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Continue Bacteria time range: 4100-0Ma (2) Had. Archaic proterozoic fan. Sodium - The recent E. coli Escherichia has increased 15,000 times. TaxonomyDomen: BacteriaErenberg 1828 sensu Woese, Candler and Wheelis 1990 Thermomicrobials Diedermicos (Gram negative) Atidobachacteria, Akifiki, Armatimenadeths, Bacteroids, Caldizerica, Chlamydia, Chlorobi, Chrysiogenets, Cyanobacteria, Otreabibakters, Deinococus-Termus, Dictionoglomi, Elusimitrobia, Elusimorobia, Gemmaimonedet, Kiritimatiellae, Lentisfaer, Nitrospira, Planktonite, Proteobactery, Thermodesulfobacteria, Thermotoghe, Verru Candidate Blades, Absconditabacteria, Acetothermia, Egiribacteria, Aerofonet, Aninicanates, Atribacteria, Berkelbacteria, Kalesakaantes, Calditiceota , Cloacimonetes, Coprothermobacterota, Dadabacteria, Dependent, Dormibacteraeota, Dojkabacteria, Fervidibacteria, Fermentibacteria, Gracilibacteria, Hydrogenedents, Ignavibacteria, Katanobacteria , Kryptonia, Latescibacteria, Marinimicrobia, Melenabacteria, Superphilo Microgenomathes, Modribacteria, Nitrospina, Omnitromics, Superphilo Parkcoubacteria, Peregrinibacteria, Poribacteria, Pyropristinus, Rokubacteria, Saharibacteria, Tectomcrobia, Virtacteria, Cicibacteria microorganisms measuring several micrometers (usually from 0.5 to 5 mm in length) and various forms, including spheres (coconuts), bars (bacilli), curved threads (vibrions) and helical (spirots). Bacteria are prokaryotic cells, so unlike eukaryotic cells (animals, plants, fungi, etc.), they do not have a specific nucleus or tend to have internal membranous organelles. They usually have a cell wall and it consists of peptidoglycan (also called moraine). Many bacteria have disasters or other systems of movement and are mobile. Bacteriology, the microbiology industry, is responsible for the study of bacteria. Although the term bacteria has traditionally included all prokaryotes, today taxonoomy and scientific nomenclature divide them into two groups. These evolutionary areas are called bacteria and archaea. The division is justified by the large differences represented by both groups at the biochemical and genetic level. The main difference in archaea is the frequent presence of the peptidoglycan wall together with its composition in membrane lipids. Bacteria are the most common organisms on the planet. They are ubiquitous, inhabited in all terrestrial and aquatic habitats; Grow at extremes, as in hot and acid sources, in radioactive waste, deep in the sea and earth crust. Some bacteria can even survive in extreme open space conditions. It is estimated that about 40 million bacterial cells can be found in one gram of soil and one million bacterial cells per milliliter of fresh water. In total, there are an estimated 5×1030 bacteria in the world. Bacteria are necessary for the processing of elements, as many important stages of biogeochemical cycles depend on them. Examples include the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. However, only half of the known edges of bacteria have species that can be grown in the lab, so most (about 90%) have a variety of bacteria. existing species of bacteria have not yet been described. The human body has about ten times more bacterial cells than human cells, with more bacteria in the skin and digestive tract. Although the immune system's protective effect makes the vast majority of these bacteria harmless or beneficial, some pathogenic bacteria can cause infectious diseases, including cholera, diphtheria, scarlet fever, leprosy, syphilis, typhoid, etc. Antibiotics are used worldwide to treat bacterial infections. Antibiotics are effective against bacteria because they inhibit the formation of cell walls or stop other processes in their life cycle. They are also widely used in agriculture and livestock in the absence of disease, making bacteria's antibiotic resistance widespread. In industry, bacteria are important in processes such as wastewater treatment, the production of butter, cheese, vinegar, yogurt, etc., as well as in the production of medicines and other chemicals. The history of bacteriology by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the first person to observe the bacterium through a microscope. The existence of microorganisms was a hypothesis in the late Middle Ages. In Canon Medicine (1020), Aba al-Aan (Avicena) presented that bodily secretions were contaminated with many infectious inordous bodies before a person fell ill, but he did not identify these bodies as the first cause of the disease. When the black plague (bubonic plague) reached al-Andalus in the 14th century, Ibn Hathim and Ibn they wrote that infectious diseases were caused by contagious creatures entering the human body. These ideas about contagion as the cause of some diseases became very popular during the Renaissance, especially thanks to the works of Girolamo Fracastoro. The first bacteria were spotted by the Dutchman Anton van Leuvenhoek in 1676 using a simple microscope developed by himself. He first called them animalculos and published his observations in a series of letters he sent to the Royal Society of London. Mark von Plenz (18th century) claimed that infectious diseases were caused by small organisms discovered by Levenhok. The name of the bacterium was later introduced, in 1828, by Ehrenberg, derived from the Greek bacterium βακτήριον, which means small ski. In 1835, Agostyno Bassi was able to experimentally demonstrate that silkworm disease has a microbial origin, and then concluded that many diseases, such as typhoid, syphilis and cholera, would have a similar origin. In the 1850s classification, bacteria called Schizomycetes were placed in the plant kingdom and in 1875 they were grouped together with blue-green algae in Shizofit. A cholera patient. Louis Pasteur demonstrated in 1859 that fermentation processes were caused by the growth of microorganisms, and that such growth was not due to the spontaneous generation as previously assumed. (Neither yeast, mold, nor fungi, organisms usually associated with these fermentation processes are bacteria). Pasteur, like his contemporary and colleague Robert Koch, was one of the early proponents of microbial disease theory. Robert Koch was a pioneer of medical microbiology, working with various infectious diseases such as cholera, anthrax and tuberculosis. Koch was able to prove the microbial theory of the disease after his research in tuberculosis, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1905. He found that koch's postulates have since been called, by which a number of experimental criteria have been standardized to demonstrate whether the body is the cause of a disease. These postulates are still in use today. Although bacteria were already known as the cause of many diseases in the late 19th century, there were no antibacterial treatments to fight them. In 1882, Paul Ehrlich, a pioneer in the use of dyes and dyes to detect and identify bacteria, discovers the staining of the Bacillus Koha (zil-Nielsen stain), which is soon being perfected The pot and Nielsen on their own. In 1884, the coloration of a gram was discovered. Ehrlich won the Nobel Prize in 1908 for his work in immunology, and in 1910 developed the first antibiotic through dyes capable of selectively staining and killing the spirochets of the Treponema pallidum species, the bacteria that cause syphilis. A breakthrough in the study of bacteria was the discovery of Carl Woese in 1977 that archaea have a different evolutionary line than bacteria. This new phylogenetic taxonomic was based on the sequencing of 16S ribosomes RNA and divided the prokaryotes into two different evolutionary groups, in a system of three regions: Arkea, Bacteria and Euaria. The Origin and Evolution of Bacteria See also: A timeline of the evolutionary life story of the Philogenetic Tree of Life. Bacteria are shown on the left. A cladogram showing a temporary discrepancy between the main edges of bacteria, archaea and eukaryote. Currently, living creatures are divided into three regions: bacteria (bacteria), archaea (Archaea) and eukaryotes (Eukary). Areas of archaea and bacteria include prokaryotic organisms, i.e. those whose cells do not have a separate nucleus of cells, while the Eukary region includes the most famous and complex forms of life (protists, animals, fungi and plants). The term bacteria is traditionally applied to all prokaryote microorganisms. However, molecular phylogeny has been able to demonstrate that prokaryote microorganisms are divided into two regions, originally called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, and are now renamed bacteria and archaea that evolved independently of the common ancestor. These two areas, along with the Eukarya domain, form the basis of the three domain system, which is currently the most widely used bacteriology classification system. The term Venus, which is currently being deprete, in the ancient classification of the five kingdoms meant the same thing as the prokaryote, and therefore continues to be used in many manuals and textbooks. The ancestors of modern prokaryotes were the first organisms (first cells) that developed on Earth about 4.25 billion years ago. For nearly 3 billion years all organisms remained microscopic, with bacteria and arches probably dominating life forms. Although there are bacterial fossils such as stromatolites without preserving their distinctive morphology they cannot be used to study the history of bacterial evolution, or the origin of a particular bacterial species. however, genetic sequences can be used to restore the phylogeny of living things, and these studies show that archaea and eukaryotes are more related to each other than to bacteria. It is now being challenged whether the first prokaryotes were bacteria or archaea. Some researchers believe that the bacterium is the oldest domain with Archaea and Eukarya derived from it, while others consider the oldest domain to be Archaea. Instead, other scientists argue that both Archaea and Eukaryium are relatively recent (about 900 million years ago) and that they evolved from gram-positive bacteria (probably Actinobacteria), which by replacing the bacterial wall of peptidogly with another glucoprotein will lead to a neomura-organism. It has been suggested that the last universal common ancestor of bacteria and archaea is a thermophile that lived 4,250 million years ago during the Hellish Eon. The fork between the archaea and the bacteria occurred 4.1 billion years ago, while eukaryotes later appeared in the middle of the paleopproterosis. Most bacterial edges originated during archaic. Thermophilic bacteria and ultra-small bacteria (CPRs) were separated from other bacteria in late hasdic and early archaic. Large bacterial hoards of Gracilicutes and Terrabacteria originated in the middle of archaic 3180 million years ago. The bacteria were also involved in the second large evolutionary divergence that separated Archaea from Eucaria. Mitochondria eukaryotes are thought to come from the anosobiosis of alpha proteobacteria. In this case, the ancestor eukaryotes, possibly associated with archaea (the organism of