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Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: a Guide to Identification of Species

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Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: a Guide to Identification of Species Ticks of Domestic Animals in Africa: a Guide to Identification of Species A.R. Walker A. Bouattour J.-L. Camicas A. Estrada-Peña I.G. Horak A.A. Latif R.G. Pegram P.M. Preston Copyright: The University of Edinburgh 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission of the copyright holder. Applications for reproduction should be made through the publisher. First published 2003 Revised 2014 ISBN 0-9545173-0-X Printed by Atalanta, Houten, The Netherlands. Published by: Bioscience Reports, Edinburgh Scotland,U.K. www.biosciencereports.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk Production, printing and distribution of this guide-book has been financed by the INCO-DEV programme of the European Union through Concerted Action Project no. ICA4-CT-2000-30006, entitled, International Consortium on Ticks and Tick Borne Diseases (ICTTD-2). Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction and Glossary. Amblyomma lepidum 55 Introduction 1 Amblyomma pomposum 59 Glossary 2-20 Amblyomma variegatum 63 Argas persicus 67 Chapter 2. Biology of Ticks Argas walkerae 71 and Methods for Identification. Dermacentor marginatus 74 Relationship to other animals 21 Haemaphysalis leachi 77 Feeding 21 Haemaphysalis punctata 80 Reproduction 22 Haemaphysalis sulcata 83 Three-host tick life cycle 22 Hyalomma anatolicum 86 One and two-host tick life cycle 22 Hyalomma excavatum 90 Argasid tick life cycles 22 Hyalomma scupense 94 Habitats 24 Hyalomma dromedarii 98 Hosts 24 Hyalomma impeltatum 102 Seasonal occurrence 24 Hyalomma impressum 106 Geographical distribution 24 Hyalomma lusitanicum 110 External structure 24 Hyalomma marginatum 114 Diseases associated with ticks 26 Hyalomma rufipes 118 Collection of ticks from hosts 26 Hyalomma truncatum 122 Collection of ticks from vegetation 26 Hyalomma turanicum 126 Preservation and labelling 26 Ixodes pilosus 130 Observing and recording ticks 27 Ixodes ricinus 133 Features confusing for identification 27 Ixodes rubicundus 137 Further reading 27 Margaropus winthemi 140 Ornithodoros moubata 143 Chapter 3. Genera of Ticks. Ornithodoros savignyi 145 How to identify genera of ticks 29 Otobius megnini 147 Genera infesting domestic animals 29 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus 149 Step 1 of identification 30 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus 153 Worldwide genera 30 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) geigyi 157 Plate 1 - Life cycle to questing 31 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus 161 Plate 2 - Confusing features, Genital aperture 32 Rhipicephalus appendiculatus 165 Plate 3 - Argas, Ornithodoros & Otobius 33 Rhipicephalus bursa 169 Plate 4 - Amblyomma and Boophilus 34 Rhipicephalus camicasi 173 Plate 5 - Margaropus to Haemaphysalis 35 Rhipicephalus evertsi 177 Plate 6 - Hyalomma to Rhipicephalus 36 Rhipicephalus guilhoni 180 Argas, Ornithodoros & Otobius 37 Rhipicephalus lunulatus 184 Amblyomma 38 Rhipicephalus muhsamae 188 Boophilus & Margaropus 39 Rhipicephalus praetextatus 192 Dermacentor 40 Rhipicephalus pravus 196 Haemaphysalis 41 Rhipicephalus pulchellus 200 Hyalomma 42 Rhipicephalus sanguineus 202 Ixodes 43 Rhipicephalus senegalensis 206 Rhipicephalus 44 Rhipicephalus simus 210 Rhipicephalus turanicus 214 Chapter 4. Species of Ticks. Rhipicephalus zambeziensis 218-221 Steps 2 and 3 of identification 45 Distribution of ticks in areas of Africa 46 Amblyomma gemma 47-50 Amblyomma hebraeum 51 iii Preface. The need for this guide became apparent to the au- At publication time in 2003 authors were - thors during their work as researchers and teachers on the biology and control of ticks and tick borne Alan Walker: Senior Lecturer, Royal (Dick) diseases. All of us have struggled with the usual iden- School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edin- tification keys for ticks to gain our knowledge as spe- burgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, United Kingdom. cialists. We have witnessed the difficulties that non- specialists encounter when they attempt to identify Ali Bouattour: Head of the Unit of Medical En- ticks. The need to identify ticks of domestic animals tomology, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, Place Pasteur, using morphological, field and clinical characteris- BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia. tics increases through the demand for improved con- trol measures, veterinary interventions, development Jean-Louis Camicas: Head of the Laboratory of projects and field research on tick ecology. Despite Medical Acarology, Centre I.R.D., Montpellier, the recent application of molecular techniques to the France. identification of ticks there