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T C S O S News Fingerprinting of conflict : - (“”) Frank Melcher(1), Maria A. Sitnikova(1), Torsten Graupner(1), Nicola Martin(1), Thomas Oberthür(1), Friedhelm Henjes-Kunst(1), Eike Gäbler(1), Axel Gerdes(2), Helene Brätz(3), Don W. Davis(4) and Stijn Dewaele(5)

(1) Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany ([email protected]) (2) Institute of Geosciences, Petrology & Geochemistry, Altenhöferallee, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (3) Institute of Geography, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany (4) Jack Satterly Geochronology Laboratory, Department of , Earth Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3B1 (5) Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Royal Museum for Central , Leuvensesteenweg 13, 30-80 Tervuren,

Introduction Congo (DRC), , ). More- over, Africa is estimated to host about three Contents Illegal of , , , quarters of the world’s resources. Fingerprinting of conflict minerals 1 and, in the last decade, “coltan” The term “blood coltan” was coined in the has fuelled ongoing armed conflicts and Congolese civil war, as the sale of this mine- From the President of SGA 2 civil war in a number of African countries. ral fuelled fighting especially in the eastern “Coltan” – an important tantalum source - provinces of the DRC. Various governmen- News of the Society: SGA presence is a central African trade name of tal and rebel armed groups moved in to take at the 2008 IGC, Oslo, Norway 3 concentrates chiefly composed of members control of its production and trade. A sharp New on the website: Mineral Deposit of the columbite-tantalite group [(Fe,Mn) price increase for tantalum on the market Archive, The Rammelsberg deposit 6 (Nb,Ta)2O6]. Tantalum is a rare metal (Dec at the beginning of the century from 60 to 2007: 77 US$/kg tantalite, 30% Ta2O5) 480 US$/kg Ta2O5 made this trade highly SGA homepage on internet 14 whose strength, chemistry and electronic profitable. Large quantities of coltan were properties make it valuable in many high- smuggled from the DRC into the neighbo- Forthcoming events 15 technology and medical applications. The ring countries to be sold illegally. 10th SGA Meeting, Townsville, 17-20 use of tantalum has, for instance, been The expert group for the DRC of the Uni- August 2009 17 instrumental in reducing the size of mo- ted Nations Security Council recommended bile phones. Coltan is mined from highly the development of a traceability system SGA Membership Application Form 20 specialized granitic rare metal that would proof the origin of coltan. Such (e.g. Černý, 1992), which commonly show a system would allow produced within complex zoning, and from related placer regions affected by civil war to be distin- Main Features deposits. guished from other sources. Results of a Although the major producers of tantalum pilot study funded by the German Federal Fingerprinting of conflict minerals 1 in , and Canada account for Ministry for Economic Cooperation and SGA presence at the 2008 IGC, more than 80 percent of the world produc- Development (BMZ) are presented here. Oslo, Norway 3 tion (2006: ~1,290 metric tons tantalum Combined mineralogical-geochemical- New on the website: Mineral Deposit metal; USGS Mineral Resources Program), geochronological signatures of columbite- Archive, The Rammelsberg Deposit 6 artisanal and small-scale mining of coltan is tantalite ores are used to trace the origin of essential to many local economies in Africa ore concentrates. (e.g. , , , DR page 7 u >>> 2 SGA News Number 23 June 2008 Number 23 June 2008 SGA News 3 <<< From the President of SGA News of the Society

David I. Groves [email protected] SGASGA News of the Council mental impacts”, convened by J. Pašava and H. Frimmel It is a great honour to be elected President News Black shale formations occur in different geological environments of SGA, particularly as an Australian so 2007 SGA ballot throughout the geological record. Black shales are of interest in far from the European heart of the Society. No. 23 June 2008 Below are reported the results of the 2007 SGA Ballot to elect exploration since they host numerous types of ore deposits such as The fact that I am a former President of Administrative Officers for the terms of two years (January 1, base metals (copper, +- barite), noble metals (gold and SEG shows that international collaboration, E d i t o r 2008—December 31, 2009) group elements), , , , man- rather than competition, is seen as the way Massimo Chiaradia ganese, vanadium, , , , phosphorus and others. forward as we seek to maximise service to Department of Mineralogy YES NO Previously, some of the deposits were sub-economic, containing our Membership. University of Geneva President: David Groves (Australia) 184 14 large amounts of low-grade mineralized black shale, but with the Geneva Vice-President: Fernando Tornos (Spain) 184 14 recent development of ore processing methods like bioleaching, As President, I have a number of goals SWITZERLAND Exec. Secretary: Jan Pašava (Czech Rep.) 193 5 many of these low-grade prospects became economically profi- that I will be seeking to achieve in col- Treasurer: David Leach (USA) 184 14 table. Both scientific results into the genesis and environmental laboration with the outstanding Executi- SGA News is a publication of SGA ­(Society Promotion Man.: Gregor Borg (Germany) 183 15 issues related to mining and processing of black shale-hosted ores ve and Council that has been elected for of Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits) Chief editors of Min. Deposita: will be a major focus of this session. 2008/2009. I would like to see our Mem- to maintain the extremely high standards of and appears twice a year. Bernd Lehmann (Germany) 190 8 Schedule: bership increase by at least 25 percent over the journal. Over the past five years, Mi- Larry Meinert (USA) 190 8 10 oral presentations the next two years, and the Society also neralium Deposita has become the premier SGA News can be also read in the SGA Chief editor of SGA News: 9 poster presentations achieve a firmer financial foundation, par- journal in in terms of its ­homepage on Internet: Massimo Chiaradia (Switzerland) 193 5 Keynote speakers: ticularly through strategic planning headed academic and industry impacts. http://www.e-sga.org Cheif editor of SGA Website: Paul Emsbo – USGS Denver by Dave Leach, our Treasurer. I am also Georges Beaudoin (Canada) 195 3 Alan Kaufmann – University of Maryland determined that our biennial meeting, SGA After the next Council Meeting to be held Student Representative: 2009, in Townsville, Queensland, Australia in Quebec City, Canada in late May, the C o n ce p t a n d Pr i n t i n g Anna Vymazalová (Czech Republic) 190 8 in August 2009, will be a great scientific Membership will be canvassed to approve WMXDesign GmbH 2. SGA SPONSORED SESSIONS: success for SGA. We have an impressive some changes to the Satutes of the Society Heidelberg, Germany The regional Vice-Presidents MRD-10 Symposium on “Large ore provinces of Central Asia”, Organizational Committee, chaired by Pat which will help us expedite our business Asia: H. Fan () 195 3 convened by Ginayat R. Bekzhanov, Bernd Lehmann and Dmitry Williams and strongly supported by his col- and allow us to better interact with SEG and Australia/Oceania: D. Huston (Australia) 192 6 Pusharovsky leagues at EGRU at James Cook University. IAGOD who have ex-officio members on L a y o u t : Richard Herrington (UK) 191 7 The geological situation of Central Asia is dominated by a huge The other two university-based economic our Council. Your assistance in responding Massimo Chiaradia, Geneva, Switzerland Middle East: H. Harbi (Saudi Arabia) 192 6 collage of Phanerozoic subduction-accretion complexes (Altaid geology centres, CODES at U Tas and the to our requests for your vote on these mat- North Africa: S. Bouhlel (Tunisia) 192 6 orogenic system) in between the Urals to the west, Siberian plat- Centre for Exploration Targeting at UWA, ters will be greatly appreciated. North America: A. Conly (Canada) 194 4 form to the north, Circum-Pacific orogenic belt and North China are also involved in the organisation. Col- In f o r m a t i o n f o r c ontributors South Africa: John Moore (South Africa) 194 4 Craton to the east, and the Cenozoic Alpide mountain ranges to the laboration with SEG through Rich Goldfarb After the next Council Meeting, I hope Items for publication may be sent to: South America: Carmen Holmgren (Chile) 193 5 south. This region hosts a number of major ore provinces with a will involve a day of invited talks to com- to be able to write a more detailed article SGA News (see address below) wide spectrum of worldclass mineral deposits, of which precious plement the normal SGA sessions. on our strategic plans, a more definitive Manuscripts should be sent by e-mail us- metals, base metals, and rare metals stand out. The Symposium view of SGA 2009, and an indication of the ing Microsoft Word for text and Jpeg or Tiff Councillors for the term – January 1, 2008 - December 31, 2011 wants to contribute to the better understanding of the major controls Council also need to aid the Editors of location of SGA 2011. formats for pictures and figures (the latter on the formation of large ore provinces, and invites detailed mine- Mineralium Deposita in any way they can must be in grey level tones, not colour!). F. Bierlein (Australia) 189 9 ralogical and geochemical studies as well as regional metallogenic Please always send a paper copy and indi- K. Kelley (USA) 188 10 studies and review papers on Central Asian ore deposits. Focus A p p l i c a t i o ns to SGA for meeting sponsorship must be submitted to Jan Pasa- cate the format you are using. P. Williams (Australia) 193 5 should be on modern research and new findings. va, SGA Executive Secretary, on appropriate forms available at the SGA home page on R. Foster (UK/Turkey) 189 9 Internet: www.e-sga.org R. Presnell (USA) 188 12 MRD-15 Symposium on “Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide deposits”, conve- De a d l i n e f o r SGA Ne w s No. 24 V. Shatov (Russia) 190 8 ned by H. Papunen and A. Naldrett Other requests will be not considered. 31 October 2008 The historic high prices of nickel and platinum-group metals (PGE) TOTAL RECEIVED VOTES 198 have aroused worldwide interest in the exploration and exploitation Your suggestions and ideas (179 electronic and 19 hard copies) of magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE deposits, which are related to mafic- for any topic of interest to SGA ­ SGA Ne w s - Ma i l b o x TOTAL VALID VOTES 198 ultramafic intrusive rocks and ultramafic extrusives. Tectonic are welcome! Dr. Massimo Chiaradia environments and magmatic evolution vary from one deposit type They can be addressed to any Council member or to Department of Mineralogy Prague, December 20th, 2007 to the other, but a number of common rules control the formation University of Geneva of sulphides in magmatic systems and the distribution of metals Dr. Jan Pasava Rue des Maraîchers 13 Jan Pašava Bohdan Kříbek Anna Vymazalová between co-existing phases. Papers dealing with general aspects SGA Executive Secretary CH-1205 Geneva of magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE ore formation and descriptions of new Fax: +41 22 379 32 10 Future activities discoveries are welcome. Nickel has long history in Fennoscandia: Czech Geological Survey Tel.: +420 2 5108 5506 e-mail: [email protected] -SGA presence at the 2008 IGC (Oslo, Norway) the metal was first discovered in Sweden 1756 and Norway produ- Klárov 131/3 Fax: +420 2 518 18 748 1. SGA ORGANIZED SESSION: ced the bulk of the world’s nickel in the 19th century. Norwegian CZ-118 21 Prague 1 e-mail: [email protected] Half a day MRD-13 Symposium on “Black shale hosted Ore depo- Caledonian deposits and the numerous deposits in the Svecofenni- Czech Republic sits associated with black shales: from their origin to their Environ- an area of central Fennoscandia are examples of orogenic Ni-Cu >>> 4 SGA News Number 23 June 2008 Number 23 June 2008 SGA News 5 <<<

