМАТИКА, ФИЛОГЕНИЯ И ГЕОГРАФИЯ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ РАСТЕНИЙ И ИХ ДИКИХ РОДИЧЕЙ DOI:10.30901/2227-8834-2016-4-92-113 УДК 581.9 (470)+502 ОРИГИНАЛЬНАЯ СТАТЬЯ С. А. Айпеисова ДИКИЕ РОДИЧИ КУЛЬТУРНЫХ РАСТЕНИИ АКТЮБИН­ СКОМ ФЛОРИСТИЧЕСКОГО ОКРУГА Актюбинский региональный государственный университет имени К.Жубанова, 030000 Актуальность. Актюбинский флористический округ (АФО) расположен в Актобе, пределах Зауральско-Тургайской подпровинции Заволжско-казахстанской пр. А. Молдагуловой, 34, провинции Евразиатской степной области. Физико-географические осо­ Казахстан, бенности исследуемой территории предполагают высокое разнообразие и e-mail: [email protected] оригинальный состав диких родичей культурных растений (ДРКР). Поло­ жение исследуемой территории обеспечивает переходный характер флоры, в которой представлены как европейские, так и азиатские флори­ Ключевые слова: стические элементы. Сочетание различных природных зон, обусловливает разнообразие ценофлор АФО, и, следовательно, - видов ДРКР. Мозаич­ дикие родичи культурных ность почв создает разнообразный спектр местообитаний для ДРКР. Реч­ растений, флора, ботаника, ная система АФО способствует распространению пойменных и суходоль­ in situ сохранение ных лугов, имеющих уникальный видовой состав ДРКР. Результаты. В ис- следумой флоре нами впервые выявлено 412 видов диких родичей куль­ Поступление: турных растений, входящих в 28 семейств. 43 вида представлены в куль­ 22.10.2016. туре. Обнаружено нескольких природных очагов Secale sylvestre по сухому руслу р. Илек в окр. с. Курайли. Принято: 06.12.2016 SYSTEMATICS, PHYLOGENY AND GEOGRAPHY OF CULTIVATED PLANTS AND THEIR WILD RELATIVE DOI:10.30901/2227-8834-2016-4-92-113 ORIGINAL ARTICLE S.A. Aipeisova CROP WILD RELATIVES OF THE AKTOBE FRORAL DISTRICT The K. ZubanoV Aktobe Regional State UniVersity. 34. A. MoldaguloVa St., background. The Aktobe floral district (AFD) is located within the Trans-Ural- Aktobe 030000 Kazakhstan Torgay subproVince of the Trans-Volga-Kazakhstan proVince, Euro-Asiatic e-mail: [email protected] steppe region. DistinctiVe physical geography of this territory suggests rich di­ Versity and unique composition of crop wild relatiVe (CWR). The location of the inVestigated territory proVides for a transient pattern of vegetation when both Key words: European and Asiatic floristic elements are present. Combination of different terrestrial ecosystems determines the diVersity of coenflora in the AFD, and crop wild relatives, flora, bo­ hence of CWR species as well. Mosaic soil structure creates a Variable spectrum tanic, in situ conservation of habitats for CWR. The AFD’s river system stimulates expansion of bottom­ land and upland meadows with their unique composition of CWR species. Re­ Received: sults. For the first time we haVe identified in the studied vegetation 412 species 22.10.2016. of CWR belonging to 28 plant families. of these, 43 species haVe been domes­ ticated. SeVeral natural foci of Secale sylVestre haVe been discoVered along the Accepted: dry riverbed of the Ilek River in the vicinity of Kuraily Village. 06.12.2016 92 Труды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции, том 177, выпуск 4 Введение почв располагается в пределах Подураль- С уничтожением природных экосистем ского плато, Мугоджарских гор. Подзона безвозвратно исчезают дикие родичи куль­ светлокаштановых почв расположена с за­ турных растений, разнообразие которых пада на восток Подуральского плато обеспечивает продовольственную безопас­ (AipeisoVa, 2004a, b). Подзона бурых почв ность растущего населения Земли. На гло­ также характерна для Подуральского плато. бальном уровне подходы к решению данной Почвообразующие породы легкие суглинки проблемы предложены в ряде межправи­ и супеси. тельственных соглашений: Конвенции о Растительность биологическом разнообразии (1992), Гло­ Исследуемый район расположен в преде­ бальном плане действий по сохранению и лах Зауральско-Тургайской (Западноказах­ устойчивому использованию генетических станской) подпровинции Заволжско-казах­ ресурсов растений (1996), Международном станской провинции Евразиатской степной договоре о растительных генетических ре­ области. Западная граница подпровинции, сурсах для производства продовольствия и проходящая по сниженной окраине Южного ведения сельского хозяйства (2001) и др. Урала и долине р. Урал, совпадает с важным Практическое значение этих документов климатическим рубежом между умеренно сводится к необходимости создания нацио­ континентальной и континентальной мери- нальных стратегий по сохранению генетиче­ диальными системами зон. На востоке в пре­ ских ресурсов растений (культурных расте­ делы подпровинции входит Тургайское ний и их диких родичей) в каждом государ­ плато. стве (SmekaloVa et al., 2002; SmekaloVa, 2011; Е. М. Лавренко, З. В. Карамышева, Р. И. SmekaloVa, Chukhina, 2011). Никулина (LaVrenko et al.,, 1991), как отли­ Географическое положение чительную особенность от соседней с во­ Актюбинский флористический округ стока центральноказахстанской подпровин- (АФО) лежит в северо-западной части Ка­ ции указывают виды: Crambe tataria захстана между 51°30' в.