is unlikely to be, in the near future, a comprehensive and simple system for Agustin Estrada-Peña: Professor of Parasitology these techniques to be used for general diagnostic at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, purposes. Furthermore to develop such a system the Spain. need will remain for collections of ticks reliably iden- tified by morphological characters. Ivan Horak: Emeritus Professor at the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Thus we aim to provide a simple, easily available Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, means of identifying ticks using the equipment likely Republic of South Africa. to found in diagnostic laboratories and using the ex- isting skills of non-specialist personnel. Abdalla Latif: Head of Parasitology at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, The ticks that are important to the health of domestic Onderstepoort 0110, Republic of South Africa. animals in Africa comprise approximately 40 spe- cies, plus other very similar species with which they Rupert Pegram: Director of the Caribbean Am- may be confused but which are of unknown impor- blyomma Programme, Food and Agriculture Organ- tance. Some of these ticks are also a threat to human isation, P.O.Box 1282, St Johns, Antigua. health, but in Africa it is domestic animals that are severely affected by ticks and the pathogens they Patricia Preston: Senior Lecturer in Parasitology transmit. The diseases associated with ticks cause at the Institute of Cell, Animal and Population much suffering to animals and economic loss to their Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United owners. They continue to be a major impediment to Kingdom. the improvement of livestock industry in Africa, and this continent is particularly affected because of the All artwork has been prepared by the authors: line large number of tick species and variety of diseases art - A.R.W., maps - A.E-P., photographs - A.A.L., caused. A.B. & A.R.W. We hope that this guide will encourage greater diag- Postscript to revision of 2014 . nostic skills and thereby contribute to the improve- Tick taxonomy continues to be revolutionized by molecular ment of animal health in Africa. methods. Names of species now follow the world list of valid names for tick of Guglielmone et al. 2010, Zootaxa, 2528, Comments and suggestions for revisions are welcome. 1-28. [See: Further reading, pg 28.] Please contact the publisher or individual authors. iv accummulated by the authors was funded by vari- Acknowledgements. ous agencies. Notable amongst them were: Danish International Development Agency; Department for This guide is directly dependent on studies on ticks International Development (of the U.K.); European going back at least as far as those by G.H.F. Nuttall Union; Food and Agriculture Organisation; Ger- and C. Warburton. These studies are themselves de- man Agency for Technical Cooperation; United Na- pendent on the original taxonomic descriptions and tions Development Programme; The World Bank. revisions of ticks, dating from that of Ixodes ricinus by Linnaeus in 1758. There are many of these pio- The collaborative writing of this guide has been fun- neers who could be named, foremost amongst them damental to its nature. This has been made possible for African ticks are: G. Anastos, Murray Colbo, A. by the International Consortium on Ticks and Tick Elbl, Harry Hoogstraal, James Keirans, Jean-Marie Borne Diseases, funded by the European Union, led Klein, John Matthysse, Pierre C. Morel, L.G. by Frans Jongejan, administered by Jona Bovy and Neumann, Gerrit Uilenberg, Jane Walker and Guy assisted by Hans Nieuwenhuijs. Yeoman. Six identification guides have been special inspira- Cover Illustration. tions and sources for this guide. They are detailed at This disgusting little blood sucker has a big role in the the end of Chapter 2: H. Hoogstraal (1956), J.B. history of preventive medicine. It is a cattle tick, Rhi- Walker (1960), C.J. Howell, J.B. Walker & E.M. picephalus (Boophilus) annulatus. In 1893 Nevill (1978), J.G. Matthysse & M.H. Colbo (1987), Theobald Smith and Frederick Kilborne published J. Okello-Onen, S.M. Hassan & S. Essuman (1999) their study of Texas cattle fever. They described how and J.B. Walker, K.E. Keirans & I.G. Horak (2000). it is caused by Babesia protozoa and that these are transmitted between cattle by the feeding of ticks. The data on tick distributions used to make the maps Thus was first demonstrated the transmission of pro- are from many sources. Most useful was the huge tozoa by any kind of blood feeding arthropod. compilation by Graeme S. Cumming (see Chapter 2 for reference). Although we recognise the limitations Smith and Kilborne’s revolutionary discovery was of some the identifications of species, the value of soon exploited to control cattle fever by eradication such use of the original literature has been well dem- of this
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