Mr. Michael BOWLES 4 Norfolk Drive, Oulton Leeds, LS26 8HY Yorkshire UK deposits; hence the papers on this Ni-Cu ore will be given here to the deposits from the exploration and mining companies together Mr. Brendan CAULFIELD 15 Nylands Avenue Kew, Richmond Surrey TW9 4HH UK type worldwide would be welcome. Due Fennoscandian shield including Karelia and with those from academic institutions is Mr. Daniel JAMES 54 Valley Road Herts HP4 3PZ UK to their high exploration potential in Fen- Kola Peninsula and from the Laurentia. The expected. Mr. Nicholas HOLMAN 35 Caenbrook Meadow Presteigne Powys, LD8 2NE UK noscandia Ni-Cu-PGE deposits related to presentations may concern deposits or pro- SGA COUNCIL 2008 Dr. Andrew H.G MITCHELL 20 Dale Close Oxford OX1 1TU UK mafic layered intrusions are also favoured spects, as well as whole belts and provinces, -SEG-GSSA 2008 Meeting (July 5-9, 2008, Dr. Edmund SIDES 14 Millwood Gardens Millay, Swansea, Wales, SA2 7BE UK President D. Groves (Australia) in the session. and describe their geological, mineralo- Johannesburg) – SGA will have a free booth Mr. Robin TAGGART Kulshan, Knocklayde Park Ballymoney, Co. Antrim, BT53 6HJ UK Dr. M. Stephen ENDERS Senior Vice President Newmont Mining Corporation 1700 Lincoln Street Denver, gical, geochemical, isotopic and tectonic there and run a 2-days short course on dia- Vice-President F. Tornos (Spain) CO 80203 USA MRD-19 Symposium on “Uranium depo- characteristics, resource assessments and monds – SGA activities coordinated by J. Executive Secretary J. Pasava (Czech Republic) Mr. John KING 10920 W. Alameda Ave. Lakewood, 80226 USA sits”, convened by M. Cuney, C. Caillat and exploration potential. We are strongly en- Moore and H. Frimmel. Treasurer D. Leach (USA) Prof. James SAUNDER 210 Petrie hall Dept of Geology and Geography Auburn University, AL 36849 O. Aikas couraging the presentation of innovative -UNESCO-SEG-SGA XXVI Latin Ameri- Promotion Manager G. Borg (Germany) USA This symposium is devoted to oral and po- genetic models. Comparative papers on can Course on Metallogeny (2008, Bolivia) Chief Editors B. Lehmann (Germany) - MD Student Members ster presentations on deposits. the metallogeny of Fennoscandia with that – F. Tornos. European Office Mr. Miguel Sebastian JOVIC Instituto de Recursos Minerales Calle 64, n. 3, La Plata 1900 BUENOS Exploration activities for uranium deposits of other similar crustal blocks from other -XIII Latin-American Geological Congress L. Meinert (USA) - MD North have boomed during these last three years parts of the world are also welcome. A joint with XIV Peruvian Geological Congress AIRES ARGENTINA American Office Mr. Alexander SCHMIDERER Eferweg 17 A-8724 Spielberg because uranium prices have experienced participation to the symposium of geosci- (September 29-October 3, 2008 Lima, Pe- M. Chiaradia (Switzerland) Ms. Elena BELYAVTSEVA 15 Bardfield Way, Gosnells 6110 WA AUSTRALIA a spectacular jump. A particular attention entists from geological surveys, consulting, ru). - SGA News Mr. Marco BRENNA 6/76 Broadway, Crawley 6009 WA AUSTRALIA G. Beaudoin (Canada) - SGA Ms. Kylie CHRYSTAL 10 Hatfield Way, Girrawheen 6064 WA AUSTRALIA Mr. Alex CLARK-HALE 62 Holland St, Wembley 6014 WA AUSTRALIA LIST OF NEW SGA MEMBERS (AUGUST 10, 2007-APRIL 22, 2008) website Miss Haylee CUZENS 18 Fenchurch Street Alexander Heights 6064 WA AUSTRALIA Student Represent. A. Vymazalová (Czech Rep.) 55 Regular Members, 41 Student Members, and 4 Senior Members applied for membership from August 10, 2007 to April 22, 2008 Miss Beatriz ESTRADA 8/990 Wellington St. West Perth, 6005, WA AUSTRALIA Past-President H. Frimmel (Germany/South Ms. Arianne FORD School of Earth and Env. Sciences James Cook University Townsville, QLD 4811 Africa) AUSTRALIA Regular Members Mr. Ben HAMES 61/54 Mill Point Rd South Perth 6151 WA AUSTRALIA Mrs. Mirta Mabel GARRIDO Agustin Alvarez 1948-8000 Bahia Blanca ARGENTINA Mr. Shane HUBECK 2/208 Burslem Dr, Maddington 6109 WA AUSTRALIA Regional Vice-Presidents Dr. Stephen BERESFORD 2/22 Kadina St North Perth 6006 AUSTRALIA Mr. Derek MARSHALL 21 Viewway, Nedlands 6009 WA AUSTRALIA Mr. Peter James DOYLE Ground floor 44 Ord Street, West Pert WA 6005 AUSTRALIA Asia H. Fan (China) Mr. Luke NUSKE 83 Essex Street, Wembly 6014 WA AUSTRALIA Dr. Musie GEBRE-MARIAM 357 Inverness Drive South Englewood 80112 CO AUSTRALIA Australia/Oceania D. Huston (Australia) Miss Heidi PASS CODES Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits Private Bag 79, Hobart Tasmania 7001 Dr. Klaus GESSNER Centre for Exploration Targeting, NDOP006 University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Perth AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA Europe R. Herrington (UK) Tony GODDARD Locked Bag 12 Cloisters Square Perth Wa 6850 AUSTRALIA Mr. Ian PRYOR 17 Margaret St. Wilson, 6107 WA AUSTRALIA Dr. Pietro GUJ 42 Rupert St. Subiaco Western Australia WA 6008 AUSTRALIA Middle East H. Harbi (Saudi Arabia) Mr. Luis Daniel SAENZ ALARCON Saint Thomas More College Mounts Bay Road, Crawley 6009 WA Dr. Paul HODKIEWICZ SRK Consulting 10 Richardson St West Perth WA 6005 AUSTRALIA North Africa S. Bouhlel (Tunisia) AUSTRALIA Dr. John MILLER Centre for Exploration Targeting, MOO6 University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Perth AUSTRALIA North America A. Conly (Canada) Mr. Nuru SAID 253 Station St. East Cannigton 6107 WA AUSTRALIA Mr. Craig PANTHER 12 Montezuma Drive Burleigh Waters Queensland 4220 AUSTRALIA South Africa J. Moore (S. Africa) Ms. Kimberley WEBB 36 Holmfirtn St., Menora 6050 WA AUSTRALIA Mr. Michael N. RICHARDS c/o Equinox Resources Ground Floor, 50 Kings Park Road West Perth, W.A. 6005 AUSTRALIA Mrs. Rosaline FIGUEREDO e SILVA Caldeira Brant 61/302 Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais BRAZIL South America C. Holmgren (Chile) Mr. Peter VAN DER BORG 9A Strickland St Mt Claremont 6010 WA AUSTRALIA Miss Hannah GRANT 178 Ontario Street, Apt 201 Kingston, ON, K7L 2Y8 CANADA Dr. Khin ZAW Private Bag 79 University of Tasmania Hobart, Tasmania 7001 AUSTRALIA Ms. Elizabeth SHARMAN 3450 University St. Earth and Planetary Sciences McGill Univ., Montreal, QC, Dr. Radoslav KEHAYOV 33 Lulin Planina Str, Entr B Office 1, Sofia 1606 BULGARIA Councillors: term ending on December 31, 2009 H3A 2A7 CANADA Dr. Jeffrey ABBOTT 1400 Tanager Place RR21 Roberts Creek, BC V0N 2W1 CANADA Mr. David SHINKLE PO Box 4400 Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3 CANADA

