ATTACHMENT A

ATTACHMENT A

GLEBE CONSERVATION AREA STUDY REPORT

ATTACHMENT A

City of Sydney Glebe Conservation Area

February 2008 Study Report ATTACHMENT A

© City of Sydney. All rights reserved. No part of this work will be reproduced, translated, modified, transmitted or stored in any form or by any means without the prior permission of the City of Sydney. ATTACHMENT A Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1 2 Methodology 2 Investigation of Signifi cance 2 Fieldwork 2 Public Consultation 2 Assessment of Signifi cance 3 Management of Signifi cance - Policy 3 3 Historical Background 4 Land Grants 4 1828 Subdivision of The Glebe 4 Subdivision of Church Estates 5 Subdivision of Villa Estates 6 Victorian and Edwardian Development 7 The Interwar Period 8 Postwar Glebe 8 Conservation and Gentrifi cation 9 4 Fieldwork 10 Overview and Street Rating 10 Component Contribution and Height 10 Public Domain Items 11 Review of Heritage Items in Glebe Point Road and 12 Potential Heritage Items 11 5 Signifi cance 12 Aspects contributing to the heritage signifi cance of Glebe 12 Statement of Cultural Signifi cance of Glebe Point Road 12 Shopfronts 13 Archeological Signifi cance 13

6 Constraints Arising From Signifi cance 14 Conservation Areas 14 Toxteth Conservation Area 14 Lyndhurst Conservation Area 15 Hereford and Forest Lodge Conservation Area 15 St. Phillips Conservation Area 15 Bishopthorpe Conservation Area 16 Hughes Conservation Area 16 Glebe Point Conservation Area 16 Heritage Streetscapes 17 Heritage Items 17 7 Management Of Signifi cance - Policy 18 Recognise The Historical Layers 18 Protection Of Signifi cance 19 Enhance Signifi cance 19 Specifi c Policies 20 Recommendations For LEP Protection 22 8 Policy Recommendations For Conservation Areas 23 9 Implementation 24 10 Conclusion 25 ATTACHMENT A Table of Contents (continued)

List Of Appendices 26 Appendix A - Grading of Streets 27 Appendix B - Grading of Lanes 29 Appendix C - Public Domain Items 31 Appendix D - Summary Heritage Items 34 Appendix E - Conservation Area Boundary Justifi cation 38 Toxteth 38 Lyndhurstv 39 St. Phillips 40 Bishopthorpe 41 Glebe Point 42 Appendix F - Archaeological Report 45 Appendix G - Building Contribution Map Glebe and Forest Lodge 49 Appendix H - Proposed Glebe Conservation Areas 50 Appendix I - Heritage Streetscapes - Glebe point Road 51 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 1 Introduction

Architectural Projects Pty Limited were commissioned to carry out a Review of the Glebe Conservation Area by the City of Sydney Council in June 2005.

The study provides a detailed analysis of the Glebe Conservation Area, and a review of the Glebe Point Road Study, a report prepared for Leichhardt Council in 1991 by Berchevaise and Associates. The Glebe Study has reviewed the boundaries of the existing Conservation Area, recommended division of the Area into separate conservation areas, identified threats and issues within the area and proposed policies to protect the identified heritage character. Glebe Point Road is recommended for potential listing as a Heritage Streetscape in the LEP. The study included a review of 69 Heritage Items in Glebe Point Road, 2 potential items in Glebe Point Road and eleven other potential items. For each Heritage Item, Conservation Area and Streetscape a detailed Heritage Inventory Sheet has been prepared. A general assessment of archaeology potential by building types has been included. The study does not include a review of the other heritage items in the Glebe Conservation Area or a detailed assessment of the archaeological potential of the area.

The review was undertaken by Jennifer Hill and Elizabeth Gibson of Architectural Projects has been undertaken between June and December 2005 under the guidance of John Poulton and Nicola Atherfold of the City of Sydney Council. Historical research has been undertaken by Leonie Masson and archaeological assessment by Robert Varman. Mapping and data entry was carried out by Gai Pilz, Jeremy Sung, Laura Southworth and Melissa Smollett. Computer maps were carried out by Matt Dobson and Belinda Kerr, City of Sydney. Introduction 1

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 2 Methodology

Investigation of Signifi cance The relationship between an area and its historical context underlies the heritage assessment process. Much has been researched and written on Glebe since the 1970’s.

Our overview involved compiling key texts and manuscripts including Max Solling’s articles and texts, Bernard and Kate Smiths “Architectural Character of Glebe” and the Leichhardt Historical Journal essays, Craig Burton’s thesis “Housing the Glebe”, Freda MacDonnell’s “Portraits and Places”, and Leichhardt Council’s Heritage Study also informed the study.

Less history was available for individual items, and specific research has been carried out for these including research at the local studies section of the Glebe Library, State Library of New South Wales, and two of the Sydney City Archives collections. Sands Directories and rate book searches were undertaken where required. The team included a consultant historian Leonie Mason.

Fieldwork Fieldwork has included: • an overview of the area resulting in a preliminary report. • a detailed building by building assessment of the entire Conservation Area in terms of height, group value, component signifi cance and style. • the identifi cation of Public Domain Items. • a detailed building assessment to produce revised inventory items.

Public Consultation The knowledge and values of the community are important components of the Heritage Assessment process and the identifi cation of threats and issues in the Conservation Area is important to guide the development of policy that will protect this unique suburb. Architectural Projects conducted a public meeting at Glebe Town Hall on Wednesday 26th October 2005 to explain the project and encourage community input. A questionnaire was prepared for this meeting and written submissions were encouraged. The Glebe Society and Glebe Research Unit were also approached. Architectural Projects also conducted a seminar for Council Staff on 5 September 2005 to discuss relevant issues and threats and how existing and proposed policies could accommodate those issues.

In response to the public meeting and subsequent consultation, 15 submissions were received, some rep-resenting groups. Generally, the submissions supported the conservation area protection of the suburb and identified the importance of the building overlays to the heritage significance. The topography and ridge lo-cation of the area was seen to provide distinct views which were considered important, with the value of the waterfront location recognised and identified for enhancement through increased parkland. The heritage significance of Glebe Point Road was recognised as something which needed to be carefully consid-ered in any proposed upgrades of the street.

It was generally felt that the use of Glebe as a through traffic route is inconsistent with its heritage status as a rare Victorian suburb. That traffic noise was identified as being problematic, particularly where it can lead to high front fences which obscure the heritage value of buildings. It was also noted that Methodology 2

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A parking should only occur to rear lanes and no garages should occur as this would maintain a sense of open space.

Residential infill development should be restricted to a two storey height with Post World War II buildings seen to detract from the heritage significance of the area due to their dominant scale and appearance. The importance of retaining access to natural light in development was also identified, as was the need for façade restoration to be encouraged.

Concern was raised in several submissions in regard to the street integrity grading, which sought to identify streets and lanes in the area as having an A, B or C grading depending on the level of integrity and intactness (see Chapter 4). The main area of concern was that a low grading would diminish the value of significant, intact buildings within the street and could result in unacceptable alterations. The intent for these gradings is to identify streets where new development should seek to improve the overall rating of the street and ensure the protection of significant properties, rather than lowering the value of significant buildings. Assessment of Signifi cance Glebe has a predominantly Victorian and Edwardian character, supported by several other important historical layers, including the public housing on the Glebe Estate dating from the Interwar Period and the 1970’s and 1980’s.

Glebe Point Road includes a large number of original shopfronts. Generally such shopfronts are in timber for buildings constructed prior to 1910 and there are many signifi cant examples dating from the 1850s and onwards. Later shopfronts incorporate the use of metal framed shop windows combined with tiling and these are also signifi cant.

The assessment of the significance of the Glebe Conservation Area and heritage items in this study was undertaken in accordance with the NSW Heritage Office Heritage Criteria, which seeks to was applied in our assessments to ensure a consistent assessment of heritage significance across the State.

Management of Signifi cance - Policy The identification of threats and issues in the conservation area has directed the development of policies to protect this heritage significance. It is envisioned that the policy recommendations made in Chapters 7 and 8 will be considered for inclusion in Councils planning controls for the area. Methodology 3

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 3 Historical Background

The history can be summarised as the relationship between an area and its historical context. An understanding of an area’s history underlies the heritage assessment process.

Land Grants Governor Phillip was instructed to allocate land in the new township of Sydney to support a Church of England minister. This was to ensure the future of the church in the colony. In 1790, 400 acres of land was measured out for the “Glebe”, meaning Church lands. A further 400 acres was reserved for the Crown and 200 acres for the schoolmaster. Reverend Richard Johnson the colony’s first Chaplain, was unimpressed with his Glebe. He considered the land unsuitable for cultivation, and abandoned The Glebe for a new grant in Canterbury.

Land Grants

1828 Subdivision of The Glebe The church reserve was subdivided into 27 allotments in 1828. The lots varied considerably in size. Small allotments of 3-4 acres at Blackwattle Swamp were quick to sell. The larger elevated sites of up to 42 acres at Glebe Point appealed to the middle classes looking for villa sites on the outskirts of the city. Lots 7 and 8 were reserved for the St Phillips Glebe and lot 27 for the Archdeacon.

