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Coronado's Route Bulletin of Old Pueblo Archaeology Center December 2006, Number 47 Old Pueblo Archaeology Finding Coronado’s Route: Crossbow Points, Caret-Head Nails, and Other Oddments By Gayle Harrison Hartmann Figure 1. Map showing approximate route of the Coronado expedition (1540-1542). Map by Kelly Rehm. What has come to be known as the Coronado Expedition, a large and diverse crew of people and animals led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, wended its way through the American Southwest 466 years ago. This expedition marked the first significant entry of Europeans into the region that would become Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. It was an epochal journey, but what do we really know about the participants and their route? Page 2 Old Pueblo Archaeology Number 47 Editor: Courtney Rose The trip began in February 1540, with anticipation of dis- covering rich, new lands including the legendary “Seven Cities of Gold” and ended in perceived failure in the sum- In This Issue mer of 1542. Historian John Morris writes about the expedi- tion on its return in his 1992 book, From Coronado to Es- Finding Coronado’s Route: Crossbow Points, Caret-Head Nails, and Other Oddments calante: The Explorers of the Spanish Southwest: “Hungry, By Gayle Harrison Hartmann 1 tired and dirty, grumbling among themselves, harassed by Indians who shot poisoned arrows at them, and with not Dear Darla an ounce of gold among the entire company, the Spaniards By Jenny DeJongh 7 straggled back to Culiacán. In this inglorious manner the ex- plorations of Coronado the conquistador came to an end.” Old Pueblo Archaeology Center’s Public Research & The expedition, which had started out in Compostela, a Excavation Program at the CNN Camp Bell Site town about 500 miles northwest of Mexico City, certainly By Courtney Rose 8 with hope and excitement, was much larger and more diverse than most people realize. Most historical accounts state that Old Pueblo’s Calendar 9 the expedition consisted of several hundred members, when in all likelihood, there were 1,600 or more. At its core were about 350 men-at-arms, probably an equal number of slaves and servants, a number of women and children, a handful of Franciscan friars, and at least 1,300 Native Americans who joined the expedition in central and western Mexi- co, areas through which the expedition initially marched. In addition, there were a huge number of four-footed marchers, 1,500 head of cattle and sheep –– the walk- ing protein supply of the expedition –– as well as about 560 horses that the conquistadores rode. It is known that the men-at-arms had multiple mounts; Coronado himself brought 23 horses. To keep these horses fit for this long and arduous trip, there had to have also been a large sup- Old Pueblo member and volunteer Paul Virgin excavating at ply of horseshoes and horseshoe equipment as well as oth- the CNN Camp Bell site. Photograph by Courtney Rose. er horse accouterments such as bridles, stirrups and spurs. The European members of the expedition were outfit- ted with a variety of weapons including 20 crossbows and Old Pueblo Archaeology Center’s 25 arquebuses, as well as lances, daggers, and swords. The Board of Directors in December 2006 natives (often referred to by the Spaniards as Indian al- Officers lies) were an important component of the expedition, in Clark I. Bright, President that they provided both an additional fighting force and a Stanford B. Bernheim, Vice President labor force. The Spanish documents reporting on the ex- Eric J. Kaldahl, Ph.D., RPA, Secretary pedition say little about the Indian allies, so we don’t Joan Hood, CPA, Treasurer know precisely how they were equipped. But, we can as- Emory Sekaquaptewa, J.D., Immediate Past President sume they had their own assortment of weapons including Directors bows and arrows and macanas or obsidian-edged swords. Frances Conde Steven T. Mann What did members of the expedition wear? Most paintings Edward Encinas Amalia A. M. Reyes of Coronado and his men show them in full armored regalia Bill H. Enríquez Karen M. Russo complete with visored-helmets and banners flying, resem- Samuel Greenleaf Marc B. Severson bling a contingent of colorful medieval knights. In reality, Donald R. Holliway James W. Trimbell the documents that report on the expedition make it clear that Marrilon Mallon Wendell E. Zipse the appearance of the expedition members was much differ- Advisory Committee ent. Only a handful apparently had full suits of armor, 61 had some kind of European armor (primarily coats of chain mail), JoAnn Cowgill, Carolyn O’Bagy Davis, John Davis, Jef- while 45 had metal helmets. In actuality, most were probably frey S. Dean, Ph.D., Joseph T. Joaquin, Dawn Lashley, decked out in a mixture of European and Mexican