SOCIETY FOR GEOLOGY APPLIED TO MINERAL TO DEPOSITS SOCIETY APPLIED FOR GEOLOGY A. Boyce (U.K.) Dr. Irvine R. ANNESLEY Director, Exploration JNR Resources Inc 204-315 22nd St. East Saskatoon, SK S7K OG6 CANADA Mr. Jian BAI 87 Dongfengxiang 650011 Kunming CHINA S. Diakov (Canada, East Asia) Mr. Andrew Lee SMITH 500-602 West Hastings Vancouver V6B I82, BC CANADA Mr. Alan Fernando CARDENAS VERA Universidad Nacional de Sede Medellin Calle 5, Mr. Stanley CRAIG 145 King Street West, Suite 2750 Toronto, Ontario CANADA M5H 1J8 P. Eilu () #45-121, Bioque 6, Apt 512 Antioquia, Medellin COLOMBIA Mr. Charles DEARIN 2 Forest Road St. Johns New Found Land AIC 2B9 CANADA W. Halter (Switzerland) Mr. Carlos Andreas JIMENEZ TORRES Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellin Calle 30D Mr.Miguel GALLARDO Málaga 50, Piso 5, Las Condes 7550133 Santiago CHILE J. Mao (China) #50a39, La Florida IV, Apt 022 Antioquia, Bello COLOMBIA Ms Jukka JOKELA Ahventig 4B 48 FINLAND J. Relvas (Portugal) Mr. Markus KYLAKOSKI University f Oulu Peiponpolku 2-6, 058 96900 SAARENKYLA FINLAND Dr. Jens SCHNEIDER Bachstrasse 9 35792 Lohnberg GERMANY Mr. Jens RONNQVIST Biskopsgatan 22E 68600 Jakobstau FINLAND R. Smith (Australia-China) Mr. Christan MASURENKO Winkelweg 2 27239 Twistringen GERMANY Mr. Jerome GOUIN BRGM – Mineral Ressources Division 3, avenue Claude Guillemin BP 36009 45060 Dr. Ferenc MOLNAR Erdosor 186 1213 Budapest HUNGARY P. Weihed (Sweden) Orleans Cedex 2 FRANCE Prof. Dr. Mamta DAS RZ-122, B-Block, Arjun Park Nangli Dairy Najafgarh Road New Delhi 1100 43 INDIA Mr. Adrian FIEGE In der Aue 12 37290 Meibuer GERMANY Mr. Dinesh DHINGRA F-3/14, Second Floor Sector-II, Rohini New Delhi – 110085 INDIA Councillors: term ending on December 31, 2011 Mr. Tobias HOEFIG Netzweg 1 D-06110 Halle GERMANY Mr. John ASHTON Tara Mines Ltd. Mine Geology Department Knockumber Navan Country Meath IRELAND Mr. Marcus KUNZMANN Liebenauer Str. 162 D-06110 Halle GERMANY Dr. Patrick B. REDMOND Teck Cominco Ireland Ltd. 5 Wentwoth Place, Wicklow Country Wicklow IRELAND F. Bierlein (Australia) Mr. Timo LIESENFELD Hasental 29 56288 Kastellaun GERMANY Dr. Koji HAMANO Nikko Exploration and Development Co, Ltd, 7-10, Toranomon 2-Chome, MINATO-KU, Tokyo, 105-0001 JAPAN K. Kelley (USA) Mr. Christian SCHMIDTCHEN Kurt-Tucholsky Strasse 6 06179 Teutschenthal GERMANY Prof. Francisco ESCANDON Sierra de San Patricio 108 Lomas 4a Seccion 78216 San Luis Potosi S.P.L. MEXICO P. Williams (Australia) Mr. Khashgerel BAT-ERDENE Tennohda 2-1, University of Tsukuba Ichinoya 36-102 Tsukuba City Mr. Charles RANDS 6 Glen Road Kelburn, Wellington 6012 NEW ZEALAND R. Foster (UK/Turkey) 305-0006 Ibaraki Prefecture JAPAN Mr. Tunde Muritala ARISEKOLA Nigerian Geological Survey Agency P.M.B. 616 Garki, Abuja NIGERIA Mr. Jung Woo PARK Room 629, Mineralogy Lab., Asan Science building Korea University, Anandong, R. Presnell (USA) Mr. Steves Olusegun IPINNIWA PMB 2062 Sapon Abeokuta, Ogun State NIGERIA Sungbuk ku, Seoul KOREA Dr. Olugbenga A. OKUNLOLA Dept. of Geology University of Ibadan Ibadan NIGERIA V. Shatov (Russia) Mr. Oleg KNAUF 195 030 St. Petersburg Otechestvennaya 3-106 RUSSIA Mr. Jorgen STENVOLD Nokken 1 9016 Tromso NORWAY Miss Therese BEJGARN Stengatan 137 972 52 Lulea SWEDEN Dr. Apostoae LAVINIU IOAN Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Dept. of Mineralogy and Geochemistry Bd. Carol I, NR. 20A, IASI – 700505 ROMANIA Ex officio Members, SEG Mr. Craig BARRIE Dept. of Earth and Ocean Sciences University of Liverpool UK Dr. Vladimir KNAUF 195 030 St. Petersburg Otechestvennaya 3-106 RUSSIA Miss Angelique CRYSTAL Felin Newydd, Rhydymain Dolgellau, Gwynedd, LL40 2AP, North Wales UK Dr. Evgeniy NAUMOV Institute of Geology, pr. Koptiyga 3 Novosibirs 630090 RUSSIA President N. Williams (Australia) Ms. Anita BROWN 3327 S 650 W Bountiful, UT 84010 USA Dr. Hesham HARBI King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Earth Sciences P.O. Box 80206, Jeddah 21289 SAUDI ARABIA Executive Director B. G. Hoal (USA) Ms Marina Zavarzina VUZGORODOK, Geology faculty 100174 Tashkent UZBEKISTAN Dr. Craig R. McCLUNG P.O.Box 3899 Northcliff, 2115 SOUTH AFRICA Dr. Jan-Anders PERDAHL Hammarg 13 SE – 930 70 Mala SWEDEN Ex officio Members, IAGOD Senior Members Mr. David TRIPODI, Vanga Resources Ltd., Rue Etienne-Dumont 14, 1204 Geneva SWITZERLAND Dr. Desmond LASCELLES 13 Bardfield Way Gosnells, 6110 WA AUSTRALIA Mr. Denis DILLIP PO Box 72488 Der es Salzam Secretary General N. Cook (Norway) Dr. Brian MARTEN Dinegal East, Reengaroga Baltimore, CO Cork IRELAND Mr. Murat CETINTAS Teck Cominco Turan Gunes Bulv No 86/4 06550, Cankaya- Ankara TURKEY Membership Secreteray R. Seltmann (UK) Mr. A. Neil McLAURIN Victoria House, Letcombe Regis Wantage, Oxon, OXI29JQ UK Mr. Bilhan TEKIN Teck Cominco Turan Gunes Bulv No 86/4 06550, Cankaya- Ankara TURKEY Dr. Anthony NALDRETT 15 Apers Ave. Woking, Surrey, GU2 2QB UK >>> 6 SGA News Number 23 June 2008 Number 23 June 2008 SGA News 7 <<<