The Blackwattle Swamp lots were quick to sell because of their proximity to the city and access to freshwater. These attributes attracted industry. The slaughter houses and boiling down works that were built along the swamp ensured that housing built in the precinct was working class in character. The fi rst bus service to Glebe ran from Circular Quay to Parramatta Road in 1846. This also encouraged development around the junction of Parramatta Road and Glebe Point Road. Historical Background 4

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A On the larger lots at Glebe Point, substantial elegant Regency houses began to appear from 1829. Edward Hallens “Hereford House” was first to be completed. Hereford House was demolished in the 1930s. “Toxteth Park” designed by John Verge for George Allen was also constructed from 1829. The Toxteth Estate included 3 of the original 1828 lots, comprising around 120 acres. Toxteth Park is now incorporated in St Scholasticas Convent, Glebe. Verge also designed “Lyndhurst” which was built in 1833-7 for John Macarthur’s son-in-law, Dr James Bowman. Lyndhurst was saved from demolition by the Historic Houses Trust and has recently returned to a non- institutional use.

1828 Subdivision of The Glebe

Subdivision of Church Estates Lots 7 and 8 “St Phillips” were subdivided into 32 lots in 1842 and 28 year leases were offered. These short leases together with the lack of minimum standards encouraged cheap building in timber and overcrowded conditions.

The Archdeaconry land, Lot 27, renamed Bishopthorpe, was divided into 238 allotments and offered on 99 year leases by the Archbishop of Sydney from 1856. It was a more generous subdivision than St Phillips and building conditions applied, including – that construction was to be of brick or stone; that buildings were to face the road; that no more than 2 dwellings were permitted on each block; and blocks were to have a 40’ frontage.

When the 28 year leases at St Phillips from the 1840’s expired, much of the housing stock was in a dilapidated condition. The Metropolitan Mutual Permanent Building and Investment Association embarked upon a redevelopment program. George Allen was a financial backer of much of this speculative building and David Elphinstone became the largest contractor in Glebe. The impact of the slaughterhouses, tanneries and abattoirs at Blackwattle Swamp resulted in the continuing working class occupation of St Phillips. Historical Background 5

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A

Subdivision of Church Estate

Subdivision of Villa Estates The subdivision of the larger villa lots occurred in a much more piecemeal fashion. Among the earliest of these subdivisions was Eglintoun Estate at Glebe Point developed by AB Sparks. Spark fell victim to the economic down turn of 1840 and was forced to sell his Glebe Point holdings. Allotments on the Hereford Estate were also sold in 1841.

Glebe became a municipality in 1859, and along with the development of the church estates, there was a gradual increase in the houses at Glebe Point spurred on by the improvements in transport and the establishment of the University at Grose Farm in 1855. Bidura (1857), Strathmore (1857), Rothwell Lodge (1847) and Margaretta Cottage (1845) were among the early houses at Glebe Point.

James Bowman of Lyndhurst was also nearly bankrupted by the 1840 drought and depression, but was bailed out by brothers in law James and William Macarthur. The Lyndhurst Estate was purchased by the Church of England for St James College in 1846. This College was then purchased by the Catholic St Mary’s College in 1852, and the Lyndhurst Estate was subdivided the following year. Further subdivisions occurred in 1878 and 1885. Lots were extremely small and terrace housing prevailed. The Forest Lodge Estate was subdivided in the period 1865-1871, encouraged by the extension of Pyrmont Bridge Road from Blackwattle Bay to Camperdown in 1859. Like Lyndhurst, the subdivision comprised high density terrace housing. In 1872 bus services extended further down Glebe Point Road.

When George Allen died in 1877, his son George Wigram Allen took over Toxteth House, carrying out major extensions between 1877 and 1881. In 1884, 88 building sites on the estate were offered for sale. Six more subdivisions occurred between 1886 and 1907. The introduction of electric trams in Glebe in 1899 spurred development of Glebe Point and the Toxteth estate. The subdivisions were generous and building was controlled by strict covenants which also precluded any commercial development. Fine rows of late Victorian Terraces and single storey Italianate and Edwardian dwellings in garden settings predominated.

In 1901 Toxteth House was sold to the Good Samaritans Order for the establishment of St Scholastica’s Convent. Historical Background 6

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A

Subdivision of Villa Estates - Eglintoun

Subdivision of Villa Estates – Lyndhust Subdivision of Villa Estates – Toxteth

Victorian and Edwardian Development The building stock from the Victorian and Federation period forms the key character of Glebe. This group encompasses a wide range of building types that reflect the history of Glebe. From the Regency villas of the 1830s, to the small Georgian cottages of the mid 1800s, the rows of speculative terraces from the 1860s though to the 1880s in the Church Estates and at Lyndhurst and Forest Lodge and the Italianate and Edwardian development at Toxteth Estate, this group illustrates the social diversity of Glebe which has existed since the first subdivision in 1828. Historical Background 7

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A The Interwar Period By 1914, Glebe was fully built out. The area was hit hard during the Depression, with an increase in social problems and crime rates. Despite this the population remained constant. By the mid 1930s, Glebe was considered one of the worst areas of Sydney.

Villas, long deserted by their original middle class occupants for the new suburbs were converted to boarding houses. The area continued to be affected by development pressure. Forest Lodge was demolished in 1912 and Hereford House in the mid 1930s. The Church in conjunction with Glebe Council embarked upon redevelopment proposals. Whole precincts of interwar public housing appeared in St Phillips between the 1930s and 1940s. Glebe Council was also responsible for a precinct of detached dwellings on the Crescent.

Postwar Glebe By the 1940s, the inner city suburbs were widely considered as slums- ripe for clearance.

The Cumberland County Council Plan of 1948 contained comprehensive transport proposals including the North Western Expressway and the Western Distributor, cutting through Lyndhurst, Toxteth, Hughes, St Phillips, Bishopthorpe and Forest Lodge and the redevelopment of vast areas of Victorian housing within these precincts. The County of Cumberland Planning scheme was gazetted in 1951.

John Byrne Court, a 12 storey low income housing block was built by Sydney City Council in 1960 in a densely populated terrace precinct of St Phillips. The Max Factor building was built on the site of Guildford Lodge on Glebe Point Road in the 1960s. Meanwhile, more villas succumbed to redevelopment, Strathmore (demolished 1950’s), Avon (demolished 1966) and Maryville (demolished 1970) made way for post war flat development, dramatically altering the character of Glebe Point.

Post War Developments Historical Background 8

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Conservation and Gentrifi cation The Glebe Society was formed in 1969 in response to the increasing threat to the Victorian character of Glebe from inappropriate development. In 1970, the Glebe Society submitted a plan to Leichhardt Council for controlled residential development at Glebe Point. The Society later put forward a case for the preservation of the Glebe Estate, and an alternative to Inner Urban Expressways. When “Lyndhurst” was threatened with demolition in 1972, the community took action, Green Bans were imposed and the house was saved. This was to be a turning point for Glebe. The National Trust classifi ed the Glebe Urban Conservation Area in 1974.

In 1971, the Church decided to sell the Glebe Estate. Amid criticisms of being a slum landlord, the church offered its residential estates in Sydney to the Government so that they could continue as areas of low cost housing. In 1973, the Commonwealth Government entered into negotiations with the Church for the acquisition of the Glebe Estate. In 1974 Parliament assented to the Glebe Lands Appropriation Act, and in February 1975, contracts for three pilot rehabilitation projects were let. Leichhardt Councils Planning Scheme was gazetted in 1979 and the provisions of the County of Cumberland and City of Sydney Planning Schemes were suspended.

Leichhardt Town Plan was gazetted in 2000. It included the Glebe Conservation Area and listed 228 heritage items in Glebe and Forest Lodge. There are 69 heritage items listed on Glebe Point Road. These heritage items derive from the 1991 Glebe Point Road Study. Many of these items include large groupings of buildings.

Conservation

Historical Background 9

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 4 Fieldwork

Overview and Street Rating The fi rst component of our investigation into the physical fabric of Glebe was an overview of streets and lanes and the preparation of a preliminary assessment. The grading of streets indicates levels of integrity not scope for redevelopment. All intact structures from the key period of signifi cance should be retained irrespective of the street grading.

Streets rated A represent the key period of development and have a high level of integrity. Intact streets that have development of another important layer may also achieve an A rating.

B streets may also represent the key period but possess a lower degree of integrity. They may also contain another important historical layer.

Streets ranked C do not well represent the key period, are dominated by development from other periods, and have a low integrity.

A grading of streets and lanes is included in Appendix A and Appendix B.

Component Contribution and Height As the whole area is a Conservation Area contributing and neutral components should always be retained. Opportunities to reinforce the character of Glebe with new development occur on detracting sites.

Each property within the Conservation Area has been assessed for its contribution to the area. The contribution of each property as either contributory, neutral or detracting has been mapped in a database form and as a GIS colour map. This process enables Council to integrate this information with their electronic management system. The assessment of components relates to their ability to contribute to an understanding of the historic development of the area rather than on solely aesthetic or integrity aspect.

Properties identifi ed as contributory are from the key period and have a reasonable degree of integrity.

Neutral properties are those that do not belong to the key period, but belong to another important historical layer and are sympathetic. Good contemporary infi ll will fall into this category. Development from the key period which has been altered (and is unlikely to be reversed) is neutral.

Detracting development are properties that do not represent the key period and are uncharacteristic in terms of their scale, material and detail.