neomur), swallowed proteobacteria, which, escaping from digestion, developed in the cytoplasm and gave birth to mitochondria. They can be found in all eukaryotes, though sometimes in very small forms, like the amitochondrial protests. Then, and independently, the second endosymbiosis of some mitochondrial eukaryote with cyanobacteria led to the formation of algae and plant chloroplasts. Even some groups of algae are known, which clearly arose as a result of subsequent events of endosymbiosis heterotrophic eukaryotes, which after the search for eukaryotic algae became a second-generation plastic. Bacterial morphology There are bacteria with several morpholologies. Bacteria have a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Most of them are ten times smaller in size than However, some species such as Thiomargarita namibiensis and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reach 0.5 mm, making them visible to the naked eye. At the other end are smaller known bacteria, including those belonging to the genus Mycoplasma, which reach only 0.3 m, that is, the same small as larger viruses. The shape of bacteria is very diverse and often the same species takes on different morphological types known as pleomorphism. In any case, we can identify three main types of bacteria: coconut (from Greek cockcos, grains): spherically. Diplocoko: coconuts in groups of two people. Tetracoco: coconuts in groups of four people. Streptococcus: coconuts in chains. Staphylococcus: coconuts in irregular or cluster cluster clusters. Bacillus (from Latin baculus, web): in the form of a stick. Helical shape: Vibrio: Slightly curved and coma shaped, beans, peanuts or cornered. Spiryl: a rigid helium or slingshot shape. Spirocheta: in the form of a slingshot (flexible helical). Some species even have tetraetric or cubic forms. This large variety of forms is ultimately determined by the composition of the cell wall and cytoskeleton, which is vital as it can affect the ability of bacteria to acquire nutrients, bind to surfaces or move in the presence of stimuli. Below are different species with different models of associations: Neisseria gonorrhoeae in diploid (steam) form. Streptococcus in the form of chains. Cluster-shaped staphylococcus. Actinobacteria in the form of threads. These strands are usually surrounded by a pod containing many individual cells, and can branch out, such as the genus Nocardia, thereby acquiring the appearance of the mycelium fungus. The range of sizes represented by prokaryotic cells compared to other organisms and biomolecules. Bacteria have the ability to anchor on certain surfaces and form a set of cells in the form of a layer called biofilm or biofilm, which can be from a few micrometers to half a meter thick. These biofilms can collect different types of bacteria, as well as proteists and archaea, and are characterized by the formation of a conglomerate of cells and extracellular components, thus reaching a higher level of organization or secondary structure called microcolenation, through which there are many channels to facilitate the spread of nutrients. In natural environments, such as soil or plant surfaces, most bacteria surfaces in the form of biofilms. Such biofilms should be taken into account in chronic bacterial infections and medical implants, as the bacteria that make up these structures are much more difficult to eradicate than individual bacteria. Finally, it is worth noting an even more complex type of morphology observed in some microorganisms of the group of mixobacteria. When these bacteria are in the environment of amino acid deficiency they are able to detect surrounding cells, in a process known as quorum perception, in which all cells migrate to each other and are added, resulting in a fruity body that can reach 0.5 mm in length and contain about 100,000 cells. Once this structure has been formed, bacteria are able to perform different functions, i.e. they differ, thus reaching a certain level of multicellular organization. For example, one to ten cells migrate to the upper part of the fruit-bearing body and, once there, differentiate lead to a type of hidden cells called mixospores that are more resistant to drying out and, in general, adverse environmental conditions. Bacterial cellular structure bacterial cell structure. A-Pili; B-Ribosomes; C capsule; D-Cell Wall; E-Flagelo; F-cytoplasm; G-Vacuola; H-plasmid; I-nucleoid; J-Cytoplasmic membrane. Bacteria are relatively simple organisms. Its size is very small, about 2 mm wide and 7-8 mm in length in the cylindrical shape (bacillus) medium size; although species of 0.5-1.5 m are very common. Because they are prokaryote organisms, they have corresponding basic characteristics, such as the absence of a nucleus delimitated by the membrane, although they have a nucleoid, an elementary structure containing a large round DNA molecule. The cytoplasm lacks the membrane-delimit organelles and protoplasmic formations characteristic of eukaryotic cells. In the cytoplasm, plasmids can be seen small round DNA molecules that coexist with nucleoids, contain genes and are commonly used by procarions in conjugation. Cytoplasm also contains vacuoles (granules containing backup substances) and ribosomes (used in protein synthesis). The cytoplasmic membrane, consisting of lipids, surrounds the cytoplasm and, like plant cells, most of them have a cell wall, which in this case consists of peptidoglycan (muruin). Most bacteria also have a second lipid membrane (external membrane) surrounding the cell wall. The space between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall (or if it exists) is called periplastic space. Some bacteria have one capsule, while others are able to develop as endosporas, hidden states capable of resisting extreme conditions. Among the external formations of bacterial cells are pests and saw. The intracellular structure of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria is similar to plants and animals, although it usually has no cholesterol. The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane has a structure similar to that of plants and animals. It is a lipid bip consisting mainly of phospholipids, which are inserted into protein molecules. In bacteria, it performs numerous functions, including osmotic barrier, transport, biosynthesis, energy transduction, DNA replication center and an anchor point for the flagella. Unlike eukaryotic membranes, it usually does not contain steriole (exceptions are mycoplasma and some proteobacteria), although it may contain similar components called hopanoids. Many important biochemical reactions that occur in cells are caused by the presence of concentration gradients on both sides of the membrane. This gradient creates a potential difference similar to an electric battery and allows the cell, for example, to transport electrons and generate energy. The absence of internal membranes in bacteria means that these reactions must occur through the cytoplasmic membrane, between the cytoplasm and periplasmic space. Since bacteria are prokaryotes, they do not have cytoplasmic organelles, delimitated membranes, and appear to have few intracellular structures. They lack the cell nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts and other organelles present in eukaryotic cells such as the Golga apparatus and endoplasmic rithiclum. Some bacteria contain intracellular structures surrounded by membranes that can be considered primitive organelles called prokaryote compartments. Examples are cyanobacteria tilaxoids, compartments containing ammonium monooxygenase in nitrosomonadaceae, and various structures in Planctomycetes. Like all living organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes for protein synthesis, but they are different from eukaryotes. The structure of ribosomes and ribosomes RNA archaea and bacteria are similar, both ribosomes type 70S, while eukaryotic ribosomes type 80S. However, most archaea ribosomes, translating factors and ARNt are more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria. Many bacteria have vacuoles, pellets to store substances such as glycogen, polyphosphate, sulfur or polyhydroxyalcannatoa. Some photosynthetic bacterial species, such as cyanobacteria, produce internal gas bubbles, which they use to regulate their buoyancy to reach depth with optimal light intensity or optimal nutrient levels. Other structures present in some species are carboxisoma (containing enzymes for carbon capture) and magnetosoma (for magnetic orientation). Elements of the Caulobacter crescentus cytoskeleton. In the picture, these prokaryotic elements are associated with their eukaryotic counterparts, and their cellular function is assumed. It should be noted that the functions in the Ftc-MeB pair were abolished during evolution, becoming a tubulin-actin. Bacteria do not have a membrane nucleus. Genetic material is organized into a single chromosome located in the cytoplasm, in an irregular body called nucleoid. Most bacterial chromosomes are circular, although there are several examples of linear chromosomes, such as Borrelia burgdorferi. Nucleoid contains a chromosome along with accompanying proteins and RNA. Ordering Planctomycetes is an exception, as the membrane surrounds its nucleoid and has several cellular structures delimitated by membranes. It was previously thought that prokaryotic cells did not possess cytoskeleton, but since then bacterial analogues of the main proteins eukaryote cytoskeleton have been found. These include the structural proteins Fts (which is collected in a ring for intermediaries during the division of bacterial cells) and MreB (which determines the width of the cell). Bacterial cytoskelet plays an important role in protecting, determining the shape of a bacterial cell and in cell division. The extracellular structures of the Bacteria have a cell wall that surrounds their cytoplasmic membrane. Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (formerly called muruin). This substance consists of polysacical chains connected by unusual peptides containing amino acids D. The walls of bacterial cells differ from the walls of plants and fungi consisting of cellulose and chitin, respectively. They are also different from the cell walls of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan. The antibiotic penicillin can kill a lot of bacteria by inhibiting the step of synthesis of peptidoglycan. Bacterial cell walls. Gram-positive bacteria. 1-cytoplasmic membrane, 2-cell wall, 3-periplastic space. Below: Gram-negative bacteria. 