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Proximate Composition, Vitamin, Mineral and Biologically Active Compounds Levels in Leaves of Mangifera Indica

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Proximate Composition, Vitamin, Mineral and Biologically Active Compounds Levels in Leaves of Mangifera Indica Full-text Available Online at J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. PRINT ISSN 1119-8362 https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jasem Vol. 23 (1) 65–74 January 2019 ELECTRONIC ISSN 1119-8362 http://ww.bioline.org.br/ja Proximate Composition, Vitamin, Mineral and biologically Active Compounds Levels in Leaves of Mangifera indica (Mango), Persea americana (Avocado pea), and Annona muricata (Sour sop) *1PRINCEWILL-OGBONNA, IL; 2OGBONNA, PC; 3OGUJIOFOR, IB 1Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, P.M.B. 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria 2&3 Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike, P.M.B. 7267 Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria *Corresponding author Email: [email protected] ; Tel: +234 7068656960 ABSTRACT: The high rate of food insecurity in Nigeria has resulted to malnutrition and sicknesses especially in the rural areas. To address this challenges, this study assessed the levels of biologically active compounds, some essential proximate, vitamin and mineral in leaves of Mango, Avocado pea and Sour sop to determine their nutritional and health benefits. The results indicate that the highest significant (P<0.05) values of crude protein (17.94±0.99 %), calorific value (370.47±1.01 KJ), carbohydrate (66.04±1.00 %), thiamine (0.52±0.01 mg), beta-carotene (115.50±0.01 mg) and K (0.60±0.01 %), alkaloid (2.26±0.01 %) and saponin (1.33±0.01 %) were observed in Avocado pea while ether extract (4.30±0.95 %), ash (8.24±0.99 %), crude fiber (10.60±0.95 %), ascorbic acid (13.20±0.90 mg), riboflavin (0.21±0.01 mg), Ca (4.41±0.01 %), P (0.40±0.01 %), tannin (1.38±0.01 %), flavonoid (0.85±0.01 %) and phenol (0.37±0.01 %) were obtained in Mango. The highest content of niacin (0.41±0.01 mg), Mg (1.70±0.01 %), N (2.98±0.99 %) and phytate (0.30±0.01 %) were recorded in sour sop. The highest values of Na was statistically the same (P>0.05) in Mango (0.23±0.01 %) and Sour sop (0.23±0.01 %) but significantly (P<0.05) higher than 0.19±0.01 % in Avocado pea. Similarly the highest moisture content was observed in Avocado pea (21.74±0.99 %) which is statistically equal with 20.10±0.90 % in Mango but significantly (P<0.05) higher than 16.58±1.00 % in Sour sop. The leaves of Mango and Avocado pea are potential source of vitamins, mineral, phytochemical and proximate composition and is strongly recommended for nutritional and therapeutic uses to enhance good health of people. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i1.11 Copyright: Copyright © 2019 Princewill-Ogbonna et al . This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCL), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dates: Received: 30 November 2018; Revised: 06 January 2019; Accepted 18 January 2019 Key words: proximate, mineral, vitamins, phytochemicals, mango, avocado, sour sop. The high rate of food insecurity in Nigeria has resulted sensitive, selective and rapid chemical tests to to malnutrition. Indeed, various forms of sicknesses determine the presence of certain groups of are being experienced by people especially in the rural compounds is an initial step to select plants for further areas due to poor nutrition vis-a-vis low level of phytochemical studies (Ibrahim, 2004). immunity against diseases. Most underutilized fruits Persea americana (common name: Avocado, family: trees have appreciable health benefits and contribute Lauraceae) is commercially important fruit tree that significantly to poverty alleviation in low and middle have cardiovascular benefits. Studies have been income nations (Hall et al., 2009; Padulosi et al ., 2006; carried out on P. americana including phytochemical Williams and Haq, 2000). The appreciation of this studies on avocado seeds (Leite et al ., 2009; Ding et concept in the recent past, has led to a paradigm shift al ., 2007), avocado pulp for wound healing and hair of researchers into exploring the optimal use of growth (Ding et al ., 2007), as an aphrodisiac (Duke underutilized fruit trees with emphasis on their and Vasquez 1994), in vitro growth inhibitory effects nutritive, health-beneficial constituents, dietary fibre against cancer (Lu et al ., 2009), oil extracted from the and phytochemicals. Natural products, either as pure pulp used in cosmetics (Bleinroth and Castro, 1992), compounds or as standardized plant extracts, provide and acute and sub-chronic safety of orally- unlimited opportunities for new drug because of the administered seed extract was evaluated in the rat and unmatched availability of chemical diversity (Pathak it was found to be safe even at high doses (Dabas et et al, 2010). Phytochemical screening is an important al ., 2011). Mangifera indica Linn (common name: method of identifying bioactive compound that will be Mango, Family: Anacardiaceae) is evergreen fruit tree useful in creating new drugs. These simple, cheap, spreading with dense rounded crown and the fruit is *Corresponding author Email: [email protected] ; Tel: +234 7068656960 Proximate Composition, Vitamin, Mineral and biologically Active ….. 