The following summary outlines the component criteria:

Contributory (C) Significant layer, substantially intact Significant layer, altered, yet recognisable and reversible Secondary layer, highly intact Neutral (N) Significant layer, altered in form, unlikely to be reversed Secondary layer, altered New sympathetic layer or representative of a new layer Non significant layer Vacant sites / construction sites Detracting (D) New detracting development Other detracting development (Detracting in either scale or materials / details) Fieldwork 10

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A The height of buildings as required by the Study Brief (in terms of storeys) have been noted to assist in understanding the character of various precincts. Broad stylistic characteristics, dates, building names and groupings of buildings although not required by the Study Brief have also been noted.

Public Domain Items Public Domain Items have been identified as part of this study. This group includes monuments, parks, rock outcrops, sandstone kerbing, horse troughs, bus stops and fountains and the public domain items are separately listed to the mapping. (See Appendix C)

Review of Heritage Items in Glebe Point Road and 12 Potential Heritage Items Additional historic research has been undertaken to inform the fi eldwork. An external inspection of the Heritage Items included in the Study, noting the setting, style, features, condition and integrity has produced updated descriptions for the Heritage Inventory Sheets. This information has resulted in recommendations for the reorganisation of some groups of heritage items.

There are 69 existing heritage items on Glebe Point Road which have been reorganised into 111 individual or groups of buildings. Further research has been undertaken on individual and groups of buildings which generally confi rm the Main Street Study. This research has confi rmed that, in comparison to other heritage items in the area, some identifi ed in Glebe Point Road do not reach the threshold for listing due to their representative nature or their level of intactness. As these items are also covered by streetscape protection and Conservation Area protection the additional heritage item listing is not supported. Of the 111 regrouped heritage items, it is proposed to retain 91 heritage items consisting of both individual buildings and groups of buildings. A further 20 individual or groups of buildings are proposed to be removed from the heritage list.

A summary of the original heritage item listing and the proposed heritage item listing is included in Appendix D. Fieldwork 11

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 5 Signifi cance

A comparative assessment of significance of each item within the context of Glebe Point Road and the Glebe area and equivalent residential areas has also occurred. This assessment is informed by the Main Street Study. The Architectural Projects Glebe Study has confirmed the assessments of this study These are summarised below.

Aspects contributing to the heritage signifi cance of Glebe include: • The varied character of historic subdivisions, divided by the historic and aesthetically important thoroughfare of Glebe Point Road. • The predominant Victorian and Edwardian character of Glebe, supported by several other important historic layers -including the public housing on the Glebe Estate dating from the Interwar Period and the 1970’s and 1980’s. • The history has created a diverse social mix that is refl ected in the building stock and inherent to the character of the suburb. • The high level of integrity of the building stock particularly in the Glebe Estate. • The landscape qualities of Glebe. • An important evolving relationship to the water.

Statement of Cultural Signifi cance of Glebe Point Road The Historical Significance of Glebe Point Road derives from: • Glebe Point Road is the earliest road in Glebe, created by the subdivision of the church lands in 1828. It provided access to the marine villas built during the colonial period, two of which survive, Lyndhurst and Toxteth Park. • Glebe Point Road was a major transportation route, as evidenced by the positions of the major public buildings (Post Offi ce, Churches and Hotels) and by the former tramways route along the street. • The street was the focus of early retail and commercial developments to serve the early residential estates either side of Glebe Point Road. • The survival of early residences behind later commercial development along the street allows a clear understanding of the physical development of Glebe Point Road and its changing pattern of use over time. • The pattern of ownership of Glebe Point Road, fi rst subdivided as church land which subsequently passed to the Commonwealth, then State Government, has meant that properties fronting Glebe Point Road have survived so remarkably intact in the inner city.

The Architectural Significance of Glebe Point Road is as follows: • The street survives as one of Sydney’s most important intact 19th century townscapes with a high degree of architectural intactness remaining from a variety of periods. Most notable is the survival of early 1860s commercial and residential development so close to the city centre. • The street retains building elements of architectural importance which illustrate various periods of development and architectural styles and building types. Elements such as shop fronts, fi rst fl oor facades, pediment details, parapet details, now often modifi ed, remain in the street. • The street contains good examples of Victorian row shops, the most cance notable being Elphinstone Terrace, a collection of 11 two storey shops of state wide signifi cance. In addition it contains a wide variety of attached Signifi 12

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A and detached housing (some of a very early date) and a number of public and ecclesiastical buildings by distinguished architects. • Glebe Point Road includes a large number of original shopfronts. Generally such shopfronts are in timber prior to building constructed in 1910 and there are many signifi cant examples dating from the 1850s and onwards. Later shopfronts incorporate the use of metal framed shop windows combined with tiling and these are also signifi cant. When a shopfront is upgraded, original elements should be retained.

The Environmental Significance of Glebe Point Road derives from: • Important street and private garden planting which provides a green and attractive environment. • It is a thriving centre for residents and visitors, with a stimulating range of restaurants and speciality shops and other facilities. This, combined with other commercial and residential uses, establishes a vibrant and varied environment in Glebe Point Road.

Shopfronts Any new shopfronts to an existing heritage building should be constructed in a design and material appropriate for the period, as follows: • Shopfront prior to 1910 – generally timber shopfronts incorporating splayed recessed entrances; these shopfronts should be modelled on surviving original shopfronts in the street and derived from on-site evidence (eg. check for location of original splayed recessed entrance). • Shopfronts c.1910-1940 – generally incorporate use of tiles and metal shopfi ttings. Good examples can be found at 245 Glebe Point Road and at 144 Glebe Point Road.

Archeological Signifi cance Due to the intense development of Glebe in the last half of the nineteenth century, it is unlikely that many aboriginal sites survive beyond areas of natural soil. The nature of the archaeology in Glebe is overwhelmingly suburban and domestic in nature as the area was not considered suitable for agriculture. The area represented a mix of grand houses with working class enclaves such as St. Phillips. Much of the pre 1860 archaeology is located below ground with the exception of Toxteth Park (St. Scholasticas) and Lyndhurst. The 1860 re-subdivision of the area and rebuilding in brick obliterated many earlier layers and formed the architectural character of the larger part of Glebe. Some evidence of small scale cottage industries survive particularly on main streets. Archaeological potential is not uniform in Glebe. It could be argued that the sites of large estate houses are of greater value due to their rarity. The cultural material from the working class area of Glebe is however also of importance. (See Appendix F) cance Signifi 13

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 6 Constraints Arising From Signifi cance

Conservation Areas Our investigations into the history and fabric, and comparative significance of the Glebe Conservation Area, has indicated a division of the area into 8 precincts which reflect different developmental histories of the area. These precincts vary from the character areas in the Leichhardt DCP. They are based upon the 1828 subdivision patterns which controlled the development history and hence the built fabric and character of Glebe. The distinct character and building forms of each precinct give rise to a series of specific opportunities and constraints. The policies for each precinct respond to their specific significance and character. It is recommended each precinct become an individual Conservation Area.

The proposed Conservation Areas are: • Bishopthorpe • Hereford and Forest Lodge • Toxteth • Glebe Point • Lyndhurst • St Phillips • Hughes • Conneil Place (outside the existing Conservation Area)

In addition to defining eight sub precincts the boundaries of the Conservation Area have been reviewed and are recommended for adjustment. These reflect areas that lie outside clear precincts boundaries and often as a result have been eroded. Equally certain areas have been impacted upon by extensive detracting development and no longer contribute to the significance. Refer Appendix E for further detail.

Toxteth Conservation Area The Toxteth Conservation Area is defined by the Allen ownership of Lots 21- 24 of 1828 subdivision, and the establishment of Toxteth Park Estate (1831). The development reflects the controlled subdivision of the estate by the Allen family from 1880s – 1915. The development dating from 1884-1915 was controlled by strict covenants. The area is characterised by late Victorian and Federation residential development (no commercial) on a regular grid subdivision pattern of generous streets with rear lanes overlaying undulating typography. Consistent groups of face brick / render cottages and terraces

dating from late Victorian to early Federation period strictly with a high level cance of integrity. Toxteth Park one of only two surviving marine villas in Glebe. The area evidences the Toxteth Park Estate 1831-1880, and its subdivision and development 1880s-1915, under the strict covenanted control of the Allens. This has resulted in a consistency in subdivision, typology, stylistically (late Victorian / Edwardian) and construction and a high integrity of building stock resulting in distinct and cohesive precincts. The proposed boundary is clearly discernible in subdivision pattern is reinforced by topography and reflects Allens Toxteth Park Estate, Lots 21 – 24, 1828, and includes later subdivisions of Toxteth Park Estate. The boundary excludes reclaimed land (note bicentennial Park is listed as Heritage Item) and former Epping

Racecourse (Harold Park is a highly intrusive element). Signifi Constraints Arising From 14

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Lyndhurst Conservation Area The Lyndhurst Conservation Area is defined by Lots 5 & 6 of 1828 subdivision. “Lyndhurst” was built in 1833 and “The Wilderness” in 1832. The Lyndhurst Estate was subdivided in 1850’s – 1870’s and the Palmerston Estate (on the site of The Wilderness) was subdivided in the 1880’s. The lack of any covenants or controls saw the area develop with narrow lots, and speculative workers terraces. The threat to demolish Lyndhurst sparked the conservation of Glebe. The area is characterised by dense subdivision and workers terraces of a predominantly Victorian stylistic character. Commercial and retail development occurs along the periphery of the area. “Lyndhurst” is one of only two surviving marine villas in Glebe. The area evidences small lot subdivision in stages from 1854 – 1900, and speculative terrace development. The area has a Victorian character and a high integrity. The proposed Conservation Area boundary is defined by Lots 5 & 6 of 1828 subdivision. The boundary excludes reclaimed land developed as commercial along Bridge Road. The area includes properties at the viaduct that will create a Gateway to the Glebe Conservation Areas. The park and viaduct form natural boundaries to the area.