4- cytoplasmic membrane, 5-cell wall, 6-outer membrane, 7-periplastic space. There are two different types of bacterial cell walls called Gram-positive and gram-negative, respectively. These names come from cell wall response to gram staining, a method traditionally used for the classification of bacterial species. Gram- positive bacteria have a thick cell wall containing numerous layers of peptidoglycan, which is inserted into theeous acid. In contrast, gram-negative bacteria have a relatively thin wall consisting of several layers of peptidalycan, surrounded by a second lipid membrane (external membrane) containing lipopolisaccharides and lipoproteins. Mycoplasmas are an exception because they lack a cell wall. Most bacteria have gram-negative cell walls; only Gram-positive Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. These two groups were previously known as Gram-positive low-bacteria GC and high GC-positive bacteria, respectively. These differences in the structure of cell walls lead to differences in susceptibility to antibiotics. For example, vancomycin can only kill gram-positive bacteria and is ineffective against gram-negative pathogens such as hemophilic flus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inside the edge of Actinobacteria you can make a special mention of the genus Mycobacterium, which although it hits the Gram positive, does not seem empirical, since its wall does not retain dye. This is because they have a rare cell wall rich in mycolytic acids, hydrophobic and waxy and quite thick, which gives them great resilience. Helicobacter pylori is seen under an electron microscope, showing numerous disasters on the cell surface. Many bacteria have an S-layer rigid structure of protein molecules that cover the cell wall. This layer provides chemical and physical protection to the cell surface and can act as macromolecular diffusion barriers. Layers S have different (but not yet well understood) functions. For example, in the Campylobacter genus they act as virulence factors, and in Bacillus stearothermophilus species contain superficial enzymes. Beachy is a long filament appendage made up of proteins and used for movement. They have a diameter of about 20 nm and a length of up to 20 m. Disasters are driven by energy derived from the transmission of ions. This transmission is due to electrochemical gradient that exists between both sides of the cytoplasmic membrane. Escherichia coli has about 100-200 fimbriums, which it uses to adhere to epithelial cells or urogenital tract. Fimbrias are thin strands of proteins that are distributed across the surface of the cell. They have a diameter of about 2-10 nm and a length of up to several meters. When observed through an electron microscope, they resemble thin hair. Fimbrias help bacteria stick to hard surfaces or other cells and are essential in the virulence of some pathogens. They drank slightly more cell appendages than fimbria and are used to transmit genetic material between bacteria in a process called bacterial conjugation. Bacterial extracellular structures: 1-capsule, 2-glycocalix (mucous layer), 3-biofilm. Many bacteria are able to accumulate material on the outside to cover their surface. Depending on the rigidity and its relationship to the cell, they are classified into capsules and glycocalix. The capsule is a rigid structure that is firmly attached to the bacterial surface, where it is flexible and joins the weak. These structures protect bacteria, making it difficult for them to be phagocytic eukaryotic cells such as macrophases. They can also act as antigens and participate in bacterial recognition, as well as in the formation of surface and biofilm. The formation of these extracellular structures depends on the bacterial secretion system. This system transmits proteins from the cytoplasm to the periplasma or to the space around the cell. There are many types of secretion systems that are often necessary for the virulence of pathogens, so they are widely studied. Endospors see also: Bacterial spores Bacillus anthracis (purple coloration) developing in cerebrosal fluid. Each small segment is a bacterium. Some births of gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter and Heliobacterium, can form endospores. Endosporas are highly resistant sleeping structures whose main function is to survive in adverse environments. In almost all cases, endosporas are not part of the reproductive process, although anaerobacter can form up to seven endospors from a single cell. Endosporas have a central base of cytoplasm containing DNA and ribosomes, surrounded by bark and protected by a waterproof and rigid coating. Endospores have no detectable metabolism and can survive in physical and chemical conditions such as high levels of ultraviolet light, gamma rays, detergents, disinfectants, heat, pressure and drying. In this dormant state, bacteria can continue to live millions of years and even survive in the radiation and emptiness of outer space. Endosporas can also cause disease. For example, anthrax can be contracted by inhaling Bacillus anthracis endospores and tetanus from Clostridium tetani endospor wound pollution. Metabolism Main article: Microbial metabolism Philament (colony) photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Unlike higher organisms, bacteria have a wide range of metabolic types. The distribution of these metabolic types in the bacterial group has traditionally been used to determine their taxonom, but these traits often do not correspond to modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified on the basis of three important criteria: carbon origin, energy source and electron donors. An additional criterion for classifying breathable microorganisms is the electronic receptor used in breathing. Depending on the carbon source, bacteria can be classified as: Heterotrophs, when using organic compounds. Autotrophic, when cellular carbon is obtained by fixing carbon dioxide. Typical autotrophic bacteria are photosynthetic cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria and some purple bacteria. But there are many other chemolytotrophys, such as nitricide bacteria and sulfur oxidizer. Depending on the energy source, bacteria can be: phototrophy when they use light through photosynthesis. Hemotrophs when they receive energy from chemicals that are oxidized mainly by oxygen (aerobic breathing) or other alternative electron receptors (anaerobic breathing). According to electron donors, bacteria can also be classified as: litotrophs if they are used as donors to inorganic electron compounds. Organotrophs if used as donors of organic electron compounds. Chemotrophic organisms use electron donors for energy conservation (during aerobic breath, anaerobic and fermentation) and for biosynthetic reactions (e.g. carbon dioxide capture), while phototrophic organisms use them only for biosynthetic purposes. Regato is where there are iron bacteria that provide you with that reddish color. These chemolytotrophic microorganisms receive the energy they need from oxide oxidation iron oxide. Respiratory organisms use chemical compounds as an energy source, taking electrons from a reduced substrate and transferring them to the terminal electron receptor in the redox reaction. This reaction gives out energy that can be used to synthesize ATP to preserve an active metabolism. In aerobic organisms, oxygen is used as an electronic receptor. Other inorganic compounds such as nitrates, sulfates or carbon dioxide are used as electronic receptors in anaerobic organisms. This leads to important biogeochemical processes of deetitrifi, reduction of sulfate and acetogenesis, respectively. Another possibility is fermentation, incomplete oxidation process, completely anaerobic, the final product is an organic compound, which when contracted will be the final receptor of electrons. Examples of reduced fermentation products are lactate (with milk fermentation), ethanol (with alcoholic fermentation), hydrogen, butylate, etc. Fermentation is possible because the energy content of substrates is higher than that of products, which allows organisms to feel ATP and maintain an active metabolism. Additional anaerobic organisms can choose between fermentation and different electronic terminal receptors depending on the environmental conditions in which they are located. Lithophrogic bacteria can use inorganic compounds as an energy source. The most common donors of inorganic electrons are hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia (which leads to nitrification), iron and other reduced metal ions, as well as several reduced sulfur compounds. In some cases, methanol bacteria can use methane gas as a source of electrons and as a substrate at the same time, for carbon anabolic. In aerobic phototrophy and chemolytotrophy, oxygen is used as an electronic terminal receptor, while inorganic compounds are used in anaerobic conditions. Most lithophrogic organisms are autotrophs, while organotrophic organisms are heterotrophs. In addition to fixing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, some bacteria also fix nitrogen gas using the nitricase enzyme. This feature is very important at the ecological level and can be found in the bacteria of almost all the metabolic types listed above, although it is not universal. Microbial metabolism can play an important role in biorecovery, as, for example, some species can treat wastewater and others can degrade hydrocarbons, toxic and even radioactive. On the contrary, bacteria, by reducing sulfate, are largely responsible for the production of highly toxic forms of mercury (methyl and dimethyl mercury) in the environment. Traffic See also: Bacterial flagella Various types of arrangement of bacterial flagellae: A-Monotric; B-Lofotrico; C-Anfitrico; D-Peritrico. Some bacteria are stationary, while others limit their movement to changes in depth. For example, cyanobacteria and green sulfur bacteria contain gas bubbles with which they can control their buoyancy and thus achieve optimal light and food. Mobile bacteria can travel, sliding, through contractions or more often using disasters. Some bacteria can slide on hard surfaces by highlighting a viscous substance, but the mechanism that acts as fuel is still unknown. In reducing movement, the bacterium uses its type IV saw as an attack hook, first extends it, anchors it, and then contracts it with remarkable power (80 pN). Bacterial scourge is a long gelding filament, driven by a rotating engine (such as a propeller), which can rotate in both directions. The engine uses an electrochemical gradient through the membrane as energy. Disasters consist of about 20 proteins, with about 30 other proteins for regulation and coordination. It should be noted that given the size of the bacteria, the water is very viscous and the motor mechanism should be very powerful and effective. Bacterial pests are found in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and are completely different from eukaryotes and, although outwardly similar to archaea, are considered to be insatives. Bacterial disaster is an appendix transmitted by a rotary engine. The rotor can rotate at 6000-17000 rpm, but the appendix usually only reaches 200-1000 rpm. 1-thread, 2-periplastic space, 3-elbow, 4-joint, 5-ring L, 6-axis, 7-ring P, 8-cell wall, 9-sator, 10-ring MS, 11-ring C, 12-type III secretion system, 13-outer membrane, 14-cytoplasmic membrane, 15-point. Depending on the number and location of the flagellae on the surface of the bacteria, the following types differ: one flagella (monotric), the scourge at each end (anophithtric), the flagella groups at one or both ends (lofotric) and the flagella distributed throughout the cell surface (peritric). In one group of