>>> page 1 Fingerprinting of conflict mine- CGM to incorporate a large number of ad- areas. Special attention is, however, di- Website NEWS! SGA Mineral Deposit Archive rals: columbite-tantalite („coltan“) ores ditional elements. Furthermore, coltan ores rected to samples and concentrates from may also contain other tantalum-bearing Ta-Nb-(Sn-Li) provinces in Africa (e.g. the Georges Beaudoin, Chief Editor SGA website mineral phases like (FeTa2O6), Alto Ligonha Province in Mozambique; the Fingerprinting – how does it [(Mn,Sn,Fe,Ti,Li)Ta2O8], Kivu Province in the DRC, Rwanda and Université Laval, Québec,Canada, [email protected] work? [(Nb,Ta,Sn,Fe,Mn,Ti)4O8], bismutotantalite ; southern Ethiopia; southern and [Bi(Nb,Ta)O4], stibiotantalite [Sb(Nb,Ta) northern Namibia; Fig. 1). So far, more than The focus of this study is to develop a O4], minerals of the group such 350 samples have been investigated (indivi- The SGA Mineral Deposit Archive is a A Mineral Deposit Archive typically A Mineral Deposit Archive consist of a methodological approach capable of distin- as [(Ca,Na)2Ta2O6(O,OH,F)], dual crystals, ore concentrates) with more repository of mineral deposit or district provides information 1) on the regional .pdf file comprising a set of slides and their guishing the origin of tantalum ore concen- and minerals of the complex fergusonite, than 60% from central and southern Africa. descriptions offered by SGA members to geology and geodynamic setting, 2) the presentation notes where each slide is ac- trates with the utmost probability. A number aeschynite and euxenite mineral groups. Most samples are from rare metal pegma- the scientific community. The SGA is distri- geological and structural setting of the de- companied by a text explaining the features of factors must be taken into consideration. Although confusing at first, these large tites and their eluvial and alluvial placers, buting for free these geological summaries posit/district, 3) typical features of ore and in the slide. (1) The quality and composition of the col- variations in Ta-Nb minerals and ores al- especially from tin granites and rare metal of important mineral deposits. The Mineral hostrocks using photographs of outcrops, To submit a proposal for a Mineral Depo- tan ore concentrates available on the market so offer chances to develop a scheme of granites of Archaean to Pan-African age. Deposit Archive offers an overview of the samples or photomicrographs, 4) geoche- sit Archive, go to our website, www.e-sga. may vary considerably depending on the fingerprinting. (3) The analytical time and geological setting and geological features mistry of mineralization and hostrocks, 5) org, then navigate to >Publications>Mineral technical equipment for ore processing used effort of the fingerprint have to be kept at a Analytical Methods of important mineral deposits or districts of a review of current interpretations on the Deposit Archives where Instructions to Aut- and the experience of the . (2) The reasonable level. the world. deposit/district metallogeny. hors and templates to prepare your contri- mineralogical and chemical composition of The methodological approach summa- Coltan concentrates are studied and ana- bution can be downloaded. Ta-Nb ores is extremely complex, based on rized below is based on an extensive mi- lyzed in a step-by-step mode (Fig. 2). the wide range of minerals of the columbite- neralogical-geochemical-geochronological One goal is to characterize their comple- tantalite solid solution series (columbite- database acquired and compiled for samples te mineralogical and chemical variability. New Mineral Deposit Archive: The Rammelsberg Deposit group minerals, CGM) and the ability of from the world’s major coltan producing Major and trace element concentrations are obtained by WD-X-ray fluorescence ana- Andreas Mueller lysis on bulk samples. The mineralogical composition of bulk samples is determined by X-ray diffraction analysis; application Andreas G. Müller (Maylands/Australia), [email protected] of Rietveld refinement procedures allows estimates of modal proportions. Polished The Rammelsberg Cu-Zn-Pb -barite fide, located in the overturned fold limb ging at about 300°C. Radiogenic lead and sections are prepared and investigated by deposit in the Harz mountain range, northern beneath the Kniest is strongly deformed, osmium isotope data indicate deep fluid reflected light microscopy, followed by Germany, was mined almost continuously recrystallized to a tectonic banding, and circulation and metal from the quantitative mineralogical analysis using for more than a 1000 years (968-1988 AD). separated into two major lenses by reverse thick pile (>1000 m) of Lower Devonian the Mineral Liberation Analysis software The mine, located south of the medieval movement of the Kniest mass. shelf sandstones and from paragneisses in (MLA; JK Tech Pty Ltd, Australia) on a town centre of Goslar, is now a UNESCO The massive sulfide grades laterally into the continental crust below. Quanta 600 FEG scanning electron micro- world heritage site. The Rammelsberg is a a fringe of shale-banded ore (2 Mt at 6.5% Paleogeographic reconstructions of the scope equipped with an EDAX module. For type locality for shale-hosted, sedimentary- Zn, 3.5% Pb) and is compositionally zoned, Middle Devonian show that the Rammels- major and trace element analysis by ma- exhalative (SEDEX) Zn-Pb-Ag deposits but stratigraphically higher sulfide- berg deposit formed at the faulted margin of gnetic sector ICP-MS and ICP-OES, one or is unusual because of the high grade (27 Mt lenses spreading beyond the lower ones. an euxinic basin, part of the basin-and-ridge several hand picked grains (5 to 100 mg of at 19% Zn, 9% Pb, 160 g/t Ag) and high The lowermost lens consists of low-grade topography of a marine back-arc rift located sample material) are ground and dissolved copper-gold content (1% Cu, 0.5-1 g/t Au) + Fe- + quartz, overlain at the southern margin of the Laurussi- in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid 48% (20 – of the sulfide ore. by pyrite + Mn-dolomite with layers of an continent. Spilitized alkali basalt and 200 μl) and nitric acid 65% (200 μl). The Harz is part of the unmetamorphosed and , and blanketed trachyte/rhyolite, associated with CGM and other Ta-Nb-bearing mineral slate belt of the Variscan orogen, formed in by gold-rich chalcopyrite-sphalerite- ore and pyrite mineralization on volcanic phases are analyzed for major and trace the Carboniferous during the collision of ore containing 5-10% Fe-dolomite and ba- ridges, indicate high heat-flow and exten- elements by electron microprobe (CAME- the paleo-continents Laurussia and Gond- rite. The uppermost and most extensive la- sive seawater circulation. The plate-tectonic CA SX100) with detection limits of 200 wana. The Rammelsberg deposit occurs in yer consists of -rich sphalerite-galena setting is remarkably similar to that of the ppm for trace elements. For determination a NE-striking, overturned isoclinal syncline ore with intercalated barite beds. Another present northwest Pacific, where the Okina- of low levels of trace elements the Laser of Middle Devonian calcareous black shale, two beds of sulfide-poor barite occur stra- wa Trough and the Sea of Japan represent Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass which is enclosed in -banded black tigraphically above the massive sulfide, sediment-filled marine rift basins opened in Spectrometry technique is applied (LA ICP- shale and structurally overlain by Lower separated by about 30 m of black shale. continental crust behind active arc-trench MS; Nd:YAG laser - 266 nm New Wave Devonian shelf sandstone. In the structural Laterally, the sulfide ore grades into the systems. The Japanese Kuroko volcano- Merchantek LUV; Agilent 7500i quadru- hanging wall but stratigraphic footwall of dolomite-rich ore horizon, marked by beds genic massive sulfide deposits display ore pole ICP-MS; University of Würzburg). the sulfide ore, the black shale is altered to of felsic tuff and traced in drill holes 3 km grades and sulfide-gangue zones almost The spot size varies from 30 to 50 μm. The a hard quartz-chlorite- termed to the northwest. The ore horizon contains identical to those of the Rammelsberg, pro- glass reference material NIST SRM 612 Kniest. The tightly folded Kniest wedge more metal (13 Mt Zn + Pb) than the de- viding a genetic link between VMS and SE- with the values of Pearce et al. (1997) is spans the entire width of the deposit. Pyrite, posit itself (7-8 Mt Zn + Pb) defining a hu- DEX, the two main classes of syn-volcanic used for external calibration and calculation arsenopyrite and sphalerite disseminations ge sedimentary-exhalative dispersion halo. and syn-sedimentary sulfide deposits. of trace elements by GLITTER Version 3.0 in the Kniest, and sulfide mantos and spot- The Kniest feeder system, ore textures, and To download the Rammelsberg Mineral (Macquarie Research Ltd., 2000). ted zones in the Lower Devonian sandstones isotope ratios suggest vent-proximal Deposit Archive go to www.e-sga.org > Uranium-lead dating is carried out both on Figure 1: Location of important ore provinces with Nb-Ta mining activities in Africa. See text for define a broad zone of epigenetic footwall deposition of sulfide muds in a brine pool Publications/Mineral Deposit Archive/The discussion of the ages. The position of the Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic craton areas in Africa is crystal fragments using conventional ther- mineralization. The high-grade massive sul- by a reduced, H2S-bearing fluid dischar- Rammelsberg deposit added for illustration (modified from Schlüter, 2006). mal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) >>> 8 SGA News Number 23 June 2008 Number 23 June 2008 SGA News 9 <<<

