National Register of Historic Places Registration Form

Home , Architects Building, Brush Park, Corktown Lofts, Detroit Building, Detroit Public Library, Downtown Detroit

NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form

This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in National Register Bulletin, How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions.

1. Name of Property Historic name: _Grosfield Building______Other names/site number: ______Name of related multiple property listing: _N/A______(Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing ______2. Location Street & number: _3365 Michigan Avenue______City or town: _Detroit_____ State: _Michigan____ County: _Wayne__ Not For Publication: Vicinity: ______3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this nomination ___ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property ___ meets ___ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: ___national ___statewide _X_ local Applicable National Register Criteria: _X_A ___B _X_C ___D

Signature of certifying official/Title: Date ______State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government

In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria.

Signature of commenting official: Date

Title : State or Federal agency/bureau or Tribal Government

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State ______4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: entered in the National Register determined eligible for the National Register determined not eligible for the National Register removed from the National Register other (explain:) ______

______Signature of the Keeper Date of Action ______5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply.) Private: X

Public – Local

Public – State

Public – Federal

Category of Property (Check only one box.)

Building(s) X

District

Site

Structure

Object

Number of Resources within Property (Do not include previously listed resources in the count) Contributing Noncontributing _____1______0______buildings

Sections 1-6 page 2

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State

______sites

______structures

______objects

_____1______0______Total

Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register ___0_____

______6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) COMMERCE/TRADE: professional DOMESTIC: multiple dwelling ______

Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions.) VACANT ______WORK IN PROGRESS ______

7. Description

Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions.) LATE VICTORIAN ______

Materials: (enter categories from instructions.) Principal exterior materials of the property: _Brick, Stone______

Section 8 page 3

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State

Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current physical appearance and condition of the property. Describe contributing and noncontributing resources if applicable. Begin with a summary paragraph that briefly describes the general characteristics of the property, such as its location, type, style, method of construction, setting, size, and significant features. Indicate whether the property has historic integrity.) ______Summary Paragraph

The Grosfield Building, located at 3365 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan. Situated on the west side of the side of the city, the building is a three-story commercial building designed in the Late Victorian architectural style and constructed of masonry. The building is trapezium-shaped in plan, with its façade angled to meet the angle of Michigan Avenue as it proceeds westward from the center of the city. A rounded corner entry faces the intersection of Michigan and 23rd Street. The first floor is separated into a primary and secondary storefronts divided internally by a brick wall that runs the length of the building. The primary storefront itself is divided into front and back spaces. The second and third floors historically contained space for offices and apartments respectively, but these spaces are no longer clearly defined due to the prior removal of interior walls. The first-floor entries, storefronts, and second- and third- story windows are now covered by plywood. The second- and third-story window openings are framed with stone trim and set below a pressed metal ornamental cornice. A brick parapet surrounds the flat roof on the Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street elevations and is decorated by a recessed square motif. The property is in poor condition due to years of continued vacancy, vandalism, and the impact of water infiltration. Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and accessories have been removed or are unusable due to exposure to water, scrapping or age. The rear alley-facing brick elevation has collapsed, as well as the rear portion of the first-floor interior floor and walls.

Section 8 page 4

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State Narrative Description

Fig. 1 Grosfield Block c. 1900. Detroit Public Library, Burton Historical Collection

Setting

The Grosfield Building is a three-story commercial building located at 3365 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan. The building stands on the southeast corner of Michigan

Section 8 page 5

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State Avenue and 23rd Street, two miles west from the downtown center. The building footprint sits at the northern lot line, bounded by Michigan Avenue to the north, 23rd Street to the west and a public alley way to the south. The Grosfield Building abuts the Reeber Building at 3363 Michigan Avenue on its eastern elevation.

Michigan Avenue is a seven-lane roadway running west from downtown Detroit to Chicago and beyond. It is a spoke of Augustus B. Woodward’s radial plan for the city’s major traffic arteries, inspired by the plan for Washington DC created by Pierre L’Enfant, and implemented in 1806 after a disastrous fire ravaged the downtown a year earlier. Michigan Avenue intersects with 23rd Street which ends one block south of Michigan Avenue at Risdon Street, closed at that point to accommodate both large-scale industrial and commercial operations and the Michigan Central Railroad tracks. South of the rail line 23rd Street reopens to traffic ultimately terminating at Riverside Park along the Detroit River. North of Michigan Avenue 23rd Street ends at McGraw Avenue on the city’s northwest side. Also commonly known as US-12, Michigan Avenue originates at Campus Martius, near the center of downtown Detroit, and stretches west past the city limits to New Buffalo at the southwest corner of the state where it continues beyond Michigan on its east-west trajectory. In 2004, US-12 was formally designated a Historic Heritage Route by the Michigan Legislature, and commemorated the avenue as “among the oldest road corridors east of the Mississippi River” accessing “some of the most extensive and significant historic, cultural, scenic and recreational resources in Michigan.”1 There are few trees or vegetation present along Michigan Avenue, however mature growth trees are still present along the north-south residential streets that intersect with the corridor. The primary land use along the roadway is commercial and industrial in nature, and vacancies and vacant lots are prevalent.

Commercial buildings lined Michigan Avenue at the time of the construction of the Grosfield Building in 1893. A 1900 photograph of the intersection of Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street shows the two- and three-story buildings that once occupied the south side of the street. Awnings over plate glass storefronts offered protection from the sun, and hand-painted signs and banners advertised goods and services to passersby. The streetcar rails visible in the photograph, once a common mode of transport throughout Detroit, are no longer in use and were removed or buried in brick and asphalt as lanes grew to accommodate cars. The blocks opposite the Grosfield Building, once as densely populated as the south side of the street, are now almost entirely vacant, occupied only by a few one-story brick or cement block commercial buildings in varying states of repair. The block on which the Grosfield Building stands and the block immediately to the west are the most intact of the surrounding area. Only a handful of the nineteenth century commercial structures that once lined Michigan Avenue remain west of the downtown. Clusters of buildings are primarily concentrated in the Corktown neighborhood between the M-10 and I- 75 highways, and at 23rd and 24th Streets. The residential development that sprang up near the Grosfield Building to meet late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century demand consisted primarily of vernacular worker housing constructed of wood. The area south of the Michigan Avenue corridor has been almost entirely replaced by industrial development. To the north, what

1 Michigan Highways: The Great Routes of the Great Lakes State. “Historic Byways and Heritage Routes.” http://www.michiganhighways.org/other/byways_historic.html.

Section 8 page 6

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State is now known as the Chadsey Condon neighborhood has suffered from divestment and poverty resulting in multiple dilapidated buildings and vacant lots.

Exterior

The Grosfield Building is a three-story commercial building constructed of double brick masonry with pressed face brick in a reddish orange hue. The building sits on a single course of rusticated stone foundation with the primary corner entry accessed by two stone steps. The Michigan Avenue (north) façade and 23rd Street (west) elevation are architecturally significant, while the south and east elevations of the building are utilitarian in character and constructed with common brick. The primary entry into the first floor is located in a curved corner bay that faces northwest toward the Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street intersection.

The Michigan Avenue façade is divided into three bays. A checkerwork pattern below the cornice on the first and third bays provides additional decoration. The middle bay displays an alternating stepped and relief pattern six bricks wide and below the cornice occupying the same brick courses as the patterns on the other bays. A 1900 photograph of the building depicts a large wooden sign displaying “Raymo Bros.” attached to the parapet wall along the facade. This signage does not appear in a 1918 image and no remnants are presently visible. A course of patterned sandstone block punctuates the brick, with two different motifs running the building’s length separating the first and second floors and second and third floors. This block provides an exterior visual separation of floors. The middle bay of the façade is recessed the width of one brick header on the second and third stories and is narrower than the other two bays. It contains a secondary paired entry that provides access into the storefronts.

A flat roof is hidden behind a parapet wall with two rows of a recessed square patterned brick. Under the parapet a metal bracketed cornice stretches the entire length of the Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street elevations. The prominent rounded corner is topped by a squat tower with a conical roof. The building was originally outfitted on the first floor with paneled entry doors set with transom lights above. Large wood frame plate glass windows with transoms historically fronted the avenue. The first and second bays contain two window openings each on the first and second floors and the third bay contains a single window openings on these floors. The second and third floors originally had double-hung windows with decorative upper sashes with a single lower pane. Thin stone mouldings frame second floor windows. The corner bay is recessed by one header width from the other two elevations on the second and third stories. It contains single window openings on the second and third floors positioned at the curvature of the façade. Two small square window openings are present in at the top of the small tower. Currently, nearly all window openings are void of glass and boarded with plywood.