Hereford and Forest Lodge Conservation Area The area includes lots 25, 26 of the 1828 subdivision and grant to Catherine King. Hereford House was built on Lot 26 in 1828, and the Hereford Estate was first subdivided in 1829/30. The history of Hereford House and Estate and Forest Lodge is intermingled. Ambrose Foss purchased Hereford House in 1833. “Forest Lodge” was built on Bridge Road by Foss in c. 1836. The Forest Lodge Estate of 31 acres was granted to Foss in 1840. Hereford House sold again in 1837 and Forest Lodge in 1846. Subdivision continued from the 1846 until 1900’s. Consequently the area is characterised by piecemeal subdivision over long period of time, and variable building form and mixed typology including commercial, industrial and residential. Development dates from 1830’s – 1900, with an overlay of more recent interwar/flat development. The building stock has a low consistency and low integrity. The area is important for its rare early surviving residences, and the wide range of development reflecting piecemeal subdivision and development of the precinct. The area also includes the area of Bishopthorpe north of St. Johns Road, which was subdivided after the Bishopthorpe Conservation Area, and in a piecemeal way. The area includes Forest and Lodge Streets, which although aligned with Bishopthorpe streets have a different history and character, and their names reflect their ties to Forest Lodge. Orphan School Creek forms natural and historic boundary. St. Phillips Conservation Area The St Phillips Conservation Area is defined by the 1828 Subdivision, Lots 7 &

8, which remained in Church ownership until 1974. The area was redeveloped cance by the Church in 1870’s/ 1920’s. Covenants applied to the land resulted in as large rows of speculative terraces built by developers. The area is characterised by rows of highly consistent terraces from 1870’s, overlayed with a highly intact interwar precinct. The long history of church and public ownership has resulted in highly intact groups with minimal alterations. The area has outstanding integrity, intactness and consistency of building stock, streetscapes, lanescapes and townscape. The Church redevelopment in 1920’s, 30’s and public housing overlays maintain consistency. The area boundary is historical and based on the original 1828 subdivision (2 lots). The history of Public ownership relating to these boundaries has determined the areas unique character. The boundary excludes Franklyn Street properties Signifi Constraints Arising From 15

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A and Glebe Point Road properties outside of St. Phillips. The Glebe Point Road properties are adequately protected by the proposed Heritage Streetscape listing. Consider heritage listing of excluded Franklyn Street properties (No. 10-14).

Bishopthorpe Conservation Area The Bishopthorpe Conservation Area is defined by Lot 28 of the 1828 subdivision, retained the Archdeacon. The area was subdivided in 1856, with streets named after the Lakes district. 99-year leases were offered by the church. Development was complete by 1874. Development north of St Johns Road occurred following a later subdivision (1880). Overlay Glebe Project restoration and infill following purchase of site by Government in 1974. The area is characterised by a generous subdivision - 66ft roads, 16.5ft lanes, 40ft lots- developed with one and two storey brick houses and terraces from 1856- 1874. Speculative working class Victorian development on leasehold reflects the covenants applied by the church. The area includes several substantial houses by important local architects. Redevelopment along the north side of St. Johns Road (Church, Fire Station/ lots fronting Reuss Street and Purves Street dating from 1880 subdivision) has a variable character. The 19th century townscape is important for its high level of integrity and landscape qualities, and the continuity of public ownership. The boundary reflects the 1828 Lot, and the 1856 subdivision of Bishopthorpe. The area excludes sites north of St. Johns Road, which were not part of 1856 subdivision, and does not include Forest and Lodge Streets, which do not share the character & history of Bishopthorpe.

Hughes Conservation Area The Hughes Conservation Area is defined by the 1828 subdivision of Glebe, being the only survivor of 12 original allotments at Blackwattle Bay. The area was subdivided in 1843 by JT Hughes of Albion Brewery, and developed as a walk to work City fringe dormitory precinct. Early workers cottages reflect the lack of building control beyond city jurisdiction. Incremental development shows later resubdivision that occurred in the area in 1888. The area is characterised by small lots and cohesive groups of small-scale working class Victorian cottages and terraces. Development ranges from 1840’s – federation period, with an early 20th century industrial overlay. The Australian Youth Hotel on Bay Street and Friend in Hand on Cowper Street form appropriate gateways to the area. The area is significant as the only remaining Blackwattle subdivision. It is the earliest residential subdivision and development in Glebe (1843) and contains cottages from 1840’s, predating all but the marine villas. The historic boundary (1828 Lot 10) is clearly discernible in the subdivision and the residential working class character 1840-1900 despite some recent detracting intrusions. This boundary forms the proposed Conservation Area boundary. It is proposed that the Conservation Area boundary excludes Lot cance 9 of 1828 subdivision (redeveloped mid 20thC) and lots 11 and 15 of 1828 subdivision- also substantially redeveloped. Recommend remnant Victorian development in Franklyn St considered for heritage listing.

Glebe Point Conservation Area The Glebe Point Conservation Area is defined by 4 lots from 1828 subdivision. Marine villas for upper and middle classes were built at Glebe Point from 1842–1873. Piecemeal subdivision of the villa estates saw the area subsequently develop with late Victorian and Federation terraces. The gradual industrialisation of reclaimed foreshore contributed to a change of character Constraints Arising From Signifi Constraints Arising From of the area. Villas were demolished and replaced by high-density post war flat 16

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A buildings. The subsequent vacation of industry from the foreshore has seen a further layer of residential waterfront development. The area has a mixed character and piecemeal subdivision pattern, resulting from the long history of development and redevelopment, and the changing character of the Point. The area is dominated by Victorian and Edwardian residential development and Post war flat development. The area reflects the history of marine villa estates, subdivided and consolidated in the Victorian/ Edwardian period, and again in the mid 20th century. The industrial foreshore redevelopment reflects the changing character of Glebe Point. The Conservation Area boundary is defined by the waterfront Lots 1-4 of the 1828 subdivision, bounded by Glebe Point Rd, Blackwattle Bay and lot 5. The area excludes large-scale post war redevelopment and parkland on reclaimed land at the foreshore.

Heritage Streetscapes Given the historic, social and aesthetic values as the major artery of Glebe since 1828, Glebe Point Road is recommended for a Heritage Streetscape listing.

Heritage Items The review of Heritage Items in Glebe Point Road recommends regrouping of buildings, to better refl ect their individual histories and physical attributes rather than large disparate grouping. The history, fabric and integrity of the groups inform the decision as to whether the grouping is appropriate. The comparison of Heritage Items on Glebe Point Road with others in Glebe, in the Local Government Area, and across the State to determine whether they meet the threshold of signifi cance has allowed a review of the appropriate level of heritage listing.

Further work has been undertaken on individual buildings. While generally agreeing with the Glebe Point Road Main Street Study recommendations, it is felt that the protection of individual buildings at conservation area level and Glebe Point Road signifi cant streetscape level ensures the protection of the items generally. Where the historical or aesthetic signifi cance of an item reaches the threshold for individual listing, the current listing is supported. Where the historical or aesthetic signifi cance of an item is considered to only reach the threshold at a representative level, the current listing is not supported.

A number of existing heritage items which are presently protected by Conservation Area controls and are proposed for streetscape listing are considered to no longer require individual heritage item protection. See Appendix D. These items due to their representative nature or their level of intactness are not considered to reach the threshold for listing. A description, history and significance statement has been prepared for these items. cance Constraints Arising From Signifi Constraints Arising From 17

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 7 Management Of Signifi cance - Policy

A review of previous studies and reports has identified a number of development issues. Policy recognises the importance of the varied historical layers, the important elements of these layers being the subdivision pattern and structures and the need to enhance the significance of the area by the removal of detracting elements. Specific policies are developed for new sites, retail developments, frontages, rear lanes, carparking, landscaping and view protection.

Recognise The Historical Layers

Victorian / Federation Development • These form the character of Glebe. • The lack of visible additions provides a high level of integrity. • Single storey weatherboard and stone and brick cottages contribute to an understanding of the history of Glebe. • Remnants of early villas contribute to an understanding of the history of Glebe.

Interwar Units and Warehouses • Buildings of the early twentieth century usually have an appropriate scale and are therefore neutral elements although some buildings may contribute to the signifi cance of the area and are therefore contributing elements. • Interwar development provides a greater range of fi nishes, greater extent of solid façade and recessed balconies which provide more wall façade than post-60’s development. • Interwar development provides hierarchical composition to centre, base, middle and top and a stepped skyline. • Associated planting lessens visual impact of Interwar development.

Interwar Public Housing • Interwar public and church housing is an historically signifi cant layer which creates specifi c precincts and they achieve a high degree of integrity and quality using typical materials including face brick, glass blocks and native plantings.

Postwar Units and Warehouses • Postwar Units and warehouses have a major impact which needs to be minimised. • The impact results from: - uncharacteristic scale; - large extent of glass; - open balconies;

- face brick fi nishes; and cance - Policy - minimal setbacks for building height. • Car parking often to the front of the unit. • Enhanced landscaping and addition of trees can lessen visual impact. • Opportunities exist to improve their character during renovations.

