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VU Research Portal VU Research Portal How parties change Binnema, H.A. 2009 document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in VU Research Portal citation for published version (APA) Binnema, H. A. (2009). How parties change: EU integration and the flexible response of political parties. Ipskamp Drukkers. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. E-mail address: [email protected] Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT How parties change EU integration and the flexible response of political parties ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. L.M. Bouter, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen op woensdag 13 mei 2009 om 10.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Harmen Anne Binnema geboren te Amsterdam promotor: prof.dr. J.E. Keman copromotor: dr. P.J.M. Pennings ISBN: 978 90 8659 309 5 Uitgave: Harmen Binnema Omslagontwerp: Severine van der Ploeg, Room for ID’s, Nieuwegein Foto’s omslag: istockphoto.com Druk: Ipskamp Drukkers, Amsterdam/Enschede Deze dissertatie is de 40e in de Dissertatie Serie van de Faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam © 2009 Harmen Binnema. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van rechthebbende: Harmen Binnema, www.harmenbinnema.nl. Voorwoord / Foreword Heel wat jaartjes geleden, toen ik vol enthousiasme aan dit project begon, had ik niet kunnen denken dat de afronding zo lang op zich zou laten wachten. In veel opzichten ben ik dus ook blij dat het erop zit. Dat wil overigens niet zeggen dat ik niet ontzettend veel plezier heb beleefd aan het data verzamelen, presenteren, discussiëren, schrijven en al die andere leuke dingen die bij een promotieonderzoek horen. Integendeel! Maar ik kan ook bevestigen dat het cliché dat de laatste loodjes het zwaarst zijn, helaas al te waar is. Er is altijd een zekere spanning tussen dat wat je in je hoofd hebt en dat wat je uiteindelijk op papier krijgt. Er zijn altijd nog betere, diepere en grootsere ideeën die aan de horizon opdoemen. Er zijn altijd nog meer interessante boeken en relevante artikelen te lezen. Maar het moment om er een punt achter te zetten was eigenlijk al lang gepasseerd. Ik ben blij dat ik dat uiteindelijk toch heb kunnen doen en dat dit boek het resultaat van de noeste arbeid is geworden. Mijn dank gaat allereerst uit naar mijn begeleiders, Hans Keman en Paul Pennings. Ik heb veel gehad aan de nuchtere en praktische manier waarop Paul mijn hoofdstukken becommentarieerde, altijd gericht op het oplossen van problemen in plaats van het nog ingewikkelder te maken. In Hans heb ik een ideale promotor gehad: scherp en veeleisend waar dat moest, maar ook ontspannen en humorvol waar dat kon. Ik ben hem vooral erkentelijk voor het grote vertrouwen en de vrijheid die hij mij al die jaren gegeven heeft, vanaf het moment dat ik zijn student-assistent werd. Het enige is misschien dat hij mij in de laatste fase wel wat vaker streng had mogen toespreken… Ook mijn collega’s van de afdeling Politicologie aan de VU wil ik graag bedanken en dan met name degenen die net als ik het lot van het schrijven van een proefschrift hebben mogen dragen. De meesten hebben hun doctorstitel overigens sneller behaald dan ik… De peer teaching sessies en andere momenten van kritisch meedenken en meelezen, hebben mij geïnspireerd en vooruit geholpen. Gelukkig was er ook voldoende tijd voor gesprekken over hele andere dan wetenschappelijke onderwerpen, of het nu bij de koffieautomaat was of onderweg van en naar het Gelderlandplein. Een speciale vermelding verdienen de diverse kamergenoten, die het leven aan de VU zoveel iii aangenamer maakten: Tanja, Angela, Jeroen en Jasper. In deze dankbetuiging dient uiteraard ook mijn salience compagnon Catherine genoemd te worden. De collega’s van Veldkamp, aan wie ik bij binnenkomst vertelde dat mijn proefschrift bijna af was: het is nu toch zover. Ik heb mij hier uitstekend op m’n plek gevoeld en dank jullie voor de collegialiteit en de fijne sfeer. Het is daarom ook niet makkelijk om afscheid te nemen, hoeveel zin ik tegelijk ook heb in mijn nieuwe baan aan de Universiteit Utrecht. Mijn ouders Jaap en Eva wil ik, net als Johan en Petra, bedanken voor hun steun op de achtergrond, belangstelling voor