DOCSLIB.ORG

Population and Colony Genetic Structure of the Primitive Termite Mastotermes Darwiniensis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Population and Colony Genetic Structure of the Primitive Termite Mastotermes Darwiniensis Evolution, 56(1), 2002, pp. 70±83 POPULATION AND COLONY GENETIC STRUCTURE OF THE PRIMITIVE TERMITE MASTOTERMES DARWINIENSIS MICHAEL A. D. GOODISMAN1,2 AND ROSS H. CROZIER1 1Department of Zoology and Tropical Ecology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia Abstract. The termite Mastotermes darwiniensis is the sole extant member of its family and occupies the basal position in the phylogeny of the eusocial order Isoptera. In this study, we investigated the micro- and macrogeographic genetic structure of M. darwiniensis in its native range in Australia. A total of 1591 workers were sampled from 136 infested trees in 24 locales. Each locale was separated by 2±350 km, and these locales were found within two broader geographic regions approximately 1500 km apart. The multilocus genotypes of all termites were assayed at six polymorphic microsatellite loci. The genetic data indicated that colonies typically fed on multiple trees within locales and extended over linear distances of up to 320 m. Single colonies were frequently headed by multiple reproductives. Workers were highly related (r 5 0.40) and substantially inbred (f 5 0.10). Thus, M. darwiniensis colonies are characterized by the input of alleles from multiple reproductives, which sometimes engage in consanguineous matings. Our analyses of population genetic structure above the level of the colony indicated that locales and regions were signi®cantly dif- ferentiated (ulocale 5 0.50, uregion 5 0.37). Moreover, locales showed a pattern of genetic isolation by distance within regions. Thus, M. darwiniensis populations display restricted gene ¯ow over moderate geographic distances. We suggest that the genetic patterns displayed by M. darwiniensis result primarily from selective pressures acting to maintain high relatedness among colonymates while allowing colonies to grow rapidly and dominate local habitats. Key words. gene ¯ow, inbreeding, Isoptera, microsatellite, polygyny, relatedness, social insect. Received May 7, 2001. Accepted September 4, 2001. Eusocial insects exhibit a variety of remarkable behaviors lifetime (Nalepa and Jones 1991) and may possess greater associated with group living, such as cooperation in rearing plasticity in their developmental and reproductive programs offspring and partitioning of reproduction among colony than the Hymenoptera (Noirot and Pasteels 1987). members (Wilson 1971). The development of many of these A particularly important isopteran candidate for study is traits arose via kin selection, the effectiveness of which de- the giant termite Mastotermes darwiniensis, the sole extant pended on patterns of genetic structure in populations (Ham- representative of the family Mastotermitidae. Fossil evidence ilton 1964). Consequently, many studies have investigated indicates that the family was once distributed worldwide, but the population genetic structure of eusocial insects to better it is now con®ned to Australia and New Guinea (Watson and understand the factors affecting the evolution of sociality Gay 1991). Mastotermes darwiniensis occupies the phylo- (reviewed by Crozier and Pamilo 1996; Pamilo et al. 1997; genetically basal position in the Isoptera and is distantly re- Ross 2001). lated to all other termite families (Thompson et al. 2000). However, the vast majority of these studies have focused The species possesses morphologically primitive character- on eusocial members of the Hymenoptera (all ants, some istics, such as the structure of its hind wings (Watson and bees, and some wasps). The emphasis on this order may bias Gay 1991) and its mechanism of egg-laying (Nalepa and Lenz our understanding of the circumstances under which social 2000), yet its social system is considered to be derived (Wat- behaviors evolve and are maintained, because the Hymenop- son and Gay 1991). tera possess distinct characteristics that may have played a Newly hatched M. darwiniensis larvae develop into one of role in the evolution of sociality in this group. For example, several distinct castes after entering one of two develop- all Hymenoptera are haplodiploid, a condition that alters the mental pathways (Watson et al. 1977; Watson and Sewell genetic relationships within families and may facilitate the 1981). Larvae entering the alate (winged) pathway pass evolution of eusociality (Hamilton 1964; Trivers and Hare through