Post 1974 Public Housing in the Glebe Estate

• A large percentage of original housing has been restored and retained as Management Of Signifi public housing. 18

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A • A large percentage of this development type is of an appropriate scale and form. • New buildings are often too complicated and utilise historical pastiche. • Simpler schemes are more successful.

Protection Of Signifi cance

(a) Protect Subdivision Pattern • Retain Victorian, Federation and Interwar Church Estate subdivision. • Do not allow amalgamation of sites within these important subdivisions. • Retain the block width characteristics of an area.

(b) Protect Key Period Signifi cant (Contributory) Development and Settings • Retain early villas. • Retain evidence of early villas. • Retain 1 storey Cottages. • Retain 1-2-3 storey Victorian / Federation terraces. • Retain Victorian / Federation / Public buildings. • Retain Victorian / Federation / Retail strip. • Retain Victorian / Federation / shop/hotel. • Retain Interwar buildings. • Retain rubble retaining wall. • Retain signifi cant corner buildings. • Retain and enhance the collective value of terraces. • Retain scale. • Maintain building alignments. • Retain pattern of forms. • Retain fi nishes and details. • Reinstate verandahs, front fences and lost detail.

(c) Protect Other Signifi cant Development Overlays • Retain Federation/Interwar residential development. • Retain Federation/Interwar Public buildings. • Retain Interwar factories/warehouses. • Retain intact industrial development. • Retain Interwar Public / Church housing. • Retain Post 1974 Public housing.

Enhance Signifi cance (a) Redevelopment of Detracting Sites • Encourage appropriate replacement development on detracting sites. cance - Policy • Prepare policy for development of former industrial sites. • Encourage screening (landscape and architectural) to residential fl at buildings by appropriate policy. • Encourage reinterpretation of Victorian Subdivision in the vicinity. • Respect building line, scale, form and roof pitch of signifi cant development in the vicinity. Management Of Signifi 19

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A • Encourage rendered and painted fi nishes. • Encourage an appropriate level of contemporary decorative detail. • Provide landscape screening.

(b) Enhance Signifi cance of Area • Establish/maintain and enhance street planting to unify streetscapes. • Encourage render/paint fi nishes to detracting developments. • Remove / discourage reproduction of Victorian detail in contemporary development. • Interpret villa estates / night soil lanes. • Enhance vistas. • Provide landscape screening to detracting sites. • Promote public buildings. • Promote retail strip.

Specifi c Policies

(a) Retail Development • Protect and reveal the history of Glebe Point Road. • Maintain landscape components. • Reveal original fabric. Remove non original features, particularly if they conceal original detail. • Restore detail to evidence. • Relocate existing fl oor area that detracts to locations with less heritage impact, for example, permitting additional fl oor area at the rear rather than to the front of the building. • Reconstruct new shopfronts modelled on surviving original shopfronts in the street and derived from on-site evidence. In particular original splayed recessed entrances. • Retain shopfront prior to 1910 – (generally timber) incorporating splayed recessed entrances;. • Retain shopfronts c.1910-1940 – (generally incorporate use of tiles and metal shopfi ttings). (245 Glebe Point Road 144 Glebe Point Road) • Coordinate signage. • Encourage appropriate retail anchors. • Coordinate and promote retail precincts.

(b) Residential Development in streetscapes graded as A or B • Encourage recovery of the original character during renovations and building upgrade. • Prohibit visible additions that impact on the existing character. • Prohibit dormers to street frontage. • Encourage Victorian style dormers, which have less impact, to the rear. cance - Policy • Protect consistent skillion roofed elements that provide a rear lane character. • Original fencing should be retained. • New fencing should be appropriate to the period. • Encourage open palisade and picket fences which reinforce the original character of the house and the streetscape. Management Of Signifi 20

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A • Encourage open fences which enhance the garden setting of the area. • Encourage removal of security screens to window which detract from the streetscape. • Recognise the primary frontage of groups which address to the rear. • Encourage a consistency of the rear of the group to the street. • Identify and protect consistent rear forms (more than four properties). • Control changes to the established character of a terrace group. • Encourage a new consistent rear layer to reinforce the collective terrace character. • Do not exceed the existing built scale. • Additions should be low impact and single storey. • Prohibit visible two-storey additions. • Protect the main frontage of some groups which occurs to the rear of the building. • Limit development to the existing building volume.

(c) Development of Rear Lanes in Residential Areas • Identify and protect surviving stables and early structures which contribute to the historic signifi cance of the area. • Retain the predominant one storey scale. • Retain landscaped character. • Retain small structures, timber paling fences and greenery of rear gardens which contribute to the landscape character. • Retain consistent patterns of lane development comprising original outbuilding and fences. • Do not allow new second storey development to any lanes at the boundary fence. • Link lane landscaping within the linear street park network.

(d) Car Parking Access • No car parking and car parking access from Victorian, Federation and Interwar streetscapes. • Reduce the impact of existing basement garages that have occurred in some streets by consistency of fi nish and detail and front yard landscaping. • Reduce the impact of below ground garages by narrowing garage door, garage lighting screening, providing appropriate gates and doors and providing landscape screening fences. • Generally allow parking access from rear lanes. • No one or two-storey garages to rear lane boundary alignment. • Where rear structures are proposed lower scale should be encouraged (eg paling fences, carstand and open carport structures. cance - Policy

(e) Street Parking • Incorporate street trees.

(f) Landscaping • Retain the high percentage of landscaping which contributes to the character of the area.

• Retain street trees and large front gardens which are important Management Of Signifi 21

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A components. • Coordinate all landscaping which will reinforce the garden setting of Glebe. • Coordinate street pocket parks. • Encourage the planting of trees at the end of streets to reinforce landscape vistas and frame views. • Encourage the planting of trees to screen detracting development, particularly post war units. • Encourage the planting of trees to interface with large sites: the former hospital, Harold Park. • Encourage the planting of trees to provide visual consistency in inconsistent streetscapes. • Narrow streets could be enhanced by street trees where historically appropriate.

(g) View Protection • Protect the close and distant views which are important to the character of Glebe. • Reinforce street end vistas with street trees. • Retain water views between properties. • Encourage and develop appropriate distant vistas. • Screen street end vistas to large development (eg Broadway) which detract from the character.

Recommendations For LEP Protection

(a) Boundary Adjustment • Generally maintain current Conservation Area boundary. • Adjust Conservation Area boundary to refl ect extent of original subdivision. • Adjust Conservation Area boundary to exclude areas which do not contribute to an understanding of the signifi cance of the Conservation Area: - properties fronting Bridge Road, between Wentworth Park Road and Darling Street; - area bounded by Wentworth Park Road, Cowper Street, Bay Street and north of Queen Street; - area to east of Franklin Street and north-east of Glebe Point Road (from Francis Street); and - Jubilee Park and Oval and Bicentennial Park. • Adjust Conservation Area boundary to include areas which contribute to an understanding of the signifi cance of the Conservation Area: - site at 2A Pyrmont Bridge Road, Forest Lodge; and - sites to west of Norton Street, Forest Lodge. cance - Policy (b) Other Recommendations • Consider breaking up single conservation area into separate areas as identifi ed in Conservation Area Map (see Appendix H). • Consider listing of additional buildings as a Heritage Items (see Appendix D). (c) Heritage Items • Reorganise groupings of certain Heritage Items (see Appendix D).

• Include properties in LEP Schedule (see Appendix D). Management Of Signifi • Exclude properties from LEP Schedule (see Appendix D). 22

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 8 Policy Recommendations For Conservation Areas

Recommendations for each proposed Conservation Area are incorporated into the Inventory Sheets. Recommendations are detailed and pro-active and cover:

Protection of significance • Subdivision issues. • Issues regarding key period signifi cant development. • Issues regarding other signifi cant development. • Redevelopment of non contributing sites. • Recommendations to enhance signifi cance of area. • Scale, form and height recommendations.

Policy Recommendations for Conservation Areas Policy 23

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 9 Implementation

Some recurrent issues and opportunities arising from the review and that require action are noted below: • Maintain high degree of integrity of St Phillips and Bishopthorpe Estates. • Maintain integrity of intact rear lanescapes. • The importance of careful research when reinstating shopfronts on Glebe Point Road. • Street planting needs to be reviewed to be consistent with heritage character. • A review of parks within the suburb is recommended. Parks provide an opportunity to reinforce the history of the area and provide a continuous linear park pattern which reinforces the densely landscaped quality of the area. • Standards for rear development of terraces need to be developed: - retain primary roof form; - allow single storey development below primary roof line; and - retain groups of terraces with highly intact rear skillions; • On site carparking requires careful consideration in laneways.

Guidelines for appropriate designed structures in laneways should be developed. Appropriate designed structures in laneways could be encouraged by the use of complying development standards.

Two storey ‘garage/studio’ developments on rear lanes need to be generally discouraged. Apart from the obvious planning problems with these structures, they create a new pattern of two storey scale that degrades and dominates the Victorian fabric.

Contemporary design should be supported, however recent approvals illustrate the importance of getting the scale and height right.

Our review of the Conservation Area and Glebe Point Road has indicated a lack of clear vision on new development sites. Some have excessive scale and the form and scale is inconsistent with character of Conservation Area. What is lacking is clear directions in terms of scale and general characteristics, while still supporting contemporary design.

It would be useful to nominate a review panel including representatives of the Heritage Urban Design and Public Domain sections of Council to review specifi c recommendations for each area in context and to assess the viability of policies and make planning change as appropriate.