Figure 3: Back-scatter electron image of a columbite-tantalite con- centrate from Rwanda displaying heterogeneous chemical composi- tion shown by different grey values. Numbers refer to EPMA spots. Figure 4: Modal concentration of minerals in coltan concentrates from Nyari- gamba and Gasasa (Rwanda) as determined by MLA.

Figure 2: Methods used in the pilot study for characterization of the mineralogical parameters and geochemical compositions of Ta-Nb concentrates.

(BGR and University of Toronto), and in- common Pb, laser induced elemental frac- ved. The chemical procedures to separate situ analysis by LA ICP-MS at the Univer- tionation, instrumental mass discrimination, U and Pb for TIMS analysis were adapted sity of Frankfurt using a Thermo-Finnigan and time-dependant elemental fractionation. from Romer & Wright (1992) and Romer Element II sector ICP-MS coupled to a Analytical reproducibility (GJ-1 reference & Smeds (1994). U and Pb were measured New Wave UP213 ultraviolet laser system. standard) of 206Pb/238U and 207Pb/206Pb in multi-collector mode on a MM354 (Uni- Spot size ranges from 30 to 60 μm. Raw ratios is usually better than 0.7%. No matrix versity of Toronto) and a Thermo-Finnigan data are corrected for background signal, dependent U/Pb fraction has been obser- Triton (BGR). Isoplot (Ludwig 2003) was

Table 1: Mean concentrations and estimated frequencies of minerals in coltan ore concentrates from provinces in Africa as determined by MLA. Figure 5: Variation in Mn-Fe and Ta-Nb ratios in single CGM and tapiolite grains from coltan concentrates of Kibaran-age pegmatites in Rwanda and the DR Congo; EPMA.

used for graphical presentation of U-Pb pegmatite province of the DRC), mining evaluated by comparing the concentrates isotope data and age calculation. districts (i.e., the Gatumba district in the with a defined critical concentration, which Kibaran pegmatite province of Rwanda), or was set to ~30% of the mean concentration Results pegmatite provinces (i.e., the Alto Ligonha of this mineral in all concentrates. Province, Mozambique). A fully quantita- The detection of significant amounts of Mineralogical composition of the coltan tive set of data for each concentrate is part minerals typical of a deposit, district or pro- concentrates of a fingerprint to the location sampled. This vince provides valuable hints to the origin Coltan concentrates are usually domina- includes mineral associations and their rela- of a concentrate. Bismutotantalite was so ted by CGM, but may also carry abundant tive concentrations, grain sizes, and their far only found in samples from Mozam- additional accessory phases. These include intergrowth relationships (Fig. 3). Mean bique, wodginite frequently occurs only at pyrochlore-group minerals, tapiolite, wod- concentrations of ore minerals and accesso- locations in Rwanda and tapiolite seems to ginite, stibiotantalite, bismutotantalite, cas- ry phases in coltan concentrates as well as be indicative of concentrates from the DRC siterite, as well as silicate, and their frequencies within African pegmatite (especially from deposits with Eburnean further phases. Some of these mine- provinces are summarized in Table 1 and ages - see below) and from Rwanda (Fig. rals are characteristic of certain deposits illustrated in Fig. 4. The frequency of a mi- 4b). The relative frequency of ferro- or (i.e., the Manono deposit in the Kibaran neral in a tantalum pegmatite province was manganocolumbites and/or -tantalites also >>> 10 SGA News Number 23 June 2008 Number 23 June 2008 SGA News 11 <<<

varies considerably (Table 1). Finally, the presence or absence of , and other minerals may give additional hints for identification of the origin (e.g. zircon, Fig. 4a). Major and trace elements

The columbite group minerals (CGM) have the general formula AB2O6, in which the A position is dominated by Fe2+ und Mn2+ and, to a lesser extent, is occupied by Mg2+ and trivalent cations. The B position is do- minated by Nb5+ und Ta5+, but may also be occupied by Ti4+ und Sn4+. The mechanis- ms of incorporation of trace elements (e.g. Ti, Sc, U, W, REE) into the CGM structure and the percentage of the substitutions re- lative to the total cations are described in a number of papers (e.g. Černý & Ercit, 1989; Ercit, 1994; Romer et al., 1996; Mulja et al., 1996; Wise et al., 1998). Coupled sub- stitutions of 3M4+ for M2+ + 2M5+, other mechanisms involving trivalent cations as well as the influence of the local redox conditions during CGM crystallization are discussed to explain cation incorporation (e.g. U4+ vs U6+; Romer et al., 1996). For the crystal chemistry of other Nb and Ta Figure 6: Ti/Sn versus Zr+W plot for samples from the Kivu and adjacent areas in the DR Congo and minerals the reader is referred to Černý & Rwanda. Laser ablation ICP-MS and magnetic sector ICP-MS and ICP-OES data both plot into the same fields for the respective provinces. Figure 8: TIMS data for columbite-tantalite from Ghana and Rwanda; BGR laboratory (upper diagrams), and LA ICP-MS data for columbite-tantalite from Namibia and the DRC (lower diagrams).