The curved corner bay creates a prominent street presence for the Grosfield Building and accommodates the primary entry into the building. The entry is flanked by brick and red sandstone pilasters and topped by a stone cornice with egg and dart motif. It was originally fitted with double wood doors. The secondary entry on Michigan Avenue is treated with the same red sandstone cornice and motif as the primary entry. The Grosfield name is displayed in a terra

Section 8 page 7

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State cotta relief panel set into the curved masonry above the second floor window opening. A short tower extends just above the parapet wall and is topped with a conical roof. Two square window openings in the tower are currently boarded with plywood but historical images show the original presence of two small double-hung windows. The majority of the tower is wrapped with a membrane over the slate roof, which has multiple courses of intact slate shingles on the lower portion. An image from 1900 shows a flagpole attached to the top of the tower roof. At some point the flagpole was removed but a portion of the base remains, projecting slightly from the point of the conical tower roof.

The 23rd Street (west) elevation is also divided into three bays. In the middle bay of thiselevation, the parapet wall is given a raised multicurved treatment before returning to the primary recessed square configuration. The decorative brickwork below the parapet on the facade is repeated on the west elevation in the same pattern. An arched entry in the middle bay is flanked on either side by two ribbon windows running almost to the ground, with each opening surmounted by a semicircle course of fanned brick above individual transom lights. Two wide arches to the south accentuate a window and another entry into the building. The entries and window openings on the west elevation are covered with plywood and void of doors or glass. The third, southernmost, bay on the west elevation has collapsed almost in its entirety. Historical photographs depict awnings on windows occupying the second and third floors and a hitching post on the 23rd Street elevation. These images also depict an exterior stair to the basement just south of the main corner entry, allowing retail businesses to receive deliveries without interrupting the first-floor operations. Neither the awnings nor the iron railing exist at present, and at some point the stairway was closed off and filled.

The rear (south) elevation of the Grosfield Building is constructed of common brick and is partially collapsed on the western side. It faces an unoccupied duplex building, also commissioned by Anthony Grosfield, and a public alley way. The eastern portion of the rear elevation is standing and contains a single entry with wood paneled door flanked by two large window openings filled with brick. A small wood frame double-hung window is situated to the east. Window and door openings on the first floor are each topped with a three-header-thick jack arch and openings on the second and third floors are topped with a two-header-thick jack arch. The eastern portion of the rear elevation was originally outfitted with wood porches on the second and third floors, accessed from each floor by a single door. It is unknown when this amenity was removed but remnants of wood anchored into the masonry remain.

Interior

The first floor storefront spaces of the Grosfield Building were constructed with brick separating walls and wood floors. Sanborn maps and evidence provided by changes in finishes suggest the primary storefront was historically divided into two spaces, likely one larger area for interacting with customers and a second, smaller utilitarian space. The larger front space is formally appointed with embossed and stenciled wallcovering on walls and decorative tin ceilings now heavily rusted from water damage and age. Layers of wall covering are pulling away from the walls. Remnants of wood paneling are present around the primary and secondary entries and

Section 8 page 8

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State windows alongside portions of thick wood baseboards. The smaller space at the rear of the primary storefront has exposed brick walls and lacks baseboards at the wood floor, which has partially collapsed into the basement. A large arched opening positioned in the middle of the interior dividing wall allows for passage between the eastern and western storefront spaces. The primary storefront contains a staircase for accessing above floors and the basement. At some point, a replacement staircase of plywood was constructed to access the basement and second floors. The stair access to the third floor appears original and is paneled with bead board wainscoting. A vestibule framed in wood is present inside the easternmost secondary storefront entry off Michigan Avenue.

On the upper floors, little historic fabric remains other than exterior walls, wood flooring, and small fireplace nooks with tile surrounds. The third floor has a small v-shaped skylight centered in the ceiling to allow natural light to penetrate the interior of the apartment space. Bricked up openings in the basement space indicate the historic presence of a sidewalk vault to allow daylight into the below-grade storeroom. The only photograph available of the building’s interior dates from the 100th anniversary celebration of the Grosfield Insurance Agency in 1966 and shows embossed wallcovering and wainscoting inside the Grosfield office on the second floor.

Integrity

As of 2019 there has been a significant loss of integrity as a result of prolonged vacancy. However, the deterioration is concentrated primarily to interior spaces and the rear elevation, while the Late Victorian façade remains remarkably intact. The rear portion of the west elevation, including a portion of the roof, has collapsed, although fallen bricks remain in place for salvage. Much of the interior of the building has been lost to exposure to water, scrapping, and age. Consequently, little historical interior fabric remains. Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems and accessories have been removed or are unusable due to exposure to water, scrapping and age. Despite this deterioration the Grosfield Building continues to convey its significance as a late-nineteenth-century commercial architecture that once lined Michigan Avenue, the majority of which has been lost to demolition and urban planning. Few links to late- nineteenth-century development related to the city’s westward expansion and westside ethnic German community remain along Michigan Avenue, and those buildings that do remain are represented by small pockets of buildings chiefly located to the east closer to downtown. Many of those buildings are associated with the Corktown Historic District listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, and significant for its association with the city’s early Irish community. Corktown includes only one block of commercial buildings fronting Michigan Avenue on the north and south sides between Eighth Street and Trumbull Avenue. The city block on which the Grosfield Building is situated and the block immediately to the west, are virtually all that remain of a once thriving commercial corridor that existed outside of downtown. The current owner plans to rehabilitate the building into income-producing uses.

______8. Statement of Significance

Section 8 page 9

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State

Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.)

X A. Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history.

B. Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past.

X C. Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction.

D. Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

Criteria Considerations (Mark “x” in all the boxes that apply.)

A. Owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes

B. Removed from its original location

C. A birthplace or grave

D. A cemetery

E. A reconstructed building, object, or structure

F. A commemorative property

G. Less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the past 50 years

Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions.)

Section 8 page 10

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND PLANNING SOCIAL HISTORY___ ARCHITECTURE ______

Period of Significance 1893-1927______

Significant Dates 1893______

Significant Person (Complete only if Criterion B is marked above.) ______

Cultural Affiliation ______

Architect/Builder Mills, Joseph E. (architect) Warren, Heywood and Brown (contractor) ______

Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (Provide a summary paragraph that includes level of significance, applicable criteria, justification for the period of significance, and any applicable criteria considerations.)

Section 8 page 11

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State

The Grosfield Building is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion A at the local level of significance in the area of Social History and Community Development and Planning. The building is significant because it symbolizes the late-nineteenth-century German immigrant experience in Detroit, and illustrates the settlement pattern of German immigrants in Detroit in which new arrivals first established enclaves not far from the central business district and over time expanded outward to newer neighborhoods on the edge of the city. The building is also one of very few examples of the physical record of German immigration in the late nineteenth century. Most of these buildings have been demolished in the name of progress, and increasingly fewer buildings associated with one of the city’s early immigrant groups remain. The Grosfield Building was constructed for Anthony Grosfield, a German immigrant who settled in the westside German community. Grosfield first operated a retail store then transitioned into real estate development and sales. In addition to housing a number of retail establishments over the years, the Grosfield Building served as the home office of the various Grosfield real estate and insurance enterprises from its construction in 1893 until the 1972.

The Grosfield Building is also significant under Criterion C as a representative example of the Late Victorian architectural style on the west side of Detroit, and as the largest and most architecturally distinguished extant example of the once numerous commercial buildings that lined the western stretches of Michigan Avenue in Detroit. Over time, these buildings disappeared due to demolition, deterioration, and development, and few links to late-nineteenth century German community remain. The city block on which the Grosfield Building is situated, in addition to the block immediately to the west, are virtually all that remain of a once thriving commercial corridor.

Despite severe deterioration, the building retains its Late Victorian façade and secondary elevation, displaying such features as textured stone trim, patterned brickwork, terra cotta insets, semi-circular arched openings and a cylindrical tower with conical roof with slate shingles. The Period of Significance for the Grosfield begins in 1893, the year of its construction, and ends in 1927, the year of Anthony Grosfield’s death, which marks the passing of the old German immigrant community. ______Narrative Statement of Significance (Provide at least one paragraph for each area of significance.)