a series of nymphal stages and eventually develop 1976). Thus, investigations of the genetic structure in dis- into sclerotized adults that participate in dispersal ¯ights tantly related eusocial taxa are critical. (Watson et al. 1975; Watson and Abbey 1989). In contrast, Relatively few population genetic studies in the eusocial larvae entering the worker pathway molt into workers and order Isoptera (termites) have been undertaken. This is sur- cannot develop into alates, although they retain several de- prising given the distant phylogenetic divergence between velopmental options. They may go through stationary molts the Hymenoptera and the Isoptera (Kristensen 1991). Indeed, and remain as workers. Alternatively, they may develop into despite the overt similarity of their social systems, the Is- soldiers through a presoldier stage or take on reproductive optera differ from the Hymenoptera in many important ways. roles by molting into neotenics (Watson et al. 1977). Neo- For example, termites are diploid and hemimetabolous tenics are common in old M. darwiniensis colonies (Hill (Krishna and Weesner 1970). They also mate throughout their 1942). They are believed to mate within the nest and replace the primary alate-derived reproductives (Watson and Abbey 1985, 1989). Most mature colonies are headed by hundreds 2 Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, 440 Biological Sciences West, University of Ari- of neotenic reproductives, and alate-derived primary repro- zona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0088; E-mail: goodisma@email. ductives are virtually never found in natural populations arizona.edu. (Watson and Abbey 1989). 70 q 2002 The Society for the Study of Evolution. All rights reserved. GENETIC STRUCTURE OF MASTOTERMES 71 FIG. 1. Map of northeastern Australia showing approximate locations of 20 locales from which Mastotermes darwiniensis termites were sampled. The species is found throughout the area depicted. New M. darwiniensis colonies are founded by alate repro- ture of M. darwiniensis colonies to identify the systems of ductives following dispersal ¯ights (Watson and Gay 1991). reproduction and recruitment within colonies. We also tried In addition, it has been hypothesized that new colonies may to distinguish colony boundaries and determine the extent to arise by budding off from older established colonies (Hill which individual colonies dominated habitats. Finally, we 1942). Mastotermes darwiniensis colonies do not inhabit con- studied the macrogeographic patterns of genetic structure and spicuous nests. Rather, they live underground or within the attempted to discern the importance of gene ¯ow on larger, food (typically living or dead trees) they consume. Mature regional scales. colonies may nest in many such feeding sites and grow to contain millions of individuals, particularly in disturbed en- MATERIALS AND METHODS vironments where they seem to ¯ourish (Hill 1942). The goal of this study was to obtain a complete under- We collected M. darwiniensis workers from 20 locales sep- standing of the population genetic structure of M. darwin- arated by a minimum of 2 km in the two larger regions of iensis and interpret the results in the broader framework of the Northern Territory and Queensland during the austral sociality in termites. We investigated the sociogenetic struc- winters of 1999 and 2000 (Fig. 1, Table 1). Termites were TABLE 1. Locations (latitude south, longitude east), number of trees sampled (N), and number of Mastotermes darwiniensis workers analyzed (n) from 20 locales in two regions of northern Australia. Locales within regions are numbered in order of increasing south latitude. Region Locale Location Nn Northern Territory N-1 12823.8009, 130855.2479 21 299 N-2 12824.6899, 130855.3669 4 19 N-3 12824.8469, 13189.7699 1 2 N-4 12828.1419, 13183.3659 27 437 N-5 12839.3819, 13184.6019 24 341 N-6 12842.2999, 131824.9779 4 17 N-7 1381.1419, 130856.9419 3 32 N-8 1386.3019, 13186.3819 1 4 N-9 13831.9219, 131820.9609 3 13 N-10 13837.9249, 131837.9599 4 19 N-11 14811.0339, 13282.3799 20 302 N-12 14821.0649, 132826.0659 3 14 N-13 14835.4349, 132810.9209 4 19 N-14 14838.3539, 13287.1849 4 14 N-15 15828.6849, 131823.6099 2 9 Queensland Q-1 14847.2659, 143830.2189 2 8 Q-2 14856.8829, 143833.4279 2 10 Q-3 19814.1489, 146846.2489 2 10 Q-4 19819.6519, 146845.5859 3 5 Q-5 19819.7809, 146843.9509 2 7 Total 136 1591 72 M. A. D. GOODISMAN AND R. H. CROZIER collected from each of several infested trees in each locale, tives descended from a single pair if no more than four alleles and the position of trees