Ercit (1989), Ercit et al. (1992) and Černý analyses (EPMA) of the major elements within the concentrates is large, and follows et al. (2004). permits a rough classification of the peg- distinct trends. In addition, mineral chemistry reflects in- matite type (Černý, 1989, 1992) but may About 35 trace elements (including the trinsic parameters of ore-forming processes, also be used for further discrimination of rare earth elements) are determined by LA source, and host rock relationships. Fractio- deposits and districts. As an example, varia- ICP-MS and/or ICP-MS. The concentra- nation and contamination in the pegmatite tions in Mn-Fe (XMn = 100*Mn/(Mn+Fe)) tions of several trace elements (e.g. Mg, melt are recorded in chemical zoning (Fig. and Ta-Nb (XTa = 100*Ta/(Ta+Nb)) ratios Sc, Ti, W, Hf) correlate well with those of 3) and trace element patterns of the grains. in four coltan concentrates are shown in the major elements within the studied mi- The classical approach using microprobe Figure 5. The overall compositional range nerals (Fe, Mn, Nb, Ta). Good correlations between trace elements are often present on a deposit or district scale. A number of trace elements and element ratios appear to be useful for differentiation of ore districts within larger pegmatite provinces (e.g. Bi, Ti, W, Zr, Zr/Hf, Ti/Sn; Fig. 6). The chondrite-normalized REE distributi- on patterns vary significantly depending on the type of Ta-bearing mineral phases (co- lumbite, tantalite, microlite) and in part also their major element compositions (e.g. the Fe and Mn concentrations in tantalites; Fig. 7b). Furthermore, ore concentrates from different pegmatite provinces can be sepa- rated using a number of criteria. Whereas some locations are characterized by low Figure 9: Flow chart exemplifying the discrimination of tantalum provinces from Africa based on age REE concentrations (e.g. Kenticha, Ethio- Figure 7: Concentrations of Y and REE in columbite-tantalite from ore concentrates. (A) Marropino (Mozambique), (B) Buranga (Rwanda), (C) Kokobin and modal mineralogy. pia), others are highly enriched, especially (Ghana) and (D) Bikita (). LA ICP-MS data. >>> 12 SGA News Number 23 June 2008 Number 23 June 2008 SGA News 13 <<<

Acknowledgements consuming, depending on the degree of aware of “clean” products, which are mined required certainty. Based on modal mine- in an environmentally sound and socially ralogy, and major and trace element data tolerable way in countries which accept Samples were kindly provided by a number of CGM, a distinction of tantalum con- the rules of good governance. This is true of museums, companies and individuals. centrates from Kibaran pegmatites within especially for minerals imported from con- Field work was supported by Jean Ru- the DRC and Rwanda, and those of the flict areas. The worldwide implementation zindana Munana (Redemi, Rwanda) and Namaqualand Province in Namibia and and acceptance of the “Kimberley Process” the Geological Surveys of Namibia, Ethi- South Africa, is demonstrated in Figure for diamonds prove that the international opia and Mozambique. We also appre- 10. Both yield identical geological ages community is no longer willing to accept ciate cooperation with the project leaders, (0.9-1.0 Ga). CGM in Kibaran pegmatites materials from conflict areas or materials W. Pohl (Braunschweig) and B. Lehmann lack Eu anomalies, whereas those in Nama- produced under criminal circumstances. (Clausthal), of the “Coltan Environmental qualand pegmatites have prominent negati- The analytical fingerprint of “coltan” may Management Pilot Project 2007” funded by ve Eu anomalies, concomitant with a lack assist in the establishment of a control in- the German Volkswagenstiftung. Thanks of cassiterite. Within the Kibaran, tantalum strument in an envisaged certification of the are due to many people in the BGR for concentrates derived from areas west of the production and trade chain of coltan. Modi- laboratory assistance, especially to J. Lod- western branch of the East-African rift zone fied techniques may be applied to other ores ziak, P. Rendschmidt, F. Korte and M. (Kivu, Maniema and Katanga provinces of as well. Our working group will provide Bockrath. B. Saini-Eidukat (NDSU, Fargo) the DRC) are distinguished by generally analytical fingerprinting methods for coltan kindly commented on an earlier draft of the higher trace element concentrations (i.e., ores, also in the framework of the project manuscript. Zr, Hf, W, Sn) from those east of the rift “Certified Trade Chains in the Minerals in Rwanda and Burundi. The use of ma- Sector” (CTC) recently in development at References Figure 10: Flow chart exemplifying the discrimination of tantalum concentrates (0.9-1.0 Ga old) from central and southern Africa. CGM = columbite- jor and trace element information would the BGR. It is of vital interest to the mining group minerals; conc = concentrate. enable discrimination of all deposits and industry and promoted by political initia- Černý, P., 1989. Characteristics of pegma- occurrences studied so far. tives (“market transparency”) to introduce tite deposits of tantalum. In: Möller, P., Minerals are traded on an open global and use the certification instruments now Černý, P., Saupé, F. (Eds.), Lanthanides, in the MREE and/or HREE (Fig. 7a,b). crystals, reveal isotopic homogeneity on Distinction of multiple sources would market. However, the public is increasingly becoming available.

Samples with Kibaran ages (Kivu province the microscale. Age inheritance is not evi- also be possible, if a complete fingerprint of in the DRC and Rwanda) either show flat dent. Therefore, different age groups in the end members exists in the data base. U- $ patterns for most tantalites (especially the mixed concentrates can be distinguished. Pb dating of several grains from a concent- ...... manganotantalites; Fig. 7b), rising values The ages obtained for columbite-tantalite rate reveals if the CGM are cogenetic or are from the LREE to the HREE (columbites; from Rwanda, Burundi and the DRC clo- derived from different ore provinces. The CHANGE OF ADDRESS FORM Fig. 7b) or trough-like patterns (not shown). sely match a U-Pb emplacement age at investigation of special zoning patterns, If you have changed (or will change in the near future) your address please fill in this form and send it to: Another important criterion for discrimina- 0.96 Ga obtained for slightly discordant as well as of trace elements within single tion is the presence or absence and intensity columbite from the Kivuvu and Ruhembe CGM will also enable a decision on the of a Eu anomaly, which is negative in most pegmatites in Burundi (Romer & Lehmann, presence of one or several populations. SGA Treasurer’s Office - c/o Sabine Lange cases (e.g. strongly negative for the con- 1995), and are in general accordance with In summary, the methods discussed in Rixenweg 2, D-24147 Klausdorf centrates from the Alto Ligonha Pegmatite alternative ages of late Kibaran so-called this paper are useful to fingerprint the ori- GERMANY Province in Mozambique (Fig. 7a) and from “G4” tin granites. gin of coltan. However, it takes appreciable Zimbabwe (Fig. 7d)). analytical efforts and time to completely e-mail: [email protected] Discussion characterize a concentrate. In the future, Name ______U-Pb dating methods will be developed that allow fast Without doubt, there are regional and local screening based on modal mineralogy and Old address ______Relatively high concentrations of U, and variations in the composition of coltan. trace element and/or isotope geochemistry. ______low to very low amounts of common Pb in These are due to differences in geological We shall briefly discuss two possible appli- columbite-tantalite facilitate the application age and mineralogical and chemical com- cations of the method: ______of the U-Pb system to date columbite- position of host pegmatites and their deri- (1) Derivation of an unknown sample tantalite (Romer & Wright, 1992; Romer vative heavy mineral concentrates. Zoned from an African tantalum province. ______& Smeds, 1994). The results of TIMS and CGM crystals perfectly mimic the chemical U-Pb ages of several grains in a concen- LA ICP-MS analyses in three different la- evolution of pegmatitic melts (Lahti, 1987) trate point to one of four age groups that boratories are consistent and prove that co- and thus can be used as monitors of the have been previously discussed. Further Complete new address (including phone, fax and e-mail) ______lumbite-tantalite from Africa mostly yields fractionation stage of the source rocks. discrimination, i.e. between pegmatites of ______reliable, concordant to slightly discordant This allows distinction of locations even Pan-African age in the Alto Ligonha Pro- ages (Fig. 8). In the concentrates analyzed in districts and provinces of similar geo- vince of Mozambique, the central Damara ______so far from Africa, four age populations are logical ages, similar host rocks or similar orogen (Namibia) and southern Ethiopia is ______evident: Archaean (>2.5 Ga), Palaeoprote- parent melt compositions. Each tantalum possible using modal mineralogy (Fig. 9) or rozoic (2.1-1.9 Ga), early Neoproterozoic deposit has its unique characteristics. The- mineral composition. ______(1.0-0.9 Ga); late Neoproterozoic to early refore, a fingerprint of samples of suspect (2) Regional discrimination within an Palaeozoic (Pan-African; ca. 0.6-0.4 Ga). or unknown origin should be possible when identified age group. ______Multiple LA ICP-MS measurements and a large and high-quality analytical data base Discriminating single deposits (pegma- ______TIMS analysis of different fragments of is available. tites) within an age group is possible using submilligram size, both applied to single combined information, but may be time- >>> 14 SGA News Number 23 June 2008 Number 23 June 2008 SGA News 15 <<<