bacteria, spirochetes, specialized flagellae, called axis filament, are represented intracellularly located in the periplastic space, between two membranes. They produce movement which causes the bacteria to turn like a corkscrew moving forward. Many bacteria (such as E. coli) have two types of movement: straight (racial) and random. In the latter, random three-dimensional motion is performed by combining bacteria short runs with random turns. Mobile bacteria can have the attraction or repulsion of movements determined by different stimuli. This behavior is called a taxi, and includes different types such as zhmotaxis, phototaxis or magnetotaxis. In a peculiar group of mixobacteria, individual cells move together, forming cellular waves that will eventually be added to the fruit-bearing body characteristic of this genus. The movement of mixobacteria occurs only on hard surfaces, unlike E. coli, which is mobile in both liquid and solid environment. Several species of Listeria and Shigella are moved to host cells assigned to their cytoskeleton, which usually moves organelles. The actin of polymerization creates a push at one end of the bacteria that moves it through the host cell's cytoplasm. Model reproduction of successive binary divisions in the microorganism Escherichia coli. In bacteria, increased cell size (growth) and cell division reproduction are closely related, as in most single-celled organisms. This occurs by duplication and cells with identical hereditary information obtained. Bacteria grow to a fixed size, and then multiply by binary division, a form of asexual reproduction. Under the appropriate conditions, gram-positive bacteria can be divided every 20-30 minutes and gram-negative every 15-20 minutes, and in about 16 hours its number can be about 5 billion (about the number of people living on Earth, which is about 7 billion people). Under optimal conditions, some bacteria can grow and divide very quickly, as much as every 9.8 minutes. Two identical daughter cells are produced in cell division. Some bacteria, still multiplying asexual, form more complex reproductive structures that contribute to the dispersal of the new-educated cells of the daughter. Examples include the formation of fruit bodies (sporangia) in myxobacteria, the formation of hypfs in streptomy and hemmification. In gemification, the cell forms a lump, which is then separated and produces a new baby cell. On the other hand, it is worth noting the type of sexual reproduction in bacteria, called bacterial parasexuality. In this case, bacteria are capable of genetic material in a process known as bacterial conjugation. During the process, bacteria-donors and host bacteria enter contact using hollow genital hair or drinking through which a small amount of independent DNA or conjuded plasmids is transmitted. The most famous is the plasmid F of E. coli, which can also be integrated into the bacterial chromosome. In this case, it is called an episom, and when transferred drags part of the bacterial chromosome. DNA synthesis is necessary for conjugation. Replication is done at the same time as the transmission. Phases of bacterial growth growth. The growth of bacteria follows three phases. When a bacterial population is in a new environment with a high concentration of nutrients that allow it to grow, it needs a period of adaptation to this environment. This first phase is called the adaptation phase or lag phase and involves slow growth where cells are preparing to start rapid growth, and high levels of biosynthesis of proteins needed to do so, such as ribosomes, membrane proteins, etc. The growth rate at this stage is known as the growth rate k and the time it takes each cell to divide as the generation time g. During this phase nutrients are metaboilized at the highest possible rate until these nutrients run out, taking the path to the next stage. The last phase of growth is called the stationary phase and occurs as a result of nutrient depletion in the environment. At this stage, the cells drastically reduce their metabolic activity and begin to use these non-essential cellular proteins as a source of energy. The stationary phase is a period of transition from rapid growth to a stressful state, in which the expression of genes involved in DNA recovery, antioxidant metabolism and nutrient transport is activated. Genetic pattern of bacterial conjugation. 1-Donor cell generates saws. 2-Peel joins the receptor cell and both cells approach. The 3-moving plasmid is disarmed and one of the DNA chains is transferred to the receiving cell. 4- Both cells synthesize the second circuit and regenerate the full plasma. In addition, both cells generate new pili and are now viable as donors. Most bacteria have a single round chromosome, the size of which can range from as little as 160,000 base pairs in the endosymbibic bacteria Candidatus Carsonella ruddii to 12,200,000 base pairs Sorangium cellulosum soil bacteria. Borrelia genus spiroke (which include, for example, Borrelia burgdorferi, the cause of Lyme disease) are a notable exception to this rule because they contain a linear chromosome. Bacteria can also have plasmids, small DNA molecules of extra chromosomes that may contain genes responsible for antibiotic resistance or virulence factors. Another type of bacterial DNA comes from the integration of genetic material from bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria). There are many types of bacteriophages, some simply infect and break down host bacterial cells, while others are inserted into the bacterial chromosome. It can insert genes from the virus that contribute to the phenotype of bacteria. For example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium botulinum, toxic genes provided by bacteriophage turned a harmless generic bacterium into a deadly pathogen. Image of bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria). Bacteria, such as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of genes, i.e. clones. However, they can develop through natural selection through DNA changes due to mutations and genetic recombination. Mutations come from errors during DNA replication or from exposure to mutagenic agents. The rate of mutations varies greatly between different types of bacteria and even between different strains of the same type of bacteria. Genetic changes can occur randomly or be chosen by stress, where genes involved in some growth restriction process have a higher rate of mutation. Bacteria can also transmit genetic material between cells. There are three main ways to do this. First, bacteria can collect exogenous DNA from the environment in a process called transformation. Genes can also be transmitted through the process of transduction, by which the bacteriophage inserts abnormal DNA into the bacterial chromosome. The third method of gene transfer is through bacterial conjugation, where DNA is transmitted through direct contact (through saws) between cells. This acquisition of genes from other bacteria or the environment is caused by horizontal gene transmission and may be common under natural conditions gene transmission is especially important in antibiotic resistance, as it allows for the rapid spread of genes responsible for such resistance among different pathogens. Interactions with other organisms, despite their apparent simplicity, bacteria can complex partnerships with other institutions. These associations can be classified as parasitism, reciprocity and dining. Diners because of their small size, snack bacteria are ubiquitous and grow on animals and plants just as they will grow on any other surface. For example, large populations of these organisms are the cause of body odor and their growth can be increased with heat and sweat. Mutual bacteria Some bacteria form intimate relationships with other organisms that are essential for their survival. One such reciprocal association is the transfer of hydrogen between species. This occurs between groups of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids such as butyric acid or propionic acid and produce hydrogen, and methamphetamine archaea that consume hydrogen. Bacteria in this association cannot consume organic acids when hydrogen builds up around them. Only an intimate relationship with the archaea maintains a low enough concentration of hydrogen to allow bacteria to grow. In the soil, microorganisms inhabiting the risosphere (an area that includes the root surface and the soil that sticks to it) perform nitrogen fixation, turning atmospheric nitrogen (in a gaseous state) into nitrogen compounds. This provides a variety of plants that cannot independently capture nitrogen, easily assimilated in the form of nitrogen. Many other bacteria are found as symbionts in humans and other organisms. For example, about a thousand species of bacteria multiply in the digestive tract. They synthesize vitamins such as folic acid, vitamin K and biotin. They also ferment inconvenient carbohydrates and convert dairy sugars into lactic acid (e.g. lactobacillus). In addition, the presence of this intestinal flora inhibits the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria (usually by competitive exclusion). Many times these beneficial bacteria are sold as probiotic dietary supplements. Pathogens Electronic micrograph with improved colors showing the species of Salmonella enterica (red cells) invading human cells in cultivation. Only a small fraction of the bacteria causes disease in humans: of the 15,919 species registered in the NCBI database, only 538 are pathogenic. They continue to be one of the leading causes of human disease and mortality, causing infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, syphilis, cholera, food poisoning, leprosy and tuberculosis. There are cases where etiology or cause known to be detected only after many years, as was the case with ulcers and Helicobacter pylori. Bacterial diseases are also important in agriculture and livestock, where there are many diseases such as spot leaves, fire plague, paratuberculosis, bacterial agublo panic, mastitis, salmonella and anthrax. Each species of pathogen has a characteristic range of interactions with its human guests. Some organisms, such as staphylococcus or streptococcus, can cause skin infections, pneumonia, meningitis and even sepsis, a systemic inflammatory response that causes shock, mass vasodilation and death. However, these organisms are also part of normal human flora and are usually found on the skin or nose without causing any diseases. Other organisms invariably cause diseases in humans. For example, the genus Rickettsia, which is obliged intracellular parasites, able to grow and multiply only in the cells of other organisms. One type of rickettsia causes typhoid, while another causes Rocky Mountain fever. Chlamydia, another edge of forced intracellular parasites, contains species that cause pneumonia, urinary tract infections and may be involved in coronary heart disease. Finally, some species such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia and Mycobacterium avium are opportunistic pathogens and cause diseases mainly in people suffering from immunosuppression or cystic fibrosis. Bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics that are classified as bactericides if they kill bacteria, or as bacteriotic if they only stop the growth of bacteria. There are many types of antibiotics, and each type inhibits a process that differs in the pathogen from the host. Examples of selectively toxic antibiotics are chloranphenic and puromycin, which suppress bacterial ribosomal, but not structurally different eukaryotic ribosome. Antibiotics are used to treat human diseases and intensive livestock to promote animal growth. The latter can contribute to the rapid development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as skin sterilization before injections and with proper care of catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination and infection by bacteria. Disinfectants, such as bleach, are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens that are deposited on surfaces and prevent pollution and reduce the risk of infection. The following table shows some human diseases caused by bacteria: The main symptoms of agent Brucelosis Brucella spp disease. Implicit fever, adenopathy, endocarditis, pneumonia. Carbunko Bacillus anthrax fever, papule skin, sepsis. Cholera Vibrio cholera Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration. Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheria fever, tonsillitis, throat membrane, skin lesions. Scarlet fever Streptococcal pyogenes fever, tonsillitis, erythema. Erysipela Streptococcus spp. Fever, erythema, itching, pain. Fever Coxiella burnetii High fever, severe headache, myalgia, confusion, vomiting, diarrhea. Typhoid Pure Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi High fever, bacteremia, cephalgia, stupor, nasal mucosa, toasted tongue, palate ulcers, hepatoespleomegaly, diarrhea, bowel perforation. Legionella Legionella pneumophile fever, pneumonia streptococcus pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Mycoplasma spp., Chlamydia spp. High temperature, yellowish or bloody waiting, chest pain. Tuberculosis mycobacteria tuberculosis fever, fatigue, night sweat, pulmonary necrosis. Tetanium Tetanium fever, paralysis. Classification and Identification Main article: Scientific classification of E. coli cultivation, where each point is a colony. The t duesonomic classification aims to describe and differentiate the wide variety of bacterial species by naming and grouping organisms according to their similarities. Bacteria can be classified based on different criteria such as cell structure, metabolism or based on differences in certain components such as DNA, fatty acids, pigments, antigens or quinones. However, while these criteria allowed the identification and classification of bacterial strains, it is not yet clear whether these differences represent differences between different species or between different strains of the same species. This uncertainty was due to the lack of distinctive structures in most bacteria and the presence of horizontal gene transmission between different species, leading to closely related bacteria being able to present very different morphology and metabolism. Therefore, to overcome this uncertainty, the current bacterial classification focuses on the use of modern molecular methods (molecular phylogin), such as the definition of guanine/cytozin content, hybridization of the genome- genome or sequencing of ribosomal DNA, which is not involved in horizontal transmission. The International Committee on The Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP) is a nomenclature body and the rules under which prokaryotes are appointed. ICSP is responsible for publishing the International Code of Bacterial Nomenclature (a list of approved names of bacterial species and dacts). It also publishes the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. Unlike the pro-cariotic nomenclature, there is no official classification of prokaryotic, because taxonomium remains a matter of scientific criterion. The most accepted classification is that developed by the editorial board of the Bergei Guide on Systematic Bacteriology as a preliminary step in organizing the content of the publication. This classification, known as the Tussonomic Scheme of Bacteria and Archaea (TOBA), is available online. Due to the recent introduction of molecular phylogology and the analysis of genome sequences, the current bacterial classification is in an ever-changing and fully expanding field. The identification of bacteria in the laboratory is particularly relevant in medicine, where the identification of the species causing infection is crucial in the application of appropriate treatment. Therefore, the need to identify human pathogens has led to a powerful development of methods for identifying bacteria. Streptococcus mutans are visualized with Gram coloring. Every little dot in the chain is a bacterium. The Gram bacterial membrane dyeing method, developed by Hans Christian Graham in 1884, was before and after in medicine, and consists of dyeing specific dyes of various bacterial samples on the slide to know whether they were painted with this dye. Once specific dyes have been added to the samples and the sample has been washed after a few minutes to avoid confusion, they should be cleaned with a few drops of ethanol. The function of alcohol is to remove the dye from the bacteria, and this is where the bacteria that have been taken are recognized: if the bacteria retains the dye, it is Gram positive, which have a thicker wall consisting of several dozen layers of different protein components; In case the dye does not remain, the bacteria is negative Gram, which has a wall of another composition. The biological function of this method is to produce antibiotics characteristic of these bacteria. This coloring is used in microbiology to visualize bacteria in clinical samples. It is also used as a first step in distinguishing between different types of bacteria, Gram is positive for those that turn purple and Gram negative for those that are red. Clinical analysis of samples is often a key study for several functions: pre-identification of bacteria that cause infection. Considering the quality of the biological sample for the study, i.e. it is possible to estimate the number of inflammatory cells, as well as epithelial cells. The higher the number of inflammatory cells in each area of the microscope, the more likely it is that the flora that grows in the cultural media will be representative of the infected area. The higher the number of epithelial cells, the higher the probability of infection with saprophytic flora. Utility as quality control bacterial insulation. The bacterial strains identified in Gram staining must correspond to bacterial insulation made in crops. If there are more bacterial forms than isolated forms, then the culture tools used, as well as the incubation atmosphere, should be reconsidered. Edges and phylogeny Probable evolutionary model of the main edges and masonry. The main supergroups will be Terrabacteria, Graciicoots and CPR. The main article: Bacterial phylogeny Phylogenetic relations of living beings are a source of controversy and there is no general agreement between the various authors. Most phylogenetic trees, especially ARNr 16S and 23S, show that basal groups are thermophilic edges such as Aquificae and Thermotogae, which would reinforce the thermophilic origins of archaea and bacteria domains. In contrast, some genomic trees show Firmicutes as the oldest hoard. According to Cavalier-Smith's theories, the greatest discrepancy is in a photosynthetic group called Chlorobacteria (Chlorophlexy). Other genomic or protein phylogenetic studies mark planktonceta, proteobacteria or other edges in the basal position. Finally, it was suggested that there was an early discrepancy between the two supergroups: Gracilicutes and Terrabacteria; In short, there is currently no stable bacterial phylogue to know exactly the earliest bacterial evolutionary history. This is probably due to the phenomenon of horizontal genetic transmission characteristic of prokaryote organisms. The main bacterial edges can be arranged within a broad phylogenetic criterion in three sets: Venenivibrio thermophilic groups, thermophilic thermophilic bacteria. According to most molecular phylogenetic trees, thermophilic bacteria are the most divergent, forming a basal- paraphyletic group that is compatible with basic theories about the origin and evolution of prokaryote. They are thermophilic and hyperthermophilic with chemotrophic metabolism, anaerobic breathing and gram negative structure (double membrane), emphasizing the following edges: Aquificae. A small group of chemolytotrophic bacteria, thermophiles or hypertherophils. They are found in hot springs, sulfur wells and hydrothermal sources of the ocean. Thermotog. The cutting edge of hypertherophilic, coercive anaerobics, enzymatic heterotrophs. It's a diktat. It consists of one type of hyperthermophile, chemoorganotroph and aerobics. Thermodesulfobacteria: Sulfate reduces thermophiles. Caldizerica. Anaerobic thermophilic bacteria. Synergy. Anaerobic bacteria. Although only a few births are thermophilic, Synergistetes has a basal position in the bacterial nalogenia of RNR. Gram positive and related Gram coloring Bacillus anthracis, pathogenic gram-positive bacteria firm phyllo. Gram positive groups are mainly Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, which would have thickened their cell walls as an adaptation to drying out with external membrane loss, developing sterilized, theeous acid and forming spores in different groups. The term Posibacteria has been used as a tacos for a group of positive grams and derivative groups such as Tenericates. The term monodermal refers to the only cell membrane that Gram triggers possess, meaning that other edges such as chlorophlexia and Thermomicrobia, being monodemic, are associated with the former, even if they are Gram variables. According to some phylogenetic trees, monodermal edges are part of a supercleida called Terrabacteria, named after its likely evolution in terrestrial media, and is part of it to didermal edges such as Deinococcus-Thermus, which is a Gram variable and the group Cyananobacteria/Melainabacteria, which is Gram-negative. Gram positive and related (Terrabacteria) are represented in most phylogenetic trees as a paraphylistic group in relation to Gracilicutes and consist of the following edges: Actinobacteria. Extensive edge of gram-positive bacteria with a high GC content. They are common in the soil, although some are inhabited by plants and animals, including some pathogens. Some form colonies in the form of a gif (actiomics). Firmicoates or endobacteria. It is the largest group and includes gram-positive bacteria with a low GC content. They are found in a variety of habitats, including some notable pathogens. One of the families, Heliobacteria, gets its energy through photosynthesis, while others have a pseudo outer membrane (Negativicutes). Tenericets or Mollicua. They endosymbios gram negative monodermal and without cell wall. They are sourced from Firmicutes according to most or