within locales was noted. In four were present at any locus. The presence of more than four locales (N-1, N-4, N-5, and N-11, hereafter referred to as alleles at any locus signaled that more than two unrelated ``major locales''), we sampled particularly large numbers of reproductives had produced the sampled workers. workers from many trees. All termites were placed in 95% We next determined if the workers from single colonies ethanol after collection for subsequent microsatellite analy- were clumped within the major locales by examining the sis. patterns of genetic isolation by distance of workers from The genotypes of two to 20 termites from each tree were distinct trees. We ®rst calculated pairwise estimates of FTL assayed at six microsatellite loci, Mdar2, Mdar3, Mdar4, for workers inhabiting different trees within individual lo- Mdar5, Mdar8, and Mdar13, as described by Goodisman et cales. Spearman's rank-order correlation coef®cient (rS) was al. (2001a). To visualize the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) used to measure the correlation between genetic and geo- products, the forward primer for amplifying each locus was graphic distance of trees.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • In Termite Nests (Blattodea: Termitidae) in a Cocoa Plantation in Brazil Biota Neotropica, Vol
    Biota Neotropica ISSN: 1676-0611 [email protected] Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Brasil Teixeira Lisboa, Jonathas; Guerreiro Couto, Erminda da Conceição; Pereira Santos, Pollyanna; Charles Delabie, Jacques Hubert; Araujo, Paula Beatriz Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) in termite nests (Blattodea: Termitidae) in a cocoa plantation in Brazil Biota Neotropica, vol. 13, núm. 3, julio-septiembre, 2013, pp. 393-397 Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade Campinas, Brasil Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=199128991039 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Biota Neotrop., vol. 13, no. 3 Terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea) in termite nests (Blattodea: Termitidae) in a cocoa plantation in Brazil Jonathas Teixeira Lisboa1,7, Erminda da Conceição Guerreiro Couto2, Pollyanna Pereira Santos3, Jacques Hubert Charles Delabie4,5 & Paula Beatriz Araujo6 1Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz – UESC, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil. www.uesc.br/zoologia 2Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz – UESC, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil. www.uesc.br/cursos/pos_graduacao/mestrado/ppsat 3Universidade Federal de Viçosa – UFV, CEP 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brasil. www.pos.entomologia.ufv.br 4Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz – UESC, Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rod. Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, CEP 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brasil. www.uesc.br/dcaa/index.php 5Laboratório de Mirmecologia, Convênio UESC/CEPLAC, Centro de Pesquisa do Cacau, CP 7, CEP 45600-000 Itabuna, BA, Brasil.
    [Show full text]
  • Cómo Citar El Artículo Número Completo Más Información Del
    Acta zoológica mexicana ISSN: 0065-1737 ISSN: 2448-8445 Instituto de Ecología A.C. García, Mauricio; Camacho, Jesús; Dorado, Idelma Dos nuevas especies de Termitaradus Myers, 1924 (Hemiptera: Termitaphididae), de Venezuela y observaciones sobre la familia Acta zoológica mexicana, vol. 32, núm. 3, 2016, pp. 348-358 Instituto de Ecología A.C. Disponible en: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=57549165012 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ISSN 0065-1737 (NUEVA SERIE) 32(3) 2016 DOS NUEVAS ESPECIES DE TERMITARADUS MYERS, 1924 (HEMIPTERA: TERMITAPHIDIDAE), DE VENEZUELA Y OBSERVACIONES SOBRE LA FAMILIA TWO NEW SPECIES OF TERMITARADUS MYERS, 1924 (HEMIPTERA: TERMITAPHIDIDAE) OF VENEZUELA, AND OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAMILY Mauricio GARCÍA,¹ Jesús CAMACHO² e Idelma DORADO² ¹ Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB), Facultad de Humanidades y Educación, Edificio de Postgrado, Universidad del Zulia, Apdo. 526, A-4001, Venezuela. ² Museo de Artrópodos de la Universidad del Zulia (MALUZ). Departamento Fitosanitario, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia, Apdo. 526, Maracaibo A-4001, Zulia, Venezuela. <[email protected]>; <[email protected]>; <[email protected]> Recibido: 28/03/2016; aceptado: 30/08/2016 Editor asociado responsable: Alfonso Neri García Aldrete García, M., Camacho, J. & Dorado, I. (2016). Dos nuevas especies García, M., Camacho, J. & Dorado, I. (2016). Two new species of de Termitaradus Myers, 1924 (Hemiptera: Termitaphididae), de Termitaradus Myers, 1924 (Hemiptera: Termitaphididae) of Ven- Venezuela y observaciones sobre la familia.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding and Foraging Behaviors of Subterranean Termites (Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae)