Tantalum and . Springer, Berlin group. II. Crystal chemistry. Canadian mineralization in Burundi. Economic Ge- Heidelberg New York, 195-239. Mineralogist 30, 613-631. ology 90, 2303-2309. >>> FORTHCOMING EVENTS <<< Černý, P., 1992. Geochemical and petroge- Lahti, S.I., 1987. Zoning in columbite-tan- Romer, R.L. and Smeds, S.A., 1994. Im- netic features of mineralization in rare- talite crystals from the granitic pegmati- plications of U-Pb ages of columbite- ING AND , NEW ZEALAND *October 17 element granitic pegmatites in the light of tes of the Eräjärvi area, southern Finland. tantalites from granitic pegmatites for the * marks a new entry BRANCH ANNUAL CONFERENCE. Welling- Terry Leach Symposium 2008: Th eapplication current research. Applied Geochemistry Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, Paleoproterozoic accretion of 1.90-1.85 ton, New Zealand. Contact: http://www.ausimm. of Petrology to geological models in mineral 7, 393-416. 509-517. Ga magmatic arcs to the Baltic Shield. co.nz exploration, Kirribilli Club, Milsons Point, Syd- Černý, P., Ercit T.S., 1989. Mineralogy of Ludwig, K.R., 2003. User’s manual for Iso- Precambrian Research 67, 141-158. ney, Australia - Contact: http://www.smedg.org. niobium and tantalum: crystal chemi- plot 3.00 a geochronological toolkit for Romer, R.L. and Wright, J.E., 1992. U-Pb 2008 *September 2-4 au cal relationships, paragenetic aspects and Excel. Berkely Geochronological Center dating of columbites: a geochronologic 7th ISAG, International Symposium on Andean their economic implications. In: Möller, Special Publication 4, 71 p. tool to date magmatism and ore de- June 29 – July 4 Geodynamics, Nice, France - Contact: Jean-Yves November 9-14 P. et al. (Eds.), Lanthanides, Tantalum Mulja, T., Williams-Jones, A.E., Martin, posits. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56, GORDON CONFERENCE ON GEOCHEMIS- Collot, UMR Géosciences Azur, Observatoire Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) Océanologique, La Darse, B.P. 48, 06235 Ville- International Exposition, 78th Annual Meeting. and Niobium. Springer Verlag, Berlin, R.F and Wood S.A., 1996. Compositional 2137-2142. TRY ON MINERAL DEPOSITS. Il Ciocco, It- aly. www.grc.org/conferences.aspx?id=0000113, franche-sur-Mer Cedex, France, phone: +33 (0)4 Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. E-mail meetings@seg. Germany, 27-29. variation and structural state of columbi- Romer, R.L., Smeds, S.-A. and Černý, P., www.grc.org/sites.aspx?id=10&tab=0 93 76 37 63; fax: +33 (0)4 93 76 37 66; e-mail: org, http://www.seg.org/ Černý, P., Chapman R., Ferreira K., Smeds, te-tantalite in rare-element granitic peg- 1996. Crystal-chemical and genetic con- [email protected]; website: http://www- S.-A., 2004. Geochemistry of oxide mi- matites of the Preissac-Lacorne batholith, trols of U-Pb systematics of columbite- July 5-9 geoazur.unice.fr/ISAG08/index.php December 1-5 nerals of Nb, Ta, Sn and Sb in the Varut- Quebec, Canada. American Mineralogist tantalite. Mineralogy and Petrology 57, SEG-GSSA 2008 incorporating GeoForum 2008: EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL GEOSTATISTICS räsk granitic pegmatite, Sweden: the case 81, 146-157. 243-260. Resurgence on Economic Geology and the Min- September 8-10 CONGRESS - GEOSTATS 2008. Santiago, of an “anomalous” columbite-tantalite Pearce, N.J.G., Perkins, W.T., Westgate, Schlüter, T., 2006. Geological Atlas of Afri- erals Industry in Africa: Joint Conference of The 9th INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS FOR AP- Chile. E-mail [email protected], http:// trend. American Mineralogist 89, 505- J.A., Gorton, M.P., Jackson, S.E., Neal, ca: with notes on stratigraphy, tectonics, Geological Society of South Africa (GSSA) and PLIED MINERALOGY. Brisbane, Australia. www.geostats2008.com 518. C.R. and Chenery S.P., 1997. A compila- economic geology, geohazards and geo- Society of Economic Geologists (SEG). Misty http://www.icam2008.com/home/asp Ercit, T.S., 1994. The geochemistry and tion of new and published major and trace sites of each country. Springer Verlag. Hills, Johannesburg, South Africa. E-mail info@ December 15- 19 crystal chemistry of columbite-group mi- element data for NIST SRM 610 and Wise, M.A., Černý, P. and Falster, A.U., seg-gssa2008.org, www.seg-gssa2008.org September 8-14 AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION FALL MAGADAN GOLD FORUM: International MEETING, San Francisco, CA, USA - Contact nerals from granitic pegmatites, southwes- NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials. 1998. Scandium substitution in colum- July 13-18 Convention on “Gold of the North Pacific Rim”. address: E. Terry, AGU Meetings Department, tern Grenville province, Canadian Shield. Geostandard Newsletters 21, 115–144. bite-group minerals and ixiolite. Canadi- 18TH GOLDSCHMIDT 2008: From Sea to Magadan, Russia. http://gold-forum.neisri.ru 2000 Florida Avenue, NW, Washington, DC Canadian Mineralogist 32, 421-438. Romer, R.L. and Lehmann, B., 1995. U-Pb an Mineralogist 36, 673-680. Sky. Vancouver, BC, Canada. http://www.gold- 20009 USA; phone: +1 202 777 7335; fax: +1 Ercit, T.S., Černý, P., Hawthorne, F.C., columbite age of Neoproterozoic Ta-Nb schmidt2008.org September 14-18 202 328 0566; e-mail: [email protected]; McCammon, C.A., 1992. The wodginite URANIUM MINING AND HYDROGEOL- website: http://www.agu.org/meetings July 20-25 OGY V. Freiberg, Germany. http://www.geo. AUSTRALIAN EARTH SCIENCES CONVEN- tu-freiberg.de/umh/index.htm TION 2008. Perth, Australia. http://www.gsa. 2009 org.au/events/calendar.html September 14-20 The SGA website ANNUAL MEETING, ASSOCIATION OF May 24-27 August 5-14 ENVIRONMENTAL & ENGINEERING GE- GEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF CANADA 33RD INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGICAL OLOGISTS (AEG). New Orleans, Louisiana, AND THE MINERALOGICAL ASSOCIATION Georges Beaudoin, Chief Editor SGA website CONGRESS (IGC 2008): The Nordic Countries, USA. http://www.aegweb.org/i4a/pages/index. OF CANADA (Joint Meeting), (GAC-MAC). Geoscience World Congress 2008, Oslo, Norway cfm?pageid=3312 Toronto, Canada. http://www.halifax2005.ca/ Université Laval, Québec,Canada, [email protected] - Contact address: A. Solheim; e-mail: as@ngi. no; websites: www.ngu.no, www.33igc.org September 21-25 August 17-20 AIPG Annual Meeting and 3rd International 10TH BIENNIAL SGA MEETING. Townsville, August 6-8 Professional Geology Conference (American Australia. http://www.e-sga.org/, www.ees.jcu. http://www.e-sga.org III INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON Association of Petroleum Geologists, American edu.au/SGA2009 MINING INNOVATION-MININ 2008. Santia- Institute of Professional Geologists). Flagstaff, go, Chile. http://www.minin2008.com Arizona, USA. William J. Siok, CPG, Executive August - September Director AIPG, E-mail [email protected], http:// 7TH INTERNATIONAL MINING GEOLOGY August 18-22 www.aipg.org CONFERENCE 2009. Queenstown, New Zea- GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH’S SUR- land. The AusIMM Events Department, Phone FACE 8: Joint Meeting of the IAGC, MinSoc September 23-28 +61 3 9662 3166, Fax +61 3 9662 3662, E-mail and the Natural Hisory Museum. London, UK. THE XXIV INTERNATIONAL MINERAL [email protected], www.ausimm. http://www.minersoc.org/GES8.htm PROCESSING CONGRESS (IMPC 2008). com Beijing, China - Contact address: e-mail: im- August 18-24 [email protected]; website: http://www. August 30 – September 4 IAVCEI 2008 General Assembly, Reykjavik, Ice- impc2008.org/english/welcom.htm 18TH INTERNATIONAL MASS SPECTROM- land. E-mail [email protected], http://www.iavcei.org/ ETRY CONFERENCE. Bremen, Germany. ht- IAVCEI08_GA_ICELAND_CIRCULAR1.pdf October 5-8 tp://www.imsc-bremen-2009.de/ GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA *August 18-29 120TH ANNUAL MEETING, Houston, TX, September 3-7 XXVII UNESCO-SEG-SGA Latin American USA - Contact address: GSA Meetings Depart- AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON Metallogeny Course, La Paz, Bolivia - Contact ment, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION. Banff, Al- address: http://www.unige.ch/sciences/terre/min- USA; phone: +1 303 447 2020; fax: +1 303 447 berta, Canada. http://www.geology.utoronto.ca/ eral/seminars/lapaz08/lapaz08.html 0648; e-mail: [email protected]; web- facultycaron/Walcott2009.htm site: http://www.geosociety.org/meetings/index. *August 31-September 3 htm October 5-9 AUSTRALASIAN INSTITUTE OF MIN- INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE >>> 16 SGA News Number 23 June 2008 Number 23 June 2008 SGA News 17 <<<