hadobacteria. A small group of high-resistant chemoorganotrophs-extremes. Some species withstand extreme heat and cold, while others are resistant to radiation and toxic substances. Chlorophlexy. A small edge of monodermal bacteria is Gram optional aerobic variables and usually strands. It includes non-sulphur green bacteria that perform anxygenic photosynthesis using bacteriochlorophilic (without oxygen production) and where their pathway of carbon capture is also different from other photosynthetic bacteria. Thermomicrobials. A small thermophilic edge (or class) derived from chloroflexy. Cyanobacteria (green-blue algae). The most important group of photosynthetic bacteria. They have chlorophyll and perform oxygen photosynthesis. They are single-celled or strand colonial. Nitrospira. A group of nitrogen oxidation chemosinetics and some of them thermophilic. In some isolated phylogenies it is also associated with fusobacteria, Armatimonadetes and Dictyoglomi. Gracilicutes Spirochetas, like other Gracilicutes, are Gram negative. Superglue Gracilicutes or hydrobaacteria are well consensual in many phylogenetic trees. They are the largest group of gram-negative, digermic, mostly hemogetherotrophic, aquatic habitat or animals and plant-related bacteria as a diner, reciprocity or pathogen. It consists of several edges and superphiles: Spirochaetes. Chimioheterotrophic bacteria with an elongated shape are usually a spiral spiral that move by rotation. Many cause diseases. FCB Group or Sphingobacteria. Fibrobatters. A small edge that includes many stomach bacteria that allow cellulose degradation in the luminants. Chlorobi. Highlights include green sulfur bacteria, which are phototrophic bacteriochloride and mandatory anaerobics. Some are thermophiles that live in hydrothermal sources. Bacteroids. A vast range of bacteria with wide spread in the environment, including soil, sediment, seawater and animal digestive tract. It is a heterogeneous group that includes mandatory aerobics or obligatory anaerobics, canteens, parasites and free life forms. Gemmatimetade. Soil and mud aerobics. PVC group or planktonacteria planktonmites. Mostly aerobic aquatic bacteria found in fresh, salobra and seawater. Its biological cycle involves alternating between sessile and flagellated cells. They are reproduced with precious stones. Verruukykhloboria. It includes terrestrial, aquatic bacteria and some associated with eukaryotic guests. Chlamydia. A small group of intracellular parasites pushed out of eukaryotic cells. Lentifairs. A small group of bacteria recently discovered in seawater anaerobic terrestrial habitats. Proteobacteria (purple and related bacteria). It is a very diverse and extensive group. Most have heterotrophes, other fermentation such as enterobacteria and many cause diseases such as rickettsia, which are intracellular parasites. Risobs are nitrogen-fixing endosymbionts in plants, purple bacteria are phototrophic with bacteriochlorology, and mycobacteria form multicellular aggregates. Some authors believe that the following edges are derivatives or are associated with Proteobacteria: Acidobacteria. A small edge of common acidophilus bacteria in the soil. Includes phototrophic bacterium using bacteriochloriphenthia. Armatimelonades. A small aerobic chemochemophtrophic group. Elusymicrobia. It is scattered by the sea, land and like an insect endosymbione. Delayed. A small group of anaerobic aquatic bacteria. Chrysiogenets. A small anaerobic chemolytotrophic group with a unique biochemistry and lifestyle capable of breathing arsenic. Fusobacteria. He is not always part of the Gracilicutes. These are anaerobic heterotrophic bacteria that cause infections in humans. They are a major type of flora in the digestive system. CPR Group and other edge candidates Recently genomic analysis of samples taken from the environment, has identified a large number of candidates of the edge of ultra-small bacteria, representatives of which are not yet cultivated. These bacteria have not been detected by traditional procedures because of their specific metabolic characteristics. For example, a new phylogenetic line of bacteria containing 35 edges, a group of PPC, was recently identified. Thus, the number of edges of the domain Bacteria expands to almost 100 and far exceeds the diversity of organisms of the other two areas. The use of bacteria in technology and industry Many industries are partially or completely dependent on bacterial action. Many important chemicals such as ethanol, acetic acid, butyl alcohol and acetone are produced by specific bacteria. Bacteria are also used to treat tobacco, skin for tanning, rubber, cotton, etc. Bacteria (often Lactobacillus) along with yeast and mold, have been used for thousands of years to make fermented foods such as cheese, oil, pickles, soy sauce, sauerkraut, vinegar, wine and yogurt. Bacteria have a remarkable ability to degrade a wide range of organic compounds, so they are used in waste recycling and biorecovery. Bacteria that can degrade hydrocarbons are often used to clean up spills For example, after the oil tanker Exxon Valdez was dumped in 1989, fertilizers were used on some Alaskan beaches to promote the growth of these natural bacteria. These efforts were effective on beaches where the oil layer was not too thick. Bacteria are also used to biorecover industrial toxic waste. In the chemical industry, bacteria are used in the synthesis of enantiomerically pure chemicals for pharmaceutical or agrochemical use. Bacteria can also be used for biological control of parasites instead of pesticides. This usually includes the type of Bacillus thuringiensis (also called BT), gram-positive soil bacteria. The subspecies of this bacterium is used as a specific insecticide for lepidoptera. Because of their specificity, these pesticides are considered environmentally friendly, have little or no effect on humans, fauna and the most beneficial insects, such as pollinators. Insulin crystals. Bacteria are the main tools in molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry because of their ability to grow quickly and the relative ease with which they can be manipulated. By making changes in bacterial DNA and by studying phenotypes that result in scientists can determine the function of genes, enzymes and metabolic pathways, and then pass this knowledge on to more complex organisms. Understanding cellular biochemistry, which requires huge amounts of data associated with enzymatic kinetics and gene expression, will allow mathematical models of whole organisms to be carried out. This is possible in some well-studied bacteria. For example, Escherichia coli metabolism is currently being developed and tested. This understanding of metabolism and bacterial genetics allows biotechnology to modify bacteria to produce various therapeutic proteins such as insulin, growth factors and antibodies. Gallery Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Actinobacteria) Thermus aquaticus (Deinococcus-Thermus) Oenoenococcus oeni (Firmicutes) Bacillus cereus (Firmicutes) Staphylococcus aureus (Firmicutes) Campylobacter jejuni (Proteobacteria) Borella detella bronch Iasepticia (Proteobacteria) Vibrio cholerae (Proteobacteria) Leptospira (Spirochaetes) Treponema pallidum (Spirochaetes) See also bacteriophage bacteriology of biotechnology of extreme microbiology Nanobio International Code of Bacterial Nomenclature Category: Bacterial Diseases Normal Microbiota Links Sun Joo, Uyen Mai, Rob Knight. 10,575 genomes show evolutionary proximity between the domains of Bacteria and Archaea. Nature. a b c d e Battistuzzi F, Feijao A, Hedges S. Genomic timeline of prokaryote evolution: understanding the origin of methamphetamine, phototrophy and earth colonization. Bmc. a b c Fabia W. Battistuzzi and S. Blair Hedges 2008. Major Clade Prokariot with ancient adaptations to life on earth. 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Advanced genomic model Escherichia coli K-12 (iJR904 GSM/GPR). Геном Biol 4 (9): R54. PMID 12952533. Walsh G (2005). Therapeutic insulins and their large-scale production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67 (2): 151-9. PMID 15580495. Graumann K., Premsteller A (2006). The production of recombinant therapeutic microbial systems. Biotechnol J 1 (2): 164-86. PMID 16892246. External Commons references have media related to bacteria. This article, related to bacteria, is a page. Wikcionario has definitions and other information about bacteria. Data: No10876 Multimedia: Bacteria Species: Bacteria Received from 22020MMX July August September sem L J V D 31a 27 28 29 30 31 31 31 1 2 32a 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 33a 10 11 12 1213 14 15 16 34th 17th18 19 20 21 22 23 35th 24 25 25 26 27 28 29 30 3 6th 31 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 6 Every dayMore calendars August 26 - the 238th (ninety-thirty-eighth) day of the year according to the Gregorian calendar and the 239th in leap years. There are 127 days left until the end of the year. Events 1071: Not far from Mua, the Alps of Arslan, the sultan of the Selisida dynasty, defeats the Roman Vasilis IV Diogenes, Emperor of Byzantia, at the Battle of Manzikert. 1272: In Montpellier, James I of Aragon, he ratifies in his case donations to his sons Peter and Jaime: Baron Ierbe for the first, and that of Yorika for the second. 1346: In the context of the Hundred Years' War, the Battle of Cracy takes place, with a decisive English victory over the French. 1542: As part of the Spanish colonization of America, the expedition of the Spanish soldier Francisco de Orellana reaches the mouth of the Amazon River. 1549: As part of the Conquest of Chile, on the orders of the Spanish Governor Pedro de Valdivia, Captain Francisco de Aguirre is driving the city of La Serena. 1665: In Germany, amateur astronomer Abraham Ile discovers the star cluster M22 in the constellation Sagittarius. 1702: In the context of the War of Spanish Heritage, the Anglo- Irish Expeditionary Force lands in Rota (Cadiz) and plunders several towns in the province. 1789: In France, as part of the French Revolution, the National Constituent Assembly approves the Declaration of Human Rights and Citizens. 1810: As part of Argentina's independence, the former viceroy of Rio de la Plata, Santiago de Linier, was shot dead after the failure of the jueran revolution of Cordoba. 1813: In the context of the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon Bonaparte's troops defeated the Sixth Coalition troops at the Battle of Dresden. 1883: Indonesia continues the violent eruption of the Krakatoa volcano, which will explode on the morning of August 27, leaving 36,417 dead. 1896: In the Philippines the Katipunan rebellion against Spain, then colonial power, erupts. 1914: Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras is based in Sao Paulo, Brazil. 1920: The Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment was adopted in the United States, and women were given the right to vote. 1922: in Greek-Turkish war, the Turks defeat the Greek army at the Battle of Doumlupinar. 1936: In London, UK, the BBC makes the first television broadcast in the world. 