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1989 Feeding and Foraging Behaviors of Subterranean Termites (Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae). Keith Scott elD aplane Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Delaplane, Keith Scott, "Feeding and Foraging Behaviors of Subterranean Termites (Isoptera:Rhinotermitidae)." (1989). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4838. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4838 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution and Population Dynamics of the Asian Cockroach
    DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE ASIAN COCKROACH (BLATTELLA ASAHINIA MIZUKUBO) IN SOUTHERN ALABAMA AND GEORGIA Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this thesis is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This thesis does not include proprietary or classified information. ___________________________________ Edward Todd Snoddy Certificate of Approval: ___________________________ ___________________________ Micky D. Eubanks Arthur G. Appel, Chair Associate Professor Professor Entomology and Plant Pathology Entomology and Plant Pathology ___________________________ ___________________________ Xing Ping Hu George T. Flowers Associate Professor Interim Dean Entomology and Plant Pathology Graduate School DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE ASIAN COCKROACH (BLATTELLA ASAHINIA MIZUKUBO) IN SOUTHERN ALABAMA AND GEORGIA Edward Todd Snoddy A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama May 10, 2007 DISTRIBUTION AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE ASIAN COCKROACH (BLATTELLA ASAHINIA MIZUKUBO) IN SOUTHERN ALABAMA AND GEORGIA Edward Todd Snoddy Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this thesis at its discretion, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. _______________________ Signature of Author _______________________ Date of Graduation iii VITA Edward Todd Snoddy was born in Auburn, Alabama on February 28, 1964 to Dr. Edward Lewis Snoddy and Lucy Mae Snoddy. He graduated Sheffield High School, Sheffield, Alabama in 1981. He attended Alexander Junior College from 1981 to 1983 at which time he transferred to Auburn University. He married Tracy Smith of Uchee, Alabama in 1984.
    [Show full text]
  • Isoptera Book Chapter
    Isoptera 535 See Also the Following Articles Biodiversity ■ Biogeographical Patterns ■ Cave Insects ■ Introduced Insects Further Reading Carlquist , S. ( 1974 ) . “ Island Biology . ” Columbia University Press , New York and London . Gillespie , R. G. , and Roderick , G. K. ( 2002 ) . Arthropods on islands: Colonization, speciation, and conservation . Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47 , 595 – 632 . Gillespie , R. G. , and Clague , D. A. (eds.) (2009 ) . “ Encyclopedia of Islands. ” University of California Press , Berkeley, CA . Howarth , F. G. , and Mull , W. P. ( 1992 ) . “ Hawaiian Insects and Their Kin . ” University of Hawaii Press , Honolulu, HI . MacArthur , R. H. , and Wilson , E. O. ( 1967 ) . “ The Theory of Island Biogeography . ” Princeton University Press , Princeton, NJ . Wagner , W. L. , and Funk , V. (eds.) ( 1995 ) . “ Hawaiian Biogeography Evolution on a Hot Spot Archipelago. ” Smithsonian Institution Press , Washington, DC . Whittaker , R. J. , and Fern á ndez-Palacios , J. M. ( 2007 ) . “ Island Biogeography: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation , ” 2nd ed. Oxford University Press , Oxford, U.K . I Isoptera (Termites) Vernard R. Lewis FIGURE 1 Castes for Isoptera. A lower termite group, University of California, Berkeley Reticulitermes, is represented. A large queen is depicted in the center. A king is to the left of the queen. A worker and soldier are he ordinal name Isoptera is of Greek origin and refers to below. (Adapted, with permission from Aventis Environmental the two pairs of straight and very similar wings that termites Science, from The Mallis Handbook of Pest Control, 1997.) Thave as reproductive adults. Termites are small and white to tan or sometimes black. They are sometimes called “ white ants ” and can be confused with true ants (Hymenoptera).