Interpretation and promotion of areas could be assisted by organising walking tours with the Glebe Historical Society and/or the Art Deco Society where appropriate. Implementation 24

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 10 Conclusion

The Glebe Conservation Area Study is limited to heritage issues. The study concludes the following recommendations: • protect the components that contribute to this signifi cance. • retain and conserve heritage character of Glebe. • identify and protect the different precincts within this area. • protect identifi ed items of heritage signifi cance. • provide appropriate policies as suggested to protect this signifi cance. • incorporate these policies with the planning controls for the area. Conclusion 25

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A List Of Appendices

Appendix A Grading of Streets

Appendix B Grading of Lanes

Appendix C Public Domain Items

Appendix D Summary Heritage Items

Appendix E Conservation Area Boundary Justifi cation

Appendix F Archaeological Report

Appendix G Building Contribution Map Glebe and Forest Lodge

Appendix H Proposed Glebe Conservation Areas

Appendix I Heritage Streetscapes - Glebe point Road List of Appendices 26

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Appendix A - Grading of Streets

The following grading classifications for streets and lanes within the Glebe Conservation Area seek to supplement the Building Contribution Map (Appendix F). Development should seek to improve the overall grading of the street or lane. This is particularly important for streets graded B or C where the heritage significance of individual buildings may be detrimentally impacted by detracting neighbouring debvelopment. Albert Street A Alexandria Road B Alfred Road B Allen Street A Arcadia Road A Arundel Street B Arundel Street A Avenue Road A Avon Street B Avona Street B Bay Street C Bay Street C Bayview Street B Bell Street B Bellevue Street B Boyce Street A Bridge Aqueduct C Bridge Glebe Point Road A Bridge Street A Broughton Street A Broughton Street B Burton Street A Campbell Street A Cardigan Street B Catherine Street B Charles Street B Clare Street B Colbourne Avenue A Cook Street B Cowper Street B Creek Street B/C Cross Street B Crown Street C Darghan Street A Darling Street A Derwent Street A Edward Street B Eglinton Road A Ferry Road A Forest Street B Forsyth Street B Foss Street B

Glebe Point Road A Appendix A 27

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Glebe Point Road A Glebe Street B Glebe Street A Gottenham Street A Hegarty Street AB Hereford Street B Jarocin Avenue B John Street B Junction Street B Leichhardt Street B Lodge Street B Lombard Street A Lombard Street B Lyndhurst Street B Marlborough Street B Mansfield Street A Mary Street B/C Maxwell Road C Minogue Crescent A Mitchell Street B Mitchell Street A Mt Vernon Street A Northcote Road A Norton Street B Oxley Street B Palmerson Avenue B Phillip Street A Queen Street B Railway Street B Rosebank Street B Ross Street A Seamer Street C Sheehy Street B Short Street C St James Avenue B St Johns Road A Stewart Street C Talfourd Street A Taylor Street C Toxteth Road A Upper Road B Victoria Road B Walsh Avenue C Wentworth Park Road C Wentworth Street C Westmoreland Street A Wigram Road A Wigram Road A Wood Street B Appendix A 28

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Appendix B - Grading of Lanes

Albert Lane b Alexandra Lane b Allen Lane b Arcadia Lane b Arden Lane c Avenue Lane b Avon Lane b Bell Lane b Bellevue Lane c Boyce Lane c Brougham Lane b Broughton Lane a Burton Lane a-b Campbell Lane b Charles Lane c Charles Lane Cross c Charlton Lane c Church Lane b/c Cotter Lane b Cowper Lane a Darghan Lane b Darling Lane b Darling Lane L b Denman Lane a Derwent Lane a-b Edward Lane b Edward Lane b Eglington Lane b Ferry Lane c Forsyth Lane a Garran Lane b Glebe Lane a Glen Lane a Gottenham Lane b John Lane c Mansfield Lane b Marlborough Lane c Maxwell Lane b Mitchell Lane Cross a Mitchell Lane E a Mitchell Lane W a Mt Vernon Lane a Northcote Lane b Park Lane b Appendix B 29 Rock Lane a

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A St James Lane b/c Strathmore Lane b Talfourd Lane c Toxteth Lane a Westmoreland Lane a Wigram Lane West c Woolley Lane c York Lane b York Lane Cross a Appendix B 30

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Appendix C - Public Domain Items

The following provides a list of significant public domain items. These have been included in the heritage inventory sheets for the relevant proposed conservation areas. Feature Location Street Tree Plantings Allen Street Chinese Tallow and Chinese Elm Arcadia Road Hill’s Figs, London Plane Avenue Road Brushbox Bishopthorpe Poplar, Hill’s Figs, Brushbox, Camphor Laurel Broughton Street Liquid Amber Conneil Place Nettle Tree Cowper Street Mixed Specimens Derby Place Camphor Laurels Glebe Point Road Simons Poplars – replacing Lombardy Poplars Mansfi eld Street Brushbox Mt Vernon Street Jacaranda, Figs Woolley Road Water Gums Westmoreland Street Hills Figs Sandstone Wall & Arundel Street / Great Western Highway Piers Ferry Road Glebe Point Road Mansfi eld Street St Johns Road Sandstone Retaining Bayview Street Wall Boyce Street Cardigan Street Cliff Terrace Darghan Street Lyndhurst Street Palmerston Avenue Wigram Road Sandstone Street and Cardigan Street Kerb Paving Palisade Fence Arundel Street / Great Western Highway Cliff Terrace Mansfi eld Street Public Park Foley Park Kirsova Playground Jubilee Park Appendix C 31

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Feature Location Minogue Reserve St James Park Wentworth Park Remnant Sandstone Kerb and Guttering Night Soil Laneways Off Avon Street Off Bellevue Street Off Colbourne Avenue Off Cook Street Off Cook Street Off Darling Street Off Gotten Lane Off Lyndhurst Street Off Reuss Street Off Sheehy Street Off St Johns Road Off Talfourd Road Sandstone Stairs Arundel Street Cliff Terrace Darghan Street Ferry Road Oxley Street / Leichhardt Street Palmerston Avenue Quarry Street Sandstone Outcrop Cardigan Street Lyndhurst Street Quarry Street Council Depot Forsyth Street Incinerator Railway Viaduct and Bellevue Street (under bridge) Tunnels Bridge Road Conneil Place Lyndhurst Street (Lower Avon St) Railway Street Toxteth (Victoria Road) Wentworth Park Orphan Creek Forest Lodge western boundary Fountain Glebe Point Road Bus Shelter Glebe Point Road (No.431) Horse Trough St Johns Road Monument Foley Park Glebe Point Road Glebe Public School

Derwent Street Appendix C 32

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Feature Location Public Stairs Alfred Road Arundel Street Bayview Street Great Western Highway Kerridge Place Leichhardt Avenue Palmerston Avenue Rock Lane Vent shaft M.W.S. & York Street D.B Tram Sheds Harold Park Boat Yard Remnants Leichhardt Street Seawall Blackwattle Bay and Rozelle Bay Baths Leichhardt Street

Appendix C 33

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Appendix D - Summary Heritage Items

Not LEP Item Address Re-grouped Address Recommended For Listing (N) Fountain Glebe Point Road 11, 13, 13a Glebe Point 11-13 Glebe Point Road N Road 13a Glebe Point Road 14,14a Glebe Point Road N 20 Glebe Point Road 22 Glebe Point Road 24 Glebe Point Road 27, 29 Glebe Point Road 33 Glebe Point Road 36 Glebe Point Road 37 Glebe Point Road 39-53 Glebe Point Road 39-41 Glebe Point Road N 43-45 Glebe Point Road 47 Glebe Point Road N 49 Glebe Point Road 51 Glebe Point Road 53 Glebe Point Road 57-73 Glebe Point Road 57-63 Glebe Point Road N 65-71 Glebe Point Road 73 Glebe Point Road 58-60 Glebe Point Road N 62 Glebe Point Road 64-66 Glebe Point Road N 72-82 Glebe Point Road 72 Glebe Point Road 74 Glebe Point Road N 76-82 Glebe Point Road 77, 79 Glebe Point Road 77 Glebe Point Road 79 Glebe Point Road 84 Glebe Point Road 85–99 Glebe Point Road 85-93 Glebe Point Road 95-99 Glebe Point Road 86-88 Glebe Point Road 86 Glebe Point Road N 88 Glebe Point Road 90 Glebe Point Road 92-94 Glebe Point Road 92 Glebe Point Road 94 Glebe Point Road 100 Glebe Point Road 101, 103 Glebe Point Road 112, 112a Glebe Point N

Road Appendix D 34

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Not LEP Item Address Re-grouped Address Recommended For Listing (N) 113-123 Glebe Point Road 113 Glebe Point Road 115-117 Glebe Point Road 119 Glebe Point Road 121 Glebe Point Road 123 Glebe Point Road 125, 127, 129 Glebe Point N Road 118-134 Glebe Point Road 118 Glebe Point Road 120-126 Glebe Point Road 128 Glebe Point Road 130 Glebe Point Road 132 Glebe Point Road N 134 Glebe Point Road 138A Glebe Point Road 140 Glebe Point Road 142-144 Glebe Point Road 142 Glebe Point Road 144 Glebe Point Road 150-158 Glebe Point Road 151 Glebe Point Road 153-181 Glebe Point Road 153-159 Glebe Point Road 161-181 Glebe Point Road 160-160B Glebe Point N Road 166d Glebe Point Road 168-182 Glebe Point Road 168-174 Glebe Point Road 176-182 Glebe Point Road 181A Glebe Point Road (Post Offi ce) 183-185 Glebe Point Road 184 Glebe Point Road 186 Glebe Point Road “Benledi” 198-214 Glebe Point Road 207-209 Glebe Point Road 216-224 Glebe Point Road 225 Glebe Point Road 226-228 Glebe Point Road 232, 232b-d Glebe Point 232 Glebe Point Road Road 232 b-d Glebe Point Road 232a Glebe Point Road 234 Glebe Point Road 236-260 Glebe Point Road 236 Glebe Point Road N