1937: As part of the Spanish Civil War, the city of Santander surrendered to Franco's troops. 1940: The University of Costa Rica was founded in San Jose, Costa Rica. 1945: In the context of World War II, the Battle of Luzon between the forces of Japanese commander Tomoyuki Yamashita and the troops of American General Douglas MacArthur ends. 1946: The United States recognizes the binding jurisdiction of the Permanent International Court of Justice, which it will no longer accept in 1986 (when they are convicted in Nicaragua v. United States). 1947: The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 32 condemning the violence of the Indonesian National Revolution. 1952: A British jet makes its first flight over the Atlantic Ocean in a single day. 1957: In Algeria (Algeria) in the context of the war against France, two members of the National Liberation Front fall after fighting 12 hours against 500 invading French soldiers under Marcel Bigeard (Battle of Algeria). 1961: Burma becomes the first Buddhist republic in the world. 1976: Letters are published in Amsterdam, netherlands, showing that the American company Lockheed bribed the wife of Prince Bernardo de Lippe-Bicesterfeld for $1.1 million. The queen of Juliana threatens the Dutch people to abdicate if her husband is tried. 1977: In West Berlin, athlete Rosemary Ackermann became the first woman to cross 2 meters in high jump. 1978: At the Vatican John Paul I elected Pope number 263 of the Catholic Church. He's going to die in a month. 1983: The Basque Country suffers one of its biggest floods, in which dozens of people die in 1990: The massacre of Puerto Hurraco occurs, in which nine people are killed and 12 were injured. 1991: In Finland, student Linus Torvalds posted a message to the useNET news group comp.os.minix about the new Linux k'rnel he is developing. 1999: At the World Athletics Championships in Seville, Spain, American sprinter Michael Johnson set a new world record in the 400m after a time of 43.18 second mark, a figure that was out in force until 2016, when Wayde van Niekerk made it in 43.03 seconds in 2003: Puerto Rican singer Chayanne, released his 12th title. 2007: In England, guitarist John Frusciante gives his last concert with Red Hot Chili Peppers. 2008: Singer, songwriter and producer Puerto Rican Luis Fonsi is releasing his seventh studio album and sixth album in Spanish entitled Words of Silence. 2017: A fight broke out in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, between undefeated American boxer Floyd Mayweather Jr. and Irish MMA fighter and UFC lightweight champion Conor McGregor. That marked Mayweather's final departure into professional boxing, breaking the record for 50 wins in a row and 0 defeats. Born in 1469: Ferdinand II, King of Naples (d. 1496). 1540: Magnus Holstein, Danish aristocrat (d. 1583). 1548: Bernardino Poccetti, Italian painter (d. 1612). 1562: Bartholomew Leonardo de Argensola, Spanish sings and historian (d. 1631). 1596: Frederick V Palatinate, Czech King (d. 1632). 1659: Andrea Fantoni, Italian sculptor (b. 1734). 1676: Robert Walpole, British politician (d. 1745). Pedro Agustin de Valencia. 1710: Pedro Agustan de Valencia, neo-Granian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1788). 1727: Luis de Mis'n, Spanish flutist (d. 1766). Johann Heinrich Lambert. 1728: Johann Heinrich Lambert, Franco-German mathematician and astronomer (d. 1777). 1740: Joseph Montgolfier, French inventor (d. 1810). 1743: Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist (d. 1794). 1751: Manuel Abad Cape, Spanish religious (d. 1751). 1776: Juan Maria Cespedes, priest and scholar who participated in the independence of Colombia (d. 1848). 1789: Abbas Mirza, Persian aristocrat (d. 1833). 1792: Manuel Oribe, Uruguayan military and politician (d. 1857). 1797: Innocence of Alaska, Russian Orthodox Archbishop (d. 1879). 1802: Ludwig Schwanthaler, German sculptor (d. 1848). 1807: Luis Daniel Beauperthuy, French physician and naturalist based in Venezuela, pioneer of yellow fever agent transmitter (d. 1871). 1817: Mary of Jesus, French religious (d. 1898). 1818: Key Ignatius, Mexican ov (d. 1863). 1819: Albert Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, British aristocrat, husband of queen Victoria (d. 1861). 1837: Manuel Cassola, Spanish soldier (d. 1890). 1844: Jose Villegas Cordero, Spanish artist (d. 1921). 1845: Mary Ann Nichols, British woman, first victim Jack Ripper (d. 1888). 1848: Juan Rius Rivera, Puerto Rico Major General of the Liberation Army of Cuba (Mamb army). 1851: Emile Boirac, French philosopher and psychic (d. 1917). 1858: Fray Mocho, Argentine writer and journalist (d. 1903). 1860: Luis Siret, Spanish archaeologist (d. 1934). 1860: Julia Wernicke, Argentine painter and engraver (d. 1932). 1868: Juan B. Delgado, Mexican sings (d. 1929). 1873: Lee De Forest, American inventor (d. 1961). 1875: John Buchan, Scottish novelist and politician (d. 1940). Guillaume Apollinaire. 1880: Guillaume Apollinaire, French writer (d. 1918). 1882: James Franck, German-American physicist and chemist, Nobel laureate 1925 (d. 1964). 1885: Jules Romains, French writer (d. 1972). 1886: Rudolf Belling, German sculptor (d. 1972). 1886: Ceferino Namunkure, Argentine Blessed (d. 1905). 1887: Louis Abraham Delgadillo, Nicaraguan composer (d. 1961). 1888: Jesus Lopez Lira, Mexican soldier (d. 1961). 1889: Cesar Atajualpa Rodriguez, Peruvian poet (d. 1972). 1889: Federico Ponce Vaides, Guatemalan politician (d. 1956). 1890: Alvaro Retana, Spanish writer, cartoonist and composer (d. 1970). 1892: Gaetano Belloni, Italian cyclist (d. 1980). 1892: Ruth Roland, American actress (d. 1937). 1892: Jorge Volio Jimenez, Costa Rican priest, military and politician (d. 1955). 1896: Bess Cooper, American super-hanger (d. 2012). 1896: Juan Subercaseaux Err'zuriz, Chilean priest (d. 1942). 1897: Yun Bo-seon, South Korean politician (d. 1990). Peggy Guggenheim. 1898: Peggy Guggenheim, American art collector and patron (d. 1979). 1899: Rufino Tamayo, Mexican painter (d. 1991). 1900: Jorge Galina, Argentine politician (d. 1973). 1900: Alejandro Garreton, Chilean physician (d. 1980). 1901: Hans Kammler, Nazi German engineer, Officer SS (d. 1945). 1901: Maxwell D. Taylor, American general and diplomat (d. 1987). 1901: Jimmy Rushing, American singer, Oklahoma Blue City Devils (d. 1972). 1901: Chen Yi, Chinese military and politician (d. 1972). 1904: Christopher Isherwood, British writer (d. 1986). 1905: Helen Catherine Sharsmith, American biologist (d. 1982). 1906: Albert Sabin, Polish-American virologist (d. 1993). 1909: Jim Davis, American actor (d. 1981). 1910: Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Albanian Catholic nun (d. 1997). 1911: Otto Binder, American writer (d. 1974). 1912: Julio Filippi Izquierdo, Chilean writer and politician (d. 1997). 1913: Boris Pahor, Slovenian writer. 1914: Julio Cortazar, Argentine writer, translator and intellectual (d. 1984). 1914: Atilio Garcia, Argentine footballer (born 1973). 1916: Fernando Schwalb Lopez-Aldana, Peruvian lawyer, diplomat and politician (d. 2002). 1917: Enrique Tola Mendoza, Peruvian engineer and politician (d. 1996). 1918: Catherine Johnson, American physicist, space scientist and mathematician (d. 2020). 1920: Ernesto Arambure Menczak, Peruvian architect (d. 2010). 1920: Prem Tinsulanonda, Thai politician and military (d. 2019). 1921: Benjamin Bradley, American journalist and publicist (d. 2014). 1921: Joaquin Luis Romero Marchent, Spanish director (d. 2012). 1923: Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conductor and pianist (d. 2013). 1924: Rosa Reina, Mexican dancer (d. 2006). 1925: Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt, Chilean composer (d. 2010). 1925: Juan Hector Hunziker, Argentine botanist (d. 2003). 1925: Alain Peyrefitte, French politician (d. 1999). 1929: Roberto Capablanca, Uruguayan comedian (d. 2013). 1929: Presnensky, Uruguayan lawyer and politician (d. 2010). 1929: Jose Carlos Trigo, Bolivian footballer and coach. 1931: Kylmon Markowitz, Hungarian wa waterpolista (d. 2009). 1932: Lygia Bojunga Nunes, Brazilian writer. 1932: Luis Salvadores, Chilean basketball player. 1934: Ricardo Claro, Chilean businessman (d. 2008). 1934: Tom Heinsohn, American basketball player and coach. 1935: Louis Barrios Tassano, Uruguayan politician (d. 1991). 1935: Geraldine Ferraro, American politics (d. 2011). 1935: Jose Ramos Delgado, Argentine footballer (d. 2010). 1936: Hisako Aishi, Japanese politician (d. 2012). 1936: Milagros Ortiz Bosch, Dominican politician. 1936: Bruno Sivilotti, Italian cyclist. 1937: Blanca Rosa Gil, Cuban boleros singer. 1937: Gennady Yanayev, Soviet politician (d. 2010). 1938: Marcello Gandini, Italian car designer. 1939: John Biehl, Chilean politician and diplomat. 1941: Barbet Schroeder, French filmmaker. 1943: Hector Manuel Vidal, Uruguayan theatre director and actor (d. 2014). 1946: Artemio Alisio, Argentine cartoonist and artist (d. 2006). 1944: Richard Gloucester, British aristocrat. 1945: Payo Grondona, Chilean musician. 1945: Tom Ridge, American politician. 1945: Javier Tusell, Spanish historian (d. 2005). 1945: Joe Freeman, Polytologa, American feminist writer and lawyer. 1946: Manuel Callau, Argentine actor. 1946: Ji, Chinese politician. 1946: Valerie Simpson, American singer, Ashford and Simpson. 1946: Mark Snow, American composer. 1947: Nicolae Dobrin, Romanian footballer (d. 2007). 1948: Angel Guinda, Spanish sings. 1948: Clarita Parra, Chilean musician. 1949: Virginia Vallejo, Colombian journalist. 1950: Benjamin Hendrickson, American actor (d. 2006). 1950: Felipe Lamarca, Chilean businessman and ionomist. 1951: Edward Witten, American physicist and mathematician. 1952: Jorge Coscia, Argentine filmmaker and politician. 1952: Michael Jeter, American actor. 1954: Scott Henderson, American guitarist. 1956: Brett Cullen, American actor. Dr. Alban. 1957: Dr. Alban, Nigerian-Swedish musician and producer. 1957: Franco Giordano, Italian politician. 1958: Juan Senor, Spanish footballer. 1959: Oscar Lopez Goldaracen; Uruguayan politician, lawyer and writer. 1959: Stan Van Gundy, American basketball coach. 1960: Branford Marsalis, American saxophonist and composer, Buckshot LeFonque group. 1960: Ray Ola, American actress and model. 1960: Alejandro Sanchez Camacho, Mexican politician. 1961: Jorge Ferraresi, Argentine engineer. 1962: Roger Kingdom, American athlete. 1962: Vicky Larraz, Spanish singer. 1963: Stephen J. Dubner, American writer and journalist. 1964: Aurora Beltran, Spanish music band Tahures zurdos. 1964: Sylvia Espigado, Spanish actress. 1965: Caroline Arregui, actress. actress. Carlos quintana, Venezuelan baseball player. 1965: Marcus du Sautoy, British mathematician. Shirley Manson. 1966: Shirley Manson, British singer, Garbage band. 1967: Serbian basketball player Aleksandar. 1967: Oleg Taktarov, Russian actor and retired fighter. 1968: Chris Boardman, British cyclist. 1969: Jorge Sanz, Spanish actor. 1970: Claudia Amura, Argentine chess player. 1970: Omar Gonzalez Onostra, Bolivian singer, Octavia. 1970: Velko Iotov, Bulgarian footballer. 1970: Melissa McCarthy, American actress and writer. 