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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St John's Road, Tyler S Green High Wycombe INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an imaga on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greetest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St John's Road, Tyler s Green High Wycombe. Bucks. England HP10 8HR 7902212 REA, MARK STANLEY INTENSITY DEPENDENT CHANGES IN HUE AND SATURATION AS DETERMINED BY A NEW METHOD. THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1978 University Microfilms InternationalAnn , Arbor, Michigan 48106 INTENSITY DEPENDENT CHANGES IN HUE AND SATURATION AS DETERMINED BY A NEW METHOD DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Mark Stanley Rea, B.A., M.A. , M.S. * * * The Ohio State University 1973 Reading Committee: Dr. Carl R. Ingling, Jr. Dr. William Biersdorf Dr. Stanley W. Smith Dr. Karl Kornacker _________ Advis Department of Bi( ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my thesis advisor Professor Carl R. Ingling, Jr. for the many insightful comments since the inception of these experiments as well as participating as a subject. I would also like to thank my other subject Mr. Phillip W. Russell and Dr. Brian H.-P. Tsou for their substantial assistance through­ out the period of work on this document. I would also like to take this opportunity to express by sincerest thanks to Professor Stanley W. Smith for his invaluable assistance and friendship throughout my stay at the Institute for Research in Vision. My wife Mary deserves special thanks for her patience, wit, and charm without which this thesis could not have been completed. ii VITA October 5, 1950 ......... Born - Jacksonville, Florida 1972 .................... B.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972-1978 ............... Research Associate, The Institute for Research in Vision, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1 9 7 4 ........... .. M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1977-1978 ............... Research Assistant, The Institute for Research in Vision, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1978 .................... M.S,, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................... ii VITA ............................................................... ill LIST OF TABLES ...................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................... Vi INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 1 METHODS ........................ ................................. 9 Apparatus and Calibration .................................. 9 Conditions and Procedures .................................. 13 Subjects ................................................. 21 RESULTS .............................................................. 23 DISCUSSION .......................................................... 72 APPENDIXES .............................. 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................... 87 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Monochromatic Wavelengths and 16 Blocking Filters 2. Test Wavelength and Matching Primaries 22 for the Saturation Study 3. Data from Wavelength and Polarizer 24 Adjustment Methods 4. Primary Weightings for the Color Channels 48 5. Color Corrected Hue Coefficients 49 6. Data for the Saturation Study 63 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Schematic diagram of the three channel, 11 haploscopic Maxwellian-view apparatus used in the experiment 2. Stimulus display 15 3. Constant wavelength contours (Subject Cl) 28 4. Constant wavelength contours (Subject PR) 29 5. Yellow and blue spectral hue coefficients 35 (Subject Cl) 6. Yellow and blue spectral hue coefficients 36 (Subject PR) 7. Unique green under saturated conditions as a 38 function of intensity (Subject Cl) 8. Unique green under saturated conditions as a 38 function of intensity (Subject PR) 9. Predicted constant wavelength contours 43 (Subject Cl) 10. Predicted constant wavelength contours 44 (Subject PR) 11. The saturated r-g and y-b spectral sensitivity 46 functions at 100 trolands 12. The spectral sensitivity of y-b relative to 54 r-g at seven intensities 13. The growth of color corrected hue coefficients 58 with intensity vi Figure Page 14. The growth of the color corrected hue 60 coefficients with Intensity 15. Desaturation of unique hues with intensity 65 (Subject Cl) 16. Desaturation of unique hues with intensity 66 (Subject PR) 17. Corrected saturation data plotted with 71 comparable color corrected hue coefficients vii INTRODUCTION Lights of fixed spectral composition change in appearance when their intensity is changed. The most obvious change is, of course, brightness, but changes in both saturation and hue are also perceived. The present experiments are concerned with the hue change called the Bezold-Brucke effect but some data are presented regarding saturation changes as well. The Bezold-Brucke effect has been studied over the last 100 years (Peirce, 1877; Helmholtz, 1924; Purdy, 1931, 1937; Judd, 1951; Boynton & Gordon, 1965; Jacobs & Wascher, 1967; Smith, Porkorny, Cohen, & Perera, 1968; Coren & Keith, 1970; Cohen, 1975; Nagy & Zacks, 1977). All studies show that red or green predominates at low intensities while yellow or blue predominates at high inten­ sities (Hurvich & Jameson, 1957). However, a completely satisfactory theory of the Bezold-Brucke effect has not been developed. The present experiment attempts to quantitatively relate the perceived hue and saturation of fixed monochromatic stimuli to intensity changes and to incorporate the finding into a comprehensive theory of color vis i o n . Early thinking on the Bezold-Brucke effect centered around the Young-Helmholtz theory of color vision (Boring, 1942). In regard to the Bezold-Brucke effect it was believed that there existed three univariant color channels, and differential adaptation of one 1 mechanism with intensity produced the perceived shift in hue. This hypothesis qualitatively accounts for hue shifts at long wavelengths. For example, stimulation with a light of 610 nm at moderate intensi­ ties produces activation primarily in the red mechanism. Due to a compressive transfer function (e.g., Peirce, 1877) there is a gain of the green mechanism relative to the red mechanism as intensity is Increased, thus, producing a shift toward more equal stimulation, or yellow. Besides the well-known awkwardness of trichromatic theory in accounting for hue sensations (Boring, 1942) this hypothesis is unsatisfactory in accounting for hue shifts of fixed wavelengths In the violet region of the spectrum, as pointed out by Purdy (1931, p. 545). For violet wavelengths the adaptation hypothesis predicts a shift toward redness, but empirically there is a decrease in the amount of perceived red with increases in intensity. This notion has been more recently revived by Walraven (1961). Like Peirce he proposes a compressive function for the receptor mechanisms. In addition, he postulates a linear amplification of the chromatic signal from the blue mechanism to place the cross point of the red and blue fundamentals at 475 nm. This theoretical cross point then corresponds to the empirically found invariable hue. Because all the receptor mechanisms hypothetically have the same compressive function, the red and blue fundamentals are always equally stimu­ lated at all intensities at 475 nm and, therefore, there would be no predictable shift in hue. Despite the apparent graphical agreement of Walraven’s theory and the empirical hue shifts for spectral and nonspectral colors (p. 1113, Fig. 1) his interpretations are still subject to the criticisms outlined above and, in addition, to the following criticisms.
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