The history of the city of Detroit can be, in some good measure, understood through the story of its immigrants. It is a microcosm of the United States itself – a melting pot. Similar to the country at large, Detroit expanded from a frontier, military outpost in its earliest days to a modern industrial-age city by 1900. Its growth was facilitated by many factors, but the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 both eased travel and resulted in the city becoming a principal point of departure for immigrants heading west.2

2 City Plan Commission. The People of Detroit. Detroit: City of Detroit. 1946, p. 4.

Section 8 page 12

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State

The city’s immigrant history began with the arrival of Europeans in 1701, chiefly French fur traders. Other French arrived and established long, narrow farms along the river. British traders followed, and the settlement remained under British control until the end of Revolutionary War. Americans – new and old – came from the eastern states, predominantly New York and the New England states. This continued through the nineteenth century. In the middle years of the nineteenth century these Yankees were joined in the Michigan Territory by new European immigrants. In 1825 people from the modern state of Germany began to arrive in Detroit in “sizable numbers,”3 the earliest from the village of Neustadt in the Rhineland-Palatinate state in southwest Germany. Yet the population of the city number less than two thousand. They were joined a few years later by Irish immigrants. By 1836 hundreds of immigrants, mostly German and Irish, arrived in Detroit each day,4 and the city’s population had increased to more than 6,900. Though many undoubtedly intended to move still further west, hundreds and thousands of immigrants settled permanently in Detroit, transforming the city both physically and socially and both directly and indirectly.

For Germans particularly, this early emigration from their homeland reflected displacement caused by the beginning stages of the Industrial Revolution, primarily impacting farmers and members of the county’s lower middle class. These individuals immigrated with skills and a propensity for hard work useful to growing American cities and formed urban concentrations to a greater extent than other European predecessors.5

This influx of immigrants from Europe and migration of Americans from the east increased the population of the state past the 85,000 necessary for statehood. The process was initiated in 1835, and Michigan was formally admitted to the Union in 1837. Likewise, the population of the city of Detroit continued to increase throughout the rest of the nineteenth century: 9,192 in 1840; 21,019 in 1850; 45,619 in 1860; 79,577 in 1870; 116,342 in 1890 before crossing 200,000 in 1900.

Following typical nineteenth century settlement patterns of German immigrants in American cities, the new arrivals established enclaves not far from the central business district and over time expanded outward to newer neighborhoods on the edge of the city. Irish immigrants mainly settled to the west of Woodward Avenue, the primary north-south road in the city. Known then and now as Corktown, it was an “exceedingly lively neighborhood”6 that extended west on Michigan Avenue, as well as north and south for several blocks in each direction. Germans and German-speaking people settled on the east side of the city, in the area of the city roughly

3 David Lee Poremba, ed. Detroit in its World Setting: A Three Hundred Year Chronology, 1701-2001. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001, p. 105. 4 David Lee Poremba, ed. Detroit in its World Setting: A Three Hundred Year Chronology, 1701-2001. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001, p. 115. 5 Bergquist, James. M. “German Communities in American Cities: An Interpretation of the Nineteenth-Century Experience.” Journal of American Ethnic History, 1984, 4, p. 9-30. 6 John Christian Lodge. I Remember Detroit. Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1940, p. 184.

Section 8 page 13

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State bounded by Jefferson and Gratiot Avenues, and centered on what was then German Street (changed to Waterloo Street in 1885).7

During these decades immigration to Detroit was dominated by Germans and Irish, though people from a great many European countries came to the city. By 1850 one of every seven foreign-born residents were Irish,8 and by 1870 almost of the city’s population was foreign-born, and the number of Germans in the city reached nearly thirteen thousand.9 This was nearly double the number of Irish, and four times the number of English, the third largest group of the city’s many nationalities.10

German immigrants who settled in urban environments tended to be from the Fatherland’s professional and intellectual classes, or were skilled workers valuable to the numerous industries in the city.11 City directories and the numerous histories written about the city attest to the great number of German-related businesses and organizations that flourished in this heyday of immigration. In 1834 the first of many German Catholic parishes was established. Protestant Germans quickly established their own churches. Detroit’s German population also established a notable secular presence by founding newspapers,12 banks, theaters, musical and choral societies, and other organizations, clubs, and businesses. In the opinion of one observer, German immigrants had an eye for “the most desirable urban properties for their businesses.”13 In addition to churches and temples of commerce, Germans also built halls, theaters, breweries, and other buildings. Even as late as 1914, this section of Gratiot Avenue had “a decidedly foreign aspect” to it, with “hardly an American or English name” to be found.14 Not coincidently, this area was known for a time as Germantown.15

As the city’s population swelled during the nineteenth century, the expansion of Detroit’s geographic limits became necessary to accommodate the great numbers of immigrants coming to the city. The once discrete ethnic communities began to diffuse and establish enclaves in other parts of the growing city. On February 12, 1857, the westernmost city boundaries were extended to the west end of a vast farm once operated by former territorial governor, George B. Porter. The new boundary, which became 25th street in 1872, was located two blocks west of the Grosfield Building and two and a half miles from the city center. Expansion occurred again in 1885 advancing the boundary further west to Livernois Road, 3.8 miles from the city center. By 1900 the city consisted of about twenty-three square miles of territory, and by 1906 the western

7 Clarence Monroe Burton. Lists of Street in Detroit, the Names of Which Have Been Changed. Detroit: Wayne County Abstract Office, 1891, p. 10. 8 David Lee Poremba, ed. Detroit in its World Setting: A Three Hundred Year Chronology, 1701-2001. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001, p. 129. 9 Silas Farmer. The History of Detroit and Michigan. Detroit: Silas Farmer & Co. 1884, p. 336. 10 Silas Farmer. The History of Detroit and Michigan. Detroit: Silas Farmer & Co. 1884, p. 336. 11 Willis F. Dunbar and May, George S. Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1995, p. 246. 12 In 2019 the Detroiter Abendpost is the only surviving piece of Detroit’s German publishing history and continues operation as the Nordamerikanische Wochen-Post, a leading German language news-weekly. 13 George P. Graff. The People of Michigan. Lansing: Michigan Department of Education, 1972, p. 42. 14 Helen E. Keep and Burton, M. Agnes. Guide to Detroit. Detroit: Detroit News Company, 1914, p. 17. 15 George P. Graff. The People of Michigan. Lansing: Michigan Department of Education, 1972, p. 42.

Section 8 page 14

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State city boundary extended to the Village of River Rouge, situated along the Detroit River 5.3 miles southwest of the city center.

As the city’s population increased real estate exchanges were established to facilitate sales. Some exchanges specialized in certain types of property, others handled all types of sales. Similarly, some exchanges were established to cater to certain areas of the city and certain, though perhaps not exclusively, ethnic groups. City directories in the last quarter of the nineteenth century show an increasing number of real estate brokers, and advertisements that sought bilingual agents and offering services in to customers of various ethnic groups were found throughout the city’s newspapers.

As the German population increased (by 1880 the number of Germans exceeded seventeen thousand, making it the largest ethnic group in the city16), a second community was established on the west side of the city, beyond Corktown and west of 18th Street. While not the only ethnic group to establish neighborhoods on the far west side of the city, Detroit’s Germanic citizens established a sizable presence on the west side of the city, largely west of 18th Street and east of 25th Street. A significant commercial center developed between 22nd and 24th Streets, in particularly.

Much like on the east side of the city, the Germans on the west side also constructed buildings to suit their spiritual, social, and practical needs. These places occupied corners and corridors within walking distance to consumers’ homes and places of employment, and this section of Michigan Avenue became a center of daily life, placing jobs, goods, and entertainment within reach for the expanding immigrant community. Sanborn maps depict both sides of Michigan Avenue between 23rd and 24th Streets occupied by one- and two-story commercial buildings, including Fafeyta’s Opera House, with seating for one thousand patrons and “elegantly frescoed and decorated auditorium,”17 at 996-998 Michigan Avenue. Coal and lumber years are located on what is now 22nd Street and the southwest corner of Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street.

Among the Germans to settle on the west side of Detroit in the mid-1800s was Anthony Grosfield. Grosfield was born in Westphalia, Germany, in 1843, and came to Detroit by way of New York and Connecticut. He arrived in 1866 and worked for several years for Patrick McMahon, a grocer who maintained a store on the southeast corner of Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street. Grosfield purchased the business and building from McMahon in 1871.