66 greatly relished for its succulence, exotic flavour and collected randomly from fifteen (15) stands each of delicious taste in most countries of the world Annona muricata, Magnifera indica , and Persea (Bhatnagar and Subramanyam, 1973). It is used in americana using well cleaned secateurs. The leaves control of heart diseases, urinary disorders, were collected separately from various branches of dysentery, eye diseases, diarrhea, syphilis, ulcer, each of the tree species, placed separately in large diabetes, kidney stone, sunstroke, tuberculosis, envelops, labeled well, covered in a wooden box to intestinal disorder, and blood purification, nasal avoid contamination, and taken to the Laboratory for pre-treatment and analysis. The leaves from each plant bleeding, in piles and in heart diseases (Cheikhyoussef species were removed from the stalk separately, et al ., 2011; Achuta et al ., 2010; Agrawal, 1986). thoroughly washed with running tap water to remove Anonna muricata Linn (common name: Sour sop, dust, pollen grains and other debris. Thereafter, the Family: Annonaceae) is a deciduous fruit tree that leaves from each plant species were air-dried produces a heart-shaped, highly aromatic fruit. The separately for 14 days at room temperature (24°C) to fruit’s nectar is commonly used in smoothies and constant weight. The dried leaves from each plant yoghurts, giving this plant yet another cultural use species were milled with Wiley milling Machine (Lutchmedial et al ., 2004). Studies have reported an (Model ED-5) to fine powder and stored separately in array of phytochemicals with a corresponding high well cleaned and dried plastic bottles, labeled well. antioxidant activity for inedible morphological parts Aliquot portions of the powdered leaves was weighed of Brazilian varieties of Annona muricata (Gomes et and used for analysis of phytochemical, mineral, al ., 2010), the efficacy of leaf extracts of some proximate, and vitamin content of the leaves. Ghanaian varieties against jaundice (Arthur et al ., 2012), and the use of the fruit pulp as lactagogue and Determination of proximate composition of Mangifera as cure for diarrhea and dysentery in Nigeria (Adewole indica, Persea americana and Annona muricata leave: and Caxton-Martins, 2006). Research on A. muricata . The dry matter, moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein has focused on the bark of the tree and roots for (nitrogen x 6.25) and crude fiber contents were pharmaceutical purposes (Kimbonguila et al ., 2010) determined using the standard methods of the and little attention has been paid to the leaves, which Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, is usually used in traditional medicine remedies. 2000) while the carbohydrate content and calorific Literature search has shown that there are paucity of content were determined according to the method of scientific research publication on the phytochemical, James (1995). mineral and vitamin content in leaves of A. muricata , P. americana , and M. indica in South east Nigeria. Determination of mineral content: The AOAC (2000) This study, therefore, investigate key parameters for method was used to determine the mineral content (Ca, assessing the health potential of the fruit trees (Anonna Mg, K, Na, P, and N) using the atomic absorption muricata, Persea americana, and Mangifera indica ) to spectrophotometric method (Uzoekwe and complement literature in making known the potential Mohammed, 2015). of these species as well as provide a stepping-stone for further research works in other uses of the fruit trees. Determination of vitamin content: Beta carotene (precursor of vitamin A), thiamin (vitamin B1), MATERIALS AND METHODS riboflavin (vitamin B2), ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and Study area: The study was carried out at Umuanunu niacin (vitamin B3) content of the samples were in Umunumo, Ehime Mbano Local Governemnt Area determined using the method of Pearson (1976). of Imo State, Nigeria. Umunumo is situated within ° ° latitude 5 40' and longitude 7 17' E at an altitude of Determination of phytochemical content: The 252 m and a population of 74,009 (Fallingrain, 2016). procedure described by Usunobun et al . (2015) was used to determine the phytochemical content with no Sample collection and analysis: A reconnaissance modification. survey was carried out prior to sample collection to identify plant species that are common in Umuanunu Phytochemical Screening: The phytochemicals and are utilized by the people for therapeutic purposes. determined in the ethanolic leaf extracts include: The survey showed that M. indica , P. americana , and flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenol, and A. muricata are the common plant species used for phytaes. This test was performed using standard herbal remedies by the inhabitants of Umuanunu. Five procedures (Sofowora, 1993, Trease and Evans, 1989, (5) stands each of M. indica , P.
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