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Eviewthe C ORNELL POLIC Y a RTICLES ReviewTHE C ORNELL POLIC Y A RTICLES Farm Bill Politics: Exploring the Outdated Relationship between Supplemental Nutrition Policy and Agriculture Subsidies Lila Cardell, Cornell University Rapanos v. United States Brandon Chiazza, Arc Aspicio Immigration Policy Responses to Transmigrants in Mexico V OLUME 0 3 Xiomara Chávez-Suárez, Cornell University N UMBER 0 2 S PRIN G ’13 C OMMENT Post-Conflict Cambodia and Myanmar: A Political Comparison Jonathan Hill, Cornell University I NTERVIEW Interview with Charlie Meyer Henry McCaslin, Sarah Gardner Evans, Cornell University ReviewTHE C ORNELL POLIC Y 6 /,5-%s.5-"%2s302). ' THE C ORNELL POLIC Y Review Core Faculty of the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs N ORMAN UPHOFF R ICK G EDDES Editor-in-Chief Director of the Cornell Institute Associate Professor of Policy for Public Affairs Analysis and Management Sarah Gardner Evans R ICHARD BOOTH J OE G RASSO Managing Editor Professor of City and ILR School Associate Dean of Daniel Thomas Nolan III Regional Planning Finance, Administration and Corporate Relations N A N CY BROOKS Executive Editorial Board Visiting Associate Professor of R O B ERT H ARRIS, JR Marcus Cerroni City and Regional Planning Professor of African Studies Olinda Hassan N A N CY C HAU D A N IEL P. L O U CKS Joseph Mizener Associate Professor of Applied Professor of Civil and Jennifer Shin Economics and Management Environmental Engineering R ALPH D EAN C HRISTY T HEODORE J. L OWI Associate Editors Professor of Emerging John L. Senior Professor D’Andre Carr Markets, Director of Cornell of American Institutions International Institute for Food, Jonathan Davey Agriculture and Development K ATHRYN S . M ARCH Kelly Hughes Professor of Anthropology Dean Mack K IERAN D O N AGHY Professor of City and P ER P I N STRU P - A N DERSEN Jeremy Stull Regional Planning Professor of Food, Nutrition and Public Policy Article Editors G ARY F IELDS Professor of Labor Economics Elena Bussiere Faraz Haqqi Abeela Latif Victor Tchakalov Staff of the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs Jamaica Brown, Administrative Assistant Research Editors Jennifer Evangelista, Administrative Assistant Barbara Marchiori de Assis Lisa Jervey Lennox, Assistant Director for External Relations Alexandra Popovici Judy Metzgar, Administrative Manager Hui Zhao Cheryl Miller, Administrative Assistant Steve Riester Laurie J. Miller, Service Learning Initiative Program Coordinator Millie Reed, Career Management Coordinator Thomas J. O’Toole, Executive Director Editor’s Note t is my pleasure to introduce this issue of The Cornell Policy Review. As an interdisciplinary policy journal, we present a wide range of political and policy-related articles. As editors of The Review, we have the opportunity to read, research, and work with a variety of topics across Isubstantive policy areas. Not only does this experience underscore the multidimensional program of the Cornell Institute for Public Affairs, but engaging in such broad policy dialogue highlights the importance for public administrators to be aware of, and engaged with, the world beyond their immediate purview. There are lessons to be shared across sectors, across disciplines, and across borders. In this issue, Lila Cardell illuminates some of the competing stakeholder interests surrounding the Farm Bill. Xiomara Chavez-Suarez discusses the incongruous relationship between Mexican policies that seek to limit transmigrants in-coun- try, while being a large contributor of migrants in other countries. Our final ar- ticle, written by Brandon Chiazza, revisits issues surrounding wet land develop- ment, left unresolved by the 2005 Rapanos v. United States Supreme Court case. Also included is a commentary pieces written by Jonathan Hill. Hill summarizes recent political developments in Cambodia and Myanmar, extrapolating lessons that can be learned between the two cases. We conclude this issue with an interview with Charlie Meyer, a public manager and performance management professional who most recently served as City Manager for Tempe, Arizona. Mr. Meyer shares his insights into city manage- ment and performance measurement—insights that have implications for local government officials, federal employees, and international workers alike. I’ve greatly enjoyed my tenure at The Review and am thankful to our editorial staff, editorial board, and the authors who contributed their time and talents. I’d also like to thank everyone who submitted to the journal and shared their work with us. Thanks especially to our outgoing Managing Editor, Dan Nolan, who has been an incredible friend and partner throughout the process. I hope that you enjoy reading these pieces and might perhaps considering adding your voice to the conversation by submitting a