Over the next several years Grosfield became increasingly involved in real estate development and eventually partnered with Peter Schulte, another west-side German, to purchase and subdivide several tracts of land to meet the demands of the developing city. Notable developments include the area along 23rd Street between Ash and Magnolia Streets, several parcels for the construction of Saint Casimir Polish Catholic Church, and the sale of a former

16 David Lee Poremba, ed. Detroit in its World Setting: A Three Hundred Year Chronology, 1701-2001. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001, p. 129. 17 Jeffery, Jno B. Jeffery's Guide and Directory to the Opera Houses, Theatres, Public Halls, Bill Posters, Etc. of the Cities and Towns of America. 11th Edition. Chicago: Jno B. Jeffery. 1889. p. 156.

Section 8 page 15

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State asylum, Saint Joseph’s Retreat, a two-story house on about ten acres of land near Michigan Avenue and 26th Street. From the latter of these sales Grosfield and Schulte donated a large tract of land for the construction the Grand Boulevard. In 1887 the firm platted land on both sides of the new boulevard and one block east to 26th Street, later renamed Roosevelt Avenue, between Michigan Avenue and the Michigan Central Railroad. The development was comprised of twenty lots with frontage on the south side of Michigan Avenue and 134-foot residential lots lining West Grand Boulevard and 26th Street. Soon, large residences were constructed to house the city’s west side elite. Later, in 1905, Grosfield built a two-story cement block double residence with garage and shed at 817-819 West Grand Boulevard, one block south of Michigan Avenue, for himself and his family.

The City of Detroit also played a part in developing the west side of the city by opening streets, installing water and sewer lines, and making other general improvements. In 1884 the city contracted with Brush Illuminating Company to erect 133 iron light towers around the city. These towers ranged in height from 104 feet to 150 feet and were used to illuminate the surrounding environment, which allowed businesses to operate and residents to patronize those businesses at night, thus increasing the social and commercial activity in the neighborhood. In 1891, in response to an expanding population and development pressures in central business district, the city disbanded the longtime Central Market and established markets on the east and west sides of the city. Eastern Market remains a thriving retail and social destination and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Western Market, located at Michigan Avenue and 18th Street, served farmers and citizens on the west side of the city until it was demolished in the 1960s. In the 1890s wooden sewers were upgraded to six-inch water pipes on 23rd Street and twenty-four-inch service pipes along Michigan Avenue.

Grosfield and Schulte eventually dissolved their partnership, but Grosfield soon found a new partner in Matthew Scanlon. The firm of Grosfield and Scanlon was established in 1892. The firm regularly advertised real estate services in the Detroit Free Press and primarily focused their efforts on Detroit’s expanding settlement west of the downtown center. Grosfield and his partners facilitated a significant amount of residential development, particularly though not exclusively among the city’s German population.18

In the early months of 1893 the Grosfield and Scanlon office platted and sold portions of former ribbon farms located off Michigan Avenue in Springwells, then a village west of city limits, and later annexed into Detroit. Named Glenwood, the subdivision consisted of twenty lots with frontage on the north side of Michigan Avenue and two hundred and twenty residential lots on Carleton and Tecumseh Streets. The lots sold quickly, and later that year the firm advertised that they had but sixty-six lots left in the subdivision.19 The success of the Glenwood subdivision may have enabled Grosfield to construct the three-story building at the corner of Michigan and 23rd Street.

18 “Old Firm is Dissolved.” Detroit Free Press. September 13, 1910. It is worth noting that Grosfield & Scanlon frequently advertised in the Detroiter Abendpost, a German-language newspaper. 19 “Investors Read This.” Detroit Free Press. May 21, 1893.

Section 8 page 16

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State The location of the Grosfield Building was essentially in the heart of the west side commercial district that provided goods and services for the surrounding, largely German, population. City directories at the turn of the twentieth century illustrate the variety of shops and suppliers located on Michigan Avenue near 23rd Street. Dry goods, confections, clothing, furnishings, hats, hardware, cigars, shoes, a barber, a blacksmith, and even an interior designer, were all available within a short walk along Michigan Avenue. The surnames of the proprietors of these businesses demonstrate the prevalence of Germans among the west side businesses: Fellrath, Weber, Von Mach, Waldstein, Reeber, Kress, Reich, Goldberg, Litzenburger, Raymo, Kolbe, Paddock, Boldt, Krohn, Schechter, Schulte, Hafenfeld, Ochenfeld, Gottesman, Cobo, Ziegler, and Grosfield. These businesses lined both sides of the Michigan Avenue between 22nd and 24th Streets, representing the core of the west side commercial district. Opportunities for engaging with one’s German heritage and countrymen were numerous; social and dance halls, saloons and churches catering to the population all were located within the west side Michigan Avenue enclave.

Some of these business owners, and likely a few developers, hired prominent local architects to design buildings for them. In 1889 grocers Willibald Schulte and Anthony Kaiser hired architect Peter Dederichs Jr. to design a block of brick stores at 1015 Michigan Avenue (still extant), situated on the southeast corner of Michigan Avenue and 24th Street. 20 Dederichs was a noted designer of religious buildings, with examples of his work in at least six states. Several of these buildings have been listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1893 Anthony Grosfield commissioned local architect Joseph Mills to design a three-story building to house his real estate partnership and insurance businesses. The block where the Grosfield Building stands was featured in a 1906 Detroit Free Press article that touted the expanding corridor and the variety of well-appointed commercial stores serving the immediate neighborhood. Just three images are included in the article, one of which depicts the busy north and southeast corners of Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street, with the Grosfield Building prominent in the photograph. The “thriving center” is described as representing “practically every kind of retail business” which flourished from continuous patronage of expanding neighborhoods along the well-traveled roadway. 21

Grosfield leased space to retail tenants on the first floor, maintained offices for family companies on the second floor and rented the living quarters on the third floor. From 1896 until 1906 Raymo Brothers occupied 981 Michigan Avenue in the Grosfield Building, and also maintained storefronts at 982 and 984 Michigan Avenue. In later years, a bakery operates out of the western storefront, the Grosfield companies continue to occupy the second floor of the building, and various tenants rent rooms on the third floor of the building.

Adjacent to the commercial corridor of Michigan Avenue were a number of industrial and manufacturing operations that spread throughout Southwest Detroit. Among the products produced here were furniture, elevators, lumber, tobacco, beer, boilers, stoves, railway cars and

20 “A Suburban Boom – New Buildings.” Detroit Free Press. June 23, 1889. 21 “Michigan Avenue A Growing Retail District” Detroit Free Press. July 25, 1906. p. 10.

Section 8 page 17

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State parts, and brick. These industries attracted skilled and unskilled workers alike, and provided a prime market for Grosfield and partners.

Thousands of immigrants from many European countries streamed into Detroit. Initially they often settled in close proximity to others like them. Real estate advertisements and notices through the 1890s and through the 1910s suggest a brisk business and rapidly developing residential areas all along Michigan Avenue. The 1897 Sanborn map show 23rd through 26th Streets south of Michigan Avenue and Williams Street to Grand Boulevard on the north side of Michigan Avenue with one- or two-story wood dwellings on nearly every available lot, often with porches and small garages situated along the alley. Many of these developments were facilitated by Grosfield and his partners, and benefited from Detroit’s historical favor of single- family dwellings as the primary housing stock, and the propensity of German immigrants to own homes in greater frequency than other immigrant populations in the city. In 1900 the United States Census recorded forty-six percent of Detroit’s German residents owning their residence, a result of the financial independence afforded by the skilled labor positions most frequently filled by German immigrants.

Between 1900 and 1910, the city continued to grow – both in terms of population and territory. At the end of the decade Detroit’s population reached 465,000, ranking ninth in the country, and spread over forty square miles. Real estate exchanges by Grosfield and Scanlon continued apace, and the company was frequently noted in real estate transactions on the west side of the city. One of the firm’s significant purchases as this time was a block of six stores with flats above on the south side of Michigan Avenue west of Fourteenth Street from Joseph F. Weber for the sum of thirty thousand dollars.22 This block would later become part of the Michigan Central Station development along Michigan Avenue between Fourteenth and Sixteenth Streets, formally dedicated in January 1914 and named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.