clothing John Lashley, Charles H. Lund, Dan J. Lyons, Monica T. that likely included central Mexican-style quilted cotton tu- Prillaman, CPA nics along with cotton hats also of central Mexican style. December 2006 Old Pueblo Archaeology Page 3 Most would have had some kind of shield (probably leath- The expedition moved into Hawikku, but found none of er was more common than metal) and they would have car- the gold they anticipated. The expedition then moved north ried swords and lances. to the Albuquerque and Pecos region where they spent the There’s a simple but important reason to want to know winter of 1540-1541. In the spring, they traveled east across about the objects that were carried, especially those of metal. northeastern New Mexico, crossed the flat, Llano Estacado These are the objects that have, in at least a few instanc- (Staked Plain) in the southern part of the Texas panhandle, es, survived the 464-466 years since the expedition passed and traveled northeast as far as central Kansas. They re- through the Southwest and have provided us with specifics turned to the Albuquerque region for the winter of 1541- about the route. Of particular interest to us are the objects 1542 and then, forlorn, they headed back into Mexico. Small that are specifically diagnostic of the Coronado expedition. parties were also sent by Coronado to explore other routes, In other words, there are some objects of European manu- such as into southwestern Arizona and to the Grand Canyon, facture that are known to have been used by the Spanish in but in discussing the route and the artifacts that have helped the middle 16th century but did not continue in use much define it, we will confine ourselves here to the route of the after that time. Certain of these, the best example being the main expedition. crossbow point, usually of copper, are known to have been The chroniclers of the Coronado expedition describe the on their way to obsolescence by the 1540s. The Coronado route in some detail, sometimes using geographic names expedition, in fact, was the first and last major party to enter still in use today (such as Compostela and Culiacán), but the Southwest armed, in part, with crossbows. Thus, we can more frequently using names that are much less meaningful be fairly certain that when crossbow points are recovered, to us such as Nexpa, Acuco, Tiguex, and Cicuique. Some- they were used by this expedition and not some later one. times these names can be decoded with accuracy from other The list of diagnostic artifacts is small: besides crossbow geographical information provided in the chronicles. For ex- points, crossbow parts and accessories, caret-head nails (used ample, with some certainty we can say that Acuco refers to for shoeing horses), short aglets (lace tips) made of copper or the pueblo of Acoma in western New Mexico about 50 miles brass, Nueva Cadiz and chevron glass beads, and Clarksdale east of Zuni. The word Nexpa refers to a stream that can be bells. In addition, obsidian-edged swords or more specifi- generally located, from descriptions that precede and follow cally the obsidian blades that were mounted along the edges it, somewhere in northern Sonora or southeastern Arizona. may be diagnostic, as the obsidian (called Pachuca obsidian) Because the Jaramillo chronicle in Documents of the came from identifiable sources in central Mexico. Coronado Expedition, 1539-1542 (as translated by Richard It is important to point out that the precise route of the and Shirley Flint in 2005) notes that “we went downstream Coronado expedition is not known, but their general line along this rivulet for two days” and we know the expedition of march is fairly well understood. As is shown in Figure 1 is traveling north, we can make an educated guess that the (map on page 1), after leaving Sonora the expedition moved stream is either the Santa Cruz or the San Pedro, as these are north through eastern Arizona and western New Mexico un- the only two rivers in the region that flow north. From other til they arrived at Hawikku, one of the ancestral villages of clues in the expedition narratives, most scholars conclude modern Zuni, New Mexico. A battle occurred there in July that the stream referred to is the San Pedro. In this manner, of 1540 on the plain to the south of Hawikku. scholars have over several decades, refined their knowledge of Coronado’s route using the available documents. Figure 2a Figure 2b Jack plate from LA 54147 and obsidian blades. Jack plate illustration by Ann Noble and Ron Stauber, courtesy of Bradley Vierra. Photo of obsidan blades by Don Burgess, courtesy of Center for Desert Archaeology. Page 4 Old Pueblo Archaeology Number 47 Figure 3a Figure 3b Crossbow points and caret-head nails Photograph of caret-head nails by Todd Howell.
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