GEOLOGY OF THE BLACK SEA REGION II. Department, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO Annual Meeting, San Antonio, Texas, USA. ht- Ankara, Turkey. E-mail [email protected], Phone- 80301-9140, USA; phone: +1 303 447 2020; fax: tp://www.seg.org/meetings/, E-mail meetings@ 10th Biennial SGA Conference 2009, Fax +90-312-287 91 93 , http://www.mta.gov. +1 303 447 0648; e-mail: meetings@geosociety. seg.org tr/ org; website: http://www.geosociety.org/meet- ings/index.htm October 9-12 ­Townsville, Australia October 18-21 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA: GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 123rd Annual Meeting. Minneapolis, Minne- 17–20 August 2009 121ST ANNUAL MEETING, Portland, Oregon, 2011 sota, USA. GSA Meetings Department, P.O. Box USA - Contact address: GSA Meetings Dept., 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA. Phone +1 P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301-9140, USA; May 25-27 303 447 2020, Fax: +1 303 447 0648, E-mail phone: +1 303 447 2020; fax: +1 303 447 1133; GAC/MAC Annual Meeting. Ottawa, Canada. [email protected], http://www.geosoci- Jupiters Hotel and Casino and the Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre e-mail: [email protected]; website: ht- http://www.gac.ca/ANNMEET/annmeet.html ety.org/meetings/index.htm tp://www.geosociety.org/meetings/index.htm September 18-23 October 25-30 SOCIETY OF EXPLORATION GEOPHYSI- In conjunction with the Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits, EGRU is delighted to invite all SOCIETY OF EXPLORATION GEOPHYSI- CISTS (SEG) International Exhibition and 81st their members and others interested in economic geology to participate in the 2009 conference to be held CISTS (SEG) INTERNATIONAL EXPOSI- in Townsville. This will be the next in the series of biennial international SGA meetings, the most recent of TION & 79TH ANNUAL MEETING, Houston, which in Athens, Beijing and Dublin have each attracted more than 500 participants. Texas, USA - Contact address: e-mail: meet- [email protected]

2010

GEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF CANADA AND THE MINERALOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF CANADA (Joint Meeting), (GAC-MAC): GeoCanada 2010, Calgary, Canada - Contact ad- dress: website: http://www.halifax2005.ca/

August 22-27 20th GENERAL MEETING OF THE INTER- NATIONAL MINERALOGICAL ASSOCIA- TION. Budapest, Hungary. http://www.univie. ac.at/Mineralogie/IMA_2010/

October 31-November 3 GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA: 122ND ANNUAL MEETING, Denver, Colo- rado, USA - Contact address: GSA Meetings

Location of Townsville, home of the 10th Biennial SGA meeting in northern Queensland, Australia. Some of the more important mineral deposits in the region are shown along with proposed fieldtrip locations in Australia and New Zealand. 1. deposits of the Mount Isa region; 2. IOCG and Broken Hill-type deposits of the Cloncurry district 3. North Queensland gold and base metal deposits; 4. Environmental management of tropical North Queensland mine sites; 5. ore deposits of the Hamersley district; 6.Archaean nickel deposits of Western Australia; 7. Archaean gold deposits of Western Australia; 8. Epithermal gold deposits and active hot springs in North Island, New Zealand; 9. Volcanology, alteration and VHMS deposits: A Tasmanian Perspective ; 10. Porphyry and epithermal systems of New South Wales. Important updates soon on http://www.e-sga.org/ http://www.ees.jcu.edu.au/SGA2009/ >>> 18 SGA News Number 23 June 2008 Number 23 June 2008 SGA News 19 <<<

ABCD springer.com ABCD springer.com

Mathematical Methods for Engineers Geological Atlas of Africa and Geoscientists With Notes on Stratigraphy, Tectonics, Economic Geology, Geohazards, Geosites and Geoscientifi c Education of Each O. Waelder, Technical University Dresden, Germany Country This book introduces and explains classical and modern mathematical procedures as applied to the real problems confronting engineers and geoscientists. Written in a manner that is T. Schlüter, UNESCO Nairobi, Kenya understandable for students across the breadth of their studies, it lays out the foundations This is the fi rst attempt to summarise the geology of Africa by presenting it in an atlas and to for mastering diffi cult and sometimes confusing mathematical methods. Arithmetic synthesise the stratigraphy, tectonics, economic geology, geohazards, geosites and examples and fi gures fully support this approach, while all important mathematical geoscientifi c education of each country and territory of the continent. Furthermore, the techniques are detailed. Derived from the author’s long experience teaching courses in digitised geological maps (on the attached CD-ROM) are correlated and harmonised applied mathematics, it is based on the lectures, exercises and lessons she has used in her according to the current stratigraphic time table. The atlas aims to contribute to capacity classes. Also, the explanations and discussions in the book are inspired by the most building in African Earth Sciences and to initiate research and economic opportunities by frequently-asked questions of students, graduates and professionals. providing a database of basic geological background information. Please visit springer.com for the latest information about this book 7 Most maps and accompanying text updated and/or competely revised with latest data 2008. Approx. 250 p. 51 illus. Hardcover 7 New edition of the original atlas summary of the geology of Africa ISBN 978-3-540-75298-1 7 approx. € 89,95 | £69.00 From the contents Aims and Concepts of the Atlas.- Early Geological Maps of Africa.- Tectonostratigraphic Synopsis.- Review of Countries and Territories.- Index. 2008. XII, 307 p. 417 illus. in color. With CD-ROM. Hardcover ISBN 978-3-540-76324-6 7 € 169,95 | £130.50

Easy Ways to Order for the Americas 7 Write: Springer Order Department, PO Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096-2485, USA 7 Call: (toll free) Easy Ways to Order for the Americas 7 Write: Springer Order Department, PO Box 2485, Secaucus, NJ 07096-2485, USA 7 Call: (toll free) 1-800-SPRINGER 7 Fax: +1(201)348-4505 7 Email: [email protected] or for outside the Americas 7 Write: Springer Distribution Center 1-800-SPRINGER 7 Fax: +1(201)348-4505 7 Email: [email protected] or for outside the Americas 7 Write: Springer Distribution Center GmbH, Haberstrasse 7, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany 7 Call: +49 (0) 6221-345-4301 7 Fax : +49 (0) 6221-345-4229 GmbH, Haberstrasse 7, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany 7 Call: +49 (0) 6221-345-4301 7 Fax : +49 (0) 6221-345-4229 7 Email: [email protected] 7 Prices are subject to change without notice. All prices are net prices. 7 Email: [email protected] 7 Prices are subject to change without notice. All prices are net prices. >>> 20 SGA News Number 23 June 2008

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