Through the first decades of the twentieth century the west side of the city continued to develop. City directories indicate a significant Polish population by the 1910s. Germans are still present in high numbers, but no long dominant. Commercial development on Michigan Avenue near 23rd Street continued to evolve, mirroring a changing Detroit. A filling station with a one- thousand-gallon-capacity holding tank occupied the southwest corner to accommodate the growing number of automobiles, a considerable change from the steel cans, pitchers, and ladles, of only a few years earlier.23 In 1925, People’s State Bank constructed the “23rd-Michigan” branch at the southwest corner of the intersection to service the savings and loan needs of the local population, which ranged from small businesses to working class individuals occupying vernacular homes to white-collar professionals and business owners residing in the larger more palatial homes along West Grand Boulevard. The 1925-1926 city directory lists a branch of the Kroger Grocery and Bakery at 3326 Michigan Avenue, an arrival of a corporate entity to the small business-based atmosphere of Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street. In 1926 the Wolverine Theater opened at 3301 Michigan Avenue in the space noted above as 957 Michigan Avenue,

22 “Last Week’s Sales” Detroit Free Press. December 23, 1900. 23 Melaina, Marc W. “Turn of the Century Refueling: A Review of Innovations in Early Gasoline Refueling Methods and Analogies for Hydrogen.” Energy Policy. Vol. 35 June 2007.

Section 8 page 18

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State seating just over 500 individuals. The previously mid-size industrial concentration of foundry and industry operations south and east Michigan Avenue grew into larger-scale facilities, among them General Aluminum and Brass, Acme Foundry Company, Miller-Selden Electric and Sullivan Packing Company.

In 1906 the Detroit Free Press credited the Grosfield and Scanlon with “practically subdividing the entire section of the city in which they are at present located.”24 Indeed, newspaper listings indicate that the firm maintained a very active business, engaging in sales for large tracts of land as well as single parcels and modest dwellings. 25 The firm also had buildings, seemingly all residential, constructed from time to time. 26 In 1911 and 1913 Grosfield (Scanlon had retired by this time) commissioned Detroit architect C.F.J. Barnes to design two-story buildings for two parcels he owned nearby (both apparently demolished).

Michigan Avenue, West Side Detroit, and Anthony Grosfield in the Twentieth Century

Scanlon retired in 1910 and the firm of Grosfield and Scanlon was dissolved. Grosfield, however, continued in real estate sales with his sons, Charles, Fred, and Arthur. Another Grosfield son, John A. Grosfield, also engaged in real estate, albeit with partner Richard Caplis, under the firm of Grosfield and Caplis. That company also operated from the second floor of the Grosfield Building.

By 1920 the population of the city had about doubled to more than 993,000 people, all within 77.9 square miles. Approximately twenty-nine percent of these individuals were foreign-born, and included many Poles, Russians, Canadians, Irish, Scots, Swedes, and Norwegians. Germans, too, continued to settle in Detroit,27 but had been surpassed in numbers by Poles, Canadians, and African Americans by 1925.28

The city reached its present size in 1927, covering a sprawling 139 square miles. From its humble beginnings, the city had largely spread along the river. Between 1910 and 1927, however, the city increasingly expanded northward, finally reaching the southern borders of Oakland and Macomb Counties. The westward expansion along Michigan Avenue ended in approximately 1916 at the eastern boundary of Springwells, later renamed Fordson, and later still merged with the city of Dearborn to the west.

Anthony Grosfield continued to live and work on the west side of the city until he passed away at his home on the morning of November 19, 1927, as he was preparing to go to his office.

24 Michigan Avenue A Growing Retail District” Detroit Free Press. July 25, 1906. p. 11. 25 “Sales and Notes.” Detroit Free Press. March 20, 1904. 26 “News of the Architects, Building Permits.” Detroit Free Press. July 10, 1904. 27 David Lee Poremba, ed. Detroit in its World Setting: A Three Hundred Year Chronology, 1701-2001. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001, p. 251. 28 Alex B. Hill. “Population Density Map 1925 Detroit City Census.” Detroitography.com. https://detroitography.com/2016/10/12/population-density-map-1925-city-census/. Accessed March 31, 2019.

Section 8 page 19

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State Throughout the 1920s and 1930s the Grosfield companies operate out of the Grosfield Building: the Grosfield Real Estate Exchange (1925), the Grosfield Investment Company (1929), and the Grosfield Agency (1932). The firm continued as the Grosfield Agency for the rest of its time at the Grosfield Building.

Anthony Grosfield provides understanding of both the German immigrant experience in Detroit, and the Grosfield Building illustrates physical development of the city itself. The Grosfield Building served as the center of Grosfield’s many endeavors, and along with his house on Grand Boulevard and a duplex on 23rd Street, is the last of the buildings associated with him. The Grosfield Building is by far the grandest of these buildings, and demonstrates Grosfield’s professional experiences and accomplishments.

Subsequent History

The 1928-1929 Polk’s City Directory shows the area is still a flourishing commercial area, and shows a diversification in the offerings of the businesses. The Grosfield agency remained in its building, as did the Reeber Furniture Company next door to the east. Paddock’s drug store and Maximillian Von Mach’s design business also remained in their buildings. These long-term businesses men were joined by a branch of the Kroger Company, a soft drink parlor operated by William Szenitis, and Chylowski Jewelry.

Commercial change was not the only kind of change taking place. The ethnic makeup of the neighborhood was changing as well. The 1914 city directory shows that the ethnic composition of the area became increasingly diverse, with significant numbers of Greek and Polish surnames mixed amongst the Irish and Germans. While still maintaining a notable presence, Germans were not as numerous as before, nor did they make up the same proportion of the population as they did between 1850 and 1900. This resulted from several factors, including a significant increase in immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, a decrease in immigrants from a now- unified Germany, and a diffusion and migration of Germans to other parts of the city and the developing northern suburbs. By the 1970s, the city’s German population made up only a small proportion of the city’s ethnic groups

By the mid-1930s more significant change was planned for the western stretch of Michigan Avenue. A 1938 project to widen Michigan Avenue resulted in an extensive alteration to the streetscape, the scars of which remain visible today. In order to accommodate additional traffic lanes nearly half of the nineteenth century commercial building stock along the avenue was lost to demolition. Images taken prior to the expansion from the show the threatened building stock: a dense concentration of two- and three-story brick buildings, outfitted with plate glass storefronts on the ground floor and ornamented with attractive stone trimmings and cornice treatments. A unique effort to preserve the historic architecture occurred in 1940 with the removal of the Grimm Jewelry Store from the original location on Michigan Avenue to Henry Ford’s museum of historic buildings and structures at Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. Designed by

Section 8 page 20

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State Peter Dederichs Jr. for Englebert Grimm, the two-story brick building sat less than a mile from the Grosfield Building and housed the avenue’s first jewelry store.29

A 1949 aerial photograph shows some retention of density on the south side of Michigan Avenue with the north side of the street showing a greater building loss from the 1938 widening project. Development of the area started to shift from the dense commercial avenue and intersecting residential streets to favor industry as the primary use of the land south of Michigan Avenue. As populations migrated further north to newly-constructed suburbs and longtime residents aged, the former neighborhood to the south is replaced almost entirely by industrial uses. The residential neighborhood to the north, known as Chadsey Condon has begun a steady decline.

The favor of locating light and heavy industry on the west side of the city south of Michigan Avenue became city policy in 1958 when the City of Detroit Plan Commission unveiled the West Side Industrial District. The district was planned between the M-10 Lodge Freeway and Twelfth Street south of Michigan Avenue near the Detroit River. This district, located one mile southeast of the Grosfield Building, was the first project in Detroit in which federal urban renewal funds were used to clear a blighted area for industrial use.30 This official government undertaking encouraged the existing industrial uses to remain and grow and attracted new companies interested in being located near the Ambassador Bridge international bridge crossing with Canada and the Michigan Central Railroad. The 1958 city directory reveals the Peoples State Bank building at the southwest corner of Michigan Avenue and 23rd remained vacant. A Michigan Secretary of State branch is located across the street at 3408 Michigan Avenue next to Paddock Drugs. The theater building at the corner of Michigan Avenue and Twenty-Second Street remained in operation (albeit under a different name), and the Union Packing House Workers of America Locals 192 and 569 shared space at 3311 Michigan Avenue. Luther’s Bar and Tavern occupied 3325 Michigan Avenue, and proprietor George Luther resided above. Max Reich’s Music Shop at 3334 Michigan Avenue advertised musical instruments rather than phonographs.