238 Glebe Point Road N Appendix D 35

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Not LEP Item Address Re-grouped Address Recommended For Listing (N) 240 Glebe Point Road 242 Glebe Point Road 244 Glebe Point Road 246-260 Glebe Point Road 251-255 Glebe Point Road 251-253 Glebe Point Road N 255 Glebe Point Road 257-287 Glebe Point Road 266 Glebe Point Road 270-272 Glebe Point Road 270 Glebe Point Road 272 Glebe Point Road 278-312 Glebe Point Road 278 Glebe Point Road 280-286 Glebe Point Road 288 Glebe Point Road 290-312 Glebe Point Road 321-327 Glebe Point Road 329-331 Glebe Point Road N 343-345 Glebe Point Road 357 Glebe Point Road 359-361 Glebe Point Road 363-381 Glebe Point Road 363-373 Glebe Point Road 375-381 Glebe Point Road 383-389 Glebe Point Road 383 Glebe Point Road N 385-389 Glebe Point Road 397-399 Glebe Point Road 401-405 Glebe Point Road 401 Glebe Point Road 403 Glebe Point Road 405 Glebe Point Road 425-429 Glebe Point Road 425-427 Glebe Point Road 429 Glebe Point Road N 431 Glebe Point Road 433-445 Glebe Point Road 433 Glebe Point Road 435-445 Glebe Point Road Foley Park Avenue Plantings of N Poplars Various Locations Additional potential items 96-98 Glebe Point Road N 196 Glebe Point Road N 63, 65 ,67 Bay Street

2 Bridge Street 282 and 284 Bridge Road 60-62 Cowper Street Appendix D 36

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Not LEP Item Address Re-grouped Address Recommended For Listing (N) 11 Glebe Street 115 Hereford Street 148 Hereford Street 8 Leichhardt Street 14 Oxley Street 16 Oxley Street 144 and 144a St Johns Rd corner Westmoreland Appendix D 37

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Appendix E - Conservation Area Boundary Justifi cation

Toxteth

History: • Refl ects Allen ownership of Lots 21-24 of 1828 subdivision. • Toxteth Park Estate (1831). • Controlled subdivision from 1880s – 1915. • Development dating from 1884-1915 controlled by strict covenants.

Character: • Late Victorian and Federation styles. • Residential development (no commercial). • Strong grid pattern overlaying undulating typography. • Generous streets with rear lanes. • Regular subdivision pattern. • Consistent groups of buildings. • High level of integrity. • Face brick / render cottages and terraces dating from late Victorian to early Federation period strictly controlled by Allens.

Signifi cance: • Toxteth Park one of two surviving marine villas. Toxteth Park Estate 1831- 1880. • Subdivision and residential development strictly controlled by Allens, dating from 1880s-1915, with application of covenants. • Consistency in subdivision, typology, stylistically (late Victorian / Edwardian) and construction. • High integrity of building stock. • Cohesive precincts.

Boundary: • Allens Toxteth Park Estate, Lots 21 – 24 1828. • Include later subdivisions of Toxteth Park Estate. • Excluding Harold Park (former Epping Racecourse). • Exclude reclaimed land (Park listed as item). • Boundary clearly discernible in subdivision pattern. • Boundary reinforced by topography. Appendix E 38

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Lyndhurst

History: • Lots 5 & 6 of 1828 subdivision. • First subdivided in 1832. • Lyndhurst built in 1833. Lyndhurst subdivided in 1850’s – 1870’s. • The Wilderness built 1832. Palmerston Estate subdivided 1880’s. • Threat to demolish Lyndhurst sparked conservation of Glebe.

Character: • Narrow lots, dense subdivision. • Speculative workers terraces. • Victorian stylistic character. • Steep terrain at escarpment. • Bridge Road divides area. • Some consistent groups eg Palmerston Terrace. • Commercial and Retail development along periphery.

Signifi cance: • Lyndhurst one of 2 surviving marine villas in Glebe. • Small lot subdivision in stages from 1854 – 1900. • Speculative terrace development staged without covenants, free hold. • Victorian character. • High integrity.

Boundary: • Lots 5 & 6 of 1828 subdivision. • Exclude commercially developed reclaimed land at Bridge Road. • Gateway to Conservation Area at viaduct. Appendix E 39

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Forest Lodge and Hereford History: • Includes lots 25, 26 and grant to Catherine King. • Lot 26 – Hereford House (1828) Hereford Estate subdivided in 1829/30. • Hereford House purchased by Foss in 1833. • Forest Lodge built on Bridge Road by Foss in c. 1836. • Forest Lodge Estate 31 acres granted to Foss in 1840. • Hereford House sold again in 1837 and Forest Lodge in 1846 and subdivided. • Subdivision continued until 1900’s.

Character: • Piecemeal subdivision over long period of time. • Development ranging from 1830’s – 1900. • Overlay of interwar/recent fl at development. • Low consistency and low integrity. • Variable building form and mixed typology including commercial, industrial and residential. • Includes some early cottages.

Signifi cance: • Rare early surviving residences, wide range of development refl ecting piecemeal. • Subdivision and development of precinct.

Boundary: • 1828 lots 25, 26 and Catherine Farm include area of Bishopthorpe north of St. Johns Road. • Orphan School Creek forms natural boundary. • Include Forest and Lodge Streets Appendix E 40

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A St. Phillips

History: • 1828 Subdivision, Lots 7 & 8. • Redeveloped by Church in 1870’s/ 1920’s. Covenants applied. • Built as large rows of speculative terraces by developers. • Church ownership until 1974 then Government ownership.

Character: • Roads, rear lanes. • Development from 1870’s. • Rows highly consistent terraces. • Public ownership – little alterations (any alteration applied to whole group). • Highly intact groups. • Highly intact landscapes. • Highly intact interwar precinct.

Signifi cance: • Outstanding integrity, intactness and consistency of building stock and townscape. • Church subdivision c.1870, redevelopment in 1920’s, 30’s. • Victorian terrace house character on leasehold. • Public housing overlays maintain consistency.

Boundary: • Boundary historical – original 1828 subdivision (2 lots). • Public ownership has determined unique character. • Exclude Franklyn Street properties and Glebe Point Road properties outside of St. Phillips. • Consider heritage listing of excluded Franklyn Street properties (10-14). • Glebe Point Road properties adequately protected by proposed Heritage Streetscape listing. Appendix E 41

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Bishopthorpe

History: • 1828 subdivision. • Lot 28 retained for Archdeacon. • Subdivided in 1856. • Covenants applied. • Streets named after the Lakes district. • 99 year leases. • Development complete 1874. • Development north of St Johns Road occurred later subdivision 1880 Purves St. • Overlay Glebe Project following purchase of site by Government in 1974. • Restoration.

Character: • Generous subdivision 66ft roads, 16.5ft lanes, 40ft lots. • Brick one and two storey houses and terraces from 1856-1874. • Includes substantial houses by architects. • Redevelopment along north side of St. Johns Road (Church, Fire Station/ lots fronting Reuss Street and Purves Street dating from 1880 subdivision) variable character. Signifi cance: • High level of integrity – landscape qualities. • Intact 19th century townscape. • Speculative working class Victorian development on leasehold. • Continuing Church and Government ownership.

Boundary: • 1828 Lot, 1856 Subdivision of Bishopthorpe. • Exclude area north of St. Johns Road which was not part of 1856 subdivision. • Do not include Forest and Lodge Streets which do not share the character & history. Appendix E 42

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Hughes Subdivision History: • 1828 subdivision. • One of 12 original allotments at Blackwattle Bay, only survivor. • Subdivided in 1843 by JT Hughes of Albion Brewery. • Walk to work, workers cottages. • City fringe, beyond building control jurisdiction. • Incremental development shows later resubdivision 1888.

Character: • Small lots, working class, residential. • Cohesive groups of small scale Victorian cottages and terraces. • Range from 1840’s – federation. • Early 20th century industrial overlay. • Gateway Hotels – The Australian Youth Hotel on Bay Street and Friend in Hand on Cowper Street. • Later recent intrusions.

Signifi cance: • Only remaining Blackwattle subdivision. • Earliest residential subdivision and development in Glebe. (1843) • Contains cottages from 1840’s, predating all but marine villas.

Boundary: • Historic boundary (1828 Lot 10) clearly discernible in subdivision and development. • Residential working class character 1840-1900. • Exclude Lot 9 of 1828 subdivision which was redeveloped mid 20thC. • Exclude areas within Lots 11 and 15 of 1828 subdivision- substantially redeveloped. • Consider remnant Victorian development in Franklyn St for heritage listing. Appendix E 43

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Glebe Point

History: • 4 lots from 1828 subdivision. • Marine villa’s for upper and middle classes 1842 – 1873. • Reclamation of foreshore. • Piecemeal subdivision with industrialisation of foreshore. • Working class infi ll: - Victorian - Federation • Villa demolition post war and fl at redevelopment. • Vacation of industrial foreshore and replace with waterfront apartments.