1970: Rafael Romero Valc'rcel, Peruvian sings. Waisted. 1971: Thala, Mexican singer, actress and business company. 1971: Lisard Gonz'lez, Spanish basketball player. 1971: Giuseppe Pancaro, Italian footballer. 1972: Roberto Matute Puras, Spanish footballer. 1974: Kelvin Cato, American basketball player. 1974: Joaquin Furriel, Argentine actor. 1976: Kiko Hern'ndez, Spanish television celebrity. 1976: Semfira, Russian singer. 1976: Amaia Montero, Spanish singer. 1977: Barbie Almalbis, Filipino singer and guitarist. 1977: Teresa Alshammar, Swedish swimmer. 1977: Morris Peterson, American basketball player. 1978: Hestrie Cloete, South African athlete. 1978: Pablo Gignase, Argentine footballer. 1978: Juan Pablo Ramirez, Colombian footballer. 1979: Christian Mora, Ecuadorian footballer. 1979: Weligton Robson de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer. 1979: Allison Robertson, American guitarist for The Donnas. 1979: Lito MC Cassidy (Rafael Sierra Pascual), Puerto Rican rapper. Macaulay Culkin. 1980: Macaulay Culkin, American actor. 1980: Sebastian Miranda Cordova, Chilean footballer. 1980: Manolis Papamakarios, Greek basketball player. Chris Pine. 1980: Chris Pine, American actor. 1981: Andreas Glyniadakis, Greek basketball player. 1981: Vangelis Moras, Greek footballer. 1981: Alvaro Solaras, Colombian footballer. 1981: Petey Williams, Canadian wrestler. 1982: John Mulaney, American comedian. 1983: Mattia Cassani, Italian footballer. 1983: Federico Nieto, Argentine footballer. 1983: Felix Porteiro, Spanish racing driver. 1984: Cicero Santos, Brazilian footballer. 1984: Carla Jara, Chilean actress. 1984: Alvaro Lara, Chilean footballer (d. 2011). 1985: David Price, American baseball player. 1985: Danilo Wyss, Swiss cyclist. 1985: Agustina Casanova, Argentine journalist. 1986: Colin Kazim-Richards, English-French footballer. 1986: Cassie Ventura, American actress and singer. 1987: Jose Luis Fernandez, Argentine footballer. 1987: Riley Steele, American porn actress. 1987: Alexander Martynovic, Belarusian footballer. 1988: Elvis Andrus, Venezuelan baseball player. 1988: Tori Black, American actress. 1989: James Harden, American basketball player. 1989: Luis Cepeda, Spanish singer. 1990: Lil' Chris, British actor and singer 2015). 1990: Mateo Musacchio, Argentine footballer. 1991: Arnaud Demare, French cyclist. 1991: Dylan O'Brien, American actor. 1992: Hayley Hasselhoff is an American actress. 1992: Tomasz-Koubek, Czech footballer. 1993: Keke Palmer, American actress and singer. 1993: Lucic Kardek, Italian footballer. 1994: Guillermo Andres Mendes, Uruguayan footballer. 1995: Herman Stengel, Norwegian footballer. 1996: Maria Herrera, Spanish motorcycle racer. 1998: Soyeon, Group Leader (G)I-dle. Theodorical death of the Great. 526: Theodore The Great, King Ostrog (b. 454). 887: Japanese Emperor Coco (n. 830). 1278: Ocakar II, bohemian monarch (b. 1230). 1346: Charles II Alencon, French aristocrat (b. 1297). 1346: Louis I of Flanders, French aristocrat (b. 1304). 1346: John I, bohemian king (b. 1296). 1349: Thomas Bradwardine, British Archbishop (n. 1290). 1551: Margaret Leijonhufvud, queen Swedish wife (born 1516). 1572: Pierre de la Ramee, French humanist (born 1515). 1595: Antony, before Crato, Portuguese aristocrat (n. 1531). Frans Hulse. 1666: Frans Hals, Dutch Baroque painter (born 1580). 1693: Johann Christoph Bach, German violinist and composer (b. 1645). 1723: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch biologist (b. 1632). 1785: Ventura Rodriguez, Spanish architect (n. 1717). 1786: George Germain, British politician and military officer (n. 1716). 1791: Jose Iglesias de la Casa, Spanish poet (n. 1748). 1795: Caliostro (Giuseppe Balsamo), Freemason, charlatan and Italian alchemist (b. 1743). 1810: Juan Gutierrez de la Concha, Spanish naval and military (n. 1760). Santiago de Lyne. 1810: Santiago de Linier, military and viceroy of Rio de la Plata (b. 1753). 1816: Charles Hubert Millevoye, French sings (born 1782). 1816: Vicente Joaquin Osorio de Moscoso and Guzman, Spanish aristocrat (b. 1756). 1825: Jorge Bessi'res, French warrior (b. 1780). 1830: Karl Fredrik Fallon, Swedish botanist (b. 1764). 1836: William Elford Leach, British biologist (b. 1790). 1850: Louis Philippe I, French aristocrat (b. 1773). 1857: Adolf von Schlagintweit, German botanist and explorer (n. 1829). 1865: Johann Franz Encke, German astronomer (b. 1791). 1874: Julie-Victoire Daubi', French journalist (born 1824). 1886: Antonio Plaza Llamas, Mexican soldier and journalist (n. 1830). 1892: Julio de Vedia. Argentine military (n. 1826). 1895: Friedrich Miescher, Swiss biologist and physician (n. 1844). 1897: Theresa Jesus Jornet and Ibars, Spanish nun (b. 1843). 1902: Herm'genes Perez de Arce Lopetegui, Spanish politician and journalist (n. 1845). 1910: James William, American psychologist and philosopher (born 1842). 1912: Jose Maria Velasco, Mexican landscape painter (b. 1840). 1915: John Bunny, American comedian (born 1863). 1921: S'ndor Wekerle, Hungarian politician (born 1848). Ricardo Kodoorn and Storyo, Storyo, Spanish (n. 1846). 1924: Eugenio Py, Argentine filmmaker and photographer (born 1859). 1930: Lon Chaney, American actor (born 1883). 1931: Hamaguchi Osachi, Japanese politician (born 1870). 1931: Myriam Stefford, Argentine actress (born 1905). 1933: Augusto Orrego Luco, Chilean psychiatrist (b. 1849). 1935: Jose Yves Limantour, Mexican politician (b. 1854). 1944: Adam von Trott zu Solz, German lawyer and diplomat (born 1909). 1945: Pius Collivadino, Argentinian coli (born 1869). 1945: Franz Werfel, Czech novelist, playwright and sings (b. 1890). 1946: Jeanie MacPherson, American actress (born 1887). 1951: Adelindo Kovarese, artist, professor and historian of Spanish art (n. 1885). 1953: Manuel Lorenzo Pardo, Spanish politician and photographer (b. 1881). 1955: Gregorio Araoz Alfaro, Spanish physician (born 1870). Ralph Vaughan Williams. 1958: Ralph Vaughan Williams, British composer (b. 1872). 1964: Sixto Kamara Tecedor, Spanish mathematician (n. 1878). 1967: Carlos J. Rodriguez, Argentine politician (b. 1875). 1967: Andres Sas, Peruvian composer (b. 1900). 1968: Kay Francis, American actress (born 1899). 1969: Manuel Menchaca, Argentine physician and politician (b. 1876). 1973: Mercedes Negron Munoz, Puerto Rican poet (born 1895). Charles Lindbergh. 1974: Charles Lindbergh, American aviator and engineer (born 1902). 1976: Lotte Lehmann, German singer (b. 1888). 1977: H.A. Rey, French writer known for his book series Jorge the Curious (n.1898). 1978: Charles Boyer, French actor (born 1916). 1978: Jose Manuel Moreno, Argentine footballer (born 1908). 1979: Mika Waltari, Finnish writer (born 1908). 1980: Tex Avery, American animator and cartoonist (born 1908). 1981: Roger Nash Baldwin, American public figure (born 1884). 1985: Leopoldo Kerol, Spanish pianist (born 1899). 1986: Ted Knight, American actor (b. 1923). 1987: Vern Gardner, American basketball player (b. 1925). 1987: Georg Wittig, German chemist (born 1897). 1988: Carlos Paicao, Portuguese singer (b. 1957). 1989: Andres Sabella, Chilean writer and cartoonist (b. 1912). 1989: Irving Stone, American writer (born 1903). 1990: Vicente Flores Navarro, Spanish cartoonist (b. 1911). 1990: Honda Minoru, Japanese astronomer (born 1913). 1992: Jose Maria Angelat, Spanish actor (born 1921). 1992: Carlos Burone, Argentine journalist (b. 1924). 1992: Arturo Martinez, Mexican actor (d. 1918). 1992: Bob de Moor, Belgian illustrator and writer (born 1925). 1992: Porfirio Martinez Penalosa, Mexican writer (born 1916). 1993: Reima Pietil, Finnish architect (b. 1923). 1994: Jesus Otero, Spanish sculptor (born 1923). 1995: John Brunner, British (b. 1934). 1995: Josep Pi-Sunyer, Catalan politician (born 1913). 1996: Alejandro Lanusse, Argentine soldier (b. 1918). 1998: Frederick Raines, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 (n. 1918). 1918). Marita Petersen, 8th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands (No. 1940). 2002: Miguel Carol Gavalda, Spanish composer (b. 1912). 2003: Jose Delarra, Cuban sculptor (born 1938). 2004: Laura Branigan, American singer (b. 1957). 2005: Denis D'Amour, Canadian guitarist for Voivod (born 1960). 2006: Rainer Barzel, German politician (born 1924). 2006: Miguel Beb'n, Argentine actor (b. 1918). 2006: Liliana Durand. Spanish actress (born 1935). 2007: Domingo Onofrio, Argentine artist (born 1925). 2007: Gaston Thorn, Luzemburg politician (born 1928). 2010: Raimon Panikkar, Spanish philosopher, theologian and writer (born 1918). 2010: Miguel Angel Castanedo, Spanish businessman (born 1948). 2011: Lorenzo Morales, Colombian singer-songwriter (e.g. 1914). 2011: Alejandro Parodi, Mexican actor (b. 1928). 2011: Manuel Saavedra, Chilean footballer (born 1941). 2012: A. K. Hangal, Indian actor (born 1917). 2016: Marta Portal, Spanish writer, critic and journalist (n. 1930). 2017: Alicia Juarez, Mexican actress and singer (born 1950). 2019: Pal Benko, Hungarian chess player (b. 1928). 2019: Colin Clark, American footballer (born 1984). 2019: Max Berliner, actor, author and director of the film and theatre of the Polish origin (n. 1919). 2020: Jose Lamiel, Spanish painter and sculptor (born 1924). 2020: Gerald Carr, American astronaut and aviation engineer (born 1932). 2020: Andre-Paul Duchateau, comic writer and Belgian novelist (b. 1925). 2020: Ronald E. Rosser, American military officer (b. 1929) International Day of Celebration Against Dengue Argentina: National Day of Solidarity, in honor of Mother Teresa Calcutta. Argentina: Actor's Day. Namibian Day Uruguay: National Day Against Bulimia and Catholic Holy Anorexia Nervous Saint Maximilian roman, Martyr; Saint Anastasia Salon, batanero and martyr (III century); Saint Victor Caesarius, Martyr (III century); Saint Alexander of Bergam, Martyr (III century); Saint Eleutherio de Auxerre, Bishop (6th century); Blessed Jaf Returet, priest and martyr (d. 1794); Saint Joan Elizabeth Beechier de Inges, virgin and founder (d. 1838); Blessed Mary Jesus crucified (Maria Bauardi), Virgo (d. 1878); Saint Teresa jesus Jornet Ibars, virgin and founder (d. 1897); Blessed Luis Valls Matamales, priest and martyr (d. 1936); Blessed Alexander Mas Giner, priest and martyr (d. 1936); Blessed Felix Vivet Trabal, religious and martyr (d. 1936); Blessed Leokadia Harasimiv, virgin (d. 1952); Blessed Maria Beltrame kvattrocchi (d. 1965). See also August 25. August 27. July 26. September 26. Anniversary calendar. Links : Philosopher and writer Raymond Panickar dies aged 91 - Miguel Angel Castanedo, former CEOE Secretary General, Dies at Age 97 Morales August 26. CatholicSaints.Info (in American). October 25, 2008. Received on August 26, 2020. External links of Wikimedia Commons have media related to August 26. Data: No2820 Multimedia: 26 August News: Category:26 August Extracted from homeschool high school record keeping. homeschool record keeping book. homeschool record keeping app. homeschool record keeping printables. homeschool record keeping free. homeschool record keeping template. homeschool record keeping software. homeschool record keeping california

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