waar ik mee bezig was en relativering op z’n tijd: hawar, it libben hinget er net oan. Camilla, in het leven gaat het soms niet zoals we ooit hadden gedacht, maar weet wel dat jouw liefde en aandacht voor mij van grote betekenis zijn geweest en dat ik zonder jou nooit zover was gekomen. Kortom, dank aan iedereen die de totstandkoming van dit proefschrift op de een of andere manier mede mogelijk heeft gemaakt. Echter: voor de inhoud, inclusief de eventuele fouten of omissies, blijf ik toch geheel zelf verantwoordelijk. Harmen Binnema Amsterdam maart 2009 iv Table of contents Voorwoord / Foreword iii Table of contents v List of tables and figures viii 1 How parties ‘handle’ Europe 1 1.1 Introduction: Why parties do (not) adapt 1 1.2 Parties as strategic actors 4 1.3 Europe as an issue ‘like any other’ 6 1.4 Research question 8 1.5 Plan of the Book 11 2 We are still here! 13 2.1 Introduction: parties and party functions 13 2.2 What parties are 15 2.3 Party functions 18 2.3.1 The empirical twist 21 2.4 Party crisis or transformation? 24 2.4.1 Party decline 26 2.4.2 Party adaptation and survival 31 2.5 Conclusion and Discussion 36 3 Something is coming over us 39 3.1 Introduction: The comparativist turn in EU studies 39 3.2 The unicity of the European experience: What is the EU and what will it become? 41 3.2.1 The touch of stateness 43 3.2.2 What is the EU? 45 3.2.3 Governance 45 3.2.4 New concepts 48 v 3.2.5 Federalism 51 3.2.6 Systems theory 53 3.3 Encompassing theories? 54 3.4 Europeanisation: The impact of European integration 56 3.4.1 How it works: The mechanisms of Europeanisation 58 3.4.2 Domestic impact: the power of the state 60 3.5 Conclusion: What is Europe heading for? 62 4 How do we know it is Europe? 65 4.1 Linking Europe and parties 65 4.2 Reconsidering the links 70 4.3 Implications for the research design 73 5 Out of touch 79 5.1 Introduction: Party voters and party members 79 5.2 Party membership 82 5.3 Attachment 85 5.4 Turnout 87 5.5 Voters adrift 94 5.6 EU issue in elections and referenda 98 5.7 Conclusion and discussion 103 6 Just hold on tight 107 6.1 Introduction: from representation to governance 107 6.2 Setting the scene: Party systems 112 6.3 Recruitment for parliament and government 117 6.4 Coalition formation: competition and innovation 121 6.5 Careers of MPs and MEPs 126 6.6 Parliamentary control of EU affairs 130 6.7 Conclusion and discussion 133 7 Keeping things together 137 7.1 Introduction: Changing party competition 137 vi 7.1.1 Parties and Europe 139 7.2 Setting the scene: Party agendas 143 7.2.1 Party families 147 7.2.2 Parties 149 7.3 Salience of the EU 151 7.3.1 Party families 154 7.3.2 Parties 155 7.4 Euroscepticism 157 7.4.1 Party families 160 7.4.2 Parties 161 7.5 Limited competition 163 7.6 Convergence? 168 7.6.1 Party families 173 7.7 Conclusion and Discussion 174 8 What have we learnt? 179 8.1 Europe and parties 179 8.2 Mobilisation, recruitment, aggregation 181 8.3 Epilogue 186 References 191 Nederlandstalige samenvatting 209 vii List of tables and figures Tables Table 2.1 Overview of party functions 23 Table 3.1 Two types of multi-level governance 48 Table 3.2 Four configurations of authority 50 Table 4.1 Overview of EU role in change of party functions 74 Table 5.1 Membership of political parties, percentage of the total electorate (M/E ratio) 83 Table 5.2 Partisan attachment, percentage ‘strongly’ and ‘fairly’ attached 85 Table 5.3 Turnout in EU-15, Norway and Switzerland, 1973-2004 89 Table 5.4 Trends in party membership and turnout 91 Table 5.5 Turnout in European elections (percentage), 1989-2004 93 Table 5.6 Electoral volatility in national elections, 1973-2004 96 Table 5.7 Volatility in 1973-1985 and 1986-2004 compared 97 Table 5.8 Role of EU issue in national elections 100 Table 5.9 Referenda held in EU-15, Norway and Switzerland, 1973-2004 102 Table 5.10 Overview of main trends in mobilisation, 1973-2004 105 Table 6.1 Classification of party systems, 1973-2004 113 Table 6.2 Vote share of the two largest parties (percentage), 1973-2004 115 Table 6.3 Party systems and vote share of the two largest parties 116 Table 6.4 Independent members of cabinet (percentage), 1973-2004 118 Table 6.5 Partisan and non-partisan members of parliament (percentage),
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