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of the Chemical Defense Fluids of Macrotermes Carbonarius
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Evaluation of the chemical defense fuids of Macrotermes carbonarius and Globitermes sulphureus as possible household repellents and insecticides S. Appalasamy1,2*, M. H. Alia Diyana2, N. Arumugam2 & J. G. Boon3 The use of chemical insecticides has had many adverse efects. This study reports a novel perspective on the application of insect-based compounds to repel and eradicate other insects in a controlled environment. In this work, defense fuid was shown to be a repellent and insecticide against termites and cockroaches and was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC– MS). Globitermes sulphureus extract at 20 mg/ml showed the highest repellency for seven days against Macrotermes gilvus and for thirty days against Periplaneta americana. In terms of toxicity, G. sulphureus extract had a low LC50 compared to M. carbonarius extract against M. gilvus. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the M. carbonarius extract indicated the presence of six insecticidal and two repellent compounds in the extract, whereas the G. sulphureus extract contained fve insecticidal and three repellent compounds. The most obvious fnding was that G. sulphureus defense fuid had higher potential as a natural repellent and termiticide than the M. carbonarius extract. Both defense fuids can play a role as alternatives in the search for new, sustainable, natural repellents and termiticides. Our results demonstrate the potential use of termite defense fuid for pest management, providing repellent and insecticidal activities comparable to those of other green repellent and termiticidal commercial products. A termite infestation could be silent, but termites are known as destructive urban pests that cause structural damage by infesting wooden and timber structures, leading to economic loss.
    [Show full text]
  • Treatise on the Isoptera of the World Kumar
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by American Museum of Natural History Scientific Publications KRISHNA ET AL.: ISOPTERA OF THE WORLD: 7. REFERENCES AND INDEX7. TREATISE ON THE ISOPTERA OF THE WORLD 7. REFERENCES AND INDEX KUMAR KRISHNA, DAVID A. GRIMALDI, VALERIE KRISHNA, AND MICHAEL S. ENGEL A MNH BULLETIN (7) 377 2 013 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY TREATISE ON THE ISOPTERA OF THE WORLD VolUME 7 REFERENCES AND INDEX KUMAR KRISHNA, DAVID A. GRIMALDI, VALERIE KRISHNA Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192 AND MICHAEL S. ENGEL Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, New York 10024-5192; Division of Entomology (Paleoentomology), Natural History Museum and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 1501 Crestline Drive, Suite 140 University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Number 377, 2704 pp., 70 figures, 14 tables Issued April 25, 2013 Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2013 ISSN 0003-0090 2013 Krishna ET AL.: ISOPtera 2435 CS ONTENT VOLUME 1 Abstract...................................................................... 5 Introduction.................................................................. 7 Acknowledgments . 9 A Brief History of Termite Systematics ........................................... 11 Morphology . 44 Key to the
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy, Biogeography, and Notes on Termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) of the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands
    SYSTEMATICS Taxonomy, Biogeography, and Notes on Termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae) of the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands RUDOLF H. SCHEFFRAHN,1 JAN KRˇ ECˇ EK,1 JAMES A. CHASE,2 BOUDANATH MAHARAJH,1 3 AND JOHN R. MANGOLD Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99(3): 463Ð486 (2006) ABSTRACT Termite surveys of 33 islands of the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos (BATC) archipelago yielded 3,533 colony samples from 593 sites. Twenty-seven species from three families and 12 genera were recorded as follows: Cryptotermes brevis (Walker), Cr. cavifrons Banks, Cr. cymatofrons Schef- Downloaded from frahn and Krˇecˇek, Cr. bracketti n. sp., Incisitermes bequaerti (Snyder), I. incisus (Silvestri), I. milleri (Emerson), I. rhyzophorae Herna´ndez, I. schwarzi (Banks), I. snyderi (Light), Neotermes castaneus (Burmeister), Ne. jouteli (Banks), Ne. luykxi Nickle and Collins, Ne. mona Banks, Procryptotermes corniceps (Snyder), and Pr. hesperus Scheffrahn and Krˇecˇek (Kalotermitidae); Coptotermes gestroi Wasmann, Heterotermes cardini (Snyder), H. sp., Prorhinotermes simplex Hagen, and Reticulitermes flavipes Koller (Rhinotermitidae); and Anoplotermes bahamensis n. sp., A. inopinatus n. sp., Nasuti- termes corniger (Motschulsky), Na. rippertii Rambur, Parvitermes brooksi (Snyder), and Termes http://aesa.oxfordjournals.org/ hispaniolae Banks (Termitidae). Of these species, three species are known only from the Bahamas, whereas 22 have larger regional indigenous ranges that include Cuba, Florida, or Hispaniola and beyond. Recent exotic immigrations for two of the regional indigenous species cannot be excluded. Three species are nonindigenous pests of known recent immigration. IdentiÞcation keys based on the soldier (or soldierless worker) and the winged imago are provided along with species distributions by island. Cr. bracketti, known only from San Salvador Island, Bahamas, is described from the soldier and imago.