piece of your own. I personally look forward to being a continued reader of The Review. —Sarah Gardner Evans, MPA 2013, Editor-in-Chief Farm Bill Politics: Exploring the Outdated Relationship between Supplemental Nutrition Policy and Agriculture Subsidies Lila Cardell A B STRACT The farm bill is one of the largest and oldest legislative arrangements in the United States, and was considered innovative at its inception. While stakeholders were closely aligned during the initial wave of legislation, an increase in the quantity and breadth of programs in the farm bill abrogates those relationships. The legisla- tive relationship between supplemental nutrition efforts and agricultural subsidies creates a complex web of individuals and organizations with disparate interests who have a stake in the development of United States food policy. Although Congress is ultimately responsible for the creation of the Farm Bill, legislators must weigh the interests of various stakeholders in their decisions to fund programs. As a Congress attempts to create a comprehensive 2013 Farm Bill, it is imperative that legislators are mindful of these incongruities and the political, structural, and ethical issues affecting supplemental nutrition policy, and consider dissolving the outdated rela- tionship between supplemental nutrition policy and agricultural subsidies. A B O U T THE A U THOR Lila Cardell is a Master of Public Administration candidate at Cornell University, where she is concentrating in public and nonprofit management with a focus on food security. Prior to attending Cornell, she worked as a Senior Consultant at Ernst & Young and as a Senior Operations and Finance Analyst at the non-profit Community Environmental Center. Lila has a Bachelor’s Degree in Finance and Accounting from the Stern School of Business at New York University. F ARM BILL P OLITICS 5 Introduction ongressional inertia in the form of budget standoffs, fiscal cliffs, and se- questration has exposed the tenuous and outdated relationship between supplemental nutrition policy and agricultural subsidies. The inability of the United States Senate and House of Representatives to reconcile Cand pass a new farm bill in 2012 and the general congressional budget stalemate in late 2012 resulted in a nine-month extension of the 2008 Farm Bill to avoid ex- piration of crucial programs such as food stamps and crop insurance programs. Although the temporary extension maintained funding for supplemental nutrition programs, the contentious battle to create a new farm bill reveals the conflicting demands of stakeholders and the hazards of combining public health policy and agricultural economic policy in the same legislation. As a new Congress attempts to create a comprehensive farm bill in 2013, it is imperative that legislators are mindful of these incongruities and the political, structural, and ethical issues affecting supplemental nutrition policy, and consider permanently severing the relationship between supplemental nutrition policy and agricultural subsidies. Historical Legislative Context The term “farm bill” refers to federal omnibus bills that cover a wide spectrum of programs from agriculture to renewable energy and are negotiated approximately every five years. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is the fed- eral department responsible for implementing farm bill policies. While the Agri- cultural and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 was the first farm bill to officially include funding for both food stamps and agriculture subsidies, federal interven- tion in both the agriculture sector and supplemental nutrition policy began during the Great Depression. The combination of advanced farm technology and reduced export oppor- tunities after World War I led to agriculture surpluses and plummeting prices. In 1929, the Agricultural Marketing Act was passed in an attempt to stabilize market prices by creating the Federal Farm Board, which distributed loans to farm cooperatives to “prevent and control surpluses in any agricultural commod- ity through orderly production and distribution.”1 However, the bill did not set production limits and farmers realized the board would pay for all excess crops and increased production, thereby further decreasing prices and quickly deplet- ing program funds. The 1933 Agricultural Adjustment Act aimed to fix this er- 6 C ARDELL ror by giving direct payments to farmers who voluntarily limited production or destroyed excess livestock, based on a calculation of land acres owned; however, this was irrespective of actual production capacity or market demand.2 The 1938 Agricultural Adjustment Act amended certain funding provisions in the 1933 Act, and is considered “permanent legislation,” meaning that any lapse in a farm bill reverts commodity policies
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