д. - 61°30' в.д. (по Sebeok., Iris pumila L., Tulipa biebersteiniana широте протяженность равно 10°) и 51°45' Schult. et Schult. fil., Stipa ucrainica P. Smirn., с.ш. - 47°30' с.ш. (протяженность по долготе Dianthus andrzejowskianus (Zapal.) Kulcz., а равна 4° 15') на стыке Европы и Азии. Терри­ также ряд восточных видов не тория флористического района вытянута с встречающихся к западу от гор и р. Урал: запада на восток на ~ 500 км, а с севера на Stipa kirghisorum P. Smirn., Stipa orientalis юг на ~ 350 км и занимает площадь в 160 000 Trin., Artemisia lessingiana bess., Artemisia км2. Климат Актюбинского флористиче­ gracilescens Krasch. et Iljin., Caragana ского округа относится к континенталь­ balchaschensis (Kom.) Pojark. в подзоне ному, и характеризуется резкими темпера­ опустыненных степей. турными контрастами: холодная суровая Г. И. Дохман (Dohman, 1954), зима и жаркое лето. И. Н. Сафронова (SafronoVa, 1971, 1974, Почвы 1979, 1980), Е. М. Лавренко, З. В. Карамы- По характеру почвенного покрова на тер­ шева, Р. И. Никулина (LaVrenko, 1954; La- ритории округа выделяется 3 зоны: черно­ Vrenko et al., 1991) отмечают, что для расти­ земная, каштановая и бурая, каждая из кото­ тельного покрова Подуральского плато и рых делится на подзоны. В черноземной Мугоджар характерна неоднородность, свя­ зоне выделяют подзону южных черноземов; занная с геологическим строением и разно­ в каштановой - темнокаштановую, каштано­ образием почв. вую и светлокаштановую; в бурой - бурую и И. Н. Сафроновой (SafronoVa, 1971, 1974, светлобурую.Подзона южных черноземов 1979, 1980) степи Подуральского плато под­ занимает небольшую территорию на край­ разделены на две полосы: типчаково-ко- нем севере Актюбинского флористического выльных сухих степей и полынно-типча- округа. Данная подзона охватывает наибо­ ково-ковыльных опустыненных степей. По­ лее высокую, сильно расчлененную реками лоса сухих степей, в свою очередь, разде­ часть Подуральского плато, северную часть лена на две полосы: типчаково-ковыльных Мугоджарских гор. Подзона каштановых 93 Труды по прикладной ботанике, генетике и селекции, том 177, выпуск 4 степей на темнокаштановых почвах и ксеро- Высококовыльные степи встречаются на фитноразнотравно-ковыльных степей на самом севере и северо-западе района иссле­ каштановых почвах. дования небольшими участками. Высококо­ В типчаково-ковыльных сухих степях выльная формация (Stipa pennata) приуро­ преобладают сообщества ковыльковой фор­ чена к южным черноземам и темнокаштано­ мации (Stipa lessingiana). Из всех ковылей вым почвам, занимая равнины и слабовол­ Stipa lessingiana надо считать самым устой­ нистые участки. В отдельных местах к Stipa чивым к выпасу, и только на супесях и пес­ pennata присоединяется в значительно мень­ ках с ним может соперничать в этом отно­ шем количестве Stipa capillata и Stipa les- шении тырса (IVanoV, 1958). singiana. В ковылковой формации наиболее часты М. Г. Попов (PopoV, 1940) отмечает, что типчаково-ковыльковая (Stipa lessingiana на крайнем севере Западного степного Ка­ Trin. et Rupr., Festuca valesiaca Gaudin), тон- захстана мы встречаем небольшие участки коногово-ковылковая (Koeleria cristata (L.) со Stipa rubens P. Smirn., Stipapulcherrima С. Pers., Stipa lessingiana Trin. et Rupr.), Koch. Они расположены приблизительно тырсово-ковыльковая (Stipa lessingiana Trin. между 51-52° северной широты, чередуясь с et Rupr., Stipa capillata L.) ассоциации. В со­ участками мелкоперистой степи со Stipa les- став ковыльковой формации входят следую­ singiana. щие представители лугово-степного разно­ Часто с ковылями конкурирует Festuca травья: Crinitaria villosa (L.) Grossh., Crini- valesiaca, к которому иногда примешива­ taria tatarica (Less.) Czer., Tаnаcetum ются Koeleria cristata, Agropyron pectinatum, аchilleifоlium (Bieb.) Sch. bip., Kochia pros­ реже Bromopsis inermis (Leys.) Holub и trata (L.) Schrad., Phlomis tuberosa L., Spiraea Phleum phleoides (L.) Karst. Разнотравье до­ hypericifolia L., Caragana frutex (L.) С. Koch, вольно красочно и представлено такими ви­ Artemisia lerchiana Web. ex Stechm., Artemisia дами как шалфей (Salvia steppasa Shost.), austriaca Jacq., Achillea millefolium L., Salvia лапчатка серебристая (Potentilla argentea L.), steppesa Shost. и др. льнянки (Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill., Li- Другой распространенной формацией яв­ naria ruthenica blonski., Linaria vulgaris L.), ляется тырсовая (Stipa capillata). Тырсовая донник (Melilotus albus Medik.), вероники формация произрастает
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