    [Show full text]
  • Blattabacterium Genome: Structure, Function, and Evolution Austin Alleman
    University of Texas at Tyler Scholar Works at UT Tyler Biology Theses Biology Spring 6-5-2014 Blattabacterium Genome: Structure, Function, and Evolution Austin Alleman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uttyler.edu/biology_grad Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Alleman, Austin, "Blattabacterium Genome: Structure, Function, and Evolution" (2014). Biology Theses. Paper 20. http://hdl.handle.net/10950/215 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at Scholar Works at UT Tyler. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholar Works at UT Tyler. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BLATTABACTERIUM GENOME: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION, AND EVOLUTION by AUSTIN ALLEMAN A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Biology Srini Kambhampati, Ph. D., Committee Chair College of Arts and Sciences The University of Texas at Tyler May 2014 © Copyright by Austin Alleman 2014 All rights reserved Acknowledgements I would like to thank the Sam A. Lindsey Endowment, without whose support this research would not have been possible. I would also like to thank my research advisor, Dr. Srini Kambhampati, for his knowledge, insight, and patience; and my committee, Dr. John S. Placyk, Jr. and Dr. Blake Bextine, for their assistance and feedback. “It is the supreme art of the teacher to awaken joy in creative expression and knowledge.” --Albert Einstein Table of Contents Chapter
    [Show full text]
  • A Nondichotomous Key to Protist Species Identification of Reticulitermes
    SYSTEMATICS A Nondichotomous Key to Protist Species Identification of Reticulitermes (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) 1 J. L. LEWIS AND B. T. FORSCHLER Department of Entomology, 413 Biological Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 99(6): 1028Ð1033 (2006) ABSTRACT A key was developed using morphological and behavioral characters to identify nine genera and 13 species of protists found in the hindgut of three Reticulitermes speciesÑ Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks), and Reticulitermes hageni BanksÑby using the online IDnature guides by Discover Life. There are seven characters and 13 taxa, each attached to species descriptions, digital stills, or movies to aid in protist species identiÞcation. We chose characters for protist species identiÞcation that were easy to observe with live samples and a light microscope at 400ϫ magniÞcation. All 11 protists from R. flavipes and nine each in R. virginicus and R. hageni were recognized using original and revised species descriptions. This was the Þrst report of the protist genera Trichomitus from both R. virginicus and R. hageni. KEY WORDS symbiotic protists, termite identiÞcation, anaerobic protists identiÞcation, Parabasa- lia, Oxymonadida The anaerobic symbiotic protist orders found in the (workers have Ϸ57 Ϯ 11%), because it is not found in hindgut of lower termites (Isoptera) include Tricho- R. virginicus and R. hageni (Lewis and Forschler monadida Kirby, Oxymonadida Grasse´, and Hyper- 2004b). Trichonympha agilis Leidy (1877) is Ϸ19 Ϯ 5% mastigida Grassi & Foa` (Yamin 1979). None of these of the protist population in R. virginicus compared protist species are found outside of the insect host with 4 Ϯ 3% in R.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • Blattodea: Hodotermitidae) and Its Role As a Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Accumulation Risks in Saudi Arabia
    Article Characterization of the 12S rRNA Gene Sequences of the Harvester Termite Anacanthotermes ochraceus (Blattodea: Hodotermitidae) and Its Role as A Bioindicator of Heavy Metal Accumulation Risks in Saudi Arabia Reem Alajmi 1,*, Rewaida Abdel-Gaber 1,2,* and Noura AlOtaibi 3 1 Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia 2 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (R.A.), [email protected] (R.A.-G.) Received: 28 December 2018; Accepted: 3 February 2019; Published: 8 February 2019 Abstract: Termites are social insects of economic importance that have a worldwide distribution. Identifying termite species has traditionally relied on morphometric characters. Recently, several mitochondrial genes have been used as genetic markers to determine the correlation between different species. Heavy metal accumulation causes serious health problems in humans and animals. Being involved in the food chain, insects are used as bioindicators of heavy metals. In the present study, 100 termite individuals of Anacanthotermes ochraceus were collected from two Saudi Arabian localities with different geoclimatic conditions (Riyadh and Taif). These individuals were subjected to morphological identification followed by molecular analysis using mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequence, thus confirming the morphological identification of A. ochraceus. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis was conducted to determine the genetic relationship between the acquired species and other termite species with sequences previously submitted in the GenBank database. Several heavy metals including Ca, Al, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, Ba, Cr, Co, Be, Ni, V, Pb, Cd, and Mo were measured in both collected termites and soil samples from both study sites.
    [Show full text]