An aerial photograph from 1961 shows nearly every dwelling south of Michigan Avenue on 23rd and 24th Streets cleared for industrial development. The construction of the freeway system throughout the city in the late 1950s and early 1960s further impacted the neighborhood near the Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street by placing the Fisher and Jefferies Freeway interchange at Michigan Avenue and Twenty-First Street, effectively isolating the area from the downtown. Western Market, a commercial and social center in the neighborhood for decades, was demolished to make way for the project.

City directories published in the late 1960s and 1970s show a dwindling concentration of businesses along the avenue and a shift from retailers supplying the essentials of everyday life to businesses with limited daily customer interactions. In 1964 longtime Michigan Avenue

29 Daughter to End Long Vigil over Shop with Historic Past.” Detroit Free Press. February 21, 1940. 30 City of Detroit Plan Commission. Industrial Redevelopment, West Side Industrial District. Detroit, Mich.: City Plan Commission, 1958.

Section 8 page 21

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State mainstay Reeber Furniture Company is replaced with Mc Laughlin Early American Shop. Luther’s Bar, Claramunt Printing and Max Reich Music Shop are still operating in their spaces at 3325, 3333 and 3334 Michigan Avenue, respectively. Puritan Press is listed at 3330 Michigan Avenue. Shoe repair is available in the 3341 Michigan Avenue storefront. The theater at 3301 Michigan Avenue is vacant, joining vacancies at 3315, 3323, 3331 and the 3365 storefront of the Grosfield Building. The People’s State Bank building remains vacant, joining 3419, 3421, 3425, 3443 on the block stretching west to 24th Street. Wholesale meat operations are listed at 3445- 3349 Michigan Avenue. Water heater and transmission repair services are listed at 3430 and 3456 Michigan Avenue.

The 1968 city directory signals a new use of the vacant People’s State Bank branch as the Ambassador Club. The Michigan Secretary of State office continues operations at 3408 Michigan Avenue, next to Paddock Drugs at 3400 Michigan Avenue. Between Twenty-Second and 24th Streets moving west, vacancies or no returns are noted at 3317, 3321, 3331, 3335, 3345, 3365, 3367 (Grosfield Building), 3421, 3425, 3430, 3434, 3443, 3456 and 3457 representing buildings on the north and south sides of Michigan Avenue. The area surrounding the Grosfield Building would continue a decline, aided by movement of urban populations to suburban communities and increased land use for industrial purposes. By 1976 the Peoples State Bank branch is listed as Liberty Baptist Church.

1981 aerial photographs show an abundance of vacant lots surrounding the block on which the Grosfield Building is situated. While the block itself retains density, the lots to the south, across the alley, have lost their buildings and structures and are being used for parked semi-truck trailers. Telephone directories show a large number of vacancies and no returns on the blocks immediately east and west of the Grosfield Building. In the early 1990s People’s State Bank building was briefly used as an alternative music venue, appropriately named “Bank.”

One of the other few remaining links to the corridor’s heyday, Paddock Drugs, remained open to customers at the northwest corner of Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street until 2002. Another longtime mainstay at 3333 Michigan Avenue Claramunt Printing, owned and operated by the Claramunt family at the location since 1958, had a telephone book listing until at least 2005. Both buildings are now vacant and doors and openings covered with painted plywood and siding.

The Grosfield firm remained in the Grosfield building until 1972, when the firm relocated to the northeastern suburb of Sterling Heights, marking the end of a seventy-seven-year history of Grosfield family operations inside the Grosfield Building at the corner of Michigan Avenue and 23rd Street.

As of 2019 the area directly south of the Grosfield Building between Michigan Avenue and the Detroit River remains highly industrial in use with varying levels of vacancy. The remaining buildings on the Grosfield Building block are all vacant and storefronts concealed behind metal and wood vertical siding, painted plywood and cement block, the same occurring on the block immediately to the west. On the north side of Michigan Avenue across from the Grosfield Building between 23rd and Tillman Streets only two one-story concrete block structures are

Section 8 page 22

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State standing. One is currently used as a karate school at 3364 Michigan Avenue and 3330 Michigan Avenue is a clubhouse for the Detroit Highwaymen Motorcycle Club. There are few intact examples of the nineteenth and twentieth century commercial blocks that once lined Michigan Avenue, and only a handful of which can claim any level of architectural integrity. Alterations including metal façade treatments and vertical wood siding mask remaining notable building characteristics or materials on many of the buildings in the immediate area, including immediately to the west of the Grosfield Building. Recent interest and investment in the neighborhoods surrounding the Grosfield Building has resulted in some examples of preservation, rehabilitation, and adaptive reuse of the building stock.

Architecture

Prior to the construction of the Grosfield Building, this site was occupied by a one-story, wood- frame building at 979 Michigan Avenue and a two-story, wood-frame building at 981-983 Michigan Avenue. These buildings were partially or fully destroyed by a fire in 1893. Shortly after the fire, Grosfield contracted with architect Joseph E. Mills to design a three-story brick building with stores and flats at a projected cost of $12,000. The City of Detroit granted building permit #840 on May 19, 1893, for construction of a three-story brick double store and four dwellings on Lot 3 of Porter’s Subdivision. The building was constructed by Warren, Henwood & Brown at a final cost of $14,000.

The design of the Grosfield Building is heavily influenced by Late Victorian trends popular at the time of its construction in 1893. The Late Victorian style is generally associated with the period between 1880 and 1890, the chronologically last of three style subsets including Early Victorian (1840-1860) and High Victorian (1860-1880). These three sets fall under the broader term Victorian, which is descriptive of an age that employed highly decorative and ornate architectural styles, and are themselves comprised of additional divisions relating to stylistic influence including Victorian Italianate (1860-1885), Victorian Romanesque (1870-1890), Gingerbread (1870-1910) and Queen Anne (1880-1905). The Victorian style in the United States is a revival of the architecture and design of Europe, particularly England. While elements of the Late Victorian style were often heavily applied to residential buildings, the features were also used by architects and builders to beautify commercial architecture. Turn of the century millwork catalogs enabled easy inclusion of stylistic components such as paneled wood doors, decorative window sashes, and ornamental vergeboard, brackets and columns that could be sourced directly by the builder or owner at a reasonable price.

The design for the Grosfield Building exemplifies the commercial application of Late Victorian style and retains several characteristics of the Queen Anne subset including textured stone trim, patterned brickwork, terra cotta insets, semi-circular arched openings and a cylindrical tower with conical roof. The building was originally outfitted on the first floor with wood paneled entry doors set with transom windows above and large plate glass windows fronting the avenue. The second and third floors had double-hung windows with decorative upper sashes with a single lower pane. Stone belt courses provide an exterior visual of the interior separation of floors, running the building’s width between the first and second and second and third floors. The

Section 8 page 23

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State prominent rounded corner contains a squat tower projecting just over the parapet wall, punctuated by two square window openings and topped with a conical roof.

Architect Joseph E. Mills employed the Late Victorian style for multiple projects constructed in Detroit and vicinity, particularly in the residential realm. Intact examples of his designs are prevalent in the Detroit’s historic residential neighborhoods built in the late nineteenth century including at least ten in the Woodbridge Neighborhood Historic District (NRHP 1980). Mills’ designs are also represented in the Boston Edison Historic District (NRHP 1975), Hubbard Farms Historic District (NRHP 1993); Indian Village Historic District (NRHP 1972); New Center Area Historic District (NRHP 1982) and West Canfield Historic District (NRHP 1971). The West Canfield Historic District was designated as the City of Detroit’s first local historic district in 1970. The influence of Late Victorian styles are evident in Mills’ designs for his residential commissions. Queen Anne details such as wood porches, brackets and vergeboard, decorative brick chimneys, steeply pitched roof lines, turrets with conical tops, oversized and ornamented dormers and bay and oriel windows are common particularly in the Woodbridge and West Canfield neighborhoods. Joseph E. Mills’ use of Richardsonian Romanesque design is shown through multiple red pressed brick buildings constructed on raised foundations with deeply recessed porches and buffed sandstone trimmings. These influences are noticed particularly in his designs located in Brush Park and a double residence constructed in 1893 at 914-918 West Willis in Detroit’s Midtown neighborhood.

