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Reticulate Evolution Symbiogenesis, Lateral Gene Transfer, Hybridization and Infectious Heredity Series: Interdisciplinary Evolution Research springer.com Nathalie Gontier (Ed.) Reticulate Evolution Symbiogenesis, Lateral Gene Transfer, Hybridization and Infectious Heredity Series: Interdisciplinary Evolution Research Explains to non-experts how symbiosis, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, hybridization and infectious heredity underlie reticulate evolution Includes glossaries that explain new terminology and timelines that situate major discoveries in their historical contexts Indexed in Book Citation Index Presents state of the art findings on how reticulate evolutionary mechanisms contribute to life’s evolution, what the theoretical and epistemological implications are for the standard evolutionary paradigm and how reticulate evolution contributes to health and disease Written for non-experts, this volume introduces the mechanisms that underlie reticulate 1st ed. 2015, XII, 337 p. 61 illus., 54 illus. evolution. Chapters are either accompanied with glossaries that explain new terminology or in color. timelines that position pioneering scholars and their major discoveries in their historical contexts. The contributing authors outline the history and original context of discovery of Printed book symbiosis, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, hybridization or divergence with gene flow and Hardcover infectious heredity. By applying key insights from the areas of molecular (phylo)genetics, 159,99 € | £139.99 | $199.99 microbiology, virology, ecology, systematics, immunology, epidemiology and computational [1]171,19 € (D) | 175,99 € (A) | CHF science, they demonstrate how reticulate evolution impacts successful survival, fitness and 189,00 speciation. Reticulate evolution brings forth a challenge to the standard Neo-Darwinian Softcover framework, which defines life as the outcome of bifurcation and ramification patterns brought 130,83 € | £109.99 | $159.99 forth by the vertical mechanism of natural selection. Reticulate evolution puts forward a pattern [1]139,99 € (D) | 143,91 € (A) | CHF in the tree of life that is characterized by horizontal mergings and lineage crossings induced by 154,50 symbiosis, symbiogenesis, lateral gene transfer, hybridization or divergence with gene flow and infective heredity, making the “tree of life” look more like a “web of life.” On an epistemological eBook level, the various means by which hereditary material can be transferred horizontally 106,99 € | £87.50 | $119.00 challenges our classic notions of units and levels of evolution, fitness, modes of transmission, [2] 106,99 € (D) | 106,99 € (A) | CHF linearity, communities and biological individuality. 123,50 Available from your library or springer.com/shop MyCopy [3] Printed eBook for just € | $ 24.99 springer.com/mycopy Order online at springer.com / or for the Americas call (toll free) 1-800-SPRINGER / or email us at: [email protected]. / For outside the Americas call +49 (0) 6221-345-4301 / or email us at: [email protected]. The first € price and the £ and $ price are net prices, subject to local VAT. Prices indicated with [1] include VAT for books; the €(D) includes 7% for Germany, the €(A) includes 10% for Austria. Prices indicated with [2] include VAT for electronic products; 19% for Germany, 20% for Austria. All prices exclusive of carriage charges. Prices and other details are subject to change without notice. All errors and omissions excepted. [3] No discount for MyCopy. Part of .
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    CHAPTER Reticulate Evolution and Phylogenetic Networks 6 So far, we have modeled the evolutionary process as a bifurcating treelike process. The main feature of trees is that the flow of information in one lineage is independent of that in another lineage. In real life, however, many process- es—including recombination, hybridization, polyploidy, introgression, genome fusion, endosymbiosis, and horizontal gene transfer—do not abide by lineage independence and cannot be modeled by trees. Reticulate evolution refers to the origination of lineages through the com- plete or partial merging of two or more ancestor lineages. The nonvertical con- nections between lineages are referred to as reticulations. In this chapter, we introduce the language of networks and explain how networks can be used to study non-treelike phylogenetic processes. A substantial part of this chapter will be dedicated to the evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes and the very intriguing question of the origin of the eukaryotic cell. Networks Networks were briefly introduced in Chapter 4 in the context of protein-protein interactions. Here, we provide a more formal description of networks and their use in phylogenetics. As mentioned in Chapter 5, trees are connected graphs in which any two nodes are connected by a single path. In phylogenetics, a network is a connected graph in which at least two nodes are connected by two or more pathways. In other words, a network is a connected graph that is not a tree. All networks contain at least one cycle, i.e., a path of branches that can be followed in one direction from any starting point back to the starting point.
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