Character: • Mixed character. • Piecemeal subdivision. • Long period of development and redevelopment. • Predominantly Victorian and Edwardian residential development. • Post war fl at development dominant. • Waterfront character changing.

Signifi cance: • Marine villa estates, subdivided and consolidated in Victorian/ Edwardian period. • Industrial foreshore development refl ecting changing character of Glebe. • Demolition of villas resulting in fl ats.

Boundary: • Lots 1-4 of 1828 subdivision, bounded by Glebe Point Rd, Blackwattle Bay and lot 5. • Excluding large scale post war redevelopment. • Excluding parkland on reclaimed land at foreshore. Appendix E 44

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Appendix F - Archaeological Report

Archaeological Overview Of Glebe

Aboriginal Archaeology The Aboriginal archaeology of Glebe has not been extensively addressed in the past because no physical evidence has yet come to light. Evidence of past activities such as shell middens, stone tools and rock art may yet survive in locations where extensive land fill has taken place such as along pre- European settlement shorelines, creeks and low lying areas. The development of the built-environment in Glebe has been intense during the last half of the nineteenth century and it is unlikely that many recognizable Aboriginal sites may have survived the disturbance to the soil and subsoil. However, it should be kept in mind that pockets of natural soil may have survived intact and that bedrock containing rock art may survive under buildings.

European Archaeology The nature of European archaeology in Glebe is overwhelmingly of a suburban domestic nature. There are several reasons for this. At a very early stage the soils were judged as unsuitable for agriculture so no great farming enterprises preceded urbanization. The suburb was never signifi cantly industrialized, partly because church leases prohibited factories. The large estates of Glebe were established by wealthy professional men. The estates were not intended to generate income through industry or agriculture but were merely intended as pleasant family residences away from crowding, noise and smells of nineteenth century Sydney.

The following broad phasing outline for the archaeological development of Glebe closely follows the nature of the architectural development of the area because the owners and tenants of the houses are ultimately the primary concerns of any archaeological study. Glebe may be more accurately studied under the divisions of the early estates and land divisions because while some retained their ‘big house’ nature into the 1840s and 1850s, other areas such as St Phillips (and the area around the J. T. Hughes Estate subdivision) were developing into distinctly working class enclaves. However, a broad phasing system is still useful as a framework to organize archaeological trends because the demographic differences between the various areas in Glebe tend to become similar throughout the area as of the last decades of the nineteenth century.

1788-1828 European/Aboriginal ‘Contact’ period. There is little information on this phase though it is generally agreed that Glebe remained almost completely undeveloped during this time. A number of small leases or grants had infringed on the Glebe during 1794/1795. In March 1795, 20 acres were granted to Catherine King. Catherine Farm was located in the area later known as Bishopthorpe, between Parramatta Road and Glebe Point Road, possibly closer to Parramatta Road. Catherine Street is thought to be a remnant of the track leading into the farm. The land was re-absorbed into the Glebe by 1828.

If any footings or artefact scatters are to be located dating to the mid 1790s to the mid 1820s, the area around Catherine Street would be the most likely location. Appendix F 45

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 1828 - 1850s Glebe was divided into 28 allotments in 1828. The church retained lots 7, 8 (St Phillips) and 28 (Bishopthorpe). Speculators purchased some of the land but several large estates were soon developed into out-of-town residences for wealthy professional men of Sydney. The principle estates which dominated Glebe during this phase were Hereford (1829), Toxteth Park (1831), Lyndhurst (1834), and Forest Lodge (1836).

While the locations around the estates retained their wooded appearance St Phillips in 1842 was divided into 32 one acre building allotments on 28 year leases. The short-term leases and the proximity to the slaughterhouses of Blackwattle Bay ensured that the fi rst St Phillips development was of a very working class and impermanent character.

With some exceptions the archaeology of this period is largely confi ned to below-ground remains. Toxteth Park and Lyndhurst have survived in part but the early outbuildings, buildings associated with those estates and landscape features, have in most cases been destroyed and the sites are now mostly outside the present boundaries of those properties. An 1862 plan of Lyndhurst show outbuildings at the back and elaborate paths and drives to the front and sides of the building. The coach and stables ended up on another allotment after subdivision. In the case of Toxteth the building was so extensively expanded after 1877 that remains of early features (kitchen and servants’ quarters) would now be largely sited under the west (back) extensions and later landscaping features. Remnants of the old estate can be easily overlooked because of the subdivisions; for example, Toxteth gatehouse (9 Toxteth Road), Tranby and Emslee (13 and 27 Mansfi eld Street) no longer give any indication as having been part of the Toxteth estate and yet are important elements in the history and archaeology of Toxteth.

The working class houses of St Phillips of the 1842 lease period were demolished subsequent to the new 45 to 50 year leases of 1870. Wooden houses were replaced with brick single and double storey terraces suitable for tradesmen. The archaeology of this area might consist of the remains of brick footings (houses and outbuildings), long-drop privy pits, rubbish pits, plumbing, wells and cisterns predating the 1870 leases. Post-1870 construction would have imposed another archaeological layer onto the area.

Toward the end of this period, Glebe was still mostly a wooded area with a pleasant mix of large houses, villas and cottages. Terrace style housing had begun to be built in St Johns Road and Glebe Street. The big subdivision of Bishopthorpe into 283 allotments with 99 year lease with provisions which banned wooden houses and having more than two dwellings per block heralded a period of substantial house and terrace construction.

1860s -1880s This was a period of increasingly intensive subdivision and construction. At the commencement of the period villas and free-standing cottages were still being constructed but terrace building became more and more common. The architectural character of the larger part of Glebe was formed during this time.

1890s - 1914 The population pressure increased as people needed accommodation to work in the city or the newly opened factories near Glebe. Some of the larger dwellings, particularly in Bishopthorpe began to be used as boarding houses. The last of the big estates, Toxteth, began to be subdivided in the mid to late 1880s but most of the new buildings there appear to have been constructed after the severe economic depression of the early 1890s. In contrast to other parts of Glebe at this time the new houses on the Toxteth estate had an air of Appendix F prosperity about them. At the end of this period Glebe had been built out. 46

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A 1914 - 1960s. This was a period of decline where the large estate houses were demolished or used for other purposes such as schools, hospitals and rooming houses. Many of the larger houses were converted into boarding houses or flats and by the 1960s demolitions occurred for the construction of blocks of flats.

Archaeological Potential All of the above phases left distinctive imprints on the archaeology of Glebe. The development of Glebe being largely domestic in nature means that the archaeological record will also be largely of a domestic nature. Some small scale cottage industries will have operated in working class areas or along the main thoroughfares such as Glebe Point Road and may have left some archaeological evidence.

Domestic archaeological features are of much the same nature whether mansion, villa or workers cottage - the differences are mostly in scale and quality. Much can be predicted by a knowledge of such arrangements elsewhere. Outbuildings such as privies, laundries and kitchens, and features such as cisterns, wells, plumbing, ashpits for household rubbish were mostly sited directly at the back of buildings. Artefacts when not confi ned to a pit may also be concentrated within the footings of buildings, the result of material falling between fl oorboards or the result of rebuilding or fl oor replacement. Artefact scatters in gardens and yards are generally not as useful as those found in defi nite contexts but can give clues as to any special activities that took place on a property. Landscape features of a permanent nature were fairly uncommon, although some drives were paved, some paths were paved with, for example, lozenge pattern bricks and some garden beds were lined with terracotta tiles or even stone curbing. Typically landscape features were situated at the front and sides of a dwelling.

Excavated features or cultural material should be studied to see what these can reveal about the individuals occupying a dwelling, what can be revealed about the neighbourhood or broader community within a time framework. Broader questions may be answered about work and employment, family health, religion and the nature of trade reflected in material culture.

Potential Issues Archaeological potential is not uniform for Glebe as a whole. It should be kept in mind that there are distinct areas within Glebe which make one rule of approach for the whole of Glebe unpractical. For example, it is unlikely that remains of pre-1856 structures will be found in Bishopthorpe (except perhaps at the Parramatta Road end) because the area was not subdivided until 1856. On the other hand, it would be expected that earlier remains will be found under the post-1870 lease houses of the St Phillips area because of the 1842 lease period occupation. The character of the Toxteth urban area at Glebe Point has a totally different (and later) character than any other part of Glebe.

Archaeological potential relating to former great estates may be scattered over a very wide area away from the site of the primary building and may have no obvious above-ground clues. For example, the rubbish pits relating to the early occupation of Lyndhurst may be located under the road or under terrace buildings to the west of the surviving building. Several houses and sites of buildings belonging to the Toxteth estate are no longer within view of the main house.

Assessing the degree of archaeological significance may also be problematic. Because of the lack of comprehensive redevelopment in Glebe it could be said that every property in Glebe has archaeological potential - whether

structural or of a cultural material nature. It could be argued that the sites of Appendix F 47

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A the large estate houses and substantial villas are of greater archaeological potential because they are scarce in comparison to cottages and terrace houses. However, there are few detailed studies of cultural material from working class houses of Glebe and similar inner city suburbs. It must also be argued that the archaeology of the more ordinary housing should be kept intact just as much as the above-ground built environment features (for which Glebe is so well known) to preserve integrity.

Dr Robert V J Varman December 16. 2005 Appendix F 48

February 2008 City of Sydney Glebe Conservation - Area Study Report ATTACHMENT A Appendix G - Building Contribution Map

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