Mill’s design for Levi Barbour at 86 Eliot Street in Detroit’s Brush Park neighborhood shows another project influenced by Late Victorian design. Constructed in 1895, the two and a half story brick building features a pitched roof and dormer covered with slate shingles and a rounded projecting corner bay on the primary façade. The building sits on a raised foundation faced in buffed red sandstone. An entry porch is recessed behind large masonry arches. A wide variety of window sizes and shapes are employed, including ocular and bay windows. In 1926 the building was gifted to the University of Michigan, of which Barbour was a two-time graduate and member of the Board of Regents. In 1928, the university leased the property to the Prismatic Club, an all-male literary society founded in Detroit in 1867 of which Barbour was a member, for use as their clubhouse. The club remains headquartered in the building, which underwent renovations in 2015.Much of the Brush Park neighborhood is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as the Woodward East Historic District, added in 1975 but 86 Eliot lies outside the nomination boundary.

In 1899, Mills designed a home for wholesale milliner Richard H. Macauley and again turned to the Late Victorian and Queen Anne styles for influence. The building, a contributing building to the East Ferry Historic District (NRHP 1980), is two and a half story with a steeply pitched roof with dormers, projecting bay window, decorative brickwork and stone trimmings. In 2019 the building is occupied and in good condition.

Joseph E. Mills

Section 8 page 24

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State Joseph Eldred Mills was born in 1854 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and came to Detroit in 1876 after obtaining his education in Illinois. Upon arrival in Detroit, Mills worked as a draftsman under Elijah E. Myers, famed architect of many public buildings, including the state capitols of Michigan, Colorado, and Texas.31

Among Mills’ early solo commissions were a three-story brick school for the City of Dearborn in 1893; the 1895 Levi Barbour House (currently the Prismatic Club), 86 Eliot Street; the 1899 Richard H. Macauley House, 270 East Ferry Avenue; and the 1905 Oakland County Courthouse (demolished), which was selected from among the plans submitted by “several of the greatest architects in the United States.”32 Mills also designed the 1911 Harrison County Courthouse in Logan, Iowa; a number of industrial buildings and residences in Detroit, and several buildings around the state of Michigan.

After several years in solo practice, Mills partnered with his son Byron Eldred Mills, a graduate of the University of Michigan, in 1913 to form Joseph E. Mills & Son. In 1914 the partnership relocated to the newly opened Kresge Building on Adams Avenue in Grand Circus Park as “the growth of business required more commodious quarters.”33 The firm’s public commissions in Michigan included school houses in Detroit and Dearborn, a State Asylum in Ionia, hospitals in Grosse Pointe and Pontiac, and at least one county building. Mills & Son continued to design single family residences, apartment houses and terraces, stores, and factories, in addition to the remodeling and expansion of existing buildings. Among the firm’s numerous commissions are the 1916 Lafer Brothers Building, a contributing resource in the Broadway Avenue Historic District (NRHP 2004) in downtown Detroit; and the1919 Marantha Baptist Church at 2900 East Grand Boulevard, a contributing resource in the City of Detroit Jam Handy/North End/East Grand Boulevard Local Historic District.

Joseph E. Mills died in 1919 at his home in Detroit after an extended illness. After his father’s death, Byron E. Mills retained the Kresge Building office and continued practicing architecture under his own name. He designed school buildings, commercial additions, and private homes in Detroit and surrounding suburban communities. Byron E. Mills retired after practicing architecture and working as an inspector for the Federal Housing Administration. He died in Detroit in 1969.

31 Weeks, J.W. Detroit City Directory for 1879. Detroit: J.W. Weeks Co. 1879. p. 559. 32 Seeley, Thaddeus D. History of Oakland County, Vol. 1. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co. 1912. p. 207. 33 “Architect Firm Moves to Kresge Building” Detroit Free Press. Sept. 14, 1914. p. 8.

Section 8 page 25

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State ______9. Major Bibliographical References

Bibliography (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form.)

“A Suburban Boom – New Buildings.” Detroit Free Press. June 23, 1889. “Architect Firm Moves to Kresge Building” Detroit Free Press. Sept. 14, 1914. Bergquist, James. M. “German Communities in American Cities: An Interpretation of the Nineteenth-Century Experience.” Journal of American Ethnic History, 1984. Burton, Clarence Monroe. Lists of Street in Detroit, the Names of Which Have Been Changed. Detroit: Wayne County Abstract Office, 1891. Burton, Clarence Monroe. The City of Detroit, 1701 -1922, Vol. 3. Detroit, Mich.: SJ Clarke, 1922. Burton, Clarence Monroe. The City of Detroit, 1701 -1922, Vol. 4. Detroit, Mich.: SJ Clarke, 1922. City of Detroit Building Permit #840. Issued May 19, 1893. City of Detroit Plan Commission. The People of Detroit. Detroit, Mich.: City of Detroit. 1946. City of Detroit Plan Commission. Industrial Redevelopment, West Side Industrial District. Detroit, Mich.: City of Detroit, 1958. Daughter to End Long Vigil over Shop with Historic Past.” Detroit Free Press. February 21, 1940. Detroit of To-Day, the City of the Strait: Its Growth, Resources, Commerce, Manufacturing Concerns, Financial Institutions and Prospects ... Also Views of the ... World's Columbian Exposition. Detroit, Mich.: Phoenix Publishing Company, 1893. Dunbar, Willis F. and May, George S. Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State. 3rd ed. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1995. Farmer, Silas. The History of Detroit and Michigan. Detroit: Silas Farmer & Co. 1884. Graff, George P. The People of Michigan. Lansing: Michigan Department of Education, 1972. Hill, Alex B. “Population Density Map 1925 Detroit City Census.” Detroitography.com. https://detroitography.com/2016/10/12/population-density-map-1925-city-census/. “Investors Read This.” Detroit Free Press. May 21, 1893. Jeffery, Jno B. Jeffery's Guide and Directory to the Opera Houses, Theatres, Public Halls, Bill Posters, Etc. of the Cities and Towns of America. 11th Edition. Chicago: Jno B. Jeffery. 1889. Keep, Helen E. and Burton, M. Agnes. Guide to Detroit. Detroit: Detroit News Company, 1914. “Last Week’s Sales” Detroit Free Press. December 23, 1900. Lodge, John Christian. I Remember Detroit. Detroit: Wayne University Press, 1940. Marquis, Albert Nelson. The Book of Detroiters. Chicago, Ill.: A. N. Marquis & Company, 1908. Melaina, Marc W. “Turn of the Century Refueling: A Review of Innovations in Early Gasoline Refueling Methods and Analogies for Hydrogen.” Energy Policy. Vol. 35 June 2007. “Michigan Avenue A Growing Retail District” Detroit Free Press. July 25, 1906. Michigan Highways: The Great Routes of the Great Lakes State. “Historic Byways and Heritage Routes.” http://www.michiganhighways.org/other/byways_historic.html. “News of the Architects, Building Permits.” Detroit Free Press. July 10, 1904.

Sections 9-end page 26

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State “Old Firm is Dissolved.” Detroit Free Press. September 13, 1910. Poremba, David Lee ed. Detroit in its World Setting: A Three Hundred Year Chronology, 1701- 2001. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2001. “Sales and Notes.” Detroit Free Press. March 20, 1904. Seeley, Thaddeus D. History of Oakland County, Vol. 1. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Co. 1912. Weeks, J.W. Detroit City Directory for 1879. Detroit: J.W. Weeks Co. 1879.

______

Previous documentation on file (NPS):

____ preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67) has been requested ____ previously listed in the National Register ____ previously determined eligible by the National Register ____ designated a National Historic Landmark ____ recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey #______recorded by Historic American Engineering Record # ______recorded by Historic American Landscape Survey # ______

Primary location of additional data: ____ State Historic Preservation Office ____ Other State agency ____ Federal agency ____ Local government ____ University ____ Other Name of repository: ______

Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): ______

______10. Geographical Data

Acreage of Property 0.141______

Use either the UTM system or latitude/longitude coordinates

Latitude/Longitude Coordinates (decimal degrees) Datum if other than WGS84:______

Sections 9-end page 27

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State (enter coordinates to 6 decimal places) 1. Latitude: 42.331369 Longitude: -83.089942

2. Latitude: Longitude:

3. Latitude: Longitude:

4. Latitude: Longitude:

Or UTM References Datum (indicated on USGS map):

NAD 1927 or NAD 1983

1. Zone: Easting: Northing:

2. Zone: Easting: Northing:

3. Zone: Easting: Northing:

4. Zone: Easting : Northing:

Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property.)

