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The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited (National Academies, 2014) This PDF is available from The National Academies Press at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18982 The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited ISBN Committee to Review the State of Postdoctoral Experience in Scientists 978-0-309-31446-6 and Engineers; Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy; Policy and Global Affairs; National Academy of Sciences; National 122 pages Academy of Engineering; Institute of Medicine 6 x 9 PAPERBACK (2014) Visit the National Academies Press online and register for... Instant access to free PDF downloads of titles from the NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 10% off print titles Custom notification of new releases in your field of interest Special offers and discounts Distribution, posting, or copying of this PDF is strictly prohibited without written permission of the National Academies Press. Unless otherwise indicated, all materials in this PDF are copyrighted by the National Academy of Sciences. Request reprint permission for this book Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported in part by Award Number 2012-10-22 between the National Academy of Sciences and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 13: 978-0-309-31446-6 International Standard Book Number 10: 0-309-31446-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014957852 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Room 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624- 6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu Copyright 2014 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE STATE OF POSTDOCTORAL EXPERIENCE IN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS GREGORY A. PETSKO (Chair), Arthur J. Mahon Professor of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College; Gyula and Katica Tauber Professor of Biochemistry and Chemistry Emeritus, Brandeis University SIBBY ANDERSON-THOMPKINS, Director of Postdoctoral Affairs, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill H. RUSSELL BERNARD, Professor Emeritus, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida CAROL GREIDER, Daniel Nathans Professor and Director, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine JAMES PLUMMER, Frederick Emmons Terman Dean of the School of Engineering, and John M. Fluke Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University E. ALBERT REECE, Vice President for Medical Affairs, Bowers Distinguished Professor and Dean of the School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore NANCY SCHWARTZ, Professor of Pediatrics and Biochemistry, Dean for Postdoctoral Affairs, The University of Chicago PAULA STEPHAN, Professor of Economics, Georgia State University LORRAINE TRACEY, Medical Science Liaison, Teva Pharmaceuticals MICHAEL TURNER, Rauner Distinguished Service Professor and Director, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, The University of Chicago ALLISON WOODALL, Deputy General Counsel, Labor, Employment and Benefits Group, University of California System JOAN WOODARD, Retired Executive Vice President and Deputy Director, Sandia National Laboratories Staff KEVIN FINNERAN, Study Director GURUPRASAD MADHAVAN, Senior Program Officer MARIA LUND DAHLBERG, Associate Program Officer JAMIE BIGLOW, Senior Program Assistant MARION RAMSEY, Administrative Associate (until October 2013) DAVID PROCTOR, Research Associate (until September 2012) Consultant Writers DAVID PROCTOR JOHN CECCATTI v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited vi THE POSTDOCTORAL EXPERIENCE REVISITED COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND PUBLIC POLICY RICHARD N. ZARE [NAS] (chair), Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor, Stanford University LINDA M. ABRIOLA [NAE], Dean of Engineering, Tufts University SUSAN ATHEY [NAS], Professor, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University MOSES H. W. CHAN [NAS], Evan Pugh Professor of Physics, Pennsylvania State University RALPH J. CICERONE [NAS] (ex-officio), President, National Academy of Sciences PAUL CITRON [NAE], Vice President (retired), Technology Policy and Academic Relations, Medtronic, Inc. DAVID DANIEL [NAE], President, The University of Texas at Dallas GORDON R. ENGLAND [NAE], President, E6 Partners LLC VICTOR J. DZAU [IOM] (ex-officio), President, Institute of Medicine DIANE E. GRIFFIN [NAS, IOM], Alfred and Jill Sommer Professor, Chair in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health JOHN G. HILDEBRAND [NAS], Regents Professor, Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona DAVID KORN [IOM], Professor of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School C. D. MOTE, JR. [NAE] (ex-officio), President, National Academy of Engineering PERCY A. PIERRE [NAE], Vice President and Professor Emeritus, Michigan State University E. ALBERT REECE [IOM], Vice President for Medical Affairs, Bowers Distinguished Professor and Dean, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore MICHAEL S. TURNER [NAS], Rauner Distinguished Service Professor, Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, The University of Chicago NANCY S. WEXLER [IOM], Higgins Professor of Neuropsychology, Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University PETER WOLYNES [NAS], D.R. Bullard-Welch Foundation Professor of Chemistry, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics-BCR, Rice University Staff KEVIN FINNERAN, Director TOM ARRISON, Senior Program Officer GURU MADHAVAN, Senior Program Officer MARIA LUND DAHLBERG, Associate Program Officer Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited vii JAMIE BIGLOW, Senior Program Assistant NEERAJ GORKHALY, Research Associate (until February 2014) MARION RAMSEY, Administrative Associate (until October 2013) DAVID PROCTOR, Research Associate (until September 2012) Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. The Postdoctoral Experience Revisited Preface In 2000, the National Academies’ Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP) released a report, Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers, that examined the experience of postdoctoral researchers in the United States. The report stressed that a rapid expansion of postdoctoral training during the previous decade had taken place without adequate oversight, resulting in fundamental changes in the nature of the experience for many postdoctoral researchers. It offered guidelines for improving the postdoctoral system, with specific directions for a range of stakeholders: federal agencies, universities, foundations, professional organizations, and postdoctoral researchers themselves. In the almost 15 years since the release of this report, the number of postdoctoral researchers in all research disciplines continued to grow sharply, whereas the number of independent and especially academic research positions into which they might transition did not. The National Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Academy of Engineering felt that, in the light of these developments, another examination of the postdoctoral experience was necessary and timely. In particular, it seemed desirable to examine the available data on the number of postdoctoral researchers in various disciplines and types of institution, their national origins and means of support, their salaries, degree of satisfaction, and their career outcomes, and to determine the extent to which the recommendations of the 2000 COSEPUP report had been implemented and their effects on the overall experience. The present report is an attempt at such an examination. It compiles and analyzes the best publicly available data and considers how the recommendations of the earlier report have affected the behavior of institutions and individual postdoctoral researchers. It uses these considerations to recommend further steps that all the participants in the research enterprise can take to improve the quality of postdoctoral experiences, and lays out a set of best practices toward achieving these recommendations. In formulating these guidelines, the present committee was guided by one general principle: that the
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