South Michigan West 45.78 Feet Lot 3 Fishers Subdivision of the Eastern Part of Lots 62 and 63 Porter Farm according to the plat thereof. Recorded in Liber 1, Page 38, Plats, Wayne County Register 12/39.

Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected.)

The boundary is the legal boundary of the parcel on which the building is situated.

Sections 9-end page 28

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State

______11. Form Prepared By

name/title: _Dawn Bilobran______organization: _313 Historic Preservation______street & number: P.O. Box 32853______city or town: Detroit state: __MI______zip code:_48232 _ e-mail_dbilobran313hp.com______telephone:__(313) 355-3479______date: February 12, 2019______

______

Additional Documentation

Submit the following items with the completed form:

• Maps: A USGS map or equivalent (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location.

• Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Key all photographs to this map.

• Additional items: (Check with the SHPO, TPO, or FPO for any additional items.)

Photographs Submit clear and descriptive photographs. The size of each image must be 1600x1200 pixels (minimum), 3000x2000 preferred, at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger. Key all photographs to the sketch map. Each photograph must be numbered and that number must correspond to the photograph number on the photo log. For simplicity, the name of the photographer, photo date, etc. may be listed once on the photograph log and doesn’t need to be labeled on every photograph.

Photo Log

1 of 9 Name of Property: Grosfield Building City or Vicinity: Detroit County: Wayne

Sections 9-end page 29

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State State: Michigan Photographer: Dawn A. Bilobran Date Photographed: June 28, 2018 Description: View of Grosfield Building facing east showing Michigan Ave. streetscape

2 of 9 Name of Property: Grosfield Building City or Vicinity: Detroit County: Wayne State: Michigan Photographer: Dawn A. Bilobran Date Photographed: June 28, 2018 Description: View facing south showing Grosfield Building façade

3 of 9 Name of Property: Grosfield Building City or Vicinity: Detroit County: Wayne State: Michigan Photographer: Dawn A. Bilobran Date Photographed: June 28, 2018 Description: View facing east showing Grosfield Building corner/entry

4 of 9 Name of Property: Grosfield Building City or Vicinity: Detroit County: Wayne State: Michigan Photographer: Dawn A. Bilobran Date Photographed: June 28, 2018 Description: View facing east showing Grosfield Building 23rd Street frontage

5 of 9 Name of Property: Grosfield Building City or Vicinity: Detroit County: Wayne State: Michigan Photographer: Dawn A. Bilobran Date Photographed: June 28, 2018 Description: View showing detail of “Grosfield” nameplate on Grosfield Building

6 of 9 Name of Property: Grosfield Building City or Vicinity: Detroit

Sections 9-end page 30

United States Department of the Interior National Park Service / National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018

Grosfield Building Wayne County, Michigan Name of Property County and State County: Wayne State: Michigan Photographer: Dawn A. Bilobran Date Photographed: June 28, 2018 Description: Interior view facing north showing corner storefront entry and decorative tin ceiling

7 of 9 Name of Property: Grosfield Building City or Vicinity: Detroit County: Wayne State: Michigan Photographer: Dawn A. Bilobran Date Photographed: June 28, 2018 Description: View facing west showing first floor elevation and secondary entry window; basement level stone foundation and blocked up opening to 23rd Street

8 of 9 Name of Property: Grosfield Building City or Vicinity: Detroit County: Wayne State: Michigan Photographer: Dawn A. Bilobran Date Photographed: June 28, 2018 Description: View facing south of second floor

9 of 9 Name of Property: Grosfield Building City or Vicinity: Detroit County: Wayne State: Michigan Photographer: Dawn A. Bilobran Date Photographed: June 28, 2018 Description: View facing north of third floor

Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 100 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Office of Planning and Performance Management. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C. Street, NW, Washington, DC.

Sections 9-end page 31

Grosfield Building 3365 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan

Lat./Long.: 42.331369 / -83.089942

Map Source: ArcGIS Earth 1.8 Michigan Ave

23rd St

Grosfield Building 3365 Michigan Avenue, Detroit, Wayne County, Michigan

Lat./Long.: 42.331369 / -83.089942

Map Source: ArcGIS Earth 1.8 LEGAL DESCRIPTION: 3365 3365 MICHIGAN AVENUE PARCEL ID 12000322 S MICHIGAN W45.78 FT 3FISHERS SUB OF EASTERN PT OF LOTSL1 P38 PLATS, W C R 12/39 45.78X150

In: Central Southwest, 48216, Census Tract 5213, Council District 6, Detroit, MI, Wayne County, MI

3365 MICHIGAN AVENUE PARCEL ID 12000322

ALLEY (20' ROW)

07/15/18 NEZ/OPRA Application REV 07/03/18 NEZ/OPRA Application 04/04/17 Stabilization Permit

Date: Issued For:

Grosﬁeld Lofts

3363-3365 Michigan Avenue Detroit, Michigan

350 Madison Avenue Detroit, Michigan 48226 4th Floor 313 549 2790 voice http://www.studiozonedetroit.com 313 872 5638 fax

Project Number: 2017-05 Sheet Title: 3365 MICHIGAN EXISTING 3365 MICHIGAN EXISTING SITE PLAN 1 SITE PLAN SCALE: 1" = 40'-0" Sheet Number:

0' 5' 10' 20' 50' 60' A2.00

12 7 6 12 7 6

39'-9 3/4" 39'-9 11/16"

1 A5.00 UP

I DOWN

DOWN

3 3 A5.00 A5.00 78'-7 1/2" 78'-7 93'-3" 96'-0 1/2" 96'-0 108'-1" 108'-1" 78'-7 1/2" 78'-7

UP DOWN 4 A5.00

19'-2 1/4" 19'-0" 19'-2 1/4" 19'-0" 4 A5.00

39'-2" 39'-2"

12 7 6 12 7 6

04/04/17 Stabilization Permit

Date: Issued For:

2 2 Grosﬁeld Lofts A5.00 A5.00 3363-3365 Michigan Avenue Detroit, Michigan

350 Madison Avenue Detroit, Michigan 48226 4th Floor 313 549 2790 voice http://www.studiozonedetroit.com 313 872 5638 fax

3365 MICHIGAN EXISTING BASEMENT FLOOR PLAN Project Number: 2 3365 MICHIGAN EXISTING 1ST FLOOR PLAN 2017-05 SCALE: 1/8" = 1'-0" 1 Sheet Title: SCALE: 1/8" = 1'-0" 3365 MICHIGAN EXISTING BASEMENT 0' 4' 10' 20' 40' 50' 0' 4' 10' 20' 40' 50' & 1ST FLOOR PLANS

Sheet Number: A3.01

1 REMOVE EXISTING WINDOWS

2 REMOVE EXISTING DOORS

3 COLLAPSED WALL

12 7 6 12 7 6

41'-3" 39'-10"

1 1 A5.00 A5.00

I I

DOWN

DOWN 3 3 A5.00 A5.00

DOWN

DOWN 96'-7 1/2" 96'-7 93'-11 1/2" 93'-11 108'-1" 108'-1" 81'-1" 78'-10" 78'-10"

3 3

19'-2 1/2" 19'-0"

3 3 3 4 4 A5.00 19'-2 1/2" 19'-0" A5.00

42'-0" 24'-6" 24'-6"

A A A

42'-0"

04/04/17 Stabilization Permit 12 7 6 12 7 6 Date: Issued For:

Grosﬁeld Lofts

3363-3365 Michigan Avenue 2 2 Detroit, Michigan A5.00 A5.00

350 Madison Avenue Detroit, Michigan 48226 4th Floor 313 549 2790 voice 3365 MICHIGAN EXISTING 3RD FLOOR PLAN 3365 MICHIGAN EXISTING 2ND FLOOR PLAN http://www.studiozonedetroit.com 313 872 5638 fax 2 1 Project Number: 2017-05 SCALE: 1/8" = 1'-0" SCALE: 1/8" = 1'-0" Sheet Title: 3365 MICHIGAN 0' 4' 10' 20' 40' 50' 0' 4' 10' 20' 40' 50' EXISTING 2ND & 3RD